RPF – III FINAL REPORT Part – 1: GENERAL INFORMATION

800 Project Code 8001 Institute Project Code No : CPPHT - 4 8002 ICAR Project Code No. : 3030771022 801 Name of Institute and Division : 8011 Name & Address of Institute : Indian Institute of Research, P.B.No. 1701, Marikunnu P.O. Calicut-673 012, . 8012 Name of Division/Section : Crop Production & Post Harvest Technology/ Physiology & Biochemistry. 8013 Location of the Project : Plant Physiology & Biochemistry Indian Institute of Spices Research, P.B.No. 1701, Marikunnu P.O. Calicut-673 012, Kerala.

802 Project Title : Chemical characterization of germplasm.

803 Priority area : 02 8031 Research Approach Applied Research Basic Research Process of Technology Transfer of Development Technology 01 02 03 04

804 Specific area : Organic Chemistry-Natural Products. 805 Duration of Project : 3.5 yrs 8051 Date of start of project : 1-3-2005 8052 Date of completion of project : 31-8-2008 8053 Period for which report submitted : 2005-08

1 806 Total cost/Expenditure incurred : Rs. 42, 25, 887

807 Executive Summary The project was initiated to characterize the germplasm in terms of its chemical components and identify the lines with desirable quality traits for further improvement. 215 Accessions of C.verum were analysed for bark oil and bark oleoresin contents and bark oil constituents; and the accessions with high bark oil and bark oleoresin contents were identified. Chemical constituents of bark oil of five Cinnamomum species were determined. 213 Accessions of Cinnamomum which included 198 C. verum accessions and 15 C. cassia accessions were analysed for leaf oil content and composition. In C. verum, accessions with high eugenol content and in C. cassia those with high cinnamaldehyde content were identified. Based on leaf oil constituents, 3 chemotypes of were identified. Chemical finger printing of essential oil of leaf of eleven species of Cinnamomum, were carried out. Variation in essential oil composition of aerial parts of Cinnamomum species was studied. In four Cinnamomum species optimum period of harvest for obtaining high leaf oil yield was determined. From leaf extracts of C. tamala and C. malabatrum two crystalline constituents were isolated and characterised.

808 Key words : Cinnamomum verum, C. cassia, C. tamala, C. camphora, C. glanduliferum, C. citriodorum, C. malabatrum, C. sulphuratum, C. glaucescens, C. macrocarpum , C. perrottetti, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, benzyl benzoate, β-caryophyllene, camphor, citronellol , germacrene-D, phellandrene.

Part – II: INVESTIGATOR PROFILE (Please identify clearly changes, if any in project personnel)

810 Principal Investigator : 8101 Name : N.K. Leela 8102 Designation : Senior Scientist (Organic chemistry) 8103 Division/Section : Crop Production & Post Harvest Technology/ Plant Physiology & Biochemistry. 8104 Location : Indian Institute of Spices Research, P.B. No. 1701, Marikunnu P.O., Calicut-673 012, Kerala.

2 8105 Institute Address : Indian Institute of Spices Research, P.B. No. 1701, Marikunnu P.O., Calicut-673 012, Kerala.

811 Co-Investigator 8111 Name : J Rema 8112 Designation : Principal Scientist (Horticulture) 8113 Division/Section : Crop Improvement & Biotechnology 8114 Location : Indian Institute of Spices Research, P.B. No. 1701, Marikunnu P.O. Calicut-673 012, Kerala. 8115 Institute Address : Indian Institute of Spices Research, P.B. No. 1701, Marikunnu P.O. Calicut-673 012, Kerala.

