MADONNA LILIES A CAPSULATE HISTORY OF LILIUM CANDIDUM

A native of the Holy Land area of Asia Minor, this ancient and elegant white lily of Virginal purity is considered to be that of Scriptural reference:

" And why be anxious about clothing? Con­ sider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they neither toil nor spin ; yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these." Matt. 7:28-30

From the beginning of recorded history these noble and easiest grown of lilies have so awe-stricken man­ kind with their ecstatic beauty and jasmine-like fra­ grance that there has always been a close connota­ tion to the spiritual and divine. From the sculpturings on sarcophagi found in ancient tombs to medieval Mother and Ch ild paintings by the great masters, these majestic beauties have been the favorite subjects.

* Not onl y as a conve rsa ti on pi ece, but from th e standpoint of sheer June beauty, surely you will want to add this ri ch and stori ed hi stori cal bac kground to your gard en RIGHT NOW! * Every garden should have at least a dozen or more of these elegant subjects, not only for display, but cutting as well . On e can cut the entire stem without reducin g its capacity to flower the following year. * We proudly announ ce th at we can offer to the general public, large, "hard as a rock", imported bulbs of the ra re and most bea utiful of Madonna va rieti es "L. candidum Perigrinum", ACTUALLY GROWN AND COLLECTED IN THE HOLY LAND AREA OF ASIA MINOR, and acclimatized here for TWO FULL YEARS!! * To in sure your bulbs, pl ease order IMMEDIATELY as Madonn as MUST be planted in late Summer and Fall onl y. * Du e to the intern ati onal situati on in th e Middle Eas t, no further importations can be made for the fore­ seeabl e future. Especially and moderately priced at : THREE large bulbs that will flower massively next season for only $8.95 - POSTPAID. TWELVE large bulbs, as above, for only $29.50 and receive FREE a large bulb of the world famous BEST­ IN-SHOW lily NUTMEGGER. This mighty August flowering giant w ith up to SIXTY large lemon yellow blooms, daintly spotted jet black, is truly the arranger's " Dream Lily", catalog price $3.95. VAST ARRAY OF LILIES. We also feature Alliums, Hostas, Clematis, Wildflowers, Dutch Bulbs, as well as rare and dis­ tinctive easily grown bulbs and plants fro m worldwide sources. COLOR CATALOG $2.00. FREE WITH ORDER.

WE PA Y lilachtborne ~arben5 ALL ORDERS POST A GE TO WEST COAST 48A Quincy Street, Holbrook, Mass. 02343 ON ALL ORDERS POSTPAID - elY AIR Massac hu setts Reside nt s add 5 % sales tax. Judy Powell American Editor Jane Steffey Edi torial Assis tan t Herticulturist Gilbert S. Daniels Horticu ltural Consultant Volume 58 Number 3 June/July 1979 Tom Stevenson Book Editor Alex Berry, Katherine deLozier/Grafik Art Directors Katherine Clatanoff Business Manager Florence Bayliss Educational Programs Coordinator Judy Canady Membership l Subscription Service Cover Photo: Phlox 'Sir John Falstaff,' Janet Nader Cimicifuga racemosa and Platycodon Assistant to the Editor grandifIorus 'Mariesii' frame this charming John Simmons sta tue of a young gi rl at "Hillside," the Connecticut home of Fred and Mary Ann Produ ction Coordination McGourty. For more informati on about Publisher Services, Inc. their beautiful perennial garden, turn to 621 Duke Street page 18. Photograph by Pam Harper. Alexandria, Virginia 22314 703 /549-8020 Gardens of Note Advertising Representatives 18 "Hillside"-A Perennial Garden-Pam Harper Replacement Issues of American 24 Kirstenbosch Botanic Garden Horticulturis t are available at a cost of $2.50 per copy. Features The opinions expressed in the 10 Some Modern Fragrant Roses-Robert L. Staton articles which appear in 30 Small Fruits for American Gardens-J. N . Moore American Horticulturis t are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Society. Gardener's Notebook They are presented as 6 Cryptomeria Japonica-Gail Gibson contributions to contemporary thought. Manuscripts, art work 16 The Forgotten 'Kwanso'-Beryl and Vivian Munday and photographs sent for 28 Ligularia-Mrs. Ralph Cannon possible publication will be 38 Magnolia 'Caerhays Belle'-James Gossler returned if they are accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped Departments envelope. 3 What's in a Name?-Elizabeth Pullar American Horticul turist is the official pub­ 4 Speaking Out-Charles A. Lewis lication of The American Horticultural Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, 36 Book Reviews-Tom Stevenson Alexandria, Virginia 22308, and is issued in February, April, June, August, Oc­ 41 Contributors tober and December. Membership in the 42 Gardener's Marketplace Society automatically includes a sub­ scription to American Horticulturist. Membership dues start at $15.00 a year, $9 .00 of which is deSignated for American Errata: In the Early Spring, 1979 issue of American Horticulturist, the Horticulturist. Copyright © 1979 by The American Horticultural SOCiety. ISSN photograph on page 23 was incorrectly attributed and identified. The seed 0096-4417. Second-class postage paid at Alexandria, Virginia and at additional pod pictured is a species of Geum, or wild avens'. The photograph was mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send taken by John A. Lynch. Form 3579 to American Horticulturist, Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121. Color separations by Chromographics Inc.

American Horticulturist 1

Whats in a Name?

Flora's Fauna by Elizabeth Pullar

he plant and animal known as the shadbush . Farmers plant names. Endearing traits or used branches of Baptisia to insert in peculiar qualities of horses, cows, Tworlds have more in the h orse's harn ess as an aid to sheep, pigs and goats caused some­ common than one might warding off pesty flies; hence, it was one to note a resemblance to similar think. given the title of horsefly weed. Be­ properties in the flower or some cause woodland birds such as the other part of a plant. Today we are Sometime, somewhere, someone partridge fed upon the berries of familiar with horseradish, horsetail, fastened a common name to many of Mitchel/a, it acquired the name of horsehead, horseweed, horse our flowers and plants. The body of partridge berry. There was a reason chestnut, h orsebalm, horse nettle persons who performed this urue­ for every name given. and horsemint. The young horse ac­ warded service can never be recog­ Dogs and cats were a part of most tua ted the name of coltsfoot, an early nized, for their identity is unknown. homes so it is not difficult to under­ spring flower found growing wild But the fact that the names selected stand why observers were moti­ even though it is not a native of our have been carried on from one gen­ vated to link these animals or parts country. Several plants inspired by eration to another is evidence that of their anatomy with similar charac­ some relationship to the cow are they were no mere soubriquets but teristics in local plants. The dog was cowberry, cow parsnip, cowslip, rather apt and fitting descriptions of cowpea, cowbane and cow wheat. the world's flora as observed by Calf-kill is another name for sheep these nomenclators who li ved so laurel, the leaves of which are sup­ many years ago. posed to be poisonous to some ani­ The affinity between flora and mals. Sheep sorrel was a name be­ fauna was apparently close, for a s towed on what is sometimes host of animal names has been be­ known as sour grass, the tart green stowed upon the wild flowers, culti­ leaves of which sheep find tasty to vated plants, trees, shrubs, herbs nibble in spring. Just as flowers were and even weeds with which our an­ named for the young horse and the cestors came in contact. Some of the young cow, so there are the plants names are suitable, others are far­ for the young sheep-lamb's quar­ fetched. Many of them are humor­ ters, lamb mint and lambskill. ous, not a few fanciful. Some charac­ accountable for such names as dog­ Around the farmyard were con­ teristic of a plant aroused a feeling of tooth violet, dogbane, dog fennel, centrated pigs or hogs, geese, kinship with a certain animal or its dog rose, and dogwood. The shape chicken, oxen and goats, so we find features and the connection in and texture of the leaves of Cynoglos­ their names transferred to plants thought was associated with the sum inspired its scientific name that have related properties. There plant as its popular name. which, in translation, means are pignut, pigweed, hog peanut Often it was the appearance of hound's tongue. The cat's contribu­ and hog apple, names which refer to some part of a plant that prompted tion to flower names includes catnip, the swine family . From the poultry the common title. For example, the cat mint, cat's foot and catbriar. yard comes goosefoot, goose grass flower head of Celos ia reminded Then, there are pussy toes, pussy and chickweed. Goatsbeard is an apt someone of a rooster's comb, so the clover and pussy willow. Here, too, association for the flower head of As­ name of this plant became must be mentioned the cat's prey, as tilbe. And the form of the simple cockscomb. In the case of Symplocar­ witnessed by mousetail and mouse­ ox-eye daisy inspired someone to at­ PU$, it was the odor that was respon­ ear, another name for forget-me­ tach to it a bovine name. sible for the name skunk cabbage. not. Many wild animals motivated our The date of the flowering of Amelan­ The connection between farm forefa thers to connect their per­ chier coincided with the spring run of animals and the flora of the sonalities to flora. We know flowers shad, so this winsome tree became neighborhood shows up in many Continued on page 40

American Horticulturist 3 Speaking Out

A PersonIPlant Viewpoint by Charles A. Lewis

ow long will it be before As advisor for gardening activities in bed. Tenants do everything else­ planners and architects public housing and other low­ they work out designs, decide on H income areas,1 have come to under­ plants to be used, start them as learn to skillfully use plants stand that the importance of these seedlings or cuttings indoors, or to satisftt subtle human needs gardens lies not in the flowers or purchase them from commercial and tHereby enhance the vegetables produced, but rather in sources. quality of urban life? the personal benefits experienced by Contest gardens are planted in gardeners in pursuing the process of late spring and are tended carefully It has often been pointed out that gardening. all summer long. Maintenance in­ we live in two worlds. Encased For example, in 1962 the New cludes the normal tasks of watering, within the envelope of our skin is a York City Housing Authority, weeding, pruning and fertilizing, biological entity which, through largest landlord in the world, initi­ plus the added responsibility of pro­ evolutionary development, has been ated a Tenant Garden Contest as a tecting the plants from vandalism. In fine-tuned for survival in na tural means of improving communica­ August judges tour the gardens to environments. Beyond us lies not tions and feelings between tenants select the winning entries, and the green world in which we learned and management. The program, prizes are awarded at a September to survive and carry forward our which continues today, is simple. meeting before an audience of civic sp.ecies, but rather a world of our leaders and tenant groups. own creation, built of inert materials At first I thought this program was like brick, stone, steel and glass. The a rather pleasant but innocuous conflict inherent in the juxtaposition Plants take exercise in beautification, but as I of our ancient biological selves with away some of life'S talked to the contestants each year, I contemporary settings is increas­ began to hear echoes of a much ingly becoming the concern of en­ anXIety and tension deeper kind of involvement. I slowly vironmentalists and psychologists. '?Y. showing us tha t began to understand that the impor­ Technical changes occur at an ever tance of these gardens lay not in the increasing rate, while biological life is made up of flowers, but in the gardener'S re­ evolution proceeds at an exceed­ long, enduring sponse to his plants. One contestant ingly slow pace. It is quite possible told me, "This is the first creative that the technical prowess by which patterns. It takes thing I have done in my life," and we control the world around us has time for a cutting to added that she had gone to the li­ already so far exceeded our biologi­ brary to study every book available cal development that a hazardous grow roots, for a on gardening. In lower Manhattan a gulf has been created between the seed to germinate, Spanish-speaking woman proudly two. said, "They told me that you Can we achieve a better fit for for a ledf to open. couldn' t grow flowers on A venue 0 , biological man in his technological but I wanted to try. Now you should world? How might we gracefully see how the old folks come out every bridge the gap between these two Tenant groups wishing to enter the day to enjoy the flowers." I particu­ worlds and shorten the psychologi­ contest are assigned plots of ground larly remember an older woman cal distance between living flesh and adjacent to their buildings. The who, with the help of a group of steel, asphalt and stone? Housing Authority provides assist­ children, produced a garden with For 16 years I have seen how gar­ ance in the form of gardening in­ flowers, vegetables and even a cot­ dening can, in the chaotic environ­ struction, a small stipend given to ton plant. She had carefully labeled ment of the inner city, reestablish each gardener for the purchase of each type of plant because, she ex­ and reinforce needed human values plants and other materials, and plained, it was important for chil­ and help people to find themselves. manpower to help him dig up the dren to know the names of all of

4 June/July 1979 them. buildings with gardens children Probably the most astonishing who usually trampled grass were garden I saw was Japanese-inspired, cultivating and watering it instead, complete with pond, bridge, stones and tenants no longer threw bags of American and walks, and constructed of bricks garbage out the windows. and cinderblocks. It was the entry of Vandalism was reduced outside Horticultural a teenage group, members of a street and inside the buildings. Where it gang, who were guided into the con­ had been common experience to see Society test by a social worker. The social new landscape plantings around worker told me how diligently the public housing destroyed, tenants boys had worked, bringing the began to ask the Housing Authority OFFICERS building materials from across the for permission to help landscape the city to construct the paths and edge buildings. Inspired by their summer Dr. Gilbert S. Daniels the beds. Maintenance was meticu­ contest garden, tenants in several President lous and their pride was obvious. projects contributed their own funds Each of these boys had a police rec­ for the planting of spring flowers Mrs. Erastus Corning, II ord. which would bloom before the con­ First Vice President Over the years the contest gardens test gardens were planted. Tenants Dr. Harold B. Tukey, Jr. have become a focus for social ac­ asked permissi,on to install planters Second Vice President tivities. Wedding and graduation in the lobbies of their buildings. pictures are taken at favorite spots. They even organized garden clubs in Mrs. John M. Maury One tenant wrote, "From early many of the projects. Thus it seemed Secretary morning until late at night you can the experience of gardening helped see neighbors leaning over the gar­ residents achieve a more positive at­ Edward N. Dane den fence. It has become the center titude about their building and Treasurer spot of our court, where everyone is grounds. a friend." How was I to understand this new Thomas W . Richards I wondered how in the inner city, neighborliness? The newly-cleaned Executive Vice President where vandalism is extreme, fragile streets and newly-painted buildings gardens could grow seemingly un­ represented human benefits and Dr. Henry M. Cathey Imm ediate Past President molested. The answer came from the were clearly different from the' hor­ gardeners themselves. One group ticultural benefits of gardening. said, "We know who the trou­ What human motivations, born in blemakers are, so we invited them to the garden, were being expressed in BOARD OF DIRECTORS join our garden group and assigned these acts of courage and hope? TERMS EXPIRING IN 1979: them the job of guarding the plants. Having been trained as a horticul­ Dr. Henry M. Cathey Now we have no more problems." Frederick J. Close turist, I did not feel competent to Mrs. Erastus Corning, II Others told of residents joining to­ correctly interpret these unusual as­ Edward N . Dane gether to patrol the gardens. pects of gardening. I assumed that Mrs. A. Lester Marks Mrs. John M. Maury Mothers sat with their babies near the phenomena would be well Hadley Osborn the plot, boys and girls took turns Mrs. Edward C. Sweeney documented by researchers in the Dr. Robert M. Zollinger watching. Tenants in their tall behavioral disciplines. That was not buildings had the gardens under the case. Psychologists and so­ TERMS EXPIRING IN 1980: ciologists were interested, but they J. Lyle Bayless, Jr. constant surveillance, all ready to Mrs. George P. Bissell, Jr. sound the alarm if anyone tried to could not refer me to a body of Mrs. Benjamin P. Bole, Jr. destroy the plants. Everett Conklin research that would explain the Mrs. Nicholas R. du Pont After a few years the program human responses associated with Alfred M. Hunt Mrs. William Wallace Mein started to produce unexpected re­ gardening. Thus I began my own re­ Mrs. Pendleton Miller sults. Public housing tenants who search aided by Mrs. Enid Haupt, Captain Walter W. Price, Jr . grew flowers and vegetables joined who, already sensitive to the human TERMS EXPIRING IN 1981: together in a warm kind of pride and importance of plants, provided a J. Judson Brooks neighborliness. They saw to it that grant to the American Horticultural Dr. Gilbert S. Daniels Harold Epstein gardens and surrounding areas were Society to establish the People-Plant Mrs. Howard S. Kittel kept clean and neat. They urged the Program. For three years as coor­ Mrs. Joseph G. Poetker Dr. Harold B. Tukey, Jr. groundsmen to mow lawns adjacent dinator of the program I made con­ Theodore Van Veen to gardens more frequently. Build­ tact with professionals in other dis- ing managers reported that at Continued on page 44

American Horticulturist 5 6 June/Ju ly 1979 Young trees should be planted in October or November in a carefully sheltered location if light, rich soil is available, or they should be plan ted in April if the soil is heavy.

