Index 375

INDEX

A Aji Sofyan Lex, 251 Abang Tambul Husin, 337, 338 Akil Mochtar, 350 abangan, 14 Aksa Mahmud, 72, 270 Abdillah Kamarullah, 332 Ali Irfan, 159 Abdul Djabar Burkam, 251 Aliansi Masyarakat Penduking Ulama Abdul Gafur, 310 (AMPUH), 203 dispute with of Ternate, 309 aliran, 14 Abdullah Basyid, 88 abangan, of, 176 Batam mayoral elections (2006), 83 end of, 65 , 3 politics of, 63 shelving division plan for , 262 re-emergence, 16 Abeng, Mikail, 339, 345 Alisjahbana, 244 Abidin, Anthony Zeidra, 137 Alwi Shihab, 96 Abramsky, 2 Amin Syam (HM), 115 Abun Ediyanto, 341, 346 Amien Rais, 220 , 95 Amir Anin, 120 Academies of Local Government, 42 Amir Machmud, 42 , 30 anak rona, 290 special autonomy, 49 anak wina, 290 Achmad Purnomo, 218 ancient regime, Europe, 11 Act of Free Choice, 280 Anderson, Benedict, 9 adat Ananto Tri Sasongko, 180 multiple meanings of, 300 Andi Burhanuddin, 110 Adnan Amal, 324 Andi Harta Sanjaya, 110 Adnan Arsal (Ustaz), 366 Andi Ilyas Mangewa, 104 A.H. Thony, 244 Andi Kemal Burhanuddin, 104 Ahmad Dachlan Andi Munarfah, 110 Batam mayoral elections, 81 Andi Rizal Mappatuntu, 110 Ahmad Dahlan, 88, 91 Andi Soetomo, 110 Batam mayoral elections (2006), 82, Angkatan Muda Demokrat, 203 83 Angkatan Muda Ka’bah, 203

375 375

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index375 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 376 Index

anti-Freeport demonstrations, 275 province, 135 Anti Pornografi-Pornoaksi legislation, 219 Bantul district, 212, 213 anti-pornography bill, 25 campaigning activities, 197 Antlov, H.,154 candidates, issues raised, 197 Anton Bagul Dagur, 283, 286 money politics, 191 complaints of irregularities, 296 pilkada, 190–208, 194–98 invested large amount of money in politics of incumbency, 198–203 re-election campaign, 298 populist policies, 198–203 obstructing formation of West primary school teachers, 199 Manggarai, 288 results, 195 supporters, 294 seats in local parliament, 196 Aragon, Lorraine, 357 Banyuwangi, 157 Arie Ruhyanto, 72 pilkada elections, 155 Arif Afandi, 244, 248, 250 Barnabas Suebu, 269 Arobi Ahmad Aituaaruw, 268 Basuki Rachmat, 41 Asia Barometer Survey, 61 Batam, 243 Asia Foundation, 3 Abdullah Basyid-Richard Pasaribu, 83 Asian economic crisis, 4 Ahmad Dachlan-Zulbahri, 82, 91 Asian values, 5 Ahmad Dahlan-Ria Saptarika, 82, 83 Asman Abnur, 95 bonded zone plus, 78 Aspar Aswin, 332 campaigns, 85–86 Asrom/Kusbarayanto, 217 candidates and party coalitions, 81 Atar Sibero, 43 competing authorities, 78 Ataturi, Abraham, 262 custodianship of BIDA, 78 Atururi, Bram, 264 economic transformation, 76 Attorney General Elections Commission (KPUD), 87 investigations, 232 election results, 88–90 August Weidmann Foundation, 119 foreign investments, 76 Autonomy Award, 162 Free Trade Zone, 95 Aziz Umar, 194, 196, 216, 217 -PKS coalition, 96 history and politics, 76–79 B inauguration of mayor, 88–90 babonisasi programme investment by Singapore, 77, 94 Bantul district, 198 local media, 86 Badan Intelijen Negara (BIN), 264 Local Planning Board, 92 Baiduri Ahmad, 337, 338 Malay population, 77 , 260 mayoral elections, 23, 74–100 Bambang Arif, 251 candidates’ personalities, 93 Bandar , 365 mayoral elections (2006), 79 Bank Perkreditan Rakyat, 331 phases, 78 Banten Nazief Soesila Dharma-Sahat Regional Budget, 136 Sianturi, 84, 85 Banten case, 135 nomination of candidates, 79, 80