Part – III: TECHNICAL DETAILS 820 Introduction and Objectives : 8201 Project Objectives : 1) To characterize the cinnamon germplasm in terms of its chemical components and identify the lines with desirable traits for further improvement 2) To multiply and distribute the lines with desirable traits for large scale cultivation and use the raw materials for specific industrial uses. 8202 Background information and importance of the project : The genus Cinnamomum consists of about 250 species distributed worldwide and many of them are aromatic and used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Several species are used in Ayurveda and Sidha medicines due to their biological activities, the most important of which are C. verum, C. cassia and C. camphora. The volatile oil and oleoresins from these species are important products of commerce. Chemical analysis of Cinnamomum species from different geographical regions resulted in the isolation of several terpenes and alkaloids. In studies on Cinnamomum were mainly centered on the essential oil constituents. IISR has a collection of around 300 germplasm accessions and the quality evaluation was focused on bark oil, bark oleoresin and leaf oil contents of the germplasm accessions and the major essential oil constituents. The proposed study envisages to finger print the Cinnamomum germplasm in terms of volatile oil constituents including minor components and oleoresin components. More over, one of the recommendations of QRT (1997-2001) was to give emphasis on the chemical characterization of germplasm

3 accessions. The results of the study will be useful for selecting high quality lines with desirable chemical constituents which can be included in the crop improvement programmes. The study would lead to identify new aroma chemicals which can be utilized by perfumery and flavouring industry. The results of the study would also be useful in designing new drug combinations in aromatherapy.

821 Project Technical Profile : 8211 Technical Programme : (Indicate briefly plan of procedure, techniques, instruments and special materials, organisms, special environment etc.) Technical programme: No. Observations I II III year year year

1   - Evaluation of Cinnamomum germplasm for bark oil and

identification of components by GC-MS

2 Evaluation of Cinnamomum germplasm for leaf oil and   - identification of components by GC-MS 3 Evaluation of Cinnamomum germplasm for oleoresin   -

4 Isolation and purification of crystalline constituents by solvent -   extraction and chromatography

Identification of components by spectral studies 5. -  

Short listing of germplasm based on quality parameters 6 - - 

IRC Decisions:

Mid-term Review Meeting -November 2005 1. Oil analysis may be done separately in leaf as well as in stalk in different cinnamon species 2. The project may be presented under Mega Project 2.

IRC Meeting -April 2006 1. Cinnamomum sulphuratum may be included for analysis.

IRC Meeting- April 2007 All technical programmes were carried out as per schedule.

IRC Meeting -April 2008 1. The project is extended for 6 months.

4

Mid-term Review Meeting - October 2008 1. Work completed. Methodology: 1. Extraction of essential oil – ASTA Method (1995) 2. Characterisation of constituents of essential oil– by GC-MS. 3. Extraction of oleoresin – ASTA Method (1995) 4. Extraction of nonvolatile constituents – by solvent extraction 5. Isolation and purification of chemical constituents – by Chromatography 6. Characterisation of chemical constituents – by spectral studies

8212 Total man months involvement of component project workers: Principal Investigator - 10 man months Co-Investigator - 10 man months Senior Research Fellow - 45 man months 822 Final Report of the Project: (Detailed report containing all relevant data with a summary of results (not exceeding 2-5 pages). Summary of results: The objective of the project was to evaluate the Cinnamomum germplasm accessions for leaf oil, bark oil and bark oleoresin contents and essential oil constituents and short-list the high quality accessions for further improvement. Based on the quality evaluation of 215 accessions of Cinnamomum verum, the accessions were categorized into high bark oil and bark oleoresin and high leaf oil types. The accession nos. 199 (3.34%) and 290 (3.0%) were identified as high bark oil type with 55% and 48% cinnamaldehyde in the bark oil. The Acc. Nos 6, 7, 30, 49, 76, 81, 84, 115,109, 114,121, 118, 150,147,154, 155, 159, 164,166, 167, 180, 183,184, 209, 290, 309 and 527 contained above 15% bark oleoresin. The bark of Acc. nos. 3, 23, 30, 73, 76, 84, 115, 338, 548 and 202 contained 2-2.5% essential oil and 11-16% oleoresin.