Q; e- I'" E "'-'" ~ .9'" o ~ "'-

by Gail Gibson

he variability in growth habits fully in southeastern Pennsylvania of Cryptomeria japonica was dis­ where I live. ~cussed in an article in the Winter, Although these trees have been 1969 issue of The American Horticul- reported to be evergreen and hardy tural Magazine by J. T. Baldwin, Jr. I in sheltered locations near New reread this article after having seen York, and even in some parts of two cryptomeria trees grown as southern New England, most of the specimens in southern Maryland. At cryptomerias I found growing here the time I had been so impressed by in Pennsylvania seemed to be strug­ the tree's whorled branches with gling to withstand the climate. Cryp­ densely arranged, deep-green nee­ tomerias often do lose their vigor dles and red, cedar-like bark, that I with age, and specimen trees in wanted to discover whether or not open locations often seem to be the trees could be grown success- scorched from either the winds of

American Horticulturist 7 winter or the western sun of sum­ commercial mixture that was light mer. I began to think that it would and friable. Keeping the seedlings in not be possible to grow the tree in constantly moist, but not saturated, this area until I saw a stately and loamy soil produced fast and vigor­ beautiful specimen at the Tyler Ar­ ous growth-u p to one foot in heigh t The American boretum near my home. for some of the plants. The dif­ Horticultural Society The buildings of the Arboretum ferences notable in the 13 seedlings invites you on a 22-day sheltered the tree from western and were striking: although these early trip to northern sun and wind, and the tree characteristics would probably not the Orient had grown well beyond the roof line. have been reflected in the trees April 9-30, .980 when they reached four or five feet, Itinerary the seedlings at 4,6 or 12 inches var­ 1st Day-Depart West Coast via Japan Mature, ied from sparsely and horizontally Airlines 747. branched to almost dwarf and com­ 2nd Day-Late afternoon arrival in cone-bearing trees Tokyo. Transfer to the Tokyo Hilton pactly branched. Unfortunately, the Hotel. can be expected to plants I had grown in pots began to 3rd Day-Sightseeing Tokyo. lose their vigor when I moved to my 4th Day-By rail Tokyo to Kyoto. reach a height of 50 Transfer to the Miyako Hotel. present location where indoor sun 5th Day-Sightseeing Kyoto. to 60 feet in 30 was limited, and I was not able to 6th Day-Transfer to Kobe to board the raise a seedling which could have Aquamarine. Sail at Noon. Afternoon years, and older cruise the Inland Sea. withstood even the most sheltered 7th Day-At sea. trees have been location outside. 8th Day-At sea. Nurserymen here in southern 9th Day-Arrive Hsinkang (Peking). known to be 125 Pennsylvania seldom carry cryp­ 10th Day-Tiensi n. tomeria plants for outdoor planting 11th Day-Peking. feet tall. 12th Day-At sea. because there is little demand for 13th Day-At sea. them, and because they are not reli­ 14th Day-Arrive Shanghai It was a tree strikingly more mature ably hardy. It is often possible to find 15th Day-Soochow and Wuxi and uniformly pyramidal than the the dwarf C. japonica 'Nana' in nur­ 16th Day-Sail from Shanghai. first cryptomeria I had seen, and its sery catalogues. This is a bush form 17th Day-At sea. 18th Day-At sea. branches were densely whorled. which is almost globular and seldom 19th Day-Canton. Only one species of cryptomeria is grows over Piz feet high. But this 20th Day-Arrive Hong Kong. known and it is native to Japan and cultivar has particularly wiry nee­ Disembark and transfer to the Mandarin Hotel. China. In Japan cryptomeria, or Jap­ dles and is, of course, quite unlike 21st Day-Sightseeing Hong Kong. anese Cedar, is one of the most im­ the stately pyramidal cryptomeria 22nd Day-Return flight to West Coast. portant trees cut for timber. The bark with soft, whorled branches that I Arrive on the evening of the same day. remaining after finishing the wood is had searched for and have not yet Due to the popularity of this tour reserva­ used for roofing houses. The found in a nursery. tions are invited immediately. Early reser­ vations will ensure the best choice of ship reddish-brown color of the bark, its When I do succeed in finding a accommodations. Call or write Florence cedar-like fragrance and fibrous tex­ plant, and if in the future I hav~ the Bayliss, Tour Coordinator, the American Horticultural Society, Mount Vernon, Vir­ ture enhance the deep-green color of properly sheltered location with ginia 22121 (703) 768-5700 for complete the needles. Older trees produce details. roundish cones an inch in diameter. Baldwin's article included a photo­ graph of a cryptomeria raised from seed which bore so many cones that the branches were weighted down and appeared to be weeping in form. Mature, cone-bearing trees can be expected to reach a height of 50 to 60 "Schultz·I""'·" ... ·" feet in 30 years, and older trees have SOLUBLE FERTILIZER been known to be 125 feet tall.

Concenlraled. High Analysis - All Tha t this tree could be raised from Purpose - 20-30-20 crystals. Grows Vegetables. Flowers, Roses, Trees. seed interested me. I chose from the Shrubs, lawns, Etc., in Yards, Gardens, Greenhouses. Society's free seed dis tribu tion ser­ AllalleO/e lit yo ur store Of send $7.95 lor 5 /0 (Includes melllng}. vice a packet of the mature seeds and germinated them at 70° F in a sterile

8 June/July 1979 well-drained, loamy, acid soil and boretum; C. japonica 'Elegans,' sufficient sun, I will try to cultivate a which retains the soft green foliage specimen plant of my own. If these that in all the other varieties disap­ trees do establish themselves, and if pears with age; C. japonica 'Com­ ALL STEEL the branches are not broken by snow pacta,' a dense and conical form; and . VERTICAL or ice in the winter, they should C. japonica 'Araucarioides,' which grow two to four feet a year. After was recently displayed in the con­ SWEEP BLADE the trees are sufficiently mature, servatory at Longwood Gardens. GRASS SHEAR small male flowers appear hidden at This cultivar has the open and the ends of minor shoots, hence the semi-pendant branch structure from name cryptomeria, derived from characteristic of the species. " kryptos," meaning hidden and I am always a little saddened to see " meris," meaning part. the brown and scorched leaves of Young trees should be planted in any cryptomeria, such as those of a October or November in a carefully smaller tree at the Tyler Arboretum sheltered location if light, rich soil is which is only 15 feet tall. This tree is available, or they should be planted in an open loca tion exposed to west­ in April if the soil is heavy. Plants ern sun and wind. Trees that are taller than 24 inches are more dif­ well- suited to their environment ficult to establish. The Reader's Digest bear leaves that turn a rich purple­ Encyclopedia of Gardening recom­ bronze color in winter that is very mends applying an annual dressing attractive. Because these trees are so of "general fertilizer" over the area sensitive to their environment, it is at the base of the tree and providing best not to plant cryptomerias unless sufficient moisture to prevent the a suitably low-lying and sheltered plant from drying out. location is available. The lovely pyramidal shape of the My own open lawn is much too cryptomeria is characteristic of the exposed to winter winds to foster plant and little pruning is required. health in the plant, so I will simply Although the plants I raised in an continue to admire each specimen apartment were susceptible to attack cryptomeria I see, noting differences by red spider mites, plants in the in the whorling of the leaves and open air seldom show any vulner­ their texture and color. As my list of ability to pests. Seedlings are subject discovered cryptomerias grows, and to gray-mold, but the seedlings I as I note the highly variable and dis­ grew exhibited no problem with this tinctive growth characteristics of disease. each newly-found tree, I will con­ Varieties of Cryptomeria japonica tinue to hope that more and more of which do grow to tall pyramidal form these lovely trees are planted in suit­ are C. japonica 'Lobbii,' the variety of able locations here in Pennsylvania the stately tree at the Tyler Ar- and in other states as well. ~~ The New No. 737 grass shear features our patented, self sharpening, vertical sweep blade action auto­ matically adjusting blade tension for easy cutting of all types of grasses. Com­ fortable, high lift, chrome plated handle with contour formed vinyl hand grip.

American Horticulturist 9

Some ern

am so accustomed to hearing people say that while modern I roses have more form and come in more colors, they just don't smell like the ones Grandma used to grow, that I no longer get frustrated with the speakers. Instead, I make a con­ scientious effort to direct their noses to the nearest modern specimen un­ veiling its exotic blend of aromas to prove them wrong. As one who has grown many of the old-fashioned roses, including some species and countless new hybrid teas, grandi­ floras and floribundas over the past 20 years, I say " It simply isn' t so that modern roses have no fragrance." " Not all roses, modern or old- ~ fashioned, are fragrant, but many of 1; the latest modern roses equal and 29 Cl. even surpass in fragrance those OPPOSITE: 'Sunsprite: ABOVE: 'Garden PartY: roses of days gone by. Perhaps nostalgia explains a lot of important-attar of rose is so valu­ the misconception about modern able to them that they keep hun­ Not all roses, rose fragrance. It is fashionable now dreds of drums on deposit in foreign modem or to think back on days when there banks to maintain their international was time "to stop, and smell the balance of trade. To the average old-fashioned, are roses along the way," as one of to­ homeowner who wants a few plants fragrant, but many day's popular songs goes. I can take to bring a spot of color to his yard, myself back almost 20 years simply however, color and form are first of the latest modem by lifting up a spray of 'Ivory Fash­ noticed and appraised. Even though roses equal and even ion,' a floribunda introduced about some sniffing of the blossoms is usu­ the time I began growing roses, and ally a part of the buying process, fra­ surpass in fragrance tha t deligh tful, total! y different grance is regarded as a bonus, a those roses of days clove-like scent transports me to happy one, but usually not a deter­ another era almost immediately. mining factor in buying a rose. gone by. ci U 'Ivory Fashion' is a modern rose, yet The fragrance of roses can be of c: X'" in my mind it belongs to another many kinds. One immediately ;;; Cl. time. I know only that I always want thinks of the damask scent, and it is 11 to have a few plants growing. mostly the red damask rose, Rosa '"c: o Just how important is a rose's fra­ damascena, that is planted so exten­ ~g ..., grance? To the Bulgarians it is very sively in Bulgaria. Today's modern American Horticulturist 11 roses are rarely of only one fra­ also affect the smell of roses; if mil­ the list beginning with those with grance. Modern h ybrids have been dew is present one of the first effects the strongest scent and ending with so mixed with other hybrids and it has is to destroy fragrance. those with the lightest scent. Such a with other species that a mixture of Before making a solemn proclama­ listing, however, could never be fragrances usually results. Rosa tion as to the fragrance or lack of completely accurate; a selection has gigantea, for example, has a sweet fragrance of a particular rose, be cer­ to depend on a person's sense of cinnamon scent, and this smell can tain to .observe it under different smell. My own favorites change just sometimes dominate or sometimes conditions. Inhale it in spring, in as the scent of the roses change, complement a strong damask fra­ summer, in fall, on hot days, on from morning until night, from sea­ grance. No matter what the fra­ damp days and after a rain. Nestle son to season, from a rainy, dreary grance, though, scent does seem to your nose deep into it in the morn­ day to a bright, sun-filled day. I am be a dominant characteristic, and ing, at noon and at night. Do not certain my preferences will continue many modern roses are fragrant de­ proclaim, with but a solitary whiff, to change as the hybridizers create spite the hybridizers. No doubt that " modern roses just aren't fra- more of these exotic specimens. I many of the species roses are so in­ really wouldn't want it any other tensely fragrant because they had to way. be in order to survive. A scented rose attracted bugs and bees for pollina­ 'Typhoo Tea' tion; the scentless perished. This new rose, available in the Fragrance is not a stable factor in a United States for only the last few rose, just as color is not. Factors such years, is a creation of Sam McGredy, as heat, light, cold and moisture a native of Ireland who has been must be taken into account. For in­ doing his most recent hybridizing stance, a heavy damask fragrance work in New Zealand. I believe does not volatilize in damp, cool 'Typhoo Tea' to be the most fragrant weather, and for this reason you of roses, taking on such challengers may find even your most fragrant as 'Madame Isaac Pereire,' a Bour­ req rose lacking in perfume on such bon rose dating back to 1880 and days. The fragrance is there; it sim­ world-renowned for its fragrance, ply cannot be released. That same and Rosa damascena X bifera; the Au­ U) tumn Damask, which dates into an­ rose on a warm, humid day may al- . ~ most overpower one with its scent. It ~ tiquity. I have observed this rose on may also volatilize all at once, and if g> the Gulf Coast and in the Pacific g Northwest and have been awed by someone is lucky enough to be ~ its fragrance. The fragrance seems to walking by at that moment, he may .'i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~iii think there could never be a more be present under all conditions at fragrant rose in all the world. In con­ 'Sweet Afton' any time of the year during its trast, many lighter fragrances can blooming period. 'Typhoo Tea' has a completely volatilize and be wafted grant." You could be denying your­ unique blend of damask and strong off into the air by mid-morning on a self a bounty that you did not even fruit scents. It is no wonder that it is warm summer's day. Smelling that know existed. supremely fragrant, for it is a cross rose in the afternoon may cause one between 'Fragrant Cloud' and 'Ar­ to assume it is scentless, while only A list like the one that follows is a thur Bell,' two roses that also excel in hours before, in the cool of the .r-\: dangerous one to make, for a this category. It has perfection of morning, it would not have been true listing would be infinitely form in the Northwest, but I have passed by without notice. longer, and I have surely left out had some trouble getting it to reach Generally, roses are more fragrant several favorites of avid rosarians. the same beauty on the Gulf Coast. in warm and humid conditions than But I believe firmly that many of the The center petals ball over, but even in warm and dry conditions, al­ roses on this list can hold their own this does not stop that intoxicating though some roses are very fragrant with, and even surpass, some of the fragrance from emerging from deep in both hot and cold weather and can old favorites in regard to fragrance. within the blooms. 'Typhoo Tea' is a even have a different fragrance at This is not to slight the old­ must-have plant for fragrance alone. these two extremes. I have found fashioneds; their charm is unique, 'Fragrant Cloud' 'Iv ory Fashion' to have a more their simplicity is quite elegant and a A European introduction by M. clove-like scent in cooler weather great many of them have fragrance Tantau of Germany, this rose has and a more honey-like scent under in abundance. been commercially available in the warmer conditions. Diseases can I have tried to arrange the roses on United States for 10 years, and

