PRESIDENT’S COLUMN

The development of submarines always aroused great interest everywhere, including among people far from the fleet. So it was in 1834, when the Schilder-designed submarine was tested, and in 1958, when the Leninsky Komsomol joined the Soviet submarine fleet. These pages of the chronicle of the domestic submarine–building industry now belong to history. Today we remember those who stood at the origins. I want to thank the employees of our shipyards and their museums that cherish the memory of our common history and helped us prepare the publications. ASSEMBLAGE In this issue you will also find materials on the development of civil shipbuilding, the condition POINT of inland waterways, the renewal of fishing and cargo fleets. The Arctic theme remains our focus. As a recognized world leader in the construction of The year 2018 is marked by two important ice-class vessels, USC actively cooperates with its anniversaries. 110 years ago, the Minoga, the partners involved in the development of the Northern world’s first submarine fitted with a reversible Sea Route areas. And the company is looking at this task widely, because the Arctic is a region that is diesel engine, was launched at the Baltic Plant. promising not only in terms of hydrocarbon production Half a century later, with the direct participation and transportation. It is also a territory that is very of our colleagues from the Malakhit Marine important for the ecological status of our planet; Engineering Bureau, the first nuclear submarine there is a need to conduct serious scientific research Leninsky Komsomol was built at Sevmash there. Finally, the Arctic is becoming very popular for tourists – the demand for cruises in northern latitudes is growing rapidly. In addition, the idea of winter navigation on oday we can surely say: work begun inland waterways is becoming increasingly attractive by our predecessors has proved for shipping companies. And the enterprises of our successful – Russia’s modern corporation have all the necessary competencies to Tsubmarine fleet is its pride. It meets build new, comfortable, modern ice-class vessels. challenges related to ensuring national security, Dear friends! The future does not come by itself – the sovereignty of Russia and the protection of its it is shaped by our actions. Let us work to ensure that strategic interests at distant frontiers at sea. our present and our future are worthy!

President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation Alexei L. Rakhmanov

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 1

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №3 (36) 2018

strength and power at sea

feature one 60 years sInCe the BIrth of the russIan nuCLear fLeet CONTENTS hIstorICaL eVIdenCe of the BIrth of the fIrst nuCLear suBMarIne р.15

A union of fishermen AnD shipbuilDers p. 4 A NAVAL VIEW OF ECONOMY rosryBoLoVstro LaunChes fLeet ModernIZatIon prograM Role of shipbuilding in strengthening the Navy’s potential in Russia р. 38

Deep freeze and its economic power resources twenty-year pLan of russIan arCtIC deVeLopMent p. 10 RUSSIA IN THE ARCTIC р. 10 National strategies in developing the arctic zone

p. 14 WHAT TOMORROW BRINGS On the first cover page: Incoming year will be the year of the atomic ice-breakers Photo Yu. Maslyaev JSC ‘USC’ Journal. Circulation: 999 pieces p. 15 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY Address: 115184, Moscow, Nuclear power plant for the first nuclear submarine Bolshaya Tatarskaya str. 11. JSC ‘USC’ President: p. 18 LETTER TO SHIPBUILDERS OF THE FUTURE Alexei Rakhmanov. Sevmash shipbuilders appealed to the descendants www.aoosk.ru Chief Editor: p. 19 MOTORCYCLE GREETING TO THE FIRST NUCLEAR SUBMARINE Aliya Karimova. Sevmash organized a motor-cross in honor of the 60-anniversary of the nuclear ice-breaker Executive Editor: Maria Arsenieva. p. 20 LENINSKY KOMSOMOL: HISTORY OF A REPAIR PROJECT Design and layout: Memories of the responsible deliverer of the atomic submarines “Klimov Design STUDIO”. Tel.: +7 (499) 740-60-18. of the Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center www.klimov-design.ru p. 22 HEROIC MALYUTKAS History of the diesel-powered submarines of type «М» The opinion of authors may not coincide p. 26 A NEW LIFE OF THE LEGENDARY SHIPS with the position Museum of the World Ocean at Kaliningrad of the editorial board.

p. 31 THEY WERE THE FIRST History of advent of the trawler fleet

p. 34 IVAN GREN – THE MAN AND THE SHIP Scientist/artillerist, a large landing ship was named after

p. 36 STANDART OF CLEANLINESS AND ORDER Development of the production system at the Yantar Baltic Shipyard

p. 38 BIG FISHING Development strategy of the fisheries industry of Russia

p. 42 TO WALK ON WATER Problems of freight and passenger market using inland water transport

p. 46 MUSEUM OF THE HOUR A 50-anniversary from the date of opening the Museum of History of the Proletarksy Plant

p. 51 VICTORIOUS ‘CANALIA’ Festival of traditional and nontraditional floating craft at Astrakhan

p. 54 THROUGH THE ICE TO THE NEW YEAR Winter cruises - perspective direction for shipbuilding AS PART OF THE ARMY FORUM, A ROUNDTABLE ON “THE ROLE OF SHIPBUILDING IN STRENGTHENING RUSSIA’S NAVAL CAPABILITIES AND ITS ECONOMIC POWER” WAS HELD IN THE USC DEMONSTRATION CENTER A NAVAL VIEW OF ECONOMY

USC representatives and a number of industry experts expressed their views on the problems and prospects of shipbuilding. We offer our readers a shortened transcript of the discussion

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President of USC most powerful strike weapon systems are of the world has two main objectives: ALEXEY RAKHMANOV: being built with increasing frequency. This to protect trade, financial, economic indicates not only cost savings, but also as well as political interests, including Today we are experiencing a shortage a change in the strategy of conducting by maintaining a restraint regime. The of statistics related to shipbuilding and marine operations itself. Finally, the struggle for the rights to develop the even shipping. These data are often upcoming design and commissioning of continental shelf is also going on. A NAVAL VIEW contradictory, and there are not a lot of robotic underwater and surface platforms An effective Navy, equipped with expert assessments of how events will will change the face of the entire Navy advanced weapons, is designed not only unfold in the oceans of the world and dramatically. to compensate for the lack of naval bases what types of ships will be needed in the Today we are witnessing a number abroad to control potential hot spots. OF ECONOMY near future. Meanwhile, despite the long of trends: globalization of the world What new tasks should it have and what cycle of building vessels and warships, economy, growth in maritime shipping, should be the most important features the face of our industry is changing at a and increasing rates of use of ocean of the future fleet being formed today? fantastic speed. Until recently, it seemed resources. But there are many other In this sense, the debate about what to many that the future belongs to a fleet factors shaping modern civil and naval Russia’s aircraft-carrying complex should of large dimensions. Nowadays, ships of shipbuilding. The policy pursued by the be and whether it should be at all is quite relatively small displacement, but with the world powers in relation to the oceans indicative.

The policy of the world powers in relation to the oceans has two major objectives: to protect trade, financial, economic, as well as political interests, including by maintaining a restraint regime

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 5 The Strategy declared the protection of surface ships and submarines across physical fields to be a top priority of the scientific and technological development of domestic naval shipbuilding industry

is addressed, it is impossible to resolve all the others. Among them Admiral, Commander-in-Chief entities in the defense-industrial complex are as follows: difficulties of industrial of the Navy in 2012–2016 of the Russian Federation, specialized cooperation, low quality of the supplied VIKTOR CHIRKOV: branches of science and technology; components; lack of a system to organization and conduct of research in regularly and continuously finance the The basic document for the state the field of naval activities. efforts to develop, purchase and repair policy in the field of naval activities is It is this document that we should be military hardware (everyone involved in the Maritime Doctrine of the Russian guided by. In addition, in his May decrees production feels this daily). As well as Federation approved by the President of 2012, the President clearly identified the insufficient flexibility of pricing for of Russia in 2015. On July 20 last that by 2020 the share of modern military products; lack of an enabling year, Presidential Decree No. 327 “On weapons in the Navy must be at least environment for international integration Approving the Framework of the State 70%. It was on the basis of these decrees and the expansion of sales markets, Policy of the Russian Federation in the that a long-term shipbuilding program the need to improve the situation in Field of Naval Activities for the Period to was elaborated, where all directions for the political sphere, where sanctions 2030” was also signed. development of a balanced Russian Navy are imposed, and the need to further Among the directions of development until 2050 were precisely identified. develop the technology and production identified there is maintaining the base, import substitution. operational and combat capabilities of the Director General Another problem is the lack of a Navy at a level sufficient to take a leading of Sevmash Production Association modern bench and test base. We get position in the world. MIKHAIL BUDNICHENKO: devices, mechanisms and equipment The following directions are listed in that have not passed a sufficient scope the section concerning us as shipbuilders: Just a couple of months ago, the of testing, and turn the ship into a floating development and publication of regulatory draft Shipbuilding Industry Strategy test-bed, thus extending its test period. and legal acts regulating the procedure 2035 was published on the Trade and Let me remind you: we started building for planning and providing implementation Ministry Industry’s website, which vessels and surface ships by a large- of naval activities; development and analyzes in detail the status of global block assembly method back in the implementation of federal and other and Russian shipbuilding, as well as 1970s. Then, unfortunately, we stopped target programs in the field of maritime, ship repair. It reveals existing problems, for a while, and now Japan and Korea naval and border control activities; shows where we are lagging behind, have forged into the lead. state armament programs, shipbuilding and gives direction for development. And they could’ve been us. and state defense order programs; It says that Russia currently occupies We need to manufacture hull system monitoring and analysis of the 12% of the world military shipbuilding structures and elements of systems implementation of state policy in the market and ranks second to the United “to exact size” within a single system field of naval activities; improving the States for these indicators. USC ranks of tolerances, use electro-optical international regulatory framework that seventh in terms of output. Inadequate computerized measurement systems, provides favorable conditions for the government planning was identified automation and robotic equipment in protection of the national interests of as the primary problem of the Russian production processes, carry out work Russia and its allies in the oceans of shipbuilding industry. According to using 3D models of vessels and ships in the world; development of the backbone the colleagues, unless that problem close contact with designers.