One hundred and ninety four accessions of C. verum were analysed for leaf oil yield and composition. The Accn. nos. 461 (4.18%), 89 (3.65%), 149 (3.10%) and 41(2.8%) were

5 identified as high leaf oil type. The leaf oils of Acc. Nos. 41, 149 and 461 contained 90-93% eugenol , where as Acc. no. 89 contained 69% eugenol and 31% eugenyl acetate as major compounds. Based on the leaf oil composition, three chemotypes of C. verum were identified – eugenol type, eugenol –eugenyl acetate type and benzyl benzoate type. Majority of the accessions belonged to eugenol type with 80-98% eugenol content. Acc. nos. 28, 32, 33, 34, 58, 63, 84, 89, 112, 113, 116, 124, 130 and 450 were eugenol-eugenyl acetate type with less than 75% eugenol and 20-35% eugenyl acetate. Accn nos. 3 (77%), 7 (85%), 67 (65.14%, 68 (83.53%), 88 (46.89%) and 405 (76.81%) were identified as benzyl benzoate accessions which contained 46-85% benzyl benzoate.

Leaf oil composition of 11 Cinnamomum species was studied by GC-MS, which included C. verum, C. cassia, C. tamala, C. camphora, C. malabatrum, C. citriodorum, C. sulphuratum, C. glaucescens, C. glanduliferum, C. macrocarpum and C. perrottetti. The chief constituents in these oils were eugenol in C. verum and C. tamala, cinnamaldehyde in C. cassia, camphor in C. camphora and C. glanduliferum, citronellol in C. citriodorum, β-caryophyllene in C. malabatrum and C. macrocarpum, β-phellandrene in C. sulphuratum, α-phellandrene in C. glaucescens, and germacrene-D in C. perrottetti. The essential oil composition of leaf of C. malabatrum, C. citriodorum, C. macrocarpum and C. perrottetti are the first reports.

Essential oil compositions of leaves, petioles and tender shoots of C. verum, C. cassia, C. malabatrum, C. tamala, C. camphora, C. citriodorum and C. sulphuratum were studied which indicated that there existed wide variation in composition of oils from different parts of the same plant. The results revealed the importance of the identification of the species and selection of plant parts for specific end uses. The oil from flowers of C. verum and C. malabatrum contained β-caryophellene as the chief component. The fruit oils from both the species contained cadinenes and t-cadinol as major constituents.

C. cassia leaf from IISR, Appangala contained 0.04-0.58% essential oil. The major components of the oil were cinnamaldehyde (2.41-49.06%), O-methoxy cinnamaldehyde (2- 25.89%) and cinnamyl acetate (8.38-65.39%). In C. cassia two types of leaf oils, one rich in cinnamaldehyde and another rich in cinnamyl acetate were identified. Studies on seasonal changes in the leaf oil yield and composition of five Cinnamomum species, namely, C. verum,

6 C. cassia, C. malabatrum, C. tamala and C. camphora revealed variation in the yield and composition during different harvesting periods. From chloroform extract of C. malabatrum leaves, β−sitosterol was isolated. β−Sitosterol and its 3−O−β−D− glucoside were isolated from the leaves of C. tamala.

8221 Detailed report of the project: The project was proposed to chemically fingerprint the volatile and non-volatile constituents of Cinnamomum germplasm accessions available at Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut. The salient achievements of the project are presented below. 1. Evaluation of Cinnamomum germplasm for bark oil content and identification of components Two hundred fifteen accessions of C. verum were evaluated for bark oil and oleoresin contents. Bark oil and oleoresin contents in these accessions ranged from 0.33% to 3.34% and 3.30% to 19.42% respectively. Accn nos. 199 and 290 recorded 3.3% and 3% oil yield and contained 55.17% and 48.14% t-cinnamaldehyde, as the chief component of the oil. Accn. nos. 3, 23, 30, 73, 76, 84, 115, 147, 150, 202, 309, 338 and 548 yielded 2-2.5% bark oil. Accessions having above 15% oleoresin content were 6, 7, 30, 49, 76, 81, 84, 109, 114, 115,118, 121, 147, 154, 155, 159, 161, 164, 166, 167, 178, 180, 183, 184 and 527. Accession nos. 3, 73, 147, 290 and 309 were identified as those with moderately high (2.4%) bark oil and oleoresin contents (>10%).