12 June/July 1979 longer on the European continent. less worthy reds, but it is still carried rose. A child of 'Fragrant Cloud,' Its name is apt; the fragrance is a fruit by some specialty nurseries and is 'Royal Albert Hall' is deserving of far blend that is extremely heavy. It eas­ cherished by all who know and grow greater fame. ily competes with many of the old it. 'Crimson Glory' roses in terms of fragrance. I have 'Double Delight' Perhaps it is stretching to include found its scent to be lacking only on This rose is very new and is al­ 'Crimson Glory' among the newer cold, rainy days in early spring and ready capturing attention and prizes h ybrids, but its introduction in the late fall, but even then it is such a wherever it is grown. The cream­ 1930's still qualifies it under our bountiful producer of coral­ colored petals become deeply heading of modern. A low, sprawl­ vermilion blooms that it is worthy of brushed with a bright carmine-red ing bush that readily mildews, it can occupying a spot in the rose bed. The as the sun hits the outer row of pet­ still produce an occasional bloom color is sometimes washed over with als, making a stunning co ntrast. The that will attract the eye and the nose, a hint of coffee, and there are times fragra nce, as befitting a cross be­ for its deep damask fragrance is at when I actually believe I can smell a tween 'Grana d a' a nd 'Garden times overwhelming. This deep red hint of coffee within the blooms. is not always easy to grow, but it is 'Fragrant Cloud' is a cross between a s till widely a vaila ble and prefers seedling and 'Prima Ballerina,' itself warm temperatures to be at its most a powerfully fragrant rose and one fragrant. that seems able to pass along its good attributes to its progeny. 'Lady Luck' Technically, I sh ould not include 'Granada' this rose in the survey, for it has all This rose is truly one of the all­ but disappeared-unfairly-from time favorites, whether for its riot­ the commercial market. 'Lady Luck' ous color, its superlative form, its sh ould not be confused with a later abundance of bloom or its penetrat­ entry called 'Lucky Lady,' a grand­ ing fragrance, a subtle blending of iflora that seems to have suffered the tea and damask odors. Winner of an same fate as far as distribution is All America Award as well as the concerned. 'Lady Luck' is a medium Gamble Award for Fragrance in to light pink rose that occasionally 1968, this popular modern beauty has impeccable form. It is a moderate seems to waft its scent aloft day or producer and always bears intensely night, in hot, cold, dry or wet fragrant roses that seem to be a mix­ weather. It comes from another all­ ture of damask and wild h on ey time fragrant beauty, 'Tiffany,' and scents. This is a delightful rose, a its mellow blending of bright nastur­ creature of aristocratic bearing that tium red, orange, and yellow pro­ 'Lady Luck' many will never know, and one duces a rose that draws one's at­ whose petals alone can make a mag­ tention and holds it as its perfume nificent potpourri. permea tes the air. A truly good ac­ Party,' is one of the most intense to 'Sunsprite' quisition. appear on the scene in the last sev­ Known as 'Friesia' on the Euro­ 'Papa Meilland' eral years. This is a rose whose vigor pean market, this rose comes from Known to the avid rosarian for its and vitality, delightfully refreshing the Kordes family of Germany and superlative show form, this deep­ color and almost overpowering fra­ may be our only really good yellow red, damask-scented beauty is the grance will ensure that it will be floribunda with a pronounced scent. epitome of the dark, lustrous, fra­ around for a long time. Good , delicious scent in yellow grant roses that everyone loves. I 'Royal Albert Hall' roses has usually been elusive to find the fragrance to be present even This rose is hard to find through date, but it seems to have stabilized under cool conditions, a surprise American sources, but it is a very in 'Sunsprite.' This rose has a mod­ £ince many damask-scented beau­ popular rose on the European conti­ erate, fruity scent that seems to be ties prefer warm temperatures to nent and will not go unnoticed in the present under almost all conditions. bring out their best qualities. A garden either for lack of color or The medium-yellow flowers, which product of two other deep-red roses scent. Its red and yellow coloring grow in clusters, retain their color, a with intense fragrances, 'Chrysler demands attention and its damask much .sought-after factor in yellow Imperial' and 'Charles Mallerin,' fragrance, blended with a tangy, roses. 'Sunsprite' is readily available 'Papa Meilland' had to be fragrant. It fruity odor under most conditions, through most American rose nurs­ is not as readily available as many adds intrigue to this most unusual eries.

American Horticulturist 13 When your fragrant roses reach 1 tablespoon aniseed (crushed) verbena. Add another third, repeat the full maturity, don't let them go to 1 tablespoon caraway seeds (crushed) oils. Do this until the jar is filled. Seal for waste. Instead, pick the flowers and 1 tablespoon tonka beans (crushed) or six weeks, then break the seal and stir use the dried petals, even the leaves, orrisroot (cut) well with a wooden spoon. Each season, in one of these recipes to enjoy for Rose Jar Mixture add more rose petals, keeping the jar filled. months and years to come. These (Courtesy of Old Sturbridge Village, recipes are reprinted from Fragrance, Sturbridge, Massa'chusetts)* My Favorite Sachet" How to Make Natural Soaps , Scents and 1 quart rose petals (dried) Add the following ingredients to a con­ Sundries by Beverly Plummer, with 1 tablespoon orrisroot (cut) tainer and mix. 1 tablespoon mixed nutmeg, cinnamon, 1/2 cup rose leaves the permission of Atheneum Press and allspice (crushed) and Old Sturbridge Village. 1 cup lavender flowers 1 tablespoon gum benzoin 1 cup calamus root (cut) New Morning Potpourri" Mix the above ingredients in a pottery 1 tablespoon coriander seeds (bruised) Add the following ingredients to a con- bowl. When well mixed, add bits of vet­ 1 tablespoon orrisroot (powdered) tainer and mix. iver root, vanilla bean and dried orange 2 drops oil of rhodium 1 cup rose petals. peel stuck with clove. 4 drops tincture of musk 1 cu p orange blossoms Divide the mixture into thirds. Put *(Editor's Note: Tonka beans, gum benzoin 1 cup sweet lemongrass one-third in a rose jar, then add a few and orrisroot function as fixatives which hold 1 cup lemon thyme drops rose oil, oil of rosemary and lemon and blend other scents.)

'Garden Party' Even though we move into the realm of light-to-moderate fra­ grances here, the sweet honey and clove-like scent of 'Garden Party' is a total delight. Ivory petals kissed with a lavender-pink edging, this rose can have perfection of form, color and fragrance. The often large (six inches and more) blooms of this variety seem to maintain their fra­ grance throughout the long life of the bloom. 'Garden Party' is con­ sidered one of the few successful crosses of 'Peace' and 'Charlotte Armstrong,' and its fragrance is sur­ prising in that 'Peace,' the most popular rose of the 20th century, is virtually scentless, and 'Charlotte Armstrong' has only a light fra­ grance. 'Garden Party' is still a very popular rose after having been on the market for two decades. Its unique fragrance has to be part of the reason for its success. 'Royal Highness' Another progeny of 'Peace' ('Peace' X 'Virgo'), this pale-pink rose has a beautiful form. Its sweet­ briar fragrance is haunting, its lovely form totally captivating. Fragrance seems to be constant with this rose; fluctuating conditions do not affect it. 'Royal Highness' is widely avail­ able and deservedly so. 'Sweet Afton' Another near-white to pale-pink variety, 'Sweet Afton' is a bountiful

14 June/July 1979 Attar of rose is so valuable to the Bulgarians that they keep hundreds of drums on deposit in foreign banks to maintain their international balance of trade.

OPPOSITE : 'Fragrant Cloud' ABOVE: 'Double Delight' BELOW: 'Granada'

producer of fl owers that resemble 'Ro yal Highness' in coloration but do not have the latter's superior form. ' Sweet Afton' more than makes up for this shortcoming, however, with its very sweet scent and its easy-to-grow constitution. This rose will always supply its grower with bouquets to bring into the house, and its fragrance will be persistent and most pleasing. It is still available through at least one large rose-growing firm and should definitely b e considered when o making potpourris. 5 '" 'Ivory Fashion' ~ .9 This rose does not have a strong ~ fragrance, but a persistent perfume that I can only describe as a mixture Selected Source List for Some of 1 Rose Lane the Roses Mentioned Medford, Oregon 97501 of honey and cloves. The ivory­ 'Fragrant Cloud: 'Sunsprite.' colored blossoms in their perfectly­ Armstrong Nurseries Melvin E. Wya nt shaped clusters can be a vision of PO. Box 4060 Johnny Cake Ridge loveliness. To smell the rose at its Ontario, California 91761 Mentor, Ohio 44060 peak, which is during warmer 'Typhoo Tea,' 'Fragrant Cloud,' 'Garden Party: 'Royal Highness: weather, is to love it. Not many 'Granada: 'Double Delight: 'Crimson 'Sunsprite: 'Double Delight: 'Granada: Glory,' 'Garden Party,' 'Royal 'Fragrant Cloud.' floribundas are noted for their fra­ Highness: 'Sweet Afton.' grance but this one is an exception. Thomasville Nurseries, Inc. Carl Pallek & Sons Box 7 Even though it is a 20-year-old hy­ Box 137 Thomasville, Georgia brid, 'Ivory Fashion' is still carried by Virgil, Ontario LOS ITO, Canada 'Fragrant Cloud,' 'Granada: 'Double many nurseries because of its 'Royal Albert Hall' Delight,' 'Crimson Glory,' 'Garden superla tive qualities. ~~ Jackson and Perkins Company Party,' 'Royal Highness.'

America n Horticulturist 15 The For otten ·Kwanso' by Beryl Munday and Vivian Munday

OU may never have heard of Hemerocallis Society told us only we lived. The family that originally 'K wanso.' It is not listed in an y that it is a species of day lily and that built our home had lived in it for 60 Ydictionary and it is barely men­ it comes from China. years and had planted practically tioned in most flower manuals or en- At one time 'Kwanso' must have everything that grows in the region. cyclopedias. Many inquiries we grown in many of the French and I am told the property was beautiful made brought forth little informa­ Spanish gardens in the old town as long as the owners could care for tion about the plant. The American overlooking the Mississippi where it, but eventually the surviving

16 June/July 1979 member could no longer do so. At more than 70 years ago. Down one of from Portugal went to buy. In colo­ her suggestion friends took many of the garden paths we came upon a nial times plants were important the plants and bulbs from the yard bed of 'Kwanso.' To the owners they cargo on ships bringing early settlers and garden not long before a tragic were day lilies, different from the to America. Daylilies arrived early fire ruined the house. rest, but old and familiar just the and moved westward with the When we bough t the place the same. pioneers. H . fulva was so widely dis­ completely rebuilt house was invit­ Over a period of several years we tributed in this way that it became ing, but the grounds were unsightly. have gradually found other informa­ known as the Homestead Lily . Since all of us were gardeners, re­ tion about 'Kwanso' that has made 'Kwanso' came somewhat later. planting was soon in progress. Roots the flower even more interesting to The first European report about of some plants refused to die eve n us. Most authorities, including L. H . 'Kwanso' was by a naturalist and of­ after continued abuse during the re­ Bailey, consider 'Kwanso' a cultivar ficer of the Dutch East India Com­ construction. The old cl ematis soon of the common orange daylil y, pany named Kaempfer. He was climbed the new porch posts, and a Hemerocallis ful va. Others, however, stationed in Japan around 1690 and flowering almond pushed up two consider ita dis tinct species . Re­ noted both the Chinese and Japa­ small whips. Daffodils and narcissi gardless of the fine points of classifi- nese names for the plant. Quanso appeared from bulbs that had been was the Japanese vernacular name, overlooked , and a surprise lily lived seemingly a derivation of the up to its name. Chinese Hsuants'ao. The German It was three years before the spelling became Kwanso. 'Kwanso' startled us with its re­ So far as is Why does 'Kwanso' receive so lit­ tle recognition in these days of ex­ markable blossoms-orange, with known I the species deeper markings in the petals. In­ citement over double daylilies? The stead of the usual bell shape, the daylilies all came to plant's sterility is one reason. flowers were more flaring and triple our country from the ' Kwanso' may very occasionally petaled, one row above the other. A have viable pollen, but rarely, if ever, botanist might call the lower one of Orient by way of does it have normal female repro­ the three rows sepals, or h e might Europe. One route ductive parts. Two characteristics of call all of them tepals, a new term 'Kwanso' reduce its chances for set­ used when both petals and sepals was through ting seed. Ordinarily an increase in look alike. No one we questioned in Hungary and the number of petals means a de­ our neighborhood, including a crease in the number of reproductive botanist from our local college, re­ another was by way parts. In addition, 'Kwanso' is trip­ membered ever having seen the of Lisbon. loid; that is, there are three sets of flower. genetic rna terial in every cell ra ther Oddly enough our 'Kwanso' had than the usual two. appeared in a bed of named day lilies This additional information has we had ordered from a midwestern made the flower's persistence in our grower. We sent pictures to the firm cation, 'Kwanso' certainly is special yard seem ev,en more amazing. to learn if our stranger had acciden­ enough to be clearly distinguished Since its chances of sexual reproduc­ tally been included in our order. It from the common orange daylily. tion are almost nonexistent, it can­ had not. It was then that we learned Perhaps more interesting than the not survive as an embryo plant we had double-flowering 'Kwanso.' taxonomic puzzle it presents is the " stored" for years in a buried seed. It The flower apparently had come way in which 'Kwanso' was intro­ ordinarily must survive as a fully­ from pieces left in the ground years duced into the United States, appar­ developed plant part, which it was before. ently around 1860. So far as is able to do even through several Strangely, later that same sum­ known, the species daylilies all came years of violent treatment. It may be mer, our botanist friend showed us a to our country from the Orient by that this amazing persistence has 'Kwanso' that had bloomed in her way of Europe. One route was enabled it to become so com­ bed of old-fashioned daylilies. She through Hungary and another was monplace that people ignore it, but had lived in the house nearly 20 by way of Lisbon. The orange day­ ' Kwanso' has certainly become one years, and to her knowledge it had lilies, including 'Kwanso,' left a trail of ourfavorites. Not only is it a beau­ never bloomed before. Later we vis­ through Lisbon. We can speculate tiful, low-maintenance plant, but it ited an old garden in town that had that these types were more common is also one with an impressive his­ changed little since it was planted in the Oriental area where traders torical background. ~~

American Horticulturist 17 II A Perennial Garden by Pam Harper

ucky the gardener who inherits old stone L walls, mellow with age and lichen and moss encrusted. Such a wall greeted me as I entered "Hillside," the Connecticut home of Fred and Mary Ann McGourty. Both avid gardeners (Fred is editor of publications for the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and writes a gardening column for the Ne-w York Times), the McGourtys have created one of the coun­ try's loveliest perennial gardens at "Hillside." It is a place I love to visit, especially during July when Tidewater, Virginia, my home, is unbearably humid and hot.