376

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index376 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 377

results, 89 campaign techniques, 154 voting, 86–88 campursari, 219 PAN, 91 candidates political disillusionment, 88 direct voting for, 12 putra daerah, 77 elections for district heads, 18 registered voters, 87 importance of personal networks, uncertainty among investors, 78 23 voter turnout, 87 joint nomination, 156 Batam Chamber of Commerce and Manggarai pilkada, 293 Industry, 91, 95 nomination, Batam mayoral Batam Industrial Development elections (2006), 80 Authority (BIDA), 76, 91 male, 215 conflicts, 92 political conflicts, 8 Habibie, 77 Poso pilkada, 363 Ibnu Sutowo, 77 relationship with voters, 24 Batam mayoral elections (2006) screening by local election party coalitions, 80–85 commission, 152 Batam Municipal Assembly case studies composition of parties, 80 Kutai, 231–35 Batam Pos, 86 pilkada, 26 Batam Singapore Club, 99 Castles, Lance, 62 Bengkayang, 349 Cendrawasih University, 275 pilkada results, 338, 339 census, outdated, 277 Benny Pensong-Hugo Agato team, 342 Central , 28 Berita Nasional, 224, 226 framework for study, 353 Berlusconi, Silvio, 245 local elections, 352–73 Biak, 267 centralized party systems billboards, 214–17 advantageous for presidential black campaign, 214, 294 elections, 70 Budi Harijono, 244 Central Highland Papua, 274 Bungkundapu, 364 Central Irian Jaya, 262 bupatis, election of, 212 establisment of, 264 bureaucrats, former, 156 Choirul Anam, 96 boat rent Chubb, clientelist model, 316 definition, 130 Chusnul Mari’yah, 187 Broad Guidelines of National Strategy, citizen as centre of governance, 41 42 civil liberties , during, 2 C civil society campaign activities co-optation of, 7 Bantul district, 197 Jepara, 158 campaign money clientelism, state level, 8 use for rallies and entertainment, 167 Communist Party (PKN), 14

377

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index377 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 378 Index

consolidated democracy decentralization laws definition, 6 modification of, 2 Constitution (1945), 30, 45 decentralization policy amendments, 13 expectations, 127 Constitution (2002), 57 impact of, 126 constitutional amendments, 5 decentralization politics Constitutional Court, 30, 32, 119 criticism of, 40 appeal of KPU, 58 Dede Yusuf, 217 rule on district heads seeking re- Dee Atmawijaya, 364 election, 165 definitions Constitutional Democracy period, 13 boat rent, 130 constitutionalism, 21 consolidated democracy, 6 Consultative Body, 39 Dayak, 327, 328 corruption democracy, 4 spread of, 4 elections, 9–13 state level, 8 jawara-pengusaha, 135 Credo otonomi kebablasan, 143 Christain Rotok/Kamelus Deno Papuanness, 274 team, 283 petrol money, 161 pilkada, 72, 147 Crosby, Milton, 339, 340, 344 sembako, 131 Crown for the People, 193 democracy consolidation of, 5, 74 D definition, 4 Dadang Yuliantara, 202 electoral, see electoral democracy Damanik, Rinaldy, 366 emergence of, 3 dangdut rule of law, 1 use in campaigning, 220 spirit of, 127 use during campaigning, 165 transition to, 17 Dayak types of, 6 conversion to Islam, 328 Democrat Party-National Mandate definition, 327, 328 Party coalition (PD-PAN), 244 marginalization, 329–30 Democratic Audit, 31 Dayak Partindo, 329 democratic behaviour, 127 Dayak politics lack of, 128 awakening of, 330 democratic consolidation, 7 Dayak-based NGO, 330–33 problems, 17–28, 53–73 Dayak-Christians, 28 democratic decentralization, 150 Dayaklogy Institute, 331 democratic transitions, 2, 11 decentralization democratization, 2 direct election system, 127–28 factors inhibiting progress of, 7 diverse implications, 4 formal-legal, 149 elections, 147 direct election system rise of preman, 4 local goverment heads, 75

378

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index378 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 379