The composition of bark oil was analysed by GC-MS. The chief chemical component of the bark oil of C. verum and C. cassia was cinnamaldehyde; however the variability in cinnamaldehyde content was less in C. cassia (50-60%) compared to C. verum (30-61%). The chief component of bark oils of both C. malabatrum and C. sulphuratum was linalool with relatively higher linalool content in C. malabatrum. The oil from C. tamala bark was predominated by α-terpineol and 1, 8-cineole.

The composition of bark oil of the C. verum germplasm accessions showed wide variations. Majority of the accessions contained t-cinnamaldehyde as the chief component of bark oil. The

7 bark oils of the accession nos. 7, 47, 62, 57, 54, 30, 84, 75, 68, 115, 69, 156, 167, 8, 27, 199, 246, 250, 259, 271, 285, 304, 309, 311, 322, 463 and 471 contained >50% cinnamaldehyde. The bark oils of the accession nos. 429, 441, 451, 300, 306, 318, 375, 378, 386, 393, 186, 192, 194, 226 and 257 were dominated by t-caryophyllene (20-39%). Bark oil of Acc. No 3 contained 30.86% cinnamaldehyde, 22.76% eugenol and 19.29% benzyl benzoate.

2. Evaluation of Cinnamomum germplasm for leaf oil content and identification of components One hundred and ninety four accessions of Cinnamomum verum germplasm were analysed for leaf oil content and composition. The leaf oil yield ranged from 0.09% to 4.18%. Majority of the accessions yielded 1-2% oil. Accession Nos. 461 (4.18%), 89 (3.65%), 41(2.8%), 149(3.1%) and 369(2.67%) recorded above 2.5% oil yield. Accn. nos. 27(2.14%), 55(2.29%), 62(2.06%), 80(2.5%), 87(2.39%), 312 (2.5%), 318 (2.01%), and 443(2.5%) had 2-2.5% leaf oil content. In C. verum mainly three chemotypes were identified based on the composition of leaf oils - eugenol type, eugenol-eugenyl acetate type and benzyl benzoate type. Majority of the leaf oils belonged to eugenol type in which, eugenol content varied from 80% to 98%. Accn. nos. 285, 299, 313, 318, 324, 331, 336, 337, 349,359, 366, 375, 376, 378, 389, 391, 400, 418 and 463 recorded above 95% eugenol content.

In the eugenol-eugenyl acetate type, the contents of eugenol and eugenyl acetate ranged from 57% to 75% and 20% to 35% respectively. The accession numbers 28, 32, 33, 34, 58, 63, 84, 89 113, 116, 124, 130, 322, 370, 388, 402, 416, 422 and 450 belonged to this group. In the oil rich in benzyl benzoate, the benzyl benzoate content ranged from 46% to 85%. Accn. nos. 3, 7, 67, 68, 88 and 405 were benzyl benzoate type.

3. Leaf oil composition of Cinnamomum species Essential oil yield and composition of leaves of eleven Cinnamomum species were analysed by GC-MS. The oils showed variation with respect to composition depending on the species as well as plant parts used. Major components of the leaf oils were eugenol in C. verum and C. tamala; cinnamaldehyde in C. cassia, camphor in C. camphora and C. glanduliferum;

8 caryophyllene in C. macrocarpum and C. malabatrum; α-phellandrene in C. glaucescens , β- phellandrene in C. sulphuratum; citronellol in C. citriodorum and germacrene- D in C. perrottetti.