Photos by Pam Harper The gardens at " Hillside," the Connecticut home of Fred and Mary Ann McGourty, are fill ed with over 400 different kinds of plants, mostly colorful summer-flowering perennials .

18 JunelJuly 1979

As I approached "Hillside" by late spring frosts. But such limita­ way of the old stone wall, I spotted tions, ironically, may have contrib­ yellow Hem erocallis 'Hyperion' in full u ted to the success of their garden. bloom there. Other walls define, Better, perhaps, to think for a week without enclosing, the perimeters of and work for a day than the other the main garden, which consists of way around. Snow (100 inches a lawn and perennial beds and bor­ year) precludes outdoor work for ders within a woodland clearing. several months, but planning goes Such walls make the perfect back­ on all year. ground for the McGourtys' many The couple's aim is maximum plants, but they also provide a haven bloom at the time when it can be for chipmunks and mice, kept under most enjoyed-July and August. control by the family cats. Towards this end two processes go In this part of the Northeast, on simultaneously. First, individual winter waits impatiently in the plants are evaluated. There are over wings even as spring creeps tardily 400 kinds in the garden now, on stage. During dinner the excluding ferns and wildflowers. McGourtys and I talked of favorite Many more have fallen by the trees. Mary Ann's is Cornus florida , wayside, and the winnowing pro­ but she cannot grow this dogwood cess goes on as Fred and Mary Ann here since buds may be blighted by become increasingly selective.

20 June/July 1979 Color, texture, delicate, pale-mauve flowers backed by a clump of Heliopsis helianthoides need for sun or shade, 'Incomparabilis' with its shaggy, yellow double-daisies. height, habit and A plant has a point in its favor here flowerinf? time must if it demands only minimal atten­ all be taKen into tion, but "labor-saving" is not the watchword in this garden. After fair account. trial, chronic invalids go on the com­ post heap, but plants deemed wor­ Among the genera most strongly thy of staking and spraying are ac­ represented are Allium, Astilbe, corded these attentions. The phlox Epimedium , Geranium (the true ones, are free from powdery mildew not Pelargonium), Hemerocallis, stems, not from fortune's smile but Phlox, Sedum and Veronica. There are from the timely application of a 19 kinds of Hosta , ranging from the Benlate spray. Lobelia cardinalis, an wee H. venusta and gold-leaved indispensable pure red, is farouche 'Kabitan' to the great, gray-green in character, unwillingly do­ Ho sta sieboldiana with nine-inch­ mesticated, and its presence in the wide leaves and short, dense heads garden fleeting unless frequently of white flowers. The fragrant 'Hon­ seedling-renewed (self-sown or eybells' is here, the graceful H. lan­ otherwise). At "Hillside" it grows cifolia, autumn-flowering H. tardi­ near a tumbledown section of wall in flora , wavy-leaved H. undulata with the shade of the woods, with ferns cream and green variegation and, for company. used in a sweep against one wall, Aesthetics is the other considera­ white-edged H. decorata. H. 'Frances tion. A handsome and healthy plant Williams' is a new addition with a may yet be discarded if it does not bright-gold edge to the large leaves. blend or contrast pleasingly with Hostas come late into growth and others to create a satisfying overall thus can share their bed with daf­ picture. Some annuals are used as fodils. They are primarily foliage fillers, but not scarlet sage, which, plants, but most kinds also have Fred says, always seems to be pretty flowers. H. decorata was in shouting, "Look at me!" Color, tex­ bloom this first week of August, the ture, need for sun or shade, height, habit and flowering time must all be taken into account. Familiarity with a wide range of perennials certainly helps; plans on paper or in the mind playa part, but in the end the most pleasing combinations have come about from trial and error over the years. As do most plantspeople, Fred and Mary Ann vacillate when asked to name a favorite perennial, but about their favorite genus there is no ambivalence. It is Astilbe, a prefer­ ence attested to by the presence of 25 kinds on the garden inventory. As­ tilbe chinensis 'Pumila' has so many good qualities that it is forgiven the nondescript pinkish-mauve of the OPPOSITE ABOVE: Annuals in containers surround a black iron pump, one of several I5-inch plumes and is used as an decorative objects in the McGourty's garden. LEFT: In the foreground, Hemerocallis 'Hyperion,' Sedum 'Autumn Joy' and Ligularia dentata join colors with Filipendula edging plant. Dense and chunky ulmaria 'Flore Plena' in the background. ABOVE: Echinacea purpurea, purple coneflower. and rarely needing division, it flow­ ers in late summer. Taller Astilbe X

American Horticulturist 21 In this part of aren dsii cuI tivars include white 'Bri­ of pink. Indoors a vase contained the dal Veil' and 'White Gloria,' pink dried heads of last year's Echinacea. the Northeast, winter ' Europa' and ' Peach Blossom,' Remembering this combination led waits impatiently in brighter pink 'Rheinland,' mauve me to transplant pale-blue Pseudo­ 'Hyacinth,' ruby-red 'Glow,' and muscari azureum (Hyacinthus azureus) the wings even as crimson 'Fanal. ' Outstanding during beneath my pink Magnolia soulan­ spring creeps tardily my visit was .'Fire,' more beet-red giana this spring. than flame, a color accentuated by At the other end of the same bor­ on stage. nearby plantings of feverfew and der, slender spires of Cimicifuga Artemisia 'Silver Mound.' racemosa (needing no staking) reared Feverfew (Chrysanthemum par­ above salmon-pink Phlox 'Sir John th enium) gets high marks for grace, Falstaff.' Among them stood a statue versatility and continuous bloom of a little girl made of weathered gray through July and August. It is al­ stone, pot-bellied and winsome, one ways the bridesmaid, never the of several such fea tures in the gar­ bride, but in its supporting role it is den. Other garden accompaniments used often and in quantity. Artemisia included an old, black iron pump 'Silver Mound' is also valued for its and stone trough surrounded by an­ ability to bring out the best in other nuals in containers. This week pan- ' plants. A favorite for late summer sies, petunias and yellow Calceolaria bloom is garlic chives, Allium rugosa bloomed inside it. An urn at tuberosum , bearing white doilies of the corner of some steps was stuffed small, fragrant stars on sturdy, 18- tight with double Gaillardia 'But­ inch stems. But don't let this plant go terscotch Bronze' and blue to seed lest scallion turn rapscallion, bachelor's buttons. Containers also distributing its progeny all over the stood on the walls holding, among garden. Chrysogonum virginianum, a other things, ornamental cabbages front-of-the-border plant tolerant of and rhubarb chard with its ruby-red most conditions but best in moist soil stems, both safely out of the reach of and part shade, gets an accolade for rabbits. remaining longest in bloom. Its yel­ The new kitten, Shadow, made a low stars make a pleasing duo with living feature, at times curled up be­ the violet-blue cups of Platycodon neath the feverfew, at times batting grandiflorus 'Mariesii.' at flowers with a tiny paw. The but­ I saw the McGourtys' garden at terflies, following Shadow's lead, peak bloom. There seemed to be no also darted about the garden, gaps, but I soon discovered this was exhibiting a predilection for Cen­

ABOVE: The "garden girl," seen from the an illusion. Many flowers had come tau rea macrocephala, purple cone­ back, is framed by Cimicifuga ra cemosa. and gone (Actaea rubra displayed its flower (Echinacea purpurea) and bee red berries), others (the taller balm. Monarda didyma 'Croftway OPPOSITE: Color abounds. Here, Ashlbe 'Fire,' Artemisia 'Silver Mound,' sedums and Ch rysanthemum X Pink' and 'Cambridge Scarlet' are Chrysanthemum parthenium (feverfew), morifolium cultivars in particular), the bee balms chosen for this gar­ Cimicifuga racemosa and lilies add their were not yet open. Two weeks be­ den. hues to the palette . fore it had been a different garden, Allium senescens is a topnotch and in two more weeks it would onion, not as spectacular as the present yet another face. widely advertised Allium giganteum, One picture in pastels drew me but decidedly more reliable and ver­ back repeatedly during my July­ satile. It is a variable species and into-August visit: a " pink for a girl, three forms are grown at "Hillside." blue for a boy" combination of deli­ One grows 18 inches high, posses­ cate colors. The pink clouds of sing sturdy, tight-knit clumps of Filipendula rubra were shoulder high, immaculate, daffodil-type leaves. and at their feet grew the tripe taIled Another is more compact, and A . Tradescantia 'J. C. Weguelin,' the two senesce ns 'Glaucum' has grayer plants' disproportionate heights leaves in whorls close to the ground. bridged by a neighboring planting of All have mauve, drumstick flowers. Echinacea purpurea in varying shades Other onions appreciated here are

22 June/July 1979 Though a tidy garden, it is neither formal nor rigidly disciplined. To a visitor it must seem that years of work and planning have brought the garden to its zenith. One might well ask, "What more can be done?" But Fred and Mary Ann are not resting on their laurels. Among that week's acquisitions were a particu­ larly fine form of pink Achillea (ad­ mired in the garden of a friend, who promptly handed Fred a spadet and a taller, upright form of Chrysogo­ num. The garden looks so effortless in August. True, summer tasks are not as strenuous as the planting and di­ viding, weeding, mulching and staking of May and June, or the rak­ ing and shredding of leaves in au­ tumn, but there is still plenty of work to be done. Container plants must be watered often. Mary Ann spent a pre-dinner hour hand-picking Japa­ nese beetles. When Fred's watchful eye noticed chewed Liriope leaves, out came the slug pellets. And a rac­ coon, crouching forlornly in a Hav­ a-Hart trap on the lawn (" An object lesson to its friends," said Fred), was taken for an evening drive to a nearby park, the fourth released there that week. The plants in the McGourtys' garden flower earlier in the south, but they still bloom in the same sequence, so the same combinations the tall and slender A. sphaero­ stems and large, rough leaves, and will work there. Some of these pe­ cephalum with its egg-shaped, the neat dwarfness of one-foot rennials may not prosper in warmer reddish-purple heads, A. schoeno­ Coreopsis 'Goldfink' except that they parts of the country, however. To prasum (chives), yellow A. flavum, all have yellow flowers and bloom at determine which do best or won't the similar pinkish-purple A. pul­ about the same time. Each has its grow at all in your area, consult chellum (of which there is also a place. Centaurea macrocephala looks Perennials and Their Uses , published white form), and the native A. tricoc­ well with the deep-mauve spikes of by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden cum with white flowers and leaves Stachys officinalis. Behind the great, under Fred McGourty's editorship.* two inches across, unusually wide plate-like leaves of Ligularia dentata The book contains planting sug­ for an onion. are the creamy, fluffy plumes of gestions for many areas, lists of pe­ That there should be no jarring Filipendula ulmaria 'Flore Plena,' and rennials for different purposes, gar­ juxtaposition of color is a primary in front of it the succulent leaves and dens to visit, tips for the successful consideration to the McGourtys, but as yet unopened flowers of Sedum cultivation of perennials, informa­ differences in the habits and textures 'Autumn Joy.' tion about propagating them, and of plants are also important. There is This garden is a photographer's much other useful information. ~~ little similarity between the dainti­ paradise. Dead-heading is done at ness of Rudbeckia laciniata, the least twice a week, there are no * Perennials and Th eir Us es linsey-woolsey look of Centaurea mac­ Published by the Brooklyn Botanic Gar­ clashing backgrounds to be focused den, Fred McGourty, Editor. 1000 rocephala with its great brown­ out, and rarely must a damaged leaf Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New bracted, thistle-like heads, lanky be removed or tucked out of sight. York 11225. $1.75.

American Horticulturist 23

BELOW: There are over 50 species of Watsonia growing in the Republic. Most are spring fl owering and grow in shades of pink, rose, orange and white. ABOVE RIGHT: The peaks of Castl e Roc k loom against the horizon, providing a dramatic backdrop for the many fl owers growing below. BELOW RIGHT: Erica ma mmosa is an erect shrub which grows to a height of three feet or more. There is a grea t va ria ti on in the colors of the fl owers, w hich may be pink, red, w hite or green.

, (~ .. '. embers of the American M Horticultural Society who are taking the Society's trip to South Africa this fall should look forward to seeing the masses of color produced by all of these South African wildflowers at this famous garden in the foothills. American Horticulturist 25 Kirstenbosch, the main National Botanic Garden of South Africa, will be at its glorious best in Sep­ tember. The rainy season of June, July and August will have passed, and spring in all its glory will de­ scend on this l ,300-acre tract situated at the base of South Af­ rica's Table Mountain. Mass plant­ ings of spring-flowering annuals (Arctotis , Ursinia and Gazania) will form brilliant patches of orange, gold and yellow, interspersed with the dazzling whites of the white rain daisy (Dimorphotheca pluvialis) and dainty, China-blue Felicia. There are several National Botanic Gardens of South Africa,

but Kirstenbosch serves as main headquarters and is truly the most colorful in its mountain setting. There are approximately 18,000 species of plants in this country, 2,600 of which are native to the Cape Peninsula. It is the purpose at Kirstenbosch to grow as many of the 2,600 as will do well under the conditions there. Proteas are probably the most spectacular of South Africa's indig- enous flora . There are over 400 The small succulents like OPPOSITE: Gaza nia ringens, often called species in the country spread Dorotheanthus will also burst forth wild marigold, produces a glorious among 14 genera, none of which show of color year after year and is into shimmering kaleidoscopic very hardy. are found on any other continent. color with flowers of magenta, red, ABOVE: October yields this colorful Pro tea rep ens has been selected as orange, yellow and pink. Stately display at Kirstenbosch. Most of the the national flower. Americans Watsonia , in shades of pink, mauve flowers are members of the Compositae have been introduced to marvelous and white, can never be observed family. protea specimens brought to the under more colorful settings. And, states a few years ago at the Inter­ of course, many of the proteas are national Botanical Congress in Bal­ September flowering, including the timore by Dr. H . B. Rycroft, the di­ dainty and colorful 'Blushing Bride' rector of this wmld famous garden. (Serruria florida). ~~

Am erican Hor ti culturist 27

..... AI~IA by Mrs. Ralph Cannon

here are sofew companions which make good com- bronze leaves and heads of bright-orange flowers . When pany for large-leaf hostas that when they are found in full flower these cultivars are a rewarding and striking Tthey should be appreciatively noted. Ligularias are sight. Both bloom from July to September. This long one suitable garden accompaniment to hostas; the first period of bloom is of great value to a garden, but even plants that were sent to me from England a number of without their bloom the plants' foliage still makes them years ago have grown superbly in my garden. They like a decorative specimens. Neither cultivar requires any spe- moist soil with good drainage and are equally at home in cial winter protection. full sun or dappled shade. Since ligularias have a fibrous Ligularias must be used at the back of a border, or if root system, they appreCiate a loose, porous soil which used with large-leaf hostas an adjacent planting is more gives them freedom. They are not particular about the pH telling than an even distribution. Two or three plants of the soil. If grown in full sun they might need some grouped behind orto the side of host as makea handsome extra water during a dry season, but ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ treatment. Even when used as a they do not have to be watered in the There are two single specimen they add gaiety and woods in dappled shade. If the color to the scene. plants wilt and require some extra l~' ularia cultivars Ligularias grow easily from seed. water, sink a gallon can with fine II . To collect their seed allow the blos- holes punched in the bottom among t at grow we zn our soms to mature on the plant. When the plants and fill the can with water. country's climate: L. dry, the heads open to form downy The slow seepage of the water will d IG ld balls of feathery, tufted seed. John provide extra moisture for the large entata 0 en Gerard, in his Herbal! of 1597, de- leaves. Queen' and L. scribes these seed heads as " downie Ligularias are herbaceous plants dentata I Othello. ' blow-balls that are carried away with and belong to the Compositae order, the wind. /I Before they dehisce, one of the largest dicotyledonous gather the heads and obtain the families. Ligularia flowers are compound. Their most good, plump seed. Each head will give only a few seed. I noticeable characteristic is the crowding of a number of generally plant the seeds during the winter on frozen small florets into a head or central disc that is surrounded ground and cover them with a light layer of wood ashes. by an involucre of bracts which has the effect of a single They will germinate in the spring, and after being al- blossom. These plants are impressive perennials with lowed to grow a year before transplanting, they can be large, glistening, leather-like leaves nearly orbicular in removed in small clumps and planted elsewhere. shape and sharply toothed, which may measure 12 to 20 These plants' worse pests are slugs and snails. If a layer inches across. The plants have a bold, imposing stature of of wood ashes is kept around the plants they will be three to four feet when in blossom. Their stiffly upright protected; otherwise, use pellets of metaldehyde. Since flowering stems carry the flowers in long heads. growth is started early in the spring these precautions There are two ligularia cultivars that grow well in our also should be started early. country's climate: L. dentata 'Golden Queen,' with broad, For ornamental purposes there is no bolder or more alternate green leaves and heads of rich, glowing decorative plant than ligularia. Its beautiful foliage and

£ golden-yellow florets, and 'Othello,' with purplish- form provides a glorious splash of color as a backdrop for o .c Cl. Ligu /aria dentata 'Golden Queen' many plants, especially large-leaf hostas. ~~

American Horticulturist 29 Small Fruits for erlcan• Gardens

by J. N. Moore

sciOUS strawberries, large plump proper varieties and a little attention rennials and can remain productive blueberries, tasty blackberries to cultural requirements. for many years with proper care. t - these and other small fruits Small fruits are ideally suited to While insect and disease pests do can be grown easily in your own garden culture. They require little exist, such problems are fewer than garden. Like millions of Americans, space for significant yields of fruit. with tree fruits and vegetables, and you can experience the pride and For example, a 25-foot row of straw­ fewer controls are needed. enjoyment of growing your own berries may produce 25 quarts of Home-grown small fruits are usu- ~ J:: fruit and relish the delicious, nutri­ berries, and a single blueberry bush ally of better quality than fruits ';, tious rewards of your labor. All that can produce over 15 pints of fruit. In available in retail outlets. The edible i is required is a small space, the addition, small fruit plants are pe- quality of small fruits is closely tied it

30 June/July 1979 to freshness; fruits are at their maxi­ The most important decision a article to discuss the cultural proce­ mum quality when harvested since small fruit gardener makes is the dures for growing small fruits. An they are highly perishable and begin choice of variety, for the future suc­ excelle nt article b y Dr. D . K. to deteriorate in quality soon after cess or fail ure of his planting is de­ Ourecky on small fruit culture ap­ harvest. pendent, in large measure, on the peared in Volume 56, No. 1 of the Small fruits are well suited to varieties planted . Small fruits are A m erican Horticulturist (Late Winter home processing. They can be fro­ grea tl y influenced by such climati c Issu e, 1977). The reader should refer zen with no preparation (no fa ctors as day length, summer and to that article for cultural informa­ blanching, no additives) with little or winter temperatures, light intensity, tion. no loss in quality or nutritive value. humidity, length of the growing sea­ Strawberries They can also be easily processed son and rainfall. The performance of The strawberry is probably the into delicious jams and jellies. Thus small fruit va ri eties is governed by most widely grown of all small the products obtained from a small an interaction of the genetics of the fruits. It is grown in every state in the frui ts garden can be enjoyed all year. plant with the loca l environment. United Sta tes a nd n early every Plants of many small fruit species Relatively small differences in cli­ country of the world. Strawberries may be utilized easily in the home mate may greatly affect the plant's are also the most affected by the en­ landscape for both aesthetic beauty performance. For this reason, types vironment. Thus there are literally and practical fruit production. Shrub that are outstanding in one region of hundreds of varieties of strawberries borders may be created with blue­ the country may do very poorly in with differing regional adaptations. berries, blackberries, raspberries or another region. Within the past decade strawberry currants. Single plants of blueberries breeders have developed a number in the landscape are attractive with of new vari eties which are superior their white, bell-shaped flo wers in The most to va rieties of the past. Some of the spring, their attractive clusters of important decision a outstanding varieties, their origins blue fruit in summer and their red and areas of adaptation are shown in leaves in the fall . Strawberries, cran­ small fruit gardener the table accompanying this article. berries and lowbush blueberries also makes is the choice of In addition to these widely grown make nice-looking, fruit-producing varieties, other varieties are avail­ ground covers, borders or accent variety, for the future able for sp ecific conditions. For plants. Many of the small fruits may be success or failure of example, 'Badgerbelle,' 'Ft. Lar­ container grown. Blueberries have a his planting is amie,' 'Stoplight' and ' Cyclone' limited root system and may be are best adapted to extremely cold grown in patio containers for several d~endent, in large winter regions. years. Strawberries may be success­ measure, on the Everbearing strawberry varieties fully grown in almost any type of are available which will produce container, even window boxes for varieties planted. some fruit throughout the summer apartment fruit production. Two and fall. These varieties often pro­ common methods of growing Fortunately, plant breeders have duce poor beds and may not pro­ strawberries in a small space for both developed varieties of most small duce as high a yield in the spring as fruit production and landscape fruits for all sections of the United the June-bearing varieties. Some of beauty are the "strawberry barrel" States. New gardeners should con­ the better everbearers are 'Ft. and the " strawberry pyramid." In sult experienced neighbors or their Laramie,' 'Geneva,' 'Ozark Beauty' the former, a wooden barrel is filled local agricultural extension agent for and 'Quinault.' with soil and holes are bored in the the proper variety to plant in their Blueberries sides. Strawberry plants are planted area. Do not assume that all small Blueberries are grown commer­ in the holes and the fruits and run­ fruit varieties will perform according cially in only a few states, but they ners will later cover the barrel. A to nursery catalog descriptions. can be grown in home gardens in strawberry pyramid is made by Such descriptions may accurately most areas of the country provided forming several vertical tiers of de­ represent the variety in the region to an adapted variety is used, the soil is creasing circumference from wood which it is best adapted, but may not suffiCiently acid and adequate soil siding or metal edging, filling them be accurate for all parts of the coun­ moisture is maintained. There are with soil and planting strawberries try. More small fruit home gardens three major types of blueberries: the in each level. As the plants grow have failed due to poor choice of lowbush, which grows wild over they cascade down the pyramid varieties than from all other reasons much of New England; the high­ giving a living, green, fountain ef­ combined. bush, which is the type commer­ fect. No attempt has been made in this ci:ally grown in New Jersey, Michi-

Ameri can Horticulturist 31 gan, North Carolina and Washing­ developed in Michigan and Maine 'Bluegem,' 'Aliceblue' and 'Becky­ ton; and the rabbiteye, which is respectively, are suggested for areas blue' are rabbiteye varieties adapted adapted to the climate of the deep with extreme winter temperatures. as far south as southcentral Florida. South. There are no named varieties The rabbiteye varieties are rec­ These varieties extend the southern of lowbush, but many good varieties ommended for most areas of the limits of blueberry culture. Two or­ of highbush and rabbiteye have been South where winter temperatures namental varieties of blueberry are developed by plant breeders. Some do not exceed 'O°F. They do require available: 'Ornablue' and 'Tophat.' of the o.u tstanding varieties are listed some winter chilling to break rest 'On)ablue' is medium dwarf and in the table. period and will not grow south of 'Tophat' is very dwarf. While The highbush varieties shown in northern Florida. Rabbiteye varieties primarily intended for ornamental the table are generally adapted to are not self-fruitful, and at least two usage, the fruits are edible, although most areas of the Northeast, Mid­ varieties must be planted to ensure smaller in size than standard varie­ west, Northwest, and areas south­ cross-pollina tion. ties. ward to north Arkansas. Varieties Recently the Florida Agricultural Raspberries developed in North Carolina, 'Har­ Experiment Station released six Raspberries should be considered rison,' 'Wolcott' and 'Croatan,' are low-chilling blueberry varieties. for home gardens since it is difficult best adapted to the southern Atlan­ 'Sharpblue' 'Flordablue' and' A vo!l­ to buy fresh raspberries in many tic coast area. Two very cold-hardy blue' are highbush types adapted parts of the country. While most varieties, 'Northland' and 'Patriot,' to northcentral Florida while people are familiar with red-fruited

Some Outstanding Small Fruit Varieties of North America

Developing Year Variety AgencyZ Introduced Region of Best Adaptation in U .S .Y

Strawberry . Aiko CA-AES 1975 California, Florida (?) Apollo NC-AES 1970 Southern Atlantic Coast West to Arkansas Atlas NC-AES 1970 Southern Atlantic Coast West to Arkansas Benton OR-USDA 1975 Pacific Northwest Cardinal AR-AES 1974 Upper and Mid-South Delite IL-USDA 1974 Midwest Florida Belle FL-AES 1975 Florida, Gulf Coast Guardian MD-USDA 1969 Northeast, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic Heidi Private 1972 California Holiday NY-AES 1972 Northeast Olympus WA-AES 1973 Pacific Northwest Ranier WA-AES 1972 Pacific Northwest Raritan NJ-AES 1968 Northeast, Mid-Atlantic Redchief MD-USDA 1968 Northeast, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic Shuksan WA-AES 1970 Pacific Northwest Tangi LA-AES 1973 Gulf Coast Tioga CA-AES 1964 California, Florida Totem Can. Dept. Agri. 1971 Pacific Northwest Tufts CA-AES 1972 California, Florida

Blueberry (Highbush) Bluecrop NJ-USDA 1952 Northeast, Midwest, Upper South, Northwest Blueray NJ-USDA 1955 Northeast, Midwest, Upper South, Northwest Bluetta NJ-USDA 1968 Northeast, Midwest Collins NJ-USDA 1959 Northeast, Midwest, Northwest, Upper South Coville NJ-USDA 1949 Northeast, Midwest, Northwest, Upper South Earliblue NJ-USDA 1952 Northeast, Midwest, Northwest, Upper South Harrison NC-USDA 1974 North Carolina Jersey USDA 1928 Northeast, Midwest, Northwest, Upper South Wolcott NC-USDA 1950 North Carolina

32 June/July 1979 Developing Year Variety AgencyZ Introduced Region of Best Adaptation in U.S.,\'

Blueberry (Rabbiteye) Climax GA-USDA 1974 South, West to Texas Southland GA-USDA 1969 South, West to Texas Tifblue GA-USDA 1955 South, West to Texas Woodard GA-USDA 1960 South , West to Texas

Red Rasp berry Fallred NH-AES 1964 Northeast, Midwest Haida Can. Dept. Agri. 1973 Pacific Northwest Heritage NY-AES 1969 Northeast, Midwest, Mideast Latham MN-AES 1914 Northeast, Midwest, Mideast Meeker WA-AES 1967 Pacific Northwest Milton NY-AES 1942 Northeast, Mideast Newburgh NY-AES 1929 Northeast, Midwest, Mideast Taylor NY-AES 1935 Northeast, Mideast Willamette OR-USDA 1942 Pacific Northwest

Black Raspberry Allen NY-AES 1957 Northeast Black Hawk IA-AES 1955 Midwest Bristol NY-AES 1934 Northeast Dundee NY-AES 1927 Northeast Jewel NY-AES 1973 Northeast Munger Private 1890 Pacific Northwest

Purple Raspberry Amethyst IA-AES 1968 Midwest Brandywine NY-AES 1976 Northeast, Midwest Clyde NY-AES 1961 Northeast

Yellow Raspberry Amber NY-AES 1950 Northeast Fallgold NH-AES 1967 Northeast

Blackberry (Erect) Cherokee AR-AES 1974 South, Midwest Cheyenne AR-AES 1976 South, Midwest Comanche AR-AES 1974 South Darrow NY-AES 1958 Northeast, Mideast

Blackberry (Trailing) Aurora OR-USDA 1961 Pacific Northwest Black Satin IL-USDA 1974 Mideast, Upper South Boysen Private 1935 Mideast, South Dirksen Thornless IL-USDA 1974 Midwest, Mideast, Upper South Marion OR-USDA 1956 Pacific Northwest Olallie OR-USDA 1950 Pacific Northwest Oregon Evergreen ? ? Pacific Northwest

Z AES = Agricultural Experiment Station Y Does not necessarily preclude successful culture in other regions,

American Horticulturist 33 raspberries, varieties are available which produce black, purple or yel­ low fruits. The table lists some of the better garden varieties of rasp­ berries. I The red-fruited varieties, 'Heri­ tage,' 'Latham,' 'Milton,' ' New­ U TID • burgh' and 'Taylor,' are well suited COMPLETE LIQUIDATION to most of the eastern United States, OF THE WORLD FAMOUS, RENOWNED AND KNOWN For extremely cold areas in the Northeast and Midwest, the va­ rieties 'Boyne, ' 'Chief, ' Fallred,' RARAFLORA NURSERY 'Latham' and 'Liberty' should be formerly owned by F. W. Bergman considered. In the Pacific Northwest 1195 Stump Rd. , Feasterville, Pennsylvania 19047 the best adapted varieties are (North of Philadelphia on st. Rt. 132 off 1·95) ' Canby,' 'Fairview,' ' Haida, ' Phone (215) 667·6690 or (215) 689·9154 (ask for Raraflora) 'Meeker' and 'Willamette.' Tuesday and Wednesday Black raspberries are not fully JUNE 5 and 6, 1979 hardy to very low temperatures. 7:59 A.M. EDST Prompt! Rain or shine! ' Allen, ' ' Bristol,' 'Dundee' and 'Jewel' do well in much of New Rare, exotic, dwarf, semi-dwarf, unusual, slow growing, woody plants and plant material (many imported plants). England. For colder areas of the Thousands of dwarf conifers, collectors items, etc. to be Midwest, 'Black Hawk' should be sold to the highest bidder without reservation. -- tried. In the Pacific Northwest, Many "one-of·a·kind" plants, some not found or available 'Munger' and 'Plum Farmer' seem anywhere else in North America. Ideal for collectors, ar­ well adapted. boretums, landscape architects, commercial nurserymen, etc. Purple raspberries have been Many specimen "character" plants. mainly grown in the eastern United NEVER PRUNED (These plants have either been grown States. However, the varieties totally in their natural state without cultural practices of trim­ ming or pruning or have been trained by Mr. Bergman to grow 'Amethyst' and 'Brandywine' are in unusual shapes without pruning.) proving suitable for many areas of This world famous private collection, arboretum, and the Midwest. nursery may well be the largest, best known , and respected Raspberries are cool-season fruits inventory of its type in the world! and are best adapted to areas in Many dwarf conifers, some which would lend themselves which summer temperatures are not to bonsai work; weeping plants, prostrate plants, contorted trees, etc. - many of which have been "custom tailored" by extreme. The southern range of nature, never pruned or sheared. adaptability has been extended by Evergreens, deciduous, broad leaf evergreens, shrubs, etc. the introduction of the red-fruited Japanese garden plants, hardy rock garden plants, varieties ' Southland' and ' Dor­ espaliered trees, landscape material, etc. mamed.' A few red raspberry types are THIS INVENTORY MUST BE SEEN TO BE APPRECIATEO available that produce both a sum­ A ONCE IN A LIFETIME OPPORTUNITY! mer and a fall fruit crop. These make Only 3 digging seasons to remove Hardy Good 50% • (Until May 31 , 1980)(on the premises • northern • contract diggers good home garden additions since down year round , 24 hour security) grown available they extend the season of fresh fruit. Many of these plants are in containers , easily and readily removable. One of the most widely adapted For complete listing and terms, write or call auctioneers. fall-fruiting varieties is 'Heritage.' Auction conducted by Others are ~ Durham ,' 'Fallred,' 'In­ dian Summer,' ' September' and 'Southland.' Blackberries and Dewberries There are two types of blackber­ ries according to growth habit: the erect type, in which the canes are J. w. DICKERSON & Associates self-supporting, and the training SPECIALIZED HQRTK:ULTURAl SERVtCES. BOX 133. TR OY, OHIO 45373 PH ONE (5 13) 778-0675 or 335-4012 HORTtCUL TURAL AUCTIONEERS . APPRAISERS . CONSUL rANTS. BUSINESS BROKERS . INVESTMENT COU NSELORS blackberries (so-called " dewber­ ries" ), which require support for the

34 June/July 1979 canes. Erect varieties produce suck­ stem .' They are very vigorous, pro­ ers fr om the roots and can be propa­ lific and produce large berries. How­ gated with root cuttings. Trailing ever, with the exception of 'Dirksen How does types are usually n on-suckering but Thornless,' they lack winter hardi­ produce canes fr om an underground n ess fo r n orthern a reas. Other your crown . One disadvantage of erect, thornless varieties are 'Thornless suckering varieties in a garden situa­ Boysen' and 'Thornless Yo ung,' but tion is their tendency to spread . The they are less productive than their garden trailing types can be contai ned in a thorny counterparts. All thornless given area much easier. blackberries have trailing ca nes and grow? The best variety of erect black­ require support. berry for the northern part of the Several blackberry varieties have Does it fo ll ow the style o f an a ncient Islamic garde n ? Or the prac ti ca l cloiste r United States is the 'Darrow.' It is been developed for specific cli mates ga rd e n ? Or the flowery fantasy garden and have rather narrow li mits of o f the poets? Discover the h is to ry o f hardy and produces good crops of ga rde ns from t heir o ri g in s in the " na­ large, good-quality fruit. 'Hedrick' adaptation. For the lower South, the tural" paradises of C reek my th to t he and ' Bailey' are also ad apted to trailing varieties 'Early Ju ne,' 'Gem,' presen t day in .. northern areas. For much of the 'Flint' and 'Georgia Thornless' are THE HISTORY South a nd lower Mid west adapted . In northern Florida, two 'Cherokee,' 'Cheyenne' and 'Com­ low-chilling varieties, 'Flordagrand' OF GARDENS anche' are well adapted . They are and 'O klawaha,' are available to ex­ by productive, large-fruited and of tend the southern limit of blackberry Christopher Thacker good quality for fresh use or pro­ production. 288 I'nKfs . 56 ro lor nlll! 19 0 1,lnrk-nml-whilf illuslrallons cessing. In areas w here winter tem­ Currants and Gooseberries I're-I'ublirnlloll I'rirr $29.95 peratures do not fa ll below O°F, the These are good garden fruits since ulllil 7/ 31 / 79: $35.00 Iherrnfler Texas varieties, 'Brazos,' 'Brison,' they are easy to grow and hardy CALIFORNIA ' Roseborou g h ' a nd ' Wom ack,' even for colder regions. Th ey are, University of California Press should be tried . h owever, prohibited by law in cer­ Berkeley 94720 tain states because they are alternate hosts for white pine bli ster rust. Cur­ Do not assume rants make excellent jelly and juice and are very high in vitamin content. that all small fruit G ooseberries are used fo r pies and varieties will perform jellies. Some of the better varieties of cur­ according to nursery rant are 'Red Lake,' 'Stephens # 9' catalog descriptions. and 'Wilder.' Recommended goose­ berry varieti es are 'Chautauqua,' 'Fred onia' and 'Poorman. ' Increase your growing Elderberries Most varieties of trailing blackber­ space with a Elderberries occur in the wild in Janco Greenhouse ries are n ot hardy enough to be many areas of North America, and grown in the colder regions of the considerable fruit is harvested fr om When you've run out of space for your country without winter protection indoor plants . . .when you want to "open wild plants for pies, jelly and wine. up" a living or family room, bedroom or for the canes and are best adapted to However, much improved varieties kitchen to sunshine & flowers ...when you want "growing pleasure" all year the West Coast and South. Of the have been d evelo ped b y pla nt thornless trailing varieties, 'Dirksen round, then you're ready for an all alumi­ breeders . Som e of the improved num, minimum-maintenance Janco. Thornless' is proving to be the most varieties are 'Adams #1,' 'Adam s Quality, price, design-these are the 3 major reasons customers give for choos­ hardy and may be grown success­ #2,' 'Johns,' 'Kent,' 'Nova,' 'Scotia' fully in some areas of the Midwest. ing a Janco. Over 100 lean-to & curved and 'York. ' Since elderberries are eave models to fit any site, every budget. There is presently much interest in not very self-fruitful, it is recom­ Write for FREE 48-pg. full color cata­ the thornless varieties of black­ mended tha t two or more varieties log today-compare our quality, price berries. Recently the USDA devel­ & design! be planted for cross-pollination. ~~ oped a series of thornless trailing Janco Greenhouses blackberries that are superior in re­ Sources of plants of varieties men­ Dept. AH-6 gions to w hich they are adapted. 9390 Davis Avenue tioned in this article ca n be obtained from Laurel, Md. 20810 They are 'Dirksen Thornless,' 'Black your local agricultural extension service (301) 498-5700 Satin,' 'Thornfree' and 'Smooth- or agric ultural experiment stati on .

Am erican Horti culturist 35 Books by Tom Stevenson garden design as well as the Oriental's gained in this capacity, as well as previ­ garden philosophy. Her history takes ous expertise derived from his years as the reader up to the present day. Of spe­ Director of Horticulture for the New THE CAMELLIA-ITS HISTORY, cial interest is her discussion of George York Botanical Garden, Brown wrote CULTURE, GENETICS AND A LOOK Washington's norticultural knowledge this comprehensive text on indoor gar­ INTO ITS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT and activities. dening. Publish ed by th e American Camellia His purpose, he said, was to "en­ Society, Da vid L. Feathers, Editor. 476 deavor to present clean solutions to the pages . Beautifully illustrated. $12.50. problems of growing plants in the home. Available from th e American Camellia I hope this book will discredit the notion Society , P.O. Box 1217, Fort Valley, GA that a green thumb is a mysterious gift 31030. possessed by a lucky few ." David Feathers and the other writers The encyclopedia contains chapters on who contributed to this book are interna­ basic botany, culture, seasonal care, tionally known for their knowledge of MAGNOLIAS propagation, pests and diseases, ter­ the camellia. The book, the editors tell Neil G. Treseder rariums and hanging baskets, artificial us, "is intended to reflect the knowledge Published by Merrimack Book Service, lighting and hydroponics; herbs and and history of the camellia and its culture Salem, NH. 243 pages. Well illustrated. other culinary plants, bulbs, corms and accrued over a period of the last 40 years $59.95 tubers, cacti and succulents, bromeliads, or so." Treseder's book is the first com­ ferns and orchids-in short, almost In 13 chapters the authors discuss the prehensive work written about mag­ everything one needs to know to grow following aspects of the camellia: his­ nolias since J. G. Millias' Magnolias , pub­ plants indoors. Brown also includes de­ tory, origin and environment, basic cul­ lished in 1927. This new publication tails about 300 kinds of plants with at­ ture, flower types, acquisition of plants, includes details about all Asian and tractive flowers, 200 plants with attrac­ flower and plant usage, propagation, American temperate zone species. The tive foliage and numerous plants with species and camellia relatives, diseases majority of magnolia'S numerous hy­ attractive fruit. and pests, container and greenhouse brids and crosses also have been re­ culture, hybridizing and genetics, re­ corded. search, experimentation and mutation. The book ·also includes a revised sur­ The appendix includes a glossary of vey of the genus Magnolia , together with terms, a list of camellia societies in the Mal1 g 1i etia and Michelia by the late United States and overseas, a list of James Edward Dandy, former keeper of camellia nurseries in the United States botany at the British Museum of Natural and a selected list of articles written History. Some interesting notes on about camellias. magnolia cytology have been contrib­ FLOWERING PLANTS The 24 pages of color include more uted by Dr. John Wilkinson of the Uni­ OF THE WORLD than 55 varieties of camellias, flower versity of Exeter. V. H. Heywood forms and flower arrangements. The many line drawings are by Mar­ Consultant Editor jorie Blamey; nine of the striking color Published by Mayflower Books, plates are taken from her paintings. New York, NY Treseder, a fourth-generation member 334 pages . $17.95 of a well-known family of Cornish The flowering plants, known scientifi­ nurserymen, spent 10 years gathering cally as the class Angiosperm, are the information for the book. He studied dominant group of vascular plants on magnolias in several Cornish gardens earth today. They arose some 120 million which contained many of the original in­ years ago or more, and about 80 to 90 trod uctions from such collectors as For­ million years ago they had become the rest and Wilson. He also visited mag­ characteristic plants dominating most THE GARDEN, AN ILLUSTRATED nolia collections in other parts of the parts of the world. HISTORY British Isles, in America and in the Far There are at least 250,000 species of Julia S. Berrall East to complete his research. flowering plants grouped into 250 to 350 Publish ed by Penguin Books , New York, families. They are our main sources of NY. 388 pages. $11.95 paperback. food crops, timber, fibers, vegetable oils, Large or small, grandiose or intimate, gums, herbs, spices, flavorings, drugs, gardens have always mirrored the cul­ THE ENCYCLOPEDIA stimulants and. narcotics. They also tural achievements of their time, believes BOTANICA-THE DEFINITIVE adorn our parks, gardens, streets and Julia Berrall, author of this new Penguin GUIDE TO INDOOR BLOSSOMING other public places the world over as publication and frequent lecturer on the AND FOLIAGE PLANTS trees, shrubs and flowers. subject of gardens of the past, flowers Dennis A. Brown A new book, Flowering Plants of the through the centuries and flower and Th e Dial Press, New York, NY. 304 pages. World, with V. H . Heywood as consul­ fruit symbolism in Christian art. Well illustrated. $30.00. tant editor, describes and illustrates in In this book, filled with 203 illustra­ Until his death, Dennis Brown was full color the great majority of these plant tions, many of which are in color, Berrall Commissioner of Horticulture and families. traces the history of the garden. She dis­ Forestry for the New York City Parks The main text was wri tten by a panel of cusses ancien t Egyptian attitudes toward Department. Using the knowledge he internationally recognized authorities.

36 June/July 1979 Vernon Heywood, the consultant editor, reader. Says the publisher, " Perhaps the Mexica n labyrinths, medieval love gar­ is currently dean of the faculty of science book will help focus atte ntion on some of d en s , ap o thecary gard ens , the four and has been professor of botan y and the problems fa ced by fl owering plants square Tudor garden, Turkish garden head of the botany department at Read­ throughout the world and stimulate a fl oats, O riental water gardens, rock gar­ ing Unive rsity since 1968. He is also di­ greater ap preciati on of their role in our dens, herb gardens and terrariums are rector of the Plant Sciences Botanical future ." just a few of the different varia ti ons tha t Garden . were and still are cultiva ted . Huxley dis­ The opening section of the book is an cusses them all as he traces man's devel­ informative introducti on to the fo rms, opment as a grower of plants . structure, ecology, uses and classifica­ His story begins with the men who tion of fl owering plants. More than 300 began to live in settled communities families of fl owering plants are then de­ rather tha n temporary shelters fash­ scribed, each with a concise and readable AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY ioned to accommodate their nomadic account of the distribution, diagnostic OF GARDENING hunte r's existe nce, a nd it continues fea tures, cl assifica ti on a nd economic Anthony Hu xley through ou r recent history, whe n the uses of its members . Published by Padding ton Press , garden, as we know it, was developed . Every family member also has a spe­ New York, NY Huxley believes a true garden can be said cially designed quick-reference panel 352 pages, $24 .95 to exist when the shade-casting tree in an giving details of the number of species The growing e nthusiasm fo r pla nts enclosed ya rd was deliberately placed, and genera, their general distribution and planting, outdoors and indoors, is and was accompanied by plants deliber­ and economic uses, while the distribu­ not a passing fa ncy but is well rooted in ately grown for food, progenitors of our tion is also presented visuall y on a map an age-old passion for gardening, be­ vegetable crops . of extra clarity . lieves Anthon y Huxley, one of the great But w ha t is most e nj oyable about The speciall y commissio ne d colo r British writers and lecturers o n horticul­ Huxley's book is that his look into the plates are not only scientificall y accurate ture . past makes us see the present in a new but also cons titute a beautiful a nd Huxley is the author of an excell ent way. It is the forgotten past which fa sci­ unique collecti on of paintings, according new book, An Illustrated History of Gar­ na tes . "The student of w ays and means to the publisher. dening, in which he details the different of gardening," says Huxley, " ca nnot fa il The book p rovides a wealth of info r­ ki nds of gardens tha t have been crea ted to be amazed by how little is reall y new mati on which will be invaluable to the since man first cultivated plants more and how much is astonishingly old in botanist and fascinating for the general then 5,000 years ago. Persian " parads," principle." ~~

If you have a power tiller, you'll like the Garden Weasel; too. * Serious gardeners know that this revo­ Order now by phone lutionary tool does hand cultivation toll free with half the effort. Turns weeds to (Visa, Master Charge, mulch before they get a start. American Express orders only,. Here's an easier way to handle garden chores you don't do with your power (800' 824-7888, Operator 485 tiller. The Garden Weasel puts rotary In California : (800) 852-7777, Operator 485 shearing action to work for you with ,- ONLY $29.95 -, 48 rotating, mesh­ PLUS $2.00 POSTAGE AND HANDLING I ing tines that I Enclose check or m o ney o rder tor __ G a rde n Weasels 11~ $29.9 5 . Plus $ 2 .00 Pos t· I loosen soil to a age a nd Handling . I TOTAL ENCLO S ED S ______uniform depth of l Yi ", uproot derest plants and roses. After I MAIL TO : I young weeds, and 6 years over 500,000 are now I ~~~~h!!! Weasel ® I reduce the drag used in Europe. The Garden Kan sa s Cily. M 0 64101 I and labor associated with old­ Weasel is already used by I Name ______fashioned hand tools. more than Removable tine sets and a 50,000 gar­ I Address I handle for flower deners in this I City I box gardening country in its S iale Zip I make the Garden introductory I MONEY BACK GUARANTEE It you're not delighted, I Weasel 5 tools in years. Units L _re~I~5~t~l~d ._--, one. You can even are precision work safely around manufac­ *Over 6Cf'/o of Weasel purchasers in 1 state your youngest, ten- tured in West Germany of in '78 already owned Tillers! rust-free, pressure-cast alloy. © 1979 Faulll6Ss/ Bon Ami Co., Kan sas City. Missouri 64101

America n Horticulturist 37

0mparati\,eIY new and exciting magnolia hybrid is sprcllgcri 'Diva' makes a good parent-we have several belllg tested in western Oregon. This hybrid, [offspring) here-'Caerhays Belle' being the best ('Diva' ft;. 'Caerhays Belle,' is the result of a mating between X M. sal'l;clltialla var. ro/JlIsta). The flowers of this hybrid the spectacular M. sargcIltil7l1a \'ar. ro/JlIsta and the widely are gooli and the seedlings began to flower early iri,their popu lar M. sprcllgcri 'Diva .' These trees were first suc­ lives. " cessfully paired in 1951 at the J. C. Williams garden at Experiences with grafted magnolias both at the Stryb­ Caerhays Castle in Cornwall, England . The actual feat of ing Arboretum in San Francisco and in western Oregon creating the new plant was accomplished bv Charles dispel the old bugaboo of niggardly-slow flowering in Michael, head gardener, and the tree first fl~wered in English gardens. Frequently, seed-produced trees in 1965. England of M. call/pilcl/ii, M. sargclltillllll var. roilllStll, and The flowers of 'Caerhays Belle' are huge, heavenly M. sprclI,\cri 'Diva' may be 15 to 25 vears old before sce nted and perfectly textured. Tepals are broad and flO\-\'ering . It is not surprising to see grafted plants on salmon-pink. The 12 tepals are spoon-shaped and are America's West Coast flower in five to 10 vears. The about 12 inches across on the average. The tree flowers grafted plant of 'Caerhays Belle' blooming in ftve years as profusely and regularly. a strappingly vigorous youngster is, however, a heart­ In Oregon the tree started as a scion grafted in 1972. ening experience. To some it would seem a revelation. The plant grafted easily and grew very vigorously from Many growers and writers on the subject of magnolias the first a nd then flowered in 1977 on a well-sha ped, call attention to the tree's attractive and ornamental seed eight-foot tree. Its growth as a youngster was perhaps cones. The cones of 'Caerhays Belle' clearly show the the fastest of any magnolia in the test phase; it was then a beauty of these brilliant red seeds being expelled from a rare trea t to see such a tree flower ina brief five years from perfect cone. These fleshy, large seeds pop out of their graft. compartments on fragile filaments which keep them The parents of 'Caerhays Belle' possess exceptional briefly attached awaiting collection by a greedy squirrel attributes. M. sargclltialla var. ro/JlIsta presents huge 12- or bird. These cones are perhaps the most ornamental of inch, shell-pink flowers in moderate numbers. It has a any magnolia and are truly a natural work of art. decided weakness to extreme cold, however, and is Asiatic magnolias prefer a well-drained, moderately sometimes killed when temperatures drop to 0° F. M. rich soil; a woodland setting is ideal. They will bloom and sprl'l1gcri 'Diva' prod uces a profusion of rich, rosy-pink prosper best in a site without excessive competition for flowers which average eight to 10 inches across. It pos­ light and root space. They appreciate liberal mulching sesses an admirable cold-hardiness as evidenced by the and frequent irrigation during the summer dry season. successful growth of trees in Philadelphia, New York and Any disturbance of their fleshy surface roots is resented Michigan. and no cultivation of them is necessary. Good, well­ rotted compost plus old manure is preferable to commer­ The obvious question arises, can 'Caerhays Belle' cial inorganic fertilizers. Protection from wind is advis­ match the magnificent flowers of M. sargclltialla var. able, especially for large, fragile flowers. roilllsta and inherit the cold-hardiness of the more sturdy Short-range observation of this plant suggests that it 'Diva'? Most observers agree that the flowers of this fine will be a first-rate addition to American gardens. And, union are indeed first rate and are equal to M. sargclltialla although the parent plants are nearly perfect, 'Caerhays var. robllsta. Flower numbers exceed this parent. The still Belle' may very well surpass its gifted heritage. ~~ unanswered question is whether it has the cold­ hardiness of parent 'Diva.' The Gossler Farms Nursery, 1200 Weaver Road, Springfield, Neil Treseder, in his just-published definitive book Oregon 97477, is presently the only source for this magnolia in America . If you are interested in obtaining this variety for your entitled Magllolias, quotes Julian Williams, the owner of garden, have patience-at present, the nursery's production of Caerhays Castle: "From the hybridist's point of view M, 'Caerhays Be ll e' is sold out over a year in advance.

American Horticulturist 39 Flora's Fauna Continued from page 3 Inside as rabbit foot clover, harebell, lion's Gardening foot, lion's tooth, foxglove, foxtail with grass, tiger lily, beaver poison, leopardbane, deer grass, staghorn &J!Lle® sumac, moose wood, elephant ears, GREENHOUSES squirrel corn, squirrel tail grass and monkey flower. Birds have given their identities to a variety of flowers in curious and amusing ways. Canary bird flower, whip-poor-will's shoes (lady's slip­ per), cockspur, swanweed, dove tree, cuckoo button, pigeon berry, larkspur, robin' s plantain, wake­ cverlite answers all your needs all robin, partridge vine, hawkweed year 'round with : and crowfoot are plants with pleas­ • Over 90 models starting at $308 ant avian associations. There is even • Precision prefabrication for fast assembly. a wildflower known as bird's nest, • Quality engineered throughout. the seed head of which is reminis­ • Full accessories line including cent of a well-built nest. automatic climate controls. Get the inside story . .. Insects gave rise to the common Write for catalog-price list AH-69 names of butterfly weed, butterfly bush, spider plant, spiderwort, c;zllumillum fleabane, fleawort, bugbane, {jreenltpuses, lflC. lousewort, bee balm, horsefly weed and catchfly. Fish engendered the titles of pickerel weed, shadbush, cod-head, trout lily and basswood. Reptiles, especially snakes and am­ phibians, were linked to special STOP KILLING flowers. There are snakeberry, YOUR PLANTS snakeroot, s nake flower, snake Easy-to-use precision instruments grass, snake head and snake mouth show status instantly. No soil samples, chemicals or dyes. Simply insert probes as well as rattlesnake plantain, into soil. Fundamental tools for growing rattlesnake root and ra ttlesnake all plants. weed. The adder's tongue and ad­ Vegetable Factory® der's mouth have come down to us D as names inspired by vipers . SOLAR PANEL Toadflax, turtlehead, alligator wood and lizard's tail also may be men­ D GREENHOUSE tioned in this category. And the fic­ 11 I 21 I titious dragon must not be forgotten, $4.95" $19.95" $9.95 • USES 60% for it gave rise to the familiar snap­ 1. Moist-sure meter - Prevents over­ watering - #1 killer of plants. LESS HEAT. dragon and dragonhead, to say 2. pH meter - End soil guesswork - Get Thi s prac tical th erm al wa ll gree nhou se nothing of the false dragonhead, our acid/ alkalinity balance. so lves the energy cost prob lem Patent ed 3. Moisture/ light meter - Know your rigid double-wa ll co nst ruc tion , teste d in garden Physos tegia. water & light needs. Vermo nt. Cos t about V3 as much to heat Nature lovers and contemporary * Complete instructio(, s & guide for as ordi nary gree nhouses. Mo re th an pays over 350 Q.[ants . 1 yr. warranty. for itse lf in heat savings alone. Exc lu sive, gardeners take fauna-inspired floral Order from : lJept. AH factory di rec t only. All models an d sizes, Environmental Concepts 5 yea r wa rranty. Free Color Broc hure. names for granted. But in deference 710 N.W. 57th S1. , • " Call or Write for Informa tion to the sharp-witted ingenuity of Olar 1"1. Lauderdale, FL 33309 ~ __....::o...... P.O. Box 2235 forebears, we should try to under­ Check, M .O., Mastercharge, Visa Dept. AH-6 stand their cunning and often mis­ Send for fund raising offer. Grand Centra l Station Special! All three $30.00. New York, NY. 10017 chievous linkage of plants to ani­ Send for FREE Catalogue. (212) 867 -011 3 mals. ~~ 40 June/July 1979 Contributors

Mrs. Ralph Cannon holds a doc­ Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois. Excerpts Elizabeth Pullar holds a landscape torate from the University of from his B. Y. Morrison address architecture degree from the Uni­ Chicago and is now retired as have also been printed in the Ameri­ versi ty of Massachusetts. She has Emeritus Professor from that institu­ can Institute of Architects Journal and written gardening articles for the tion. She owns 26 acres of Illinois will soon a ppea r in Psychology Today. New York Tim es, Christian Science woodland where she has ex­ Monitor, Hartford Courant and perimented with many gardening Springfield Republican , as well as projects since 1939. She has contrib­ Hou se & Garden, American Hom e, uted articles to The American Daffodil Horticulture, New York Botanical Gar­ Journal , The American Rock Garden So­ den Bulletin and American Hor ticu l­ ciety Bulletin , The Hosta Bulletin and turist. She has traveled widely American Horticulturist. around the world studying foreign gardens and has written articles on the gardens of England, France and Gail Gibson is the author of gar­ Japa n. For several years she was dening articles which have appeared garden editor of the Conn ecticut Cir­ in Plants Alive and Home Garden. She cle. is a member of The American Hor­ ticultural Society and The Pennsyl­ vania Horticul tural Society. Robert L. Staton has a degree in Or­ namental Horticulture from Texas A&M University. He is currently James Gossler, a graduate of Oregon Horticul turist-G rounds Supervisor State University, has been a nursery for Rice University. He is an accred­ grower for 15 years, specializing in ited rose judge of the American Rose Magno lia , Stewartia, Davidia, spe­ Society and has grown over 1,000 cialty maples and Styrax. He has rose plants in the last 20 years. contributed articles to Sunset Maga ­ zine and the American Magnolia Soci­ ety Newsletter and has served as a Tom Stevenson is a nationally consultant to Sunset Wes tern Garden known garden writer. He writes a Book. J. N. Moore is a professor in the De­ syndicated gardening column which partment of Horticulture at the Uni­ appears in 400 newspapers across versity of Arkansas. He received his the country and is Garden Editor of Pam Harper received her horticul­ doctorate in Horticultural Plant the Wa shington Post . He was hon­ tural training in England. While in Breeding from Rutgers University ored last year as the recipient of the England, she owned a specialist and has been the recipient of three Garden Writing Citation presented nursery and wrote The S tory of a Gar­ national awards for research from by the American Horticultural Soci­ den , published in 1974. She has also the American Society for Horticul­ ety. Mr. Stevenson has also served written articles for Flower and Gar­ tural Science. Dr. Moore is currently as the official White House garden den , Horticulture, Organic Gardening, teaching a course at the University of consultant for every President since Plants and Gardens, Pacific Horticul­ Arkansas on Small Fruit Culture. Kennedy. For the past 10 years, he ture and American Horticulturist. She has written the gardening portion of is the owner of the Harper Horticul­ the Encycloped ia Britannica Book of th e tural Slide Library, which contains Vivian Munday is an Assistant Pro­ Year. over 17,000 slides covering a wide fessor of Horticulture at the Uni­ variety of horticultural subjects. versity of Georgia. Her main interest is in outdoor plants, especially day­ The Editorial Staff of American Hor­ lilies. She is active in the Interna­ ticulturist welcomes your questions Charles A. Lewis has a master's de­ tional Plant Propagators Society and and comments about articles which gree in Horticulture from Cornell is also Editor of the South ern Region appear in this issue. Please send let­ University. He has been a plant Proceedings . Beryl Munday is an avid ters to The Editor, American Hor­ breeder and garden center operator amateur gardener whose primary ticu lturist, The American Horticul­ and is currently administra tor of the horticultural interests are daylilies tural Society, Mount Vernon, Vir­ Collections Program of The Morton and African violets. ginia 22121. ~~

American Horticulturist 41 Gardener's Marketplace Amaryllis Bulbs NURSERY, 1737 Southwest Coronado, Port­ Evergreens land , OR 97219. Rare Amaryllis species, Clivia, Crinum , BABY EVERGREENS, Seeds, Seedlings, Or­ Hymenocallis , new hybrid Rainbow FRAGRANT YELLOW AZALEAS from namentals and Xmas Tree stock, Azaleas, Tuberoses, Zephyrantheae, etc. List for stamp. America's largest mail order selection of super Rhododendrons. Flowering shrubs, Blueber­ MARCIA'S, 255 Galveston Road, Brownsville, hardy landscape size azaleas and rhododen­ ries. Catalog Free. GIRARD NURSERIES, TX 78521. drons. Catalog $1 (deductible) CARLSON'S Geneva, OH 44041. GARDENS, Box 3G5-AH12, South Salem , NY African Violets 10590. Evergreens-Dwarf Conifers AMERICA'S FINEST-146 best violets and RHODODENDRONS, hybrids, species, dwarf Over 100 varieties of dwarf evergreens de­ gesneriads. Beautiful color catalog, illustrated and standard . Exbury and evergreen azaleas scribed by size, shape, color and texture. For Growing Aids catalog, PLUS 8 page "Tips" and other select plants. Catalog 60¢ . We ship. rock gardens, porch and patio and dwarf con­ on Violet Growing . 50¢ . FISCHER SONOMA HORTICULTURAL NURSERY, ifer gardens. Catalog $1 .00 refundable. GREENHOUSES, Oak Ave., Dept. AH , Lin­ 3970 Azalea Ave. , Sebastopol, CA 95472. WASHINGTON EVERGREEN NURSERY, wood , NJ 08221 . Box 125 B South Salem , NY 10590. Begonias The Avant Gardener DWARF CONIFERS. Propagations from one BEGONIAS-ALL TYf"ES. Mail order, catalog of the most extensive private collections. Over YOU 'VE HEARD ABOUT IT, now don't miss 50¢. MILDRED THOMPSON, P.O. Drawer PP , 900 varieties . List 50¢ . H . Kellerman , the most useful , the most quoted and reprinted 310-A Hill Street, Southampton, NY 11968. Stonehurst Court, Pomona, NY 10970. of all gardening publications. Subscribe to THE (516) 283-3237. AVANT GARDENER, "the great green gossip Dwarf evergreens, rare trees & shrubs. Hard to sheet of the horticultural world." 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B. dener, Box 489H, New York, NY 10028. Zionhill Rd ., Quakertown , PA 18951 . Graf; 7,000 color photos, 1,120 pages, price: Azaleas & Rhododendrons $115. EXOTICA III , Pictorial Cyclopedia of Ferns RHODODENDRONS, AZALEAS , from Exotic plants, 12,000 photos, $78. EXOTIC JOIN THE EXPERTS-International Fern So­ Super-Hardy to greenhouse varieties; dwarf PLANT MANUAL, 4 ,200 photos, $37.50. ciety Expert information-Homegrown knowl­ conifers, Rock garden rarities . We ship. EXOTIC HOUSE PLANTS, 1,200 photos, edge. $10 domestic, $12 foreign annual dues Catalog $1 .00 (refundable). THE BOVEES $8.95. Shipping prepaid if check with order. (NJ includes monthly color, illustrated, educational residents add 5%). Circulars gladly sent. journal featuring fern lesson, reports by inter­ Roehrs Company, Box 125, E. Rutherford, NJ national contributors, international spore store, 07073. educational & research materials. LA Intn'l How Does Your Cactus Fern Society, 14895-H Gardenhill Dr., LaMirada, CA 90638. Garden Grow? THE BEST, THE BRIGHTEST, the most bizarre collection of cactus ever. Six of the most Fragrant Plants colorful and rare species known $8 .95. In­ American Horticulturist is not only filled FRAGRANT PLANTS OUR SPECIALTY. Over with beautiful pictures, but also with cludes free seed pack of other rare forms and helpful gardening information which you 150 varieties listed plus Begonias, Exotics, beautiful illustrated catalog. SS CACTUS, P.O. Ferns , Geraniums, Herbs, Oxalis, Succulents. will want to refer back to time and time Box 1573, Decatur, GA 30031. again. Now you can keep your issues of 1979-81 catalog with color, $2.00 . LOGEE'S American -Horticulturist all in one place FREE CACTUS SEED with each: " Cactus GREENHOUSES, Dept. AH , 55 North Street, for quick, handy reference. These at­ Collector's Handbook." 300 identification Danielson, CT 06239. tractive binders will hold 18 issues. photographs. How to care, water, grow cactus That's three years' worth of gardening anywhere. $3.00 postpaid . INFOBOOKS. Box Gardening Equipment know-how. 5001-AH San Angelo, TX 76901 . Cut and hold shears imported from Switzer­ Our magazine title is Carnivorous Plants land . Stainless steel with wooden handle. In­ attractively embossed dispensable for harvesting roses. $9.00 each, in gold on a rich , Carnivorous, woodland terrarium plants. Book, including shipment, with 1'0% discount when leather-like green The World of Carnivorous Plants $6.30 post­ ordered in quantities over 10. Satisfaction spine. Easily applied paid. Catalog 25¢. Peter Pauls Nurseries, guaranteed or money refunded. Also out­ gold numbers are in­ Dept. R.R., Canandaigua, NY 14424. standing Swiss grafting knives. 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42 June/July 1979 12 for $7.50. HINDLA'S NURSERY, 986 House Plants Unique Catalogs Church St., Bohemia, NY 11716. FINEST SELECTION Miniature/Terrarium Plants, Gesneriads, Begonias, Rare Tropicals. Rare Bulbs & Plants BONSAI pots, tools, books, pre-Bonsai plants (outdoor, indoor, exotic). $1.00 for catalog Keyed Cultural Guide Color Catalogue $1.00. THE WIDE, WIDE WORLD OF BULBS AND "AH" , deductible from first order. THE BONSAI KARTUZ GREENHOUSES, INC , 92-A PLANTS. America's unique source book. lists Chestnut St., Wilmington, MA 01887. Visitors FARM , Rt. 1, Box 156, Adkins, Texas 78101 over 4,000 exclusive items, many unavailable (near San Antonio). Welcomed . Open Monday through Saturday, 9 elsewhere. 1,000 orchids. 750 gesneriads and a.m.-5 p.m . Telephone 617-658-9017. house plants. 220 bromeliads, rare insectivor­ HARPER HORTICULTURAL SLIDE LI­ Hoyas ous plants. 1,200 imported bulbs from Europe, Asia, Africa. 1,000 perennials, herbs, wildflow­ BRARY. Choose from 15,000 slides of plants/ HOYAS-Over one hundred different species ers, ferns. Price : $3.00 (deductible) . INTER­ gardens, sale or rental. Lecture sets $25, many and varieties. Six page list 50¢ . Many species NATIONAL GROWERS EXCHANGE. Box topics. 1979 catalogue $1. 219 Robanna from the wild. Retail only. SILVERMAN'S 397-E Farmington, MI 48024. Shores, Seaford , VA 23696. HOYAS, 35 Stuart Street, Lynbrook, NY 11563. Mail Order v ~ Drop garden waste in- JANCA'S JOJOBA OIL AND SEED CO ., INC. Jojoba starter kits with information @ $5.00, 'Accelerator' Super 18 has 18 panels, 36" Jojoba seedlings @ $2.00, Jojoba seeds by the high, 34" diameter, pound. 100% Pure "Janca's Jojoba Oil" 2 fl. oz. capacity 17.5 cu. ft . $8.95. Freight prepaid. 20 East Southern, Slide panels. Continuous _1, -. Mesa, AZ 85202. process on paving J From India comes the amazing and beautiful or soil. ._: Egg Tree. Fast growing little bush covers itself 'Accelerator' Super 14 with egg-like fruit in colors of white, yellow, and has 14 panels, 36" orange (varying stages of ripeness). Marvelous high, 27" diameter. capacity 10.6 cu. ft. gift plant. Fabulous conversation piece. Fresh and potent seeds, $1.50 a packet. PLAZA ContinuousSlide panels . -,-.1--.. . GROVE, 1603 N. Kent St. , Arlington, VA process on , paving "l' 22209. or soil. ' .• Nurseries ,. 'Accelerator' Super 10 has 10 panels, 36" IF YOU LOVE to Grow for Pleasure or Profit. high, 19" diameter, Send Now. Free Catalog. 3,798 items. Nursery capacity 5.4 cu. ft . Stock, Seeds, Growers Supplies. Mellinger's, Slide panels. Continuous , . •.•.. 2344C Range, North lima, OH 44452. process on paving Pest Control or soil. FREE CATALOG NATURAL PEST CON­ TROLS : Effective, natural controls for aphids, shovel rich compostpolit. roaches, mites, fungus, caterpillars, cabbage loopers, tomato hornworms, leafhoppers, ants. Just think what tons of compost will do for your Over 600 ,000 Rotocrop compost bins are in use throughout garden . It's the ideal natural fertilizer and soil the world. Gardeners know that they end unsightly heaps, make compost faster and are scientifically designed to Organic Control , Box 2538A6 Los Angeles, CA conditioner all in one - free for the making. turn garden and kitchen wastes into rich, valuable 90025. compost within weekI-no turning the heap, no Plants unpleasant odors. Make a ton of compost in one season! "We've used it Now for 4 Years Grow more bountiful vegetables, more beautiful flowers, more luxurious lawns and healthier house plants with the BARNHAVEN BLOOMING DIVISIONS­ AND WE LIKE IT!" natural plant food and conditioning humus that Rotocrop Doubles 3 for $14.50, Gold Laced 3 for $8.50, compost adds to your soil. Polyanthus 6 for $8.00-Sieboldi transplants UNIQUE DESIGN FEATURES: Rotocrop's 'Accelerator' compost bins are constructed from precision-extruded rugged plastiC panels which slide together to form a sturdy, heat-retaining cylinder. Last for years. Will not rot. shrink or swell. With no corners to cool off, fermentation heat SAVE ON ALL MIXING JOBS extends to all edges of the heap. Air vents in each panel allow air in without letting heat out. A base ventilator allows convection of air right through heap. The molded flip-up, button-down lid keeps rain out, heat in and makes filling easy. Unique patented slide panel design lets you remove Save ready compost at ground level. All models in unobtrusive green will enhance your garden . Packed flat for simple Hundreds MR. AND MRS. MATHEWS WITH THEIR 1974 MODEL 'ACCELERA TOR' COMPOST BIN home assembly in minutes, without tools. of Dollars Mr. and Mrs. Mathews. 01 Rosemont . New Jersey, 3re keen organic gardeners. They UNCONDITIONAL GUARANTEE. We'll ship in two weeks. cultivate a vegetable garden. avoid chemical pesticides and use a Rotoc(op com­ post blO to help keep Iheirsoil in peak condilion lor incredibly hi ghyields. If you're not delighted return it within 14 days. for a Mr, Mathews bought the bin as a Christmas present lor hIS wile after seeing a full refund. Build your own mail-order advertisement , and they use it all the time. ·'We dump everything 10- The money you save in artificial fertilizers or commercial except bottles and tin cans··, says Mr. Mathews ... "com stalks, potato vines , spent compost will pay for your 'Accelerator' in no time. patio with a lima beans, banana peels, grapetruit skinS and coHee grounds, We don't want the garbage man to take such good things away ," PORTA-MIX'" mixer. And what a harvest of good food they enjoy-they are completely sel f-suHiclenl tor vegetables. The produce from their garden includes 317 pints ot frozen com, SS Jars Hundreds of 01 tomato juice, 36 peach baskets of lima beans, 55 baskets of potatoes, plus 'Accelerator' bushels and bushels 01 caulillower, blueberries, strawberries, carrots, peas, celery , ~~_ home/commercial uses onions and other Itavorfullood crops, They use their compost bin continuously , plaster, cement, potting soil. winter and summer, miXing fin ished compost into the soil. slide pane/ compost bins Mixes up to 160 Ibs , weighs only 50 Ibs , ------. - .------Mail to-: Rotocrop------, (USA) Inc. AIN08 115 volts. Fits in almost any car. Only r . Prices Include 12-page 604 Aero Park Doylestown, Pa. 18901 $199 .00 shipping included or sen~ $100 for I Please ship: compostlng booklet.' I catalog . 10-day money back guarantee 'Accelerator' Slide pane/compost bins I enclose my check/ Name ______o 18 panel Super 18 at $54.95 MO for $ I FREE patio stone mold with every order. 0 14 panel Super 14 at $45.95 (plus $3 .00 for Street I Order now. 0 10 panel Super 10 at $39.95 ups delivery) PORTA-MIX . INC ., Dept. G6 . 1083 Bloomfield Ave . =~~~I~~ t~~:enna . Cit Y I West Caldwell. NJ 07006 . L.. ______State ______Zip ____ ---' American Horticulturist 43 PersonIPlant Viewpoint These rhythms in plants are biologi­ tion. How much more effectively cally set in their genes by the same might gardening bestow its human Continued from page 5 forces tha t set human biological benefits if we understood the per­ ciplines who helped to explore the clocks. An oak tree has looked like sonal intricacies of human responses role of vegetation in human well­ an oak tree for thousands of years. to plants? Clearly this is a call to the being. There is a comfort in knowing that a behavioral disciplines to study this Research revealed a number of rose is indeed a rose at all times and phenomenon. It is also a call to ar­ beneficial side-effects of "ghetto in all places. chitects and planners, the designers gardening," foremost among them Though the settings of these gar­ of the places in which we live, work the way in which this pastime dens are in low-income areas, I do and play, to use this technique for its helped residents develop self­ not mean to imply that only those full effectiveness, not only to relieve esteem. A plant is a living entity, its who live in the ghetto can benefit but also to prevent urban stress. future dependent on the gardener's from gardening. It is, rather, that the The healing quality of urban gar­ ability to provide conditions for smallest measure of personal gain dens, urban vegetation, plants in growth. Each day as he tends his stands out more clearly in settings of buildings and on windowsills is real. garden the gardener observes the social impoverishment. The fragile In some way they fulfill needs not growth of his plants and sees in his beauty of flowers and the blooming met by the brick, steel and glass of efforts a measure of his success in of self-esteem become more obvious our technological age. How long will planting, watering and fertilizing. when set against the stark back­ it be before gardens are seen as more He anticipates and watches the slow ground of human despair. than horticultural endeavors? How but steady progress from seedling to Rachel Kaplan surveyed over long will it be until we fully recog­ young plant to full maturity and 4,000 members of the American Hor­ nize the virtues of vegetation for flowering. New leaves, stems and ticultural Society seeking to discover easing stress brought on by biologi­ flowers are his reward. He identifies the kinds of benefits and satisfac­ cal man coming to grips with tech­ with his garden and builds a per­ tions they found in gardening. Over nological man? How long will it be sonal relationship with it. The gar­ 60% of the Society's members listed before planners and architects learn den becomes an extension of him­ " peacefulness and tranquility" as to skillfully use plants to satisfy sub­ self,. a highly visible representation the most important kind of satisfac­ tle human needs and thereby en­ of his individuality. When his gar­ tion they gained from gardening. hance the quality of urban life? den blooms he has brilliant evidence The answer of this more affluent We have emancipated ourselves of his success. group underscores the psychologi­ from total dependence on the Plants also communicate mes­ cal importance of gardening. It is our natural environment. But, as Jay sages concerning life qualities to humanity, not our economic or so­ Appleton, author of The Experience of those who tend them. They display cial status, that prompts us to enjoy Landscape suggests, we all "long to rhythms that are different from it. get back, when the opportunity those of the man-built environment. The beneficial qualities of plants arises, to tha t proper environment to Their growth is steady and pro­ and gardening are also being used to which our inborn behavioral mech­ gressive, not erratic and bizarre. The heal and rehabilitate individuals in anisms are still tuned, and in it to live gardener sees a continuous, predict­ mental hospitals, physical rehabili­ and move and have our being." able flow of change from seedling to tation centers, drug centers, prisons That proper environment is a mature plant. He sees that change and geriatric centers. Called Hor­ healing environment. It is a place need not be disruptive but can be ticultural Therapy, this program where ancient links between person part of a dynamic stability. How dif­ brings together individuals specially and plant are reestablished and we ferent is this phenomenon from our trained in the skills of therapeutic find fulfillment. That environment technological society where the flow horticulture with those needing per­ exists today in the real world and is of life is constricted by schedule and sonal help. available if we but learn to see it.~~ regulation and must change rapidly From a person/plant viewpoint the to accommodate fads and other dis­ garden is indeed a healing environ­ tractions. ment. In cities across the country This article is excerpted from the 1978 B.Y. Morrison Memorial Lecture deliv­ Plants take away some of life's this healing approach is demon­ ered by Mr. Lewis to the American In­ anxiety and tension by showing us strating its effectiveness. The gar­ stitute of Planners in New Orleans. The that life is made up of long, enduring dens in areas like South Bronx, B.Y. Morrison Memorial Lectureship patterns. It takes time for a cutting to Brooklyn, Detroit and Chicago are was established in 1967 by the Agricul­ grow roots, for a seed to germinate, helping to heal some of the ills of our tural Research Service to recognize dis­ tinguished accomplishments in the en­ for a leaf to open. Plants respond urban environment, though initially vironmental sciences and to stress the visibly to the sun in its daily course each program's goal was only to urgency of preserving and enhancing and signal the change of seasons. produce food and improve nutri- man's environment. 44 June/July 1979 GUARANTEED TO KILL MOSQUITOES/' GNATS, FLIES, MOTHS, ETC~I;III'i'l~; ELECTRONICALLY ,d~I':1 ~ /,r__~"""", OR MONEY BACK ' f'~:~ Safe for Humans, Pets, Birds- ~. 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