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The Strategy declared the protection of our country, there is a trend of increase conflicts and not only those that concern surface ships and submarines across the in the level of automation of labor, which our country: from the Palestinian-Israeli physical fields to be a top priority of the will most likely lead to a solution to the to the East-Ukrainian ones. However, scientific and technological development problem of staff shortages. And second: considering the Mediterranean and of the domestic naval shipbuilding lean manufacturing allows us to save the Black Sea region as a platform for industry. We know that this is the key resources and increase labor productivity. the development of modern marine quality of warships: whoever detects technologies, we must understand that for the enemy first, wins. Previously, there us this is a step towards a new segment was a separate group at the Academy of Director of the Institute of the World Ocean. The communication Sciences that was engaged in science. of Social Sciences and International environment of this region has always Today this group does not exist, and Relations, Sevastopol State University created enormous opportunities, including applied science has already exhausted IVAN CHIKHAREV: economic ones. With the construction of itself. It is necessary to pursue the theory the Crimean Bridge, our Eurasian transit again: to tackle the power and electric I will talk about the macro-region of opportunities have grown, and there is engineering development problems; the Large Mediterranean, comprising reason to revive the idea of building the develop advanced ship navigation, radar, the Azov, Black and Mediterranean South Stream gas pipeline. It is very sonar and communications important to maintain a systems; control systems for strategic presence in this various purposes; solve problems region, maintain a strategic in the field of hydrodynamics balance and derive and strength, develop innovative economic benefits in the materials and coatings; think of interests of the Russian providing the survivability and Federation. safety in using naval hardware. The document identified a VIKTOR CHIRKOV: personnel problem as well. Indeed, the workforce is aging, work is I will add that our maritime very hard, wages, unfortunately, boundary is longer than often do not exceed the average the land one and is 37,740 for the region, which reduces kilometers. Russia borders the prestige of the profession. three oceans and more Sevmash has recruited 6,000 than twelve seas. Its sea people over the past five years. areas are more than 7 Such recruitment has not been million square kilometers. since 1958. Today, we already have Sea basins, which are essential for The territorial shelf under the jurisdiction 28,700 employees, and we need to maintaining strategic stability. Today, of Russia is more than 5 million square bring this figure to 30,000. 95% of the Russia has returned to the Large kilometers. This wealth must be company’s activities are accounted for by Mediterranean, and its main mission protected. A navy is needed to do that. the Navy’s projects: we are building the is to connect the Eurasian space, We are faced with a struggle for the Yasen, Yasen-M class attack submarines, Eurasian geo-economic processes to the Arctic, which will only grow. No wonder Borei and Borei-A tactical ships. We have opportunities that exist in the region. It is the Chinese are building icebreaker-type delivered three Boreis, one of them has here that events have been occurring that vessels: in the future, they may refuse been serving in the North for five years, radically change the balance of forces ice-breaking escort provided by our ships. two “strategists” are in the Pacific, and in the world for example, in August 2008 We need to think and develop, and the one attack boat Severodvinsk in the and, of course, in the spring of 2014. mass media must show the place and Northern Fleet. The fleet commanders Today we continue to evolve and, of role of the Navy and the USC, since the and the commander-in-chief have no course, we are influencing both Russia’s latter was set up by a presidential decree complaints about the quality of the maritime policy as a whole and the civil as a leading corporation comprising the products. Altogether, fourteen large and naval shipbuilding industry. major enterprises of the industry. nuclear-powered ships are being built at But the region is difficult. You know Sevmash. The program is extensive. We that the attempts of the US Navy maintain Director of the Center look to the future, at least until 2030, with its presence there continue. There’s talk for Analysis of World Arms Trade confidence. If nothing changes, we will of Turkey’s construction of the Canal IGOR KOROTCHENKO: certainly cope with it. Istanbul that is meant to be an alternative to the Bosphorus Strait, and the issue In the current geopolitical conditions, ALEXEY RAKHMANOV: of the international status of this canal the role and importance of the has not yet been resolved. There is a Navy and USC increase multifold. I will supplement the speech by Mikhail situation of a direct challenge in the The political configuration is changing, Anatolyevich with two small theses: Azov Sea. The large Mediterranean the world is being chaotic, and military today, throughout the world, including in region contains a whole spectrum of forces sometimes address economic

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 7 We believe that large series need to be built: 12–14 types for years, starting with the placing this ship at a shipyard. Then, these people of ships and submarines equipped with standardized together with military equipment return weapons, combat information and control systems, to their sovereign state and become our radars and other systems friends. Contradictions in the world are connected with the sharing of resources, the occupation of a better place under the sun. At the moment, the list of threats problems. What President Trump is doing Since it is a military force that determines faced by states is changing. Mineral today, who, by the way, announced an much today through the prism of its reserves in the continental part are being unprecedented increase in the potential economic application. And the country’s depleted. All states go to the continental of the American naval forces in history, competitiveness in the world market will shelf and from the continental shelf to is the position of an economic racketeer depend on what our naval fleet is, what the Arctic. A pressing task of protecting “extorting” preferences for American our capabilities are. their own biological, natural resources of industry. He needs a navy for this. We As regards military-technical the continental shelf, including in the high also need a navy, but to protect our cooperation, competition is growing here, seas, arises. The number of connections national interests. We cannot allow the especially in the markets of the Asia- between states, including freight traffic, Americans and their allies to establish Pacific region. In order to build a long-term, is increasing. There is another major task military and military-political dominance in effective media policy, we need to act of protecting the minerals transportation the Arctic. This is achieved, among other meaningfully. routes. The simplest example is the fight things, by developing a new generation of against piracy. We thought that we had nuclear-powered icebreakers, including Director of USC Military eradicated it long ago, but no, piracy is also with a possible modular military load, Technical Cooperation Department: flourishing. which is absolutely normal and effective. ALEXEY DIKIY: I would like to draw attention also to the The situation in the field of unmanned conduct of point, expeditionary operations, underwater vehicles will also change. Unfortunately, the world is such that including peacekeeping missions in various It is necessary to conceptualize this contradictions between states existed, regions. interesting topic and somehow formulate exist and will continue to exist. The USSR These three main directions are informational trends. was once among the largest powers, shaping the development of naval fleets Import substitution and gas turbine including sea powers. Then in 1991, it around the world. Therefore, the number engine building are the separate topics. collapsed, and Russia withdrew from of multipurpose ships, including patrol At the expert level, we must draw the global arms markets. Did arms sales ships, as well as unmanned ships, capable attention to this problem so that those drop? No. Other states just occupied our of monitoring everything that occurs on who elaborate the appropriate direction niches... The sale of ships is significantly the continental shelf in an underwater will at least receive priorities in terms different from the sale of other types of environment, is growing. of funding and objective coverage of weapons, because it involves periodic It is no secret that we are selling our successes and minimizing information repairs and support for many years. And non-nuclear submarines very well, and in problems. The competitiveness of besides, along with naval hardware, the near future there will be a great demand Russian global business depends in we sell training. The crew of a ship (for for ships of a new class, which will protect principle on such corporations as USC. example, an aircraft carrier) are trained our interests in the Arctic zone.