4. Oil composition of different parts of Cinnamomum species

This experiment was undertaken to study the essential oil composition of various parts of of Cinnamomum species. In C. verum the chief constituent of the leaf oil was eugenol where as the oil from petiole was constituted by t-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate and linalool as major constituents; the oil from terminal shoots and shoots contained relatively high quantities of t-caryophyllene. The oils from leaf, petiole and terminal shoots of C. cassia were predominated by t-cinnmaldehyde. The oil from all parts of C. camphora was rich in camphor. C. tamala leaf oil was dominated by eugenol where as the oils from petiole, terminal shoots and shoots contained mainly α-phellandrene and p-cymene. The essential oils from petiole, terminal shoots and shoot of C. malabatrum were rich in linalool where as the chief constituent of that from leaf was t-caryophyllene. The essential oil from petiole and terminal shoots of C. sulphuratum contained linalool where as that from leaves contained β-phellandrene. 5. Essential oil yield and composition of C. cassia leaf

Fifteen accessions from CRC Appangala were evaluated for leaf oil yield and composition. The oil yield ranged from 0.09%−0.59%. Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate and O−methoxy cinnamaldehyde were the major constituents. A7, D5 and D6 recorded above 40% cinnamaldehyde in leaf oil. The oil from leaves of A6, A2, B4 and D1 contained above 60% cinnamyl acetate.

6. Effect of harvesting period on leaf essential oil yield and composition

This study was taken up in order to understand the variation in oil yield and composition during different period of harvest. Fresh leaves of C. verum , C. cassia , C. tamala, C. malabatrum and C. camphora were collected every month for a period of two years during 2005-08 and hydrodistilled and the composition of the oil so obtained was determined by GC-MS.

9 In C. verum, maximum oil yield was obtained from the leaf harvested during July-August during the years 2005-2007. The chief constituent of the oil was eugenol. In C. cassia, maximum oil yield was obtained from leaf collected during June in the years 2007 and 2008. During these two months the chief constituent of the oil was cinnamyl acetate instead of cinnamaldehyde. In C. tamala the highest leaf oil yield was obtained during August-September (2005-07) and the major constituent of the oil was eugenol. There was not much change in composition of the oils during the period. In C. malabatrum the highest leaf oil yield was obtained during February-March during 2006-07 and 2007-08. The concentration of cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene and benzyl benzoate showed variations during the period. In C. camphora leaves, the oil yield showed fluctuations during various months in the period under study. However not much variation in the composition of the oil was observed during this period.

7. Composition of flower and fruit oil The essential oil composition of fruits and flowers of C. verum and C. malabatrum were determined. The

composition of essential oils of leaf, flower, flower stalks and fruits of three C. verum trees were

compared. Leaf oils of these trees were dominated by eugenol.

Flower oil of C. verum, tree- I (Chelavoor Campus), was dominated by β-caryophyllene and

germacrene–D where as, cinnamyl acetate, α-phellandrene and β-caryophyllene dominanted in the oil of

its flower stalks. In fruit oil of tree I, δ-cadinene, β-caryophyllene and t-cadinol dominated in later stages.

The flower oil of C. verum tree II, contained linalool, cinnamyl acetate and β-caryophyllene as chief constituents where as in the oil from flower stalks, cinnamyl acetate, linalool and β-caryophyllene were predominant. The fruit oil of tree-II was dominated by pinenes, β-caryophyllene and δ-cadinene. The essential oil from the fruits of tree III, was dominated by linalool in the initial stage of fruit development and cadinenes and their analogues in the later stage.

In the case of C. malabatrum, the oil from flower was dominated by was β-caryophyllene, where as in flower stalks, linalool was the major component. Fruit oils were dominated by linalool in the initial stage and cadinenes in the later stage.

8. Crystalline constituents from Cinnamomum species

10 From the petroleum ether extract of Cinnamomum malabatrum, β-sitosterol and chloroform extract

of C.tamala as β-sitosterol and its 3-O-β-D-glucoside were isolated by chromatographic techniques.

8221 Achievements in terms of targets fixed for each activity :

No. Targets Achievements 1. Evaluation of Cinnamomum 215 Accessions of Cinnamomum verum, were germplasm for bark oil and evaluated for bark oil content and high bark oil identification of components bark oleoresin accessions were identified. The by GC-MS chemical constituents of the bark oil were identified by GC-MS.

2 Evaluation of Cinnamomum 215 accessions of Cinnamomum verum, were analysed germplasm for oleoresin for oleoresin content and the accessions with high bark oleoresin yield were identified. 3. Evaluation of Cinnamomum 194 Accessions of C. verum and ten Cinnamomum germplasm for leaf oil and species were analysed for leaf oil yield and chemical identification of components composition of these oils were determined by GC-MS. by GC-MS The high leaf oil and high eugenol-type accessions of C. verum were identified. 15 accessions of C. cassia were analysed for leaf oil content and composition.

4. Essential oil composition of Essential oil compositions of leaves, petioles and different parts of tender shoots of C. verum, C. cassia, C. malabatrum, Cinnamomum species. C. tamala, C. camphora, C. citriodorum and C. sulphuratum and that of flowers and fruits of C. verum and C. malabatrum were determined by GC-MS.

5 Seasonal influence on leaf Fresh leaves of C. verum , C. cassia , C. tamala, C. essential oil yield and malabatrum and C. camphora were collected and composition hydrodistilled at monthly intervals for a period of two years during 2005-08 and the variation in composition of the oil so obtained was determined by GC-MS. 6 Isolation and identification of From the leaf extracts of C. malabatrum and C. tamala non-volatile constituents β-sitosterol and its 3-O-β-glucoside were isolated and identified. 7 Short listing of high quality In C. verum, accessions with high bark oil, bark accessions oleoresin, leaf oil and eugenol contents; and in C. cassia, accessions with high leaf oil and

11 cinnamaldehyde contents identified.

12

8222 Questions Answered:

Present study throws light on • Essential oil constituents of eleven Cinnamomum species

• Existence of wide variability in quality parameters (bark oil leaf oil and oleoresin contents, and composition of oil of bark and leaf) among the Cinnamomum germplasm accessions.

• Qualitative and quantitative differences in the essential oil yield and constituents

depending on the harvesting period.

8223 Process/Product/Technology/Developed :

1. High bark oil accessions (Accession nos. 199 (3.34%) and 290 (3.0%), high bark oleoresin accessions (Acc. nos. 3, 23, 30, 73, 76, 84 and 115), bark oil with high (60- 65%) cinnamaldehyde content (Accn nos. 47, 55, 69, 75,115, 156 and 285 ) and high leaf oil accessions (Accn. nos. 89 (3.65%), 149 (3.10%) and 41(2.8%), of C. verum were identified. 2. In cassia high leaf oil type and high cinnamaldehyde type were identified. Two types of leaf oils were identified.

3. Three chemotypes of Cinnamomum verum were identified based on the composition of leaf oils - eugenol type, eugenol-eugenyl acetate type and benzyl benzoate type. 4. The optimum period of harvest for obtaining high leaf oil yield was determined in four Cinnamomum species.

8224 Practical Utility:

In the present study, C.verum accessions with high bark oil, high bark oleoresin, high leaf oil and high eugenol contents were identified. These could be utilized by breeders in the quality improvement programmes for developing superior varieties. The high quality accessions

13 identified can be further multiplied and distributed to farmers for large scale cultivation and utilized by industry for specific end uses. The accessions with > 90% eugenol content in leaf oil can be utilized by perfumery as raw materials for the manufacture of other perfumery materials, namely, methyl eugenol and vanillin. The study revealed that the yield and composition of essential oil is affected by the variation in the period of harvest. The composition of essential oil also depends on part of the plant used. The existence of several chemotypes in Cinnamomum species highlighted the importance of characterization of plant materials that are used, especially for the medicinal purposes. The study would also facilitate registration of germplasm of cinnamon with unique characteristics.

8225 Constraints, if any: Nil

823 Publications and Materials Development: (One copy each to be supplied with this proforma.)

8231 Research papers:

a. Published

N. K. Leela, T. M. Vipin, K. M. Shafeekh, V. Priyanka, J. Rema 2009 Chemical composition of essential oils from aerial parts of Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burman f.) Bercht & Presl. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 24(1): 13-16.

b. Accepted for SYMSAC V

N K Leela, TM Vipin, V Priyanka, KM Shafeekh , J Rema & Krishnamoorthy B Variability in chemical composition of bark oil of Cinnamomum verum

c. Communicated

1. N K Leela, T M Vipin, V Priyanka, J Rema & K M Shafeekh Chemical composition of essential oil from the fruits of Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burman f.) Bercht & Presl & C. verum (Journal of Essential Oil Research) 2. N K Leela, T M Vipin, V Priyanka, J Rema & K M Shafeekh Essential oil constituents of leaf and petiole of Cinnamomum citriodorum Thw.( Flavour Fragrance Journal)

c. At manuscript level

1. Chemical composition of leaf oil of few Cinnamomum spp. 2. Influence of seasonal changes on the leaf oil composition of few Cinnamomum spp. under Kerala conditions

14 3. Chemical variability in essential oil composition of leaves of C. verum germplasm

8232 Popular articles: Nil

8233 Reports: IISR Annual reports : 2005-06. 2006-2007, 2007-08, 2008-09

IISR Research Highlights 2005-06, 2006-2007, 2007-08, 2008-09

8234 Seminars and workshops (relevant to the project) in which the Scientists have participated (List abstracts forwarded): Nil

824 Infrastructural facilities developed: (Details of field, laboratory, note books and final material and their location).

Purchased following equipments:

1. GC-MS (Shimadzu QP-2010) with accessories 2. Rotary evaporator (Buchi)

Field Note books:

1. IISR Experimental data register No. 24 2. IISR Observation book No. 24

Above quoted items are available in the Division of Crop production & Post-harvest Technology of the Institute.

825 Comments/suggestions of Project Leader regarding possible future line of work that may be taken up arising out of this Project:

1. Accessions of C. verum rich in bark oil, bark oleoresin and leaf oil can be registered for their unique characters. 2. Breeding programmes to develop superior varieties can be taken up using the identified high quality accessions. 3. Eugenol-rich accessions after further evaluation, can be utilized as raw materials for the manufacture of other perfumery materials, namely, methyl eugenol , isoeugenol and vanillin. 4. Research programmes based on the intrinsic qualities of endemic Cinnamomum species can be initiated, for which some studies have been carried out in the project.

15

Part – IV: PROJECT EXPENDITURE (Summary) Year 2005-08

830 Total Recurring Expenditure:

8301 Salaries: (Designation with pay scale):

Post No. of Posts Pay scale (Rs.) Period 8000 + 15% HRA 1-3-2005 to 31- 3- 2007 SRF 1 12000 + 15% HRA 1-4-2007 to 31 -8-2008

Estimated (Rs.) Actual(Rs.) i). SRF : 345000 339572

Sub Total : 345000 339572

8302 Consumables

Sub Total : 360000 325445

8303 Travel : 0 0 8304 Miscellaneous : 0 0 (other costs)

8305 Sub total (Recurring) : 360000 325445

831 Total Non-Recurring Expenditure (Equipments and works): 3500000 3502580

832 Total (830 & 831) : 4275500 4225887

16 Part-V: DECLARATION

This is to certify that the final report of the Project has been submitted in full consultation with the Project workers as per the approved objectives and technical programme and the relevant records, note-books, materials are available for the same.

(N K Leela) Signature of the Project Investigator

(J .Rema) Co-Investigator

Signature and comments of the head of the Division/Section :

Signature and comments of the Director :

17