Deno, Kamelus, 283 East Rector’s Forum, 244 Department of Home Affairs, 149 East , 260 Dewan Adat Papua, 274 East Manggarai district Dewan Pemerintahan Daerah (DPD), 39 formation, 300 Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD), 38, East Timor, 49 58 Eastern Nusa Tenggara, 17 Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), 57, Ebiet G. Ade, 217 58 Effendi, Jansen Akun, 343 Dhakidae, 14 Effendi Kasmin, 104 direct elections Election Commission, 19 introduction, 2 Election Day, 211 local heads, 21 election fatigue, 19 president, 7 election monitoring proponents of, 151 efforts undertaken, 230 rationale for, 22 election patterns, 213 role of political parties, 22 elections direct local elections decentralization, 147 first, 212 definition, 9–13 direct presidential election empowering of voters, 151 Kebumen district, 186 examination of, 13–16 direct regional elections Janus-faced characteristic, 9 rationale, 54–57 liberal democratic theory, 150 direct voting objectives, 151 local level, 5 Director General of Local Autonomy, recruitment of leaders, 151 43 source of legitimacy, 151 dispute resolution, 20 elections (1955), 14 district government heads elections (1999), 18 elections in , 101–24 role of television, 212 district heads elections (2004) elections of, 147–73 Jepara, 159 from indirect to direct, 150 electoral activity, increase in, 2 nomination by fraksi, 152 electoral democracy, 5 Djalil, Elyakim Simon, 339, 340, 349 presence of rules and regulations, 6 Dongos Incident, 159 electoral processes, 55 DPRD electoral reform, 149 Kebumen, composition in, 177 electoral system rubber stamp institution, 40 institutionalization of, 29 dualism, 21 stabilization of, 16 dualistic relationship, 43–45 electoralism, logic of, 10 electorate E shaping of an, 10 , 53 elite rotation, 156–57

379

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index379 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 380 Index

elites Forum, 70, 85, 86 attitude towards common village Forum Komunikasi Pemuda Melayu, folk, 284 334 concentration in provincial capital, 41 former bureaucrats, 156 holding of power, 9 Forum Silaturahmi Masyarakat Sleman perception of voters, 24 Berdaya, 228 privileged control of, 12 fraksi, 152 elitism theory, 144 Franciscan Justice and Peace entrepreneurs Commission, 288 candidates, as, 156 free and fair elections, 6, 7 Erie first, 3 American case studies, 317 Freedom Institute, 119 Erin Odang, 97 Freeport McMoRan, 262, 275 Erlangga Satriagung, 244 FRI Jatim, 244 Europe full democracy, 5 ancient regime, 11 functional groups, 13 transition to democracy, 29 executive branch G excessive domination of, 7 , 184, 185 Evans, Kevin, 62 Gaffar Patappe, 104 Evans, Michael, 143 Galtung, Johan, 354 Gandung Pardiman, 227 F Gatot Sudjito, 244 façade democracy, 5 Gebze, John Gluba, 274 definition, 6 Geertz, Clifford, 14 Fachruddin, 106, 107, 108, 120 gender Pangkep, 117 role in politics, 174–89 Faizal Hamid (Uztad), 337 geneological relationships, 47 Fak Fak, 266, 267, 273 General Allocation Fund (DAU), 149 Feith, Herbert, 62, 348 Gereja Kristen Sulawesi Tengah financial sponsors (GKST), 357 role of, 47 Giriloyo, 195 Fininvest conglomerate, 245 Golkar (Golongan Karya) , 13, 15, 63, Fitra (Forum untuk 72 Transparansi Anggaran), 350 Dayak politicians, 330 floating mass defeat in legislative elections (1999), elites to see voters as, 24 155 Flores North , 320–21 majority Roman Catholic, 285 organizational structure, 276 map of, 287 poor showing at pilkada, 118 Ford Foundation, 3 strength in , 314–22 foreign investments success in North Maluku, 318–22 Batam, 76 support of Syaukina, 232

380

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index380 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 381

golongan putih, see also golput unlikely loss, 163–64 golput, 19 victory, 167 Kebumen district, 183 Hendro Plered, 218 golput phenomenon, 183 Hendropriyono, 264 good governance Hesegem, Alex, 271 pressure on for, 8 Hidayat Nur Wahid, 97, 223 Government Regulation, 54, 263 High Court (Mahkamah Agung) governance settlement of disputes, 20 informal practices, 125–46 Hilly, Benyamin, 244 Governor of the Special Province of Human Rights Commission Jogjakarta, 193 (KOMNAS HAM), 288 GPH Yudhanigrat, 194, 196, 216, Huntington, 7 217, 224 Husbandri, 96 grass-roots voters, 54 rejection of candidates supported by I political parties, 70 Ibnu Sutowo, 77 response to candidacy processes, 68, Ibo, John, 271, 272, 274, 278 70 Idham Samawi, 194, 195, 198, 199, growth triangle 204, 218 Batam-Singapore-Johor, 77 criticisms against, 200, 201 gubernatorial elections superior position, 205 Papua, 259–82 views of ordinary people, 200 Guided Democracy Period, 13 Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, 281 Gunung Kidul, 212, 214, 227 illiberal democracy, 31 candidates in, 215 Indonesian Association of Commercial Gus Dur, see also Abdurrahman Wahid Radio Stations, 254 attending Nur Yachman’s rally, Indonesian Association of Economics, 166 40 Indonesian Association of Local H Television Stations, 250 Habibie, B.J., 3, 77 Indonesian Corruption Watch (ICW), Habibie Cabinet, 213 129, 130, 350 Hana Satriyo, 175 Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), 15 Hari Sabarno, 263 Indonesian Environmental Network, Harian Pos Kota Kutai Baru, 233 289 Harta Sanjaya, 112, 113 Indonesian Journalists Association, 153 Hartono (General), 223 Indonesian Survey Circle, 88 Harwell, Emily, 330 informal economy, 128 Haynes, classifications of, 7 informal governance practices Hendro Martoyo, 159, 161 dangers, 125–46, 132–34 keen eye on media, 163 decentralization policy nomination by PPP, 165 effect of, 126 reasons for likely victory, 162, 163 emergence, 128