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Head of the Center for Arctic Studies, Institute of Europe, RAS VALERY JURAVEL:

Speaking about the problems of shipbuilding from the Arctic standpoint, we, of course, must emphasize a high economic and transit potential of the region, to which Asian and European states began to pay attention. The Northern Sea Route is a corridor through which you can promote your goods and services. In connection with global warming, it began to be actively used: 662 permits were issued for navigation in the waters of the Northern Sea Route last Commons,” which suggests that the first-rate ships, the series should consist year, of which 107 were issued to vessels wealth that are in the Arctic, Siberia and of 4–8 ships, for the second-rate - 10–12 sailing under a foreign flag. The process the Far East should be evenly distributed or even more, taking into account the is gaining momentum, and we need among all countries. We will not agree export potential. to talk about the need to increase the with this under any circumstances. number of vessels capable of operating Therefore, despite all the challenges we Acting Head of the Research in difficult climatic conditions. Currently are facing, the military component needs Institute of Naval Shipbuilding and there are about 70 icebreakers in the to be further strengthened. Armament, Naval Academy Military world, half of which are Russian ones. Training and Research Center The names Arktika, Sibir (Siberia), Ural Commercial Director VLADIMIR GUSEV: are often heard. But we understand that of the Arsenal of Fatherland magazine a new icebreaker of the Leader class with ALEXEY LEONKOV: The composition of the naval fleet is a capacity of 120 MW is needed, which formed on the basis of the tasks that will ensure year-round passage along the Speaking about the challenges we need to solve. Today a favorable Northern Sea Route. Honor and glory to associated with shipbuilding, I note that environment has been created for the our shipbuilders who are implementing the customer often turns the plants’ development of the shipbuilding industry this project. products into research laboratories - the in Russia. More and more enterprises If we talk about military threats in tasks are changing, the deadlines are come up with a proposal for the import the Arctic, I would like to give an expert shifting ... And when the ship is delivered substitution of military equipment. Each assessment: within one month, NATO at the price of indescribable efforts, it design bureau and plant needs to have can deploy a group of armed forces turns out that it doesn’t really meet all the their own areas for import substitution consisting of over 100 warships, a tasks which have once again changed and an idea of how to address these third of which carry sea-based cruise during this time. problems. Simulation, end-to-end design missiles. Since 1975, when Norway We inherited about twenty-seven and digitalization should ultimately lead joined the North Atlantic Alliance, they types of different ships from the USSR. not only to the expansion of production, have not only conducted exercises, It is quite difficult to operate them, but also to a reduction in the time taken to but have tested equipment in a variety have repair facilities, search for those build ships. of technical conditions. This year the components that are no longer produced. situation has not changed. A number of However, these ships should be in ALEXEY RAKHMANOV: RAS scientists believe that the current commission and, of course, this work falls level of militarization of the Arctic does on shipbuilders. Thanks. It is very important for us not go beyond the limits of reasonable We believe that it is necessary to build to be in contact with the customer. sufficiency, but in international risks may large series: 12-14 types of ships and Forming the configuration of the fleet increase in the medium and long term. submarines equipped with standardized is your prerogative. We only “bring the I do not know the number of ships and weapons, combat information and control cartridges,” help realize your ideas, combat strength of our Russian army, but systems, radars and other systems. The based on the experience and model for I have open figures for the border service limited series of modern ships entering the use of ships and vessels. And in this of the Federal Security Service of Russia: service with navy lead to more costly sense, we have only one wish: it seems 34 ships. And this force is to protect 20 construction and operation. The customer to me that we need to be much freer to thousand kilometers of our Arctic coast. does not seek to finance an advanced dream and not be afraid to reflect on what It is extremely important to pay development effort even for key ships seems distant to all of us. After all, much attention to the NATO-issued document and ship systems if there is no direct of what quite recently seemed impossible entitled “Assured Access to the Global connection with a specific project. For the has been implemented.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 9 The participants of the first international meeting of representatives of the member states of the Arctic Council held by the RF Security Council. Icebreaker 50 Years of Victory, 2011

of the Arctic dates back to 2008, when VALERY ZHURAVEL the “Basic Guidelines of State Policy of Head of the Center for Arctic Studies of the Institute of Europe, RAS, member the Russian Federation in the Arctic through of the scientific expert council of the State Commission 2020 and beyond” were adopted at a meeting for Arctic Development of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. The document identifies five main objectives of State activities in the Arctic: socio-economic development, security, ecology and environmental protection, science RUSSIA IN THE ARCTIC and technology development, as well as international cooperation. The Arctic has always been kept under review by the country’s In 2010, the Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) leadership. Russia has been expanding its presence and Federal University (NArFU) was set up in strengthening its position in the Arctic for decades step by step. Arkhangelsk to train personnel for work in the Arctic. More than 22,000 students are The main objectives for its development were identified at each currently enrolled at it. new stage in the country’s development Later, in 2013–2014, the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and Ensuring National fter the collapse of the Soviet Union, in a new Security through 2020 was elaborated on geopolitical situation in the world, Russia the basis of the guidelines. The Russian began to develop its new Arctic policy. In President decree established the southern 1992, the Interdepartmental Commission boundary of the Russian Arctic zone. on the Arctic and Antarctic Affairs was The Russian Government has adopted the state set up, which replaced the RSFSR State program “Social and Economic Development A Commission for these polar areas, and of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation in 1996 a program for the development through 2020,” which relies on a new approach of hydrocarbon reserves on the shelf of suggesting the establishment of eight “Arctic the Arctic seas of Russia was approved. Development Support Zones.” These are the A year later, Russia ratified the 1982 Kola, Nenets, Arkhangelsk, Vorkuta, Yamal- UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Nenets, Taimyr-Turukhansk, North-Yakutsk and Contemporary State policy on Chukotka support zones. In these documents, the development of the Russian part the Arctic is identified as an independent

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object of state strategic planning, Currently, the Federal Law on management and regulation of the Development of the Arctic Zone socio-economic development, which of the Russian Federation is being improved the capabilities of ensuring prepared for adoption. To address national security in the north of the Arctic development problems, the country. on the instructions from the State In February 2015, Russian Commission, the Ministry of Economic President Vladimir Putin set up Development of Russia drew up a list the State Commission for Arctic of priority projects for the development Development, and on July 26, 2015, of the Russian Arctic zone for the near he approved the Maritime Doctrine future, which included 145 projects of the Russian Federation, which with total funding of 4.8 trillion rubles, identified the objectives in the Arctic. of which about 3.75 trillion are from In August of the same year, Russia extrabudgetary sources. again submitted an application to Such close attention to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Arctic stems from discovering the Continental Shelf. Its approval 594 oil deposits, 179 gas deposits, will allow our country to secure its two large nickel deposits and sovereign rights to an additional more than 350 gold deposits in potentially hydrocarbon-rich territory the Arctic region of Russia. Large in the Arctic Ocean with an area deposits of ferrous, non-ferrous, of 1.2 million sq km. Decisions rare metals, polymetals, radioactive on this issue should be made in elements, diamonds, non-metallic the light of the agreements reached and chemical minerals were also in the Ilulissat Declaration, signed found. The Russian Arctic remains in 2008 by the foreign ministers of a powerful mineral resource base of the five Arctic Ocean coastal states. global importance in the long term. According to this document, any For the sustainable development disagreement arising from the filing of of the Russian Arctic economy, applications for determining the Arctic it is necessary to advance shelf boundaries will be considered The Prirazlomnaya offshore the development of the Arctic transport through negotiations and a search ice-resistant fixed platform in the Pechora Sea. system, which should provide reliable The first batch of Arctic oil was shipped for consensus. in April 2014 transport links, normal living conditions in

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 11 CLOSE-UP THE ARCTIC IN THE SPOTLIGHT

The Arctic is living and developing

Russia: nickel production in Norilsk; expansion of the Varandey terminal infrastructure; development of the GLONASS system for environmental monitoring in the Arctic; construction of the Russian Optical Trans-Arctic Cable System (ROTACS), which will connect the Russian Arctic and the Far East to a modern communication system. The Yamal LNG project, which provides for the extraction, processing, liquefaction and Sovcomflot vessels are continuously in operation offloading/export of natural gas and stabilized condensate, was launched in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It includes a network of facilities, including rig camps, gas gathering, preparation and liquefaction plants, LNG storage and offloading units, a 376 MW power plant, the village and seaport of Sabetta, an international airport, LNG and condensate tanks, as well as personnel life support infrastructure and other supporting facilities. The international airport can handle modern passenger and cargo aircraft. This is one of the first Russian Arctic airports built from scratch using special technologies to strengthen permafrost flooded soils. The construction of the LNG plant began in 2014 and fly-in fly-out work practice was applied. Phase 1 at the Yamal LNG plant, which was under construction on the shore of the Gulf of Ob in the port of Sabetta, was launched in December 2107. In 2017, over the northern territories, accelerated mineral Monument to the members of reindeer 30,000 people participated daily in the work transport battalions unveiled in Naryan-Mar deposit development, and oil and gas exports. on February 23, 2012 and were delivered to Sabetta by air transport. Several major innovative projects are being Phases 2 and 3 will be launched in 2018 and successfully carried out in the Arctic territory of 2019, respectively. The production capacity of the plant is 15.0 to 16.5 million tons of liquefied natural gas and up to 1.2 million tons of gas condensate per year. LNG is exported to countries in Asia and Europe. The project is being implemented on the basis of the South Tambeyskoye gas field, the reserves of which are about 1 trillion cubic meters. It should be noted that, despite progress, there are still many outstanding problems in the Russian Arctic. The region is characterized by population outflow, a high degree of wear of fixed assets, and underdeveloped infrastructure. The US and European Union sanctions against Russia have a negative impact on the development of the Arctic. It is noteworthy that great importance in the decisions taken by the leadership of Russia is given to the development and use of the Northern Sea Route on the basis of the principles of sustainability, ensuring an increase in the volume of cargo transportation

12 / USC №3 (36) 2018 THE ARCTIC IN THE SPOTLIGHT

and integration of this sea route into the global transport system. Using the Northern Sea Route as the national unified transport communication of the Russian Federation is one of Russia’s main national interests in the Arctic. It shortens the journey from Hamburg to Shanghai (compared to the route through the Suez Canal) by more than 4 thousand nautical miles, which saves a week’s journey and an average of $650,000 in fuel costs per each vessel. At the same time there are no risks of attack by pirates. However, of Closely linked to the integrated the more than fifty ports and points along development of the Northern Sea the Northern Sea Route, less than half are Route transport are investment currently in operation. The main ones are projects for the construction of new Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha, railways - the Northern Latitudinal Route Kharasavey, Dickson, Dudinka, Igarka, and Belkomur- designed to create Khatanga, Tiksi and Pevek. New port opportunities for exporting products from facilities are being built and designed Northern Urals and Western Siberia as the backbone infrastructure for through domestic ports in the waters of the development of the Kharasavey, the Arctic Ocean. Varandey, Prirazlomnoye oil and gas The development of the Northern fields, there are projects to build multi- Transport Corridor should be considered purpose ports in Indiga Bay, Belushya Bay, in close linkage with the challenges Pechenga and Yas (Ob Bay). of enhancing the country’s defense in Given the economic advantages the Arctic region. The northern frontier is of the Northern Sea Route, the of crucial strategic importance for ensuring Government and the Federal Assembly the national security of the Russian of the Russian Federation have focused Federation. The activities of the Arctic and greater attention on it. On July 18, 2012, other states to increase their economic and the Federation Council approved the new military presence in the Arctic objectively Law on the Northern Sea Route which re- require Russia to take adequate measures established its unified governance structure to maintain parity and create favorable (Administration). A comprehensive project conditions for protecting national interests for the development of this transport route in this important region, preserving the was approved by the prime Minister in Arctic as a zone of peace. June 2015. All our activities in the Arctic are Cargo traffic in this area is growing extremely open. Any accusations against every year. According to the Ministry of Russia of militarizing the Arctic are Transport of Russia, about 5.4 million tons groundless: we protect national interests, were carried in 2015 and 10.8 million tons address the issues of protecting the State in 2017 compared with a flow of less than Border, restoring our military infrastructure, 4 million tons in 2013. This year, in his May supporting the oil and gas exploration and decree, President Putin set the objective extraction activities of economic entities, of developing the Northern Sea Route protecting the fields, ensuring the smooth and increasing cargo traffic through it to functioning of the Northern Sea Route, and 80 million tons by 2024. This is a big and also, together with the law enforcement responsible objective. agencies and the special services, meet Much work needs to be done new challenges and counter threats within a short time. A comprehensive to security. civil shipbuilding development program There is no doubt that is needed. This refers primarily to the measures taken by the country’s icebreakers. Special attention should leadership will gradually address be given to building a domestic fleet to the problems accumulated in the Arctic, transport liquefied gas and deliver goods because this region is an important to the Northern Russian territories. It is and promising territory of our state. necessary to establish a sustainable Systematic work is needed to shape navigation and ice-breaking system, the Arctic awareness among Russian actively using the space technology citizens and their engagement with capabilities in the northern polar latitudes. the great Arctic causes.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 13 Crew members of the nuclear-powered Lenin on a ski trip during a brief stop of the ship in the ice of the Arctic THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE NUCLEAR ICEBREAKING FLEET ICEBREAKER LENIN

on the icebreaker Lenin was launched. The beginning of the second post-war decade was marked by a whole series of world-wide scientific and technological breakthroughs. The development and construction of a nuclear submarine and a nuclear icebreaker is rightly among the outstanding achievements of Soviet industry and science, along with the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite in 1957 and the WHAT TOMORROW first manned space flight in 1961. The implementation of such a challenging BRINGS engineering project was entrusted to the Admiralty Shipyard, the country’s oldest shipbuilding enterprise. Being a pioneer has The coming 2019 has been declared the year of nuclear become a tradition for Admiralty shipbuilders. icebreakers by the Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation. Keel-laid in August 1956, the icebreaker was The domestic nuclear icebreaking fleet celebrates its 60th built as soon as possible and after 16 months anniversary was launched, ahead of schedule. Its unique characteristics made it possible to bring the n December 3, 1959, a government Arctic routes and expeditions to a new level, commission signed the certificate of accepting to actually rediscover the water area of the the nuclear icebreaker Lenin, the world’s Northern Sea Route for year-round high-speed first nuclear-powered civilian ship, for trial navigation. Many foreign delegations sought to operation. The ship opened a new era in the visit the unique, most powerful icebreaker, while history of world shipbuilding. its image was firmly established in culture and Shipbuilders are still the first to inspired artists, poets, writers, and filmmakers. O successfully implement a complex engineering It was especially noted everywhere that the project - the full-fledged integration of a icebreaker Lenin is the first nuclear ship on the nuclear power plant into their ships. This planet for civilian purposes. has not happened yet either in aviation, or in Russian shipbuilders were able to put railway construction, or in the production of nuclear power at the service of their industry. military equipment. Of course, this required By combining efforts, they built a unique and the efforts of hundreds of enterprises and unsurpassed nuclear icebreaking fleet, whose thousands of specialists, because it was ships USC Group enterprises are able to build. a nationwide project. In the period of rapid Its availability makes our country a pioneer in nuclear power development, incredible the implementation of new Arctic projects for ideas of applying a nuclear power plant in all decades to come. areas were put forward. But the shipbuilders Recent years have proved that we can were those who managed to tame the atom not only be proud of the successes of previous and, more importantly, to use it for peaceful generations of shipbuilders, but also face the purposes. future. Relying on the vast experience of their For the first time, the “nuclear heart” predecessors, USC employees celebrate the started beating on the Project 627 K-3 anniversary year by working on new nuclear submarine (Leninsky Komsomol since 1962), icebreaker projects and continuing the glorious and just a year later a nuclear power plant history of Russian shipbuilding industry.

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INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY

THE PERIOD OF TIME SINCE AN IDEA IS CONCEIVED TILL IT MATURED IS OFTEN OMITTED IN MEMOIRS OF EMINENT PERSONS. IT’S NO WONDER THAT TODAY’S SEVMASH SHIPBUILDERS AND VETERANS HAVE NOT A COMPLETE PICTURE OF HOW AND WHEN NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY FOR SUBMARINES EMERGED IN THE COUNTRY. THE NUCLEAR SUBMARINE DID NOT EMERGE IN A MOMENT AND HAD BEEN PRECEDED BY CERTAIN EVENTS

LEONID BORODIKHIN Sevmash veteran, holder of medals named after Academicians V.P. Makeev n 1983, a monument to the first builders of the nuclear submarine Leninsky and N.A. Semikhatov Komsomol was unveiled at Sevmash. It is a token of gratitude to the unparalleled selfless and creative work of many thousands of Soviet people, united by the common goal of building a unique ship of modern times - one Iof the man-made wonders of the 20th century. This is a monument to the country’s outstanding scientists, science luminaries, Academicians Igor Kurchatov, Anatoly Alexandrov and Nikolay Dollezhal, as well as Vladimir Peregudov, an outstanding designer and chief designer of the first nuclear-powered submarine. Alexandrov was able to best express what the chief designer of the first nuclear- powered ship did. In a congratulatory telegram sent to Peregudov on the day of

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 15 Igor Kurchatov, Soviet physicist. Founder and first director of the Institute of Atomic Energy, the chief research supervisor of the atomic project in the USSR, one of the founders of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Academician Dollezhal recalls: “As for the fleet, everything here was much more complicated. None of the participants in the development of a nuclear power plant had anything to do with the fleet. For them, everything was unknown. I remember Igor Vasilyevich often phoned familiar admirals, shipbuilders and asked what power was needed, what the allowable weight of the power plant, its dimensions, etc. could be - all this worried him extremely. But it was not yet possible to begin developing something concrete. The question of whether or not to start developing solutions to this problem at the state level, with adequate funding, setting up the relevant teams, was repeatedly raised before the immediate superiors. But every time the answer was: “It’s not time yet, we’ll wait.” However, the idea of the necessity of using a nuclear power plant on a submarine fascinated physicists.” And in September 1952 the government issued a decree on launching the nuclear-powered submarine project without delay. The decision by Stalin followed several weeks after a secret meeting with Academician Alexandrov. In turn, this meeting was the result of a letter that Kurchatov and Alexandrov wrote to the Secretary General. In the letter, they asked for support in research on the development of a radically new submarine. On September 9, 1952, on orders from Stalin, the government prepared a decree on its development. Stalin signed it three days later. his sixtieth birthday, he wrote: “Your name will go down in the The decree stated that Academician Alexandrov was history of engineering of our homeland as the name of the appointed research supervisor for this project, and physicist person who made the biggest technological breakthrough in Dmitry Blokhintsev became his deputy. Vladimir shipbuilding, similar in its importance to the shift from sailing Peregudov, then the deputy director of the ships to steamships. Too few people can do even one Central Research Institute named after thing of this magnitude through life.” Academician Krylov, became the chief This is a monument also to Genrik Gasanov, the NONE OF THE designer of the boat and Nikolay Dollezhal outstanding developer and manufacturer of nuclear was the chief designer of the nuclear power plant equipment for the country’s first nuclear FATHERS OF THE power plant. General management was submarine, and Yevgeny Yegorov, the legendary director NUCLEAR POWER entrusted to Vyacheslav Malyshev, of Sevmash. Vice-Chairman of the USSR Council PLANT FOR of Ministers and also Minister of the PROBLEM WITH ALL UNKNOWNS THE FIRST Shipbuilding Industry. NUCLEAR In his book “The Creators of the Nuclear Age,” THREE MEN IN A BOAT Academician Dollezhal, who was the chief designer SUBMARINE HAD of a nuclear reactor on the first Projects 627, 627A CONNECTION WITH The main question that arose at submarines, says that soon after the experimental that time was what the reactor explosion of the first atomic bomb on August 29, 1949 THE FLEET should be. There were many other near Semipalatinsk, Igor Kurchatov began to persistently issues because everything was new. And discuss with his close collaborators and associates the then three men gathered: designer Vladimir question of how to suspend the further growth of the destructive Peregudov, head of the special boiler design power of atomic energy and channel it into the peaceful uses bureau at the Baltic plant, Genrik Gasanov, whom Academician for humanity. There had been talks on a variety of directions: Alexandrov called Iron Genrik, as well as the chief designer of on diesel locomotives driven by the energy of heat arising from the nuclear reactor Nikolay Dollezhal. The three of them began to the fission of uranium nuclei, and on aircraft. But the focus was draw, calculate and think hard. Of course, there were differences. on power plants and ships. Moreover, there were far fewer Overcoming them eventually gave birth to a nuclear power plant problems related to the feasibility of building a nuclear power for the first nuclear submarine. As a result of research, they came plant, they did not seem too difficult either for physicists or to the conclusion that it was possible to develop a submarine engineers, and quickly turned into a specific objective: to build with a displacement of about 3000 tons equipped with a nuclear a pilot power plant. That’s how it happened. The world’s first power plant of such power to reach a submerged speed of nuclear power plant was built and launched in 1954. But the idea up to 30 knots. It was these figures that formed the basis for of its creation was conceived much earlier, in 1949. developing all components of the first nuclear submarine.

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Anatoly Alexandrov, President of the reactor. Kurchatov recommended the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, laureate of the Lenin and Dollezhal to once again analyze the State Prizes of the USSR, three thermal-hydraulic system of the reactor. It times Hero of Socialist Labor turned out that the flow rate of water in the reactor fuel assemblies did not guarantee elimination of a heat exchange crisis at certain points, that is, it did not fully satisfy the conditions for the proper running of heat exchange processes. The analysis of the problem showed that it was necessary to change the flow rate of water in the core. At this time, the construction of a reactor had already begun at Gorky Plant No. 92, and Plant No. 12 in Elektrostal started making core elements. In short, the time to change the design of the reactor was most inappropriate. In addition, many authors of the reactor project believed that it was possible not to redesign it, since the heat exchange conditions could be considered acceptable, even though they were at their limit. A dispute arose on the necessity of correcting the situation. The institute led by Dollezhal held the view that it was necessary to redesign. Kurchatov, Alexandrov, and Malyshev supported this proposal, and in a very short time the design of the reactor was modified. This is how 1954 ended, the year of backstory, and 1955, the year of the construction of the first nuclear submarine in the Soviet Union, began. It may seem surprising that three persons, who had never before dealt with nuclear submarines, gathered in a room in order to address such a challenging issue. I think this can be explained by the fact that each of them was an expert in his field, and together they were fascinated with one common idea. Peregudov, a brilliant engineer and mathematician who graduated from the Naval Academy in 1930, had excellent engineering intuition and extensive experience in developing “traditional” submarines, well saw the design of the ship as a whole, the necessary relationships between its components and the impact of a future nuclear power plant on them. Dollezhal had no idea of the boat before, but had profound knowledge of reactor technology, as he was the chief designer of the reactor at the nuclear power plant in Obninsk launched in 1954. Gasanov, too, had no connection with submarines, he developed steam boilers for surface ships, but he knew steam technology perfectly. It was these three people who jointly proposed the project of the first nuclear submarine.

ENERGY OF DOUBT

Speaking about the history of the development of the first nuclear submarine, it must be said that for the Project 627 nuclear submarine, the thermophysical processes occurring in the reactor core were studied on a test stand in Obninsk. From Dollezhal’s memoirs it follows that during one of his visits to this stand, Kurchatov drew his attention to the fact that the results Chief Designer of the first obtained did not quite correlate with atomic reactor, Hero of the Soviet Union, Academician the calculated ones. This worried Igor Nikolay Dollezhal at Vasilyevich very much, although he a meeting of the Scientific Council of the USSR was not directly in charge of developing Academy of Sciences

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 17 ANNIVERSARY TOWARD THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE NUCLEAR SUBMARINE FLEET

A message to shipbuilders of the future – the first official time capsule at Sevmash

before placing the letter in the capsule, Alexander Lagunov, Sevmash veteran and the Hero of Socialist Labor, read the message: “A lot of hard work was put in this firstborn boat! Only a large country, united by a common idea of great accomplishment, was able to build such a nuclear ship within an incredible short period of time. Everyone, from the top ranking official to the worker, understood: we must build and deliver this order qualitatively and on time at any cost! Hundreds of enterprises in the country LETTER TO worked to fulfill this task. We went to the purpose for days and nights, sometimes SHIPBUILDERS falling from exhaustion.” The first nuclear submarine was laid down on September 24, 1955 under the OF THE FUTURE strictest secrecy, built for three years, and transferred to the fleet in December 1958. A «time capsule» with a message for future generations of More than 130 major organizations and shipbuilders was laid at Sevmash in honor of the 60th anniversary enterprises were involved in the construction. of the first Russian nuclear submarine K-3 Leninsky Komsomol During a conversation with journalists, Alexander Lagunov admitted: even though the deadline was tight, the shipbuilders had confidence. There was no great excitement even during the sea trials of the Leninsky Komsomol. You are busy all the time on the boat, both with your and battle systems.” Sevmash’s Director General Mikhail Budnichenko added that this is due to the high professionalism of the company’s employees. “Going to sea, they knew every screw, every valve, every mechanism, every device, and every system. Therefore, everything went well. But for shipbuilders, the days when a nuclear submarine is laid down, when it touches the water, when trials are completed and the submarine leaves for the fleet, are very exciting now as it was 60 years ago.” USC’s President Alexei Rakhmanov ppeal from the participants of the design, stressed that the message to shipbuilders of construction and testing of the country’s the future should show what the shipbuilders first nuclear submarine was placed in a did, including after the collapse of the Soviet time capsule and laid in the foundation of Union, and what difficulties they overcame. the monument. Veterans of Sevmash and “I want this message to help our descendants the Malakhit Design Bureau, who took part in 40 years understand what we did in these in the development and construction of the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union,” K-3, signed the appeal to shipbuilders of the the president of USC said. “But we overcame A future. The capsule will be opened in 2058 - everything. Sevmash and the Corporation by the centenary of the submarine. are entering new levels both in the number of This is the first official time capsule at ships and vessels under construction, and in Sevmash. Although another capsule, laid by the complexity of the work we do. And I am ELENA the plant workers in 1979, was accidentally absolutely sure that our descendants will not VORONTSOVA found this summer in tool shop 11. be ashamed of us.” Editor of the Sevmash Production Association’s website Today’s plant workers sent a letter to What awaits shipbuilding in 40 years? the future in a solemn setting. The workers Digital technologies, robotic systems ... Those of assembly-ways shop No. 42 were who will work during the years of opening the entrusted with laying the capsule. However, capsule will have to deal with this.

18 / USC №3 (36) 2018 the ground, and in 1958 the boat passed all MOTORCYCLE GREETING the trials and was handed over to the Navy. This event can be compared to sending the first man into space.” TO THE FIRST NUCLEAR “We are proud to continue your cause,” said Dmitry Shevkalenko, a master SUBMARINE of welding area in workshop No. 42 and president of the North Python motor club. “We are building a strong fleet of the strong The domestic nuclear-powered submarine K-3 Leninsky country. We remember that it was the time of pioneers. We have taken the torch!” Komsomol is the firstborn of nuclear shipbuilding in our The roar of engines and colorful flags country. Her cradle is in Severodvinsk. To commemorate the forced the citizens to pay attention to a 60th anniversary of the nuclear-powered ship, Sevmash has friendly column of motorcycles. When bikers arrived at Sevmash, they handed the flag to organized the first motorcycle ride in the history of the city young employees of the enterprise. Thus, motorcyclists became a link between the generations of shipbuilders who gave birth ikers drove around the city a flag with the to the nuclear submarine fleet by building symbols of the legendary ship, received the first domestic nuclear-powered ship and from Valery Zakharov, a participant continue their work to this day by making in the construction and testing of the modern fourth-generation submarines. submarine, and finished on the territory of Why exactly are bikers? The event the enterprise, near the monument to the was attended by two Severodvinsk builders of the Lenin sky Komsomol. motoclubs, North Python and Fire Bike. B It’s simple: about 80% of the bikers are TORCH TAKEN shipbuilders working at the core enterprises Valery Zakharov, a shipbuilding veteran, of Severodvinsk. In addition, all participants said: “The younger generation should of the motorcycle ride carefully studied the know the history of nuclear shipbuilding, history of the construction of the submarine. which began in 1954, when the Soviet The start date - September 22 - leadership entrusted our enterprise with was not chosen by chance. That’s the day building the first nuclear submarine in the when a monument to the builders of the country. submarine K-3 Leninsky Komsomol was ELENA We are proud to say: “Here is the opened 35 years ago. This is a sculpture VORONTSOVA birthplace of the first nuclear submarine!” of a worker who holds a submarine in his Editor of the Sevmash Production The construction was carried out in raised hands. The monument is installed Association’s website assembly-slipway workshop No. 42, next to the shop No. 42. And this is where luminaries of sciences came here, the acquaintance of young workers and countless issues were addressed right on specialists with production begins.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 19 LENINSKY KOMSOMOL: HISTORY OF A REPAIR PROJECT

Did the first Soviet nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol undergo repairs at Zvezdochka? Alexander Kulikov, a person in charge of construction and delivery of nuclear submarines repaired at Zvezdochka to customer, an active participant in many events in the history of Russian shipbuilding industry gave answers to this and other questions.

hile performing work on a ship, the plant workers usually do not know its history: it comes and goes “under a number” – like it’s not a warship with its history, crew, traditions, but a faceless mass of iron, which needs to be partially W replaced, partially lubricated, and again released into the ocean. Leninsky Komsomol arrived to Zvezdochka in the summer or autumn of 1963, a year after its triumphal voyage to the North Pole. Alexander Kulikov ALEXANDER remembers the young officers of BOBRETSOV this ship who were very popular Head of Organization in the Navy: commander Lev and Information Department, Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center Zhiltsov, engineering officer Rurik Timofeev, officer of the first division Vitaly Zaitsev, as well as lieutenant commander Ilya Colton.

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However, almost all of them were it turned out that the fore end of the boat and so!” Showing great skill, he poured soon transferred to the Academy, and was emerging horizontally, as it should the crack with a welding electrode all Zvezdochka specialists addressed all be, while the aft end was ascending at night without stopping. On the morning the key organizational and technical an angle (down by the stern). It’s an of November 10, everything was ready. issues with the new engineering officer emergency! What’s the matter? Nobody The floating dock left again the plant Vitaly Zaitsev, who later became head understands. A sailor was sent to check quay... of the Main Technical Directorate of the ballast tanks. He reports: «There is the Navy. ballast water in the 13th tank!» A military Was that the completion of quality control representative immediately Zvezdochka’s work on this famous Alexander Vasilyevich, what was forbade the continuation of the operation submarine? the main reason for docking Leninsky and demanded to perform a repeated leak ...... Komsomol? test on all ballast tanks. No, since now we had to prepare also ...... Only then did they find that the plugs the fifth steam generator compartment The reason related to faulty steam in the lower part of the aft – thirteenth – for transfer to Sevmash. To do this, generators. At that time, Zvezdochka ballast tank (in the flat keel) were cut additional special buoyancy tanks were was still mastering the repairs of nuclear off. The plant director instructed: “Test installed on the two sides of the submarines and was unable to cope with all ballast tanks from 6 to compartment stump, and this challenge on its own. Therefore, 8 November. Don’t let also its lead ballasting at the suggestion of Sevmash’s director those engaged in these was carried out. Yevgeny Egorov, it was decided to works leave the plant!” LENINSKY When compartment completely replace the fifth steam All tests were KOMSOMOL No. 5 inside the floating generator compartment. Zvezdochka had completed on time. ARRIVED TO dock was moved to dismantle the equipment, cut out this On the morning to the dock pit, compartment, and transfer the fore and of November 9, ZVEZDOCHKA an unforeseen aft ends of the boat to Sevmash, which the Commission gathered A YEAR AFTER event occurred: had to make and install a new steam again on board the floating the compartment generator compartment. dock. But ... on the night THE VOYAGE suddenly began rising Then I worked as a foreman in hull of November 8-9, a cold TO THE NORTH upright like a float plating shop No. 7 at Zvezdochka and of -25 °C unexpectedly instead of surfacing stated working on the Leninsky Komsomol struck. Right in front of POLE routinely! It turned out in August 1964, when the boat was those gathered, the outer that the plant designer already cut into three parts and was in hull of the submarine failed to confused the fore and aft ends the floating dry dock. However, it was withstand such rapid temperature changes of the compartment while performing necessary to plug the fore and aft ends, and split open at an old weld seam, and buoyancy and trimming calculations. trim them (that is, to ensure horizontal just on the ill-fated 13th aft ballast tank. Hence, such effective docking. buoyancy) and seal the ballast tanks. The Commission decided to postpone In December 1964, compartment When all these works were the docking, but only for one day – during No.5 was finally transferred to Sevmash. completed, the operation to tow the floating this time it was necessary to weld the But Zvezdochka’s involvement in dock from the quayside and bring the fore resulting crack. It wasn’t easy to do this in the Leninsky Komsomol repair project and aft ends to the surface was set for the freezing cold: a vertical crack of one did not ended: its employees went to November 5, 1964. But then an unforeseen to one-and-a-half centimeters stretched a nearby Sevmash and finished repair and event occurred: barely a few minutes for two and a half meters. They started dismantling work on equipment assigned before the towing of the floating dock welding – the crack began to spread to Zvezdochka until the spring of 1965. began, the senior master of one of across the hull like a spider’s web... The final repair and delivery of the shops ordered a worker to cut down Then the welder Ivan Nefedov helped the Leninsky Komsomol to the Navy was plugs in the lower part of the aft ballast everyone out: “Nonsense! We’ll weld carried out by Sevmash. tank installed previously for welding.

How could this happen? Then the Zvezdochka’s first shop – a block of assembly shops 12 tightness of the ballast tank was affected and docking became impossible...... This might be caused by excessive fatigue, a burden of responsibility, general nervousness, fuss, often leading to such errors. Only those who do nothing make no mistakes. However, then we, the other participants in the work on the ship, knew nothing about the plugs removed, and the floating dock was moved from the shipyard quayside to the “dock pit” as planned. When its submergence began,

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 21 Pacific Fleet, 1945

NATALIA MURUSHKINA Krasnoye Sormovo HEROIC spokesperson MALYUTKAS The year 2018 is marked by several anniversaries related to the Russian submarine fleet. The first submarine with a diesel-powered reversible engine was launched 110 years ago. Diesel submarines continue to play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness and capabilities of the Russian Navy

he M-class diesel submarines began to be built at the The solemn ceremony of commissioning Krasnoye Sormovo plant even before the Great Patriotic the submarine M-107 on June 24, 1943 War (15 units). These boats made a huge contribution to the victory: they could pass through where the enemy did not expect them, which enabled them to carry out combat missions under incredibly difficult conditions. Often it was the Tsmall size and durability of the submarine that became the main rescue for the crew and the main advantage during reconnaissance missions. The first naval task forces in the Far East were formed in 1932 due to the increasing threat from Japan. Submarines were needed to strengthen them, which, unlike the bulky Shchuka- and Leninets-class boats, could be quickly transferred to the Pacific coast in assembled form by rail. In the same year, by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Soviet Government, the designer

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Submarine base. Loading a torpedo on an M-class submarine. Black Sea Fleet, 1943

Alexey Asafov, the head of Technical Bureau No. 4, developed a project of the M-class series VI diesel submarine, and then, in 1932–1934, the series VI-bis boat. Due to their small size, the boats received the name Malyutka (Baby). Asafov used the project of the small submarine Minoga of 1906-1909 as a prototype. In 1932, the lead submarine M-2 was built first in Nikolaev, and then, by the end of 1934, thirty more series VI boats, including those assembled at Plant No. 202 in Vladivostok. Following them, another twenty series VI-bis boats were built at three plants in the country (No. 198, No. 200 and No. 196). These submarines carried out their mission of ensuring the security of the Far Eastern coast and, together with the rest of the Pacific Fleet’s boats, became an essential force deterring the Japanese. FOR THE FIRST In terms of their characteristics, these single- It was decided to eliminate the TIME IN THE hull submarines had undoubted advantages over Malyutka shortcomings in the submarine the previous projects’ boats. In particular, they of the next, improved series XII. Their HISTORY OF featured 40-60 tons more displacement (206/285 construction began in 1937. Just two years THE SUBMARINE tons); higher surfaced speed (14.4 versus 13.2 later, the designers presented an even more FLEET, THESE knots) and submerged speed (7.8 versus 7.2 improved project of the M-class series XV knots); 1.5 times longer surfaced range (650 diesel submarine. Unfortunately, the Soviet BOATS HAD miles) at maximum speed and 3380 miles at 8.6 plants did not have time to supply the front AN ALL-WELDED knots; three days longer endurance, reduced with a sufficient number of boats of this best submerging time and time to blow the main ballast project of the time, since at the beginning HULL tanks in the periscope condition, etc. In addition, of and during World War II it was decided to outfit mostly boats that were in a high degree of Submarine M-117 completion, to which the series XII submarines belonged. In 1937– 1941, of forty-six boats of this series, most - thirty-two - were built at Plant No. 112 (Krasnoye Sormovo), of which the majority were fitted out at plants in Nikolaev, Molotovsk, Kronstadt, Leningrad, Astrakhan and Baku, because the Sormovo Plant was switched to making T-34 tanks, The rest of the boats of this project were supplied to the front by the Sudomekh Plant in Leningrad.

SORMOVO’S “SERDYUKOVKI” The series XII boats were built to drawings developed by Chief Designer Peter Serdyuk, who armed the ships of the Volga Naval Flotilla back in 1918. That’s why they were called «serdyukovki» for some time at the beginning of World War II. Due to the lack of slipway area and because of their small size (44.5 m in length and 3.3 m in width), the Malyutka boats of this series were built at Krasnoye Sormovo and handed over in divisions of three units. Like the Malyutkas of the previous series built in Leningrad, the boats were constructed at Sormovo in a sectional way with the completion in dock chambers. The first division of the submarines M-57, M-96 and M-97 was laid down at the expense of Komsomol members and young people in 1937. Their construction was supported by a small group of designers. V.G. Belyaev, a veteran of underwater shipbuilding and a guardsman of the rear, recalled: “A gang engaged in hull erection of series XII boats was led by K.G. Yezhov, the machinery gang was headed by A.P. Smetanin, systems gang – by V.I. Urykov, electrics gang – by B.V. Osinin, P.S. Zuev, N.V. Spirichev, K.I. Yakushkin and others.” In total, the plant built fifteen series XII submarines before the war, and another seventeen during the war. The construction method used on boats of this series was even simpler compared with the S-class boats: they were built on a site in front of the workshop using tripods with hoists, and then in floating docks and were sent on railway platforms for completion to other plants and Krasnoye Sormovo’s commissioning facilities.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 23 TOWARD THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE SUBMARINE FLEET SORMOVO SHIPBUILDERS FOR THE RUSSIAN NAVY

same time, one From the memories shaft line with one of Yaroslav Iosseliani, diesel engine and commander of submarine one propulsion M-111: motor, poor torpedo armament “I had to wonder more than once how (a mere two bow the combat mechanisms of the Malyutka- torpedo tubes) class submarines could withstand the most challenging tests they were subjected to. remained the main I remember a case when lieutenant commander disadvantages of Valentin Komarov, one of the famous these submarines. submariners, right on the pier kissed the workers - In addition, ten representatives of the plant, who had gone out days of endurance together with the sailors to meet the boat that were still not returned from the operational voyage’’. enough to perform combat missions far from their home bases. All this affected the survivability of the Malkyutka boats. Nevertheless, the submariners had a lot of good memories of these boats. The difficult conditions on board on them united the crew. According to Rear Admiral Yury Rusin, who had fought on the Malyutka for the whole war, “those who served on the M-class submarines joined the fraternity of the “malyutkamen” for the rest of their lives, retained attachment to service on these ships. With its small size and small crew of two dozen people, these boats had reliable stealth, good maneuverability, and were able to sail in areas with shallow depths, with the least expenditure of ship energy resources. At the same time, the submariners noted the amazing reliability and durability of the Malyutkas.

WHAT GERMANS HAD? The construction of small submarines in the USSR and Germany began almost simultaneously. To counter the Soviet Malyutkas, Guards submarine M-35. 1943 Kriegsmarine adopted the Type II small submarines built at

German series II submarine

A group of the Black Sea Fleet submariners: Chief of Staff of the 3rd Submarine Division E.I. Izrailevich, Commander of Submarine M-11 Ya.K.Iosseliani, Commander of Submarine M-117 German shipyards Deutsche Werke, Flender-Werke and Krupp. A.N. Kesaev, Commander of Submarine M-112 S.N. Khasanov 1944 They were based on the submarine Vesikko, designed in Holland back in the 1920s and built in Finland in 1934. the M-class series XII submarines received the most advanced These were submarines with a displacement, depending on electronic navigation equipment for the time. And one of the main variants, from about 254 to 314 tons (surfaced) and from 303 breakthroughs in submarine shipbuilding was that, for the first to 364 tons (submerged), with three bow torpedo tubes, with a time in the history of the construction of the world submarine surfaced speed of 12.7-13 knots and a range from 1600 to 5650 fleet, these boats had an all-welded hull. This made it possible to miles at 8 knots (surfaced) and 56 miles at 4 knots (submerged) remove the excessive roughness inherent in riveted hulls. At the depending on variant. German submariners scornfully nicknamed

24 / USC №3 (36) 2018 Submarine M-107. Black Sea Fleet, first half of the 1950s o expand the capabilities of the M-class submarines and eliminate these boats “canoes” because of close quarters and tendency the shortcomings of previous projects, Project 96 or series XV to roll on the surface. The first Type IIA submarine with a T was developed in 1939 by the TsKB-18 Design Bureau led by displacement of 254/303 tons (surfaced/submerged) was launched Fyodor Polushkin. Most of the shortcomings of the previous M-class in Germany in 1935. submarine projects were eliminated in this series, and all of the ship Between 1935 and 1941, Germany built about fifty Type II systems and devices were re-designed in the light of the experience of boats: IIA, IIB, IIC, IID, of which type IIB was the most common building submarines of all previous series (20 submarines). By 1941, the Type II submarines accounted for Unlike the previous Malyutkas, the new submarine had one and a approximately 60% of the German submarine fleet, many of them, half hull architecture with bulges, like the Shchuka-class boats had, tanks, especially IIA boats, were used primarily for training. The rest of which the main water ballast was moved to. Its displacement increased the fleet consisted of Type I and Type VII boats. to 281 tons and the buoyancy margin was 23.6%. The hull allowed two Kriegsmarine’s very first flotilla of small submarines was the diesel engines and propulsion motors to be housed. As a result, the total Weddigen flotilla, later renamed the First Submarine Flotilla. It was power of the main submarine diesels increased one and a half times, the commanded by then captain Karl Doenitz, who later became the surfaced speed grew by 1.8 knots, the surfaced range at the economic commander-in-chief of the German Navy. According to Doenitz’s speed increased by more than 1000 miles. The endurance increased memoirs, an average of two dozen boats rolled off the stocks one and a half times up to fifteen days. Four instead of two torpedo tubes monthly as early as the end of 1941. They carried out patrol and could now be housed in the bow compartment. In addition, they were mine-laying missions in the coastal zones of Norway, the North equipped with actuators to set the running depth of the torpedo and its Sea and the Baltic Sea. Type II was subsequently recognized as Aubrey gyro. one of the least successful because of the large number of fatal It was planned to build a total of twenty-two boats to this project. incidents. Before the war, only seven boats at Plant No. 196 in Leningrad and eight For the first time, the Malyutkas faced enemy submarines of at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant were laid down. Of the Leningrad-built the same weight category in the Black Sea, where the 30th flotilla boats, four were fitted out during the war at plant No. 638 in Astrakhan and was deployed by the Germans with a home base in Romania’s three after the war. Constanta. But we will tell more about this and the actions of Due to switching to the construction of tanks, Krasnoye Sormovo the Malyutkas in the theaters of naval operations in the following transferred four submarines to Molotovsk (now Severodvinsk), to Plant No. issues of the USC magazine. 402, of which one was commissioned immediately after the war and five more were completed in 1947 in Leningrad at Plant No. 196. In 1946–1947, it was planned to launch large-scale construction of the boats to this Sources: G.A. Ileskin, Yu.K. Menshchikov, A.A. Postnov, T.V. Koryagin. The book Red Sormovo”: the Plant and the People,” 2006 project at Krasnoye Sormovo using a new, flow-sectional method, but on May 13, 1947, a government decree was signed to switch the Sormovo The material was prepared with the support of the deputy director of the Sormovo Museum Plant exclusively to the construction of civilian river fleet vessels (tugs, M.G. Finyukova (Nizhny Novgorod), Nizhny Novgorod regional office of the Russian Military barges). Thus, the Sormovo’s plans were never realized. Nevertheless, the Historical Society, historian E.V. Polomoshnov (Novosibirsk), chief curator of the Museum of the History of the Russian Navy N.L. Krytsina (Moscow). series got a second breath, and between 1947 and 1953, another forty- five Malyutka series XV boats were built at Plant No. 196.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 25 MARITIME HERITAGE THE WORLD OCEAN MUSEUM A New Life of the Legendary Ship s For most countries, maritime museums are a kind of symbol to declare itself as sea power. Today there are about two hundred museums in the world. Unfortunately, in Russia, which has access to the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic Oceans and numerous seas, there had been no complex maritime museums until 1990. But everything changed in the early 1990s, when the World Ocean Museum was set up in Kaliningrad

The main building of the museum

26 / USC №3 (36) 2018 Exposition named Depth

SVETLANA SIVKOVA Director General of the World Ocean Museum, Deputy Chairman of the Interdepartmental Commission on Maritime Heritage of the Marine Board under the Government of the Russian Federation, laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation

he location of the museum complex turned out to be symbolic. In the era of old Koenigsberg, a building of T the Poseidon shipping company, sail sewing workshops, port warehouses, consulates of various countries, etc were at that place. Immanuel Kant used to come to the territory of the old port. He walked along the cobbled embankment and watched the ships... In 1945, British bombers wiped out the center of the city, the former berths and port facilities remained merely a memory. Perhaps, twenty years ago, few could have thought that a favorite resting place for Kaliningraders and guests of the capital of the Amber Region would appear here soon. For 28 years of its activity, the World Ocean Museum has managed to transform this abandoned territory and create a unique cultural environment – the 2-kilometer-long Historical Fleet Embankment second to none in Russia, and, perhaps, in the world. Here is an extensive collection in the open that is regularly renewed with new exhibits: anchors, hydrologic buoys, boats, masts, vessels, underwater manned vehicles and much more. But the main thing is, of course, the ships, each of which has become the architectural component of the city.

THE ERA OF VITYAZ

This embankment began with the legendary research vessel Vityaz, perhaps the most famous research ship of the twentieth century. A national school of oceanology was formed on its board, and the depth of the Mariana Trench was measured for the first time from its board, and Thor Heyerdahl and Jacques Yves Cousteau walked along its decks. The vessel, which gave the name to the whole scientific era, was the beginning of the Historical Fleet Embankment. But its fate could have gone the other way, too. Built in 1939 at German Bremerhaven’s shipyard by order from the Neptune shipping company as a cargo/passenger vessel, it was intended to deliver fruit from the southern countries to Germany. But World War II made its adjustments. Mars (that was the name of

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 27 The research vessel Cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev is the single space communications vessel in the world having a museum exposition on board

even to German specialists, would never Historical Fleet happen, entered the Pregoly River waters Embankment and moored at the museum’s pier thereby initiating the creation of a whole embankment of ships. Today tours of the research vessel Vityaz are a great opportunity to follow the paths of Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama, Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky, Alexander Kolchak and Umberto Nobile, visit the engine room, go down into holds and see the deep-water winches with a metal cable 11 kilometers long. During almost three decades, the submarine B-413, the medium fishing trawler SRT-129, and the space the vessel in those years) carried pulp from Scandinavia, and then communications vessel Cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev have joined became a military hospital for 600 people. The vessel made its last the Vityaz. The icebreaker Krasin, a branch of the museum voyage on April 13, 1945. in St. Petersburg, connected Russia’s westernmost region with The war ended, and the vessel found itself in the UK as war the northern capital, extending the embankment by a thousand reparations with the new name Forward, Empire. Liverpool was its kilometers. And in 2017, the lightship Irbensky, the country’s home port, but it was there for less than a year, after which it was last inhabited floating lighthouse, moored at the museum pier. transferred to the USSR and moored in Leningrad. The Institute of Its story is somewhat reminiscent of Vityaz’s story – years of Oceanology, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which was glory followed by years of neglect. But in both cases, friends just set up, required a scientific oceanic vessel. The choice fell on helped save the unique vessels, without which the museum Forward, Empire. Between 1949 and 1979, the vessel named Vityaz probably couldn’t evolve so rapidly and grow into a world-class carried out 65 expeditions, travelling more than 800,000 nautical cultural complex. miles, 7943 research stations, discoveries, calls to exotic countries, Vityaz’s museum life has lasted for almost three decades, and meetings with interesting people. This period is called the era of while its ship’s life is nearing eighty: we’ll celebrate the anniversary the Vityaz in the world of oceanology. in 2019. The Vityaz completed its final scientific voyage in Kaliningrad Docking lies ahead for the vessel. The Vityaz will again unmoor in 1979. It was “dying” for more than ten years, gradually turning and go to a repair shipyard. The United Shipbuilding Corporation into a pile of scrap metal. The legendary vessel was saved by provides great assistance in this regard. The joint project is to be a group of enthusiasts. In 1994, Vityaz, whose revival, according implemented in 2019, so preparatory work is well underway.

28 / USC №3 (36) 2018 MARITIME HERITAGE THE WORLD OCEAN MUSEUM

BEAM OF LIGHT OVER THE IRBENSKY STRAIT According to Arkady Temin, the head of the 110th section of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet’s Hydrographic Service, who served I would like to tell about one our exhibit in more detail. That’s maybe on the Irbensky from 1977 to 1985, weekdays on board the floating because it has recently become a museum object, and maybe lighthouse proceeded quite monotonously, and the story of its because of a particular treatment to it as a “last child.” evacuation in 1994 from Latvia to the fleet base in Baltiisk and The lightship Irbensky came to Kaliningrad in 2017, on the night further to St. Petersburg was most exciting. of June 30, and moored at the museum pier. For the first time in The Irbensky floating lighthouse served the Hydrographic ten years, it went to the sea. But a few years ago there were fears Department of the Russian fleet for another 15 years as that it might go for scrap. The Irbensky was the last inhabited a headquarters ship for the hydrographic vessels division. floating beacon built in the world. The ship’s length was 43.4 m By 2008, some of the lighthouse’s equipment had already and the full-load displacement was 672 tons. Its design absorbed been removed, but things went on the ship as usual: there were all the experience accumulated in the construction and papers on the captain’s desk, people were walking operation of lightships. Special attention was paid around the airlocks, and a dinner for the crew was to endurance, safety and comfortable conditions being cooked in the galley. A few months later, of service on the vessel destined to spend eight to the captain of the Irbensky passed away, and nine months in the cold and capricious Baltic Sea, FOR 28 YEARS then the life left the floating lighthouse itself. far away from the coast and port. OF ITS ACTIVITIES, Soon it was decommissioned from the Baltic For the first time the floating lighthouse Fleet and found itself at auction as ferrous was stationed between August 2, 1962 and THE WORLD metal scrap. January 19, 1963. Since May 5, 1963, the OCEAN MUSEUM We first heard about the floating lighthouse was installed permanently. The exact HAS CREATED lighthouse Irbensky at the international location of the lighthouse was determined by two scientific and practical conference Maritime supplementary adjacent angles between three A UNIQUE Heritage of Russia in 2010. The mayor points: Sõrve, Mikelbaka and Ovishi lighthouses. CULTURAL of the town of Lomonosov said