Arguments For Socialism Paul Cockshott and David Zachariah 2012 This text is © the authors. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. With the understanding that: Waiver — Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permis- sion from the copyright holder. Public Domain — Where the work or any of its elements is in the pub- lic domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. Other Rights — In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; The author’s moral rights; Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. Notice — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page. 2 Contents I. Foundations 10 1. The socialist project and the working class 12 2. 21st Century Marxism 20 3. How physics is validating the Labour Theory of Value 26 4. Historical Materialism or Subjectivism 30 5. Competing theories wrong or not even wrong 41 II. Agitation 56 6. Against Nationalism 58 7. Beyond anti-imperialism 64 8. Against Republicanism 74 9. Democracy without Politicians 79 III. Strategic paths 83 10.Limits of social-democratic politics 84 11.Six theses on the problems of the communist movement 96 12.Reform and revolution in Leninist Politics 112 3 13.Review of Mike Macnair’s Revolutionary Strategy 124 14.Ideas of Leadership and Democracy 137 IV. Economics of Socialism 160 15.Venezuela and Socialist Economic Policy 161 16.Economic Factors in the failure of Soviet Socialism 174 17.Review: Red Plenty by Francis Spufford 181 18.Against Mises 185 19.A critical look at market socialism 200 20.Towards a New Socialism 220 4 Preface 5 This e-book is made up of a collection of polemical articles written by us over the period since the fall of ‘die Mauer’ and the crisis of the European socialist movement brought on in its wake. They record an attempt to argue through the theoretical challenges that this period has posed: ? Why did both Leninist communism and social democracy come to crisis? ? What were the economic weaknesses of both and what economic policy should a future socialist movement adopt to overcome these? ? How can the struggle for popular democracy be integrated into the goals of a new movement? The articles were written for a variety of publications or occasions. Rather than presenting them in chronological order we have organised them into topics. The first section, Foundations, deals with the funda- mental theoretical resources that the socialist movement has available to it in facing its current problems. The socialist project and the working class provides some foundational arguments for socialism and the capacities required to advance the socialist project. It argues why the working class necessarily remains a central component in the class composition of socialist political forces. 21st Century Marxism is an article published in Junge Welt that tries to draw up the theoretical problems and methods of investigation available now, trying to distinguish these from those in past periods. A theme of this, and subsequent articles in the Foundations section, is a re-emphasis on the importance of scientific socialism, a socialism that is not afraid to rest on the results of today’s scientific knowledge. How physics is validating the Labour Theory of Value also published in Junge Welt argues that the methods of physics are now being applied to the economy, the so called ’econophysics’ and are in the main validating the results of the labour theory of value. Historical Materialism or Subjectivism published in Open Polemic ar- gues against certain readings of Marx that are associated with the ‘Neue Marx-Lekture’ or value-form school. It argues that these assumptions handicap the re-establishment of Marxian political economy as a science that we can use to change the world. 6 Competing theories wrong or not even wrong published in Vlaams Marx- istisch Tijdshrift continues the argument that the labour theory of value produces strong empirically verifiable results whereas the competing sub- jective theory of value is unfalsifiable and yields no useful macro economic predictions. The second section of the book includes a series of shorter more popular polemics. Against Nationalism attempts to explain why nationalism has to be the enemy of socialist ideology, and why socialist should be consistent interna- tionalist. Beyond anti-imperialism argues that the profound changes of im- perialism during the 20th century require reconsidering anti-imperialism as a distinct strategy. Against Republicanism argues against the romanti- cisation of the republican form of government by some on the British left. Whilst living as they do in a monarchy, the republic seems something rad- ical, the article says that this is a false path to set out on, our goal should not be the Republic – something deliberately borrowed from Rome by the wealthy founding fathers of the USA but a radical democracy. Democ- racy without Politicians takes this theme further spelling out how a radical democracy or demarchy could operate. A third section looks at the major strategic questions facing the left in Europe and what have been the past failings of the socialist movement. Famously the early 20th century socialist movement split after the 1917 revolution into Social-democratic and Leninist wings. We look at the fail- ings of both of these. Limits of social-democratic politics argues that the relationship between social democracy and the state, and in particular its reliance on the cap- italist sector of the economy for tax raising, fatally undermined its long term progressive goals. The paper was presented at the annual conference organised by Arbetarrörelsens Forskarnätverk. Six theses on the problems of the communist movement published in Open Polemic shortly after the fall of the USSR argued that the crisis of world socialism was due primarily to economic failure and that its collapse of was due to causes in its economic mechanism, but which are not inherent in all possible socialisms. It goes on to argue that the political failures of the Left today stem from the lack of a programmatic conception of how a socialist economy should be operated along with the lack of a viable constitutional program. Reform and Revolution in Leninist Politics addresses what has been a perennial issue on the Left, but does so by introducing a number of new 7 concepts about the nature of different periods: stable, restructuring and revolutionary and emphasises the need to have a practical intervention pro- gramme that is specific to the current conjuncture. The review of Mike Macnair’s ‘Revolutionary Strategy’, engages with a leading theoretician of the Communist Party of Great Britain, who is try- ing to revive classical German Social Democracy. Whilst this approach has some strengths when contrasted to much of the Left, it is criticized for having a conservative attitude to democracy, limiting its aims as historical Social Democracy did, to a parliamentary republic. Since 1945 this state form has proven to be the most perfect superstructure for capitalist econ- omy. Along with this political conservatism goes an unwillingness to set out distinct socialist economic goals. Ideas of Leadership and Democracy, an address given in Stockholm in 2010, continues the critique of both historical social-democracy and the far Left for their failure to put forward a genuinely democratic programme. It argues that the constitutional policies of the far left remain an uncritical idealisation of the Soviet form of government. The talk goes on to propose a concrete socialist economic programme for the Left in Europe today. The final section of the book addresses socialist economics. Venezuela and Socialist Economic Policy, published in Junge Welt, is the result of a visit to Venezuela in 2007. It looked at what measures would have to be taken by a socialist government in Venzuela to effectively trans- form the economic system there from a capitalist to a socialist economy. It looks at issues monetary policy, taxation policy and property rights asking how a socialist government could set about the abolition of exploitation. Economic Factors in the failure of Soviet Socialism looks at the eco- nomically catastrophic policies pursued by the Gorbachev government in the USSR and how and why these led to economic and political collapse. The review of Spufford’s ‘Red Plenty’, looks at a novel set in the Khr- uschev era in the USSR. The novel’s hero is the idea of cybernetic social- ism advocated by Kantorovich and Lebedev in the 1950s and early 60s. Spufford’s book recounts the transition from the hope and excitement of the 50s to the disillusion and demoralisation of the 70s. Against Mises, is a reply to the arguments of the Austrian school economists according to which socialist economy is bound to collapse into inefficiency due to the alleged impossibility of socialist economic calculation. A Critical Look at Market Socialism, does what it says on the label. It examines the claims of market socialism to be a viable alternative to cap- italism, especially through a critique of the work of Yunker, a prominent 8 US theorist of market socialism.