381

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index381 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 382 Index

informal market practices, 133 Jogjakarta, 193 Institute of Dayaklogy Research and daerah istimewa, 212 Development, 331 decline of royal power, 203–205 International Institute for Democracy formation of special region, 227 and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), jurdil surveys, 230 32 Justice and Prosperous Party, 196 intra-Papua migration, 267 Jusuf Kalla, 125 intra-Papuan struggle, 279 Inul Daratista, 219 K Ismeth Abdullah, 78 Kabupaten Pangkep, 104–108 Ismunder Syah, 321 Kahpat, Sebastian, 338, 345 Istar Yuliadi, 218 Kalimantan Review, 331, 332 Iwan Dzulvan Amir, 227 Kampanye Dialogis, 224 Kao communities, 307 J Kapuas Hulu, 349 pilkada results, 337 student protests, 139 Karma, Constant, 272 Jambi case, 137–41 Karsoprayitno, 179 Jambi Legislative Assembly, 138 Kasultanan Jogjakarta Jambi Pro-People Student Movement, importance of, 192–94 139 survival of, 206 Jambi Provincial Annual Budget, 138 Kebumen district, 25, 174–89 Jambi Tourist and Recreation Park, campaigns, 180–86 138 candidates, 180 JAMPPI (Community Network of candidates for pilkada, 177 Election Monitors), 230 composition of DPRD, 177 Jaringan Pendidikan Pemilih Untuk direct presidential election results, Rakyat (JPPR), 155 186 Javanese domination, 32 effect of political fatigue, 183 Jawa Pos, 72 level of participation in elections, Jawa Pos conglomerate, 253 184 Jawa Pos Group, 243 pilkada results, 180–86 jawara-pengusaha political landscape of, 176–80 definition, 135 Kedaulatan Rakyat, 195, 202, 224 Jayapura, 265, 266 Ken Sudarto, 185 demonstrations, 274 kepala daerah, 38, 40, 44, 46 Jepara, 24, 158–60 role of, 21 candidates, 164–67 kepala wilayah, 40 civil society, 158 Kepulauan, 103 elections (2004), 159 Ketapang, 349 open local political economy, 160 pilkada results, 336 pilkada election, 148 Koh Syamsir see Syamsir Amas political public, 168 Komaruddin, 270, 271

382

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index382 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 383

Komaruddin Watubun, 273, 281 Liem Sioe Liong, 77 komisi Lilik Lujayanti, 99 business partners, from, 179 Lilirilau, 113 Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah Lina Thyll-Duerr Foundation, 119 (KPUD), 19 Lis Sigilipu, 364 Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU), 19 Local Assembly Kompas, 72 elections of local government, 74 Kota Poso, 366 local democracy elephants role of pilkada, 48 use during campaigning, 222 local election commission Kukar District Government Radio screening of candidates, 152 Station, 234 local elections, 2–4 Kukar TV, 233 democratization process, 17 Kutai media impact on, 229–55 case study, 231–35 Papua and Indonesia, similarities, Kutai Kartanegara, 250 276–78 candidates, 233 victory of minor political parties, 71 kyai, 161 local heads (kepala daerah), 21 Kyai Arga, 222 local government heads direct election system, 75 L local-central government relationship, Labuan Bajo, 300 40, 41 Landak, 335 logic of electoralism, 10 Layang, Jacobus, 332 LP3ES (Institute for Research, Law No. 22/1999, 17, 125, 176 Education and Information on Article, 7, 44 Social and Economic Affairs), Law No. 23/2000, 135, 144 230 Law No. 32/2004, 17, 18, 30, 56, survey conducted, 61 102, 149, 176, 194 , 267, 268 le Maistre, Joseph, 49 Luna, Yacobus, 338, 339, 344 Lembaga Bela Banua Talino, 331 Lembayu, 334 M legal reforms Majelis Adat dan Budaya Melayu, 334 post-Soeharto, 148 Majelis Rakyat Papua (MRP), 261 Legislative Assembly, election, 56 Majun, Laurentius, 337, 345 legislative elections (1999) Makian communities, 307 Golkar, defeat of, 155 Malay origin legislature, regional, 55 Batam population, 77 liberal democracies, 5 Malay-Muslims, 28 advanced, 157 Malino Declaration, 360 progress towards, 25 Maluku, 235, 260 Liberal Democracy Period, 13 Manado, 235, 236, 239–43, 250 liberal democratic theory, 150 choice of mayor, 242

383

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index383 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 384 Index

communication means influencing Melanesian race, 262 voter’s choice, 241 Melawi Golkar funding, 239 pilkada results, 343, 344 Manggarai, 27, 283–85 Mertasanan, 219 accusations of irregularities, 284 Merauke, 274 choice of people or rule of law, Metro TV Network, 245 295–99 military during Reform Period, 285–89 seats in National Assembly, 3 election preparations, 293 Military Academy, Magelang, 42 new form of democracy, 299 Minister of Home Affairs, 149 pilkada Kutai pilkada, 232 candidates, 292 personal influence, 41–43 results of, 297 Minister of Reasearch and Technology, wealth of candidates, 293 94 Sultan’s second attempt at political Ministry of Home Affairs, 17, 58, 60 revival, 308 modern society tim sukses, 291 fundamental trends, 11 Manokwari, 262, 265, 266 Mohammad A. Musa’ad, 268 Mansur, 116 money politics, 4, 22, 126, 129–31, Mappatuntu, 112 191 mayoral elections direct, 130 Batam, 74–100 direct and indirect, 129 Batam (2006), 79 justificaton for practices, 142 Marissa Haque, 217 practices of, 333 Masiun, Stephanus, 342 unavoidability, 161 Masun Duri, 171 Morkes Effendi, 336, 337, 345 Masyumi, 14 Mubijarto (Professor), 42 Matari Advertising Company, 185 Muhammad Irkham, 251 mayoral elections Muhaimin Iskandar, 96 Batam, 23 Muhammad Nur, 98 Mecer, A.R., 331 Muhammad Nusa’ad, 273 media Muhammadiyah Batam mayoral elections (2006), 86 Bantul district, 202 impact on local elections, 229–55 multi-dimensional agenda, 43 Kutai, 231–35 Mulyadi Yamin-Susanna Regina team, Manado, 239–43 342 , 235–39 Munarfah, 112, 113 Media Indonesia, 245 municipal government media relations decentralized, 92 Hendro Martoyo, 163 , 3 N relations with Rustiningsih, 184 Nada Faza Soraya, 91, 98 West Irian Jaya dispute, 263 Nadhlatul Ulama, 14

384

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index384 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 385

Jepara, 158 local party machine organization, Bantul district, 202 320–21 Nashirudin, 181 patron-client bonds, 316 National Assembly (DPR) , 248 gubernatorial elections (2002), 309– military guaranteed seats, 3 10 political parties, 152 patronage as policy National Budget success of Golkar, 318–22 project fees, 137 popular candidate selection, 321 National Court, Ruteng, 296 Queen Nita, 311 National Democratic Insitute of strength of Golkar, 314–22 International Affairs (NDI) , 26, Sultan’s first attempt at political 230 revival, 305–308 national election campaigns, 211 theory of political machines, 315– National Election Commission, 57 18 National Ulama Awakening Party North Sulawesi, 235–39, 256 (PKNU), 96 choice of Governor based on Nationalist Party (PNI), 14 communication, 237 Nationhood and Caring Party, 196 methods influencing vote for Nazief Soesila Dharma, 84, 85 Governor, 238 neo-patrimonial social politicl system, Voter Attitude Survey, 236 8 Notosuwito, 202 neo-traditional moral hierarchy Nur Yachman system of, 8 campaign in Jepara, 166 New Order, 13 Nyi Gilang, 222 end of, 2, 15 criticism of, 40, 41 O New Order regime O’Donnell, Guillermo, 30 collapse of, 74 Oevaang Oeray, 329, 330, 348 non-government organizations, 32 Ong Boon Nga, 227 media-related, 153 Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM), non-oil exports 261 Batam, 78 Ostrom, Vincent, 127 North Maluku, 27 otonomi kebablasan, 143 attempted return of Sultan, 303–26 Outer Islands, 14, 47 community polarization, 323 Oyugi, 127 geographical information, 304 Golkar P campaign financing, 319 Paal Merah, 138 political protection, 319–20 Paguyuban Lurah Tunggul Jati, 201 Golkar’s success factors, 318–22 Paharuddin Nur, 120 legislative election (2004), 310– Pancasila Democracy Period, 13 11 Pancur Kasih Foundation, 331, 332, local elections (2005), 312–14 349, 350

385

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index385 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 386 Index

Pangkajene, 103 party system, centralized, 22 Pangkep, 103 party sytems, stablization of, 16 pilkada compared to Soppeng, 115– Pasaribu, Richard, 88 17 Batam mayoral elections (2006), 83 pilkada results, 108–109 Patappe, 106, 108 pilkada voting, 109, 114 patrimonialism, 9 panwas patron-client networks, 8 Kebumen district, 180 patron-client relationships, 154 panwaslu, 59 pawai budaya, 221 election watch, 72 PBB Papua Islamist political party, 63 Act of Free Choice, 280 PDI-P, 63 candidates, bureaucrats, 276 Batam, 91 candidates from coast and interior, pela-gandong communal institutions, 267–73 370 democratic deregulation, 378 Peluso, Nany Lee, 330 direct elections, 260 pemilihan kepala daerah langsung see elections, 266 pilkada gubernatorial elections, 259–82, 260 pemilihan umum, 57 local elections, 261–63 Penembahan Hospital, 198 number of tribes, 280 People’s Consultative Assembly, 94 special autonomy, 49, 261–63 People’s Voter Education Network, 155 Papua Development Board, 270 performances, 217–25 Papuan People’s Council, 27 petrol money Papuanness definition, 161 debate on, 279 Petrus, Simon, 341 definition, 274 PGRS/Paraku guerillas, 348 Papuans pilkada economic marginalization, 267 Bantul district, 190–208 Parliamentary Democracy period, 14, Banyuwangi, 155 39 benefits of, 152 Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI), Bengkayang, 338, 339 175 campaign process, 153 Partai Demokrat, 161 campaigns, 157 Partai Demokrat Kebangsaan candidates, 60 North Maluku, 308 case studies, 26 Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS), 72 decentralization of, 57–60, 59 Partai Pelopor, 96 definition, 72, 147 Partai Persatuan Dayak dominance of political parties, 19 abolishment of, 348 elections funded by regional party coalitions governments, 58 Batam mayoral elections (2006), electoral processes, 59 80–85 evidence of voter autonomy, 155

386

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index386 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 387

Jepara, 148 political activity future of, 160 intensification of, 11 Kapuas Hulu, 337 political culture Ketapang, 336, 337 Kebumen district, 176 legal basis, 17 political decentralization, 74 legitimacy issues, 157–58 political equality, 127 Manggarai, candidates, 292 political fatigue Melawi, 343, 344 Kebumen district, 183 monitoring of, 106 political investors opening up of more opportunities, involvment of, 132 18 political participation Pangkep, results, 108–109 importance of, 128 Papua, 259–82 political parties political parties, 53–73 Batam Municipal Assembly, 80 poor results of Golkar, 118 coalition-building, 62 Poso, candidates, 363 coalitions, 61, 62, 68 pragmatism, 68 practice of money politics, 129 coalitions between different research on, 148 ideological lines, 65 results for Manggarai, 297 dominance in pilkada, 19 results in Poso, 368 organization malfunction of, 79 role of political parties, 60, 61, 64 organizational conflicts over schedule of, 56 candidates, 69 Sekadau, 341 political culture of, 64 Sintang, 339–40 ideological irrelevance, 15 Soppeng, results, 113–14 problems of, 61 South Sulawesi, 103–104 re-emergence, 15 voter turnout, 60 role and limitations of, 54 voters, behaviour of, 20 role in direct elections, 22 , 347 role in pilkada, 60, 61 , 211–28 successful coalitions, 66, 67 pilkada (2005) victory of minor parties, 71 direct money politics, 130 weak, 9 pilkada election weakening of, 90–92 bupati level, 225 political reforms pilkada election campaigns, 213 advocates of, 74 pilkada langsung, 38–49 political system problem with system, 45–48 reform, 29 pilkada process politicians correlation with performance of long-standing, 156 local government, 129 oligarchic nature of, 191 positive effects of, 59 politics Plengkung Gading, 202 importance of personal networks, Pokja, 30, 234 101–24

387

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index387 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 388 Index

Pontianak, 335 project fees populist policies category and source of funds, 137 Bantul district pilkada, 198–203 project racketeering, 136 Positive peace-negative peace Prosperity and Peace Party (PDS), 244 framework, 354 Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) see Poso, 27, 28 Partai Keadilan Sejahtera chronology of communal conflict, PT Jawa Media Televisi, 243 358–61 PT Karya Restu, 138, 144 Golkar, 363 PT Lasana Aneka Sarana, 138 implementation of decentralization, Public Works Service, 162 356 Publika Manado, 240 local population, 356 Puncak Jaya, 267 Malino Declaration, 360 putra daerah, 28, 77, 157, 178 Partai Damai Sejahtera, 356, 362 Partai Demokrat, 364 Q Partai Patriot Pancasila, 364 qasidah PDI-P, 364 use in campaigning, 219, 220 pilkada, 362–369 quasi-democratic government, 47 candidates, 363 Queen Nita, 311 pilkada results, 368 Quick Count, 244 recent conflict history, 357–61 socio-political dynamics, 355–57 R post-New Order Rachmawati Sukarnoputri, 96 institutional changes, 102–103 Rahmat Katilah, 343, 344 post-pilkada system rallies, 217–25 informal governance, 137–41 Ratna Widiasuti, 155 post-Soeharto period Reagan, Ronald, 248 legal reforms, 148 recreational campaign, 153 Power of Freies Ermessen, 40 recruitment practices, 156 pre-pilkada Reform Period, 13, 14 informal governance, 135 Manggarai, 286 preman reformasi, 148–50 rise of, 4 reformasi movement, 4, 43, 44 premanisme proyek, 136, 142 reforms presidential direct elections, 7, 55 calls for, 3 presidential elections, 5 role in politics, 174–89 presidential system, 5 regent’s assistant, 300 principle of law regional autonomy respect for, 21 critics, 149 private government, 135 laws, 22 Prodata Batam, 95 move towards, 2 Program Pemberdayaan Sistem Hutan Regional Budget Kerakyatan, 331 project fees, 137

388

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index388 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 389

Regional Election Commission S (KPUD), 58, 153 Sahat Sianturi, 84, 85, 97 Batam, 87 Salim Group, 77 Kebumen district, 180 santri, 14 Regional Election Oversight Jepara, 166 Committee (Panwasda), 153 Sarundajang, 235, 251 regional heads (kepala daerah) Sasongko, 179 legal position, 55 School for Village Government, 202 role of, 21 Schulte-Nordholt, Henk, 132, 134 Regional Income Service, 162 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 248 regional leaders SDM rendah, 284 election of, 18 Sekadau regional legislature, 55 pilkada results, 341 regional Representative Council, 194 selawatan registration data, outdated, 277 use during campaigning, 219 Reno, William, 128, 132, 133 Selo Sumardjan (Prof), 42 representation, question of, 10 sembako definition, 131 Rhoma Irama, 219 Sentani, 267 Ria Saptarika, 88 Serang, 135 Batam mayoral elections (2006), 82, Serui, 267 83 shadow state, 128, 133 , 243, 260 Sierra Leone Rimba Rogi, 251 study on, 132 Riswanto, 194 Singapore Rogi, Jimmy Rimba, 239, 240 investment in Batam, 94 Rotok, Christian, 283, 296 Sintang confirmed as regent, 296 pilkada results, 339–40 rule of law, 1 Sir Karl Popper Foundation, 119 Rulli, 117 sistem pilkada langsung see direct Rustiningsih elections anti-KKN stance, 178 Sleman, 212, 213 charges of corruption, 182 Ebiet G. Ade, 217 first woman bupati, 175 Sutrisno/Yulianto team, 216 head of PDI-P in Kebumen, 178 Smeru Institute, 3 Kebumen District, 174 Smith, Brian, 127 member of PDI, 175 social organizations neo-patron–client relationship, 186 Batam mayoral elections, 85 number of votes, 181 Soeharto reasons for success in pilkada, 185 fall of, 5 relations with Megawati, 184 New Order regime, 306 use of information technology, 185 Soepardjo Rustam (General), 42, 49 victory by wide margin, 183 Sodakh, A. J., 235

389

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index389 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 390 Index

Sofian Hadi, 344 Sultanate of Jogjakarta, 191 Solossa, Jaap, 262, 263 Suman Kurik, 343, 344 death of, 272 Sumarno Sondaqh, Angelina, 217 running mate of Idham Samawi, Soppeng, 103 195 pilkada, 109–13 Sumarsono, 118 pilkada compared to Pangkep, 115– Sumawati Sukarnoputri, 96 17 Supriyanto, 179 pilkada results, 113–14 Surabaya, 243–48 Sorong, 266, 267 method determining choice of South Asia mayoral candidate, 246 study of democracy in, 4 method of choice of mayoral South Sulawesi, 101–24 candidates, 247 candidate’s sociological profiles, 103 Voter Attitude Survey, 244 elections for district head, 23 Suryatman Gidot, 344 pilkada, 103–104 , 3, 55, voter turnout, 103 125, 263 Special Allocation Fund (DAK), 149 Sutrisno/Yulianto special autonomy, 26 Sleman, 216 Special Autonomy Region, 274 Syafruddin Nur, 104 spirit of democracy, 127 Syamsir Amas, 304, 312 state actors personal skills, 322 lack of democratic behaviour, 128 Syariah law, 32 student protests Syarif Hidayat, 325 Jambi, 139 Syaukani Hassan Rais (Prof), 232 Suara Merdeka, 161, 165 Subiyanto-Sri Purnomo team, 217 T success teams, 233 Tajuddin Noor, 251 Sudiro Lesmana, 138, 139 Taman Rimba, 138 Suebu, 270 Tamrin Amal Tomagola, 324 election campaign, 271 Tanjungpura University, 330 Sukarno Taufik Fachruddin, 104 policy of centralizing power, 306 teachers fall of, 62 Bantul primacy schools, 199 Sulawesi television migrants from, 267 impact in Manado elections, 240 Sultan Haji Mudaffar Shah II, 303 Telivisi Kutai Kartanegara, 233 return of, 303–26 Tender Committee, 136 Sultan IX, 193 Ternate, 27 Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, 193, application of Chubb’s post-conflict, 196, 201, 204, 213 317 Sultan of Jogjakarta, 193 conflict in, 307, 308, 323 Sultan of Ternate, 27 elections, 304

390

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index390 1/15/09, 11:23 AM Index 391

entrenchment of local New Order Voter Attitude Survey, 234, 236 elites, 323 Surabaya, 244 kraton records, 306 voter registration local elections (2005), 312–14 problematic nature, 277 National Senate election results, 311 voter turnout, 12 opposing Muslim forces, 308 voters see also North Maluku autonomy doubted, 155 Thaksin Shinawatra, 245 elites, view of, 154–55 Timika, 262 irrational, 156 Third World lacking of autonomy, 161 consolidation of democracy in, 7 low turnouts in advanced liberal Totok Sudarto, 194, 196 democracies, 157 triumphalism, 5 voting Tualle, 116 Batam mayoral elections (2006), Tuan Besar, 135, 136 86–88 influence on Tender Committee, 136 Pangkep pilkada, 109, 114 Tuban, 53, 157 relationship to democracy, 1 Tutut Soeharto, 223 voting behaviour, 154–55 two-turnover test, 7 W U Wabiser, Dick Henk, 272, 277 unipolar legitimacy, 40 Wahyuddin Hussein, 244 United Development Party (PPP), 15 Wajong, Gabriel Thody, 283, 295 United Party, 348 Wardi Armowiyono, 96 United States of America Water Boom case, 138 disenfranchisement of prisoners, 2 Water Boom Project, 138, 139, 140, 141 elections (2000), 1 cancellation, 139 Universal Declaration of Human wayang kulit Rights, 32 use during campaigning, 218 Universitas Kutai Kartanegara, 232 wedana, 41 Untung Santosa, 227 Wempie Frederik, 239 Usop (Prof), 277 West African countries study on democracy in, 4 V West Irian Jaya, 260, 262 Valdesz Junianto, 98 dispute, 263–67 van Mook (Dr), 49 establishment of, 264 Viktor Slamet, 295 West Kalimantan, 28 Village Election Committees, 181 birth of ethnic politics, 333–35 village heads Dayak bureacrats, 327–51 election of, 226 ethnic violence, 328 vote-buying, 154 ethnicity, 335–44 vote counting Malay-Madurese violent ethnic disputes over, 20 clash, 334

391

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index391 1/15/09, 11:23 AM 392 Index

pilkada, 335–44 Yayasan Tanah Merdeka, 367 religious matters, 335–44 Yogyakarta winners of pilkada, 347 pilkada, 211–28 West Manggarai, formation of, 288 pilkada (2005), 25 , 26 Yudha/Aziz campaign, 225 Western Flores, 27 Yudhaningrat factor White, Barbara Harris, 128, 132, 133 Bantul district pilkada, 203 White Hulubalang Paramilitary Group Yusuf Kalla, 156, 270 (Laskat Hulubalang Putih), 85 advice to district heads, 153 Winarno, Jarot, 340, 344 Work Unit Budget Document, 136 Z World Bank, 3 Zainuddin MZ, 220 Zangger-Weber Foundation, 119 Y Zoerman Manaf, 138, 139 Yappika (Foundation for Zulbahri Strengthening Participation, Batam mayoral elections (2006), 81 Initiative and Partnerships in Zulfina Nora, 224 Indonesian Society), 230 Zulkifli Nurdin, 137, 139

392

17 DeepeningDemocracy Index392 1/15/09, 11:23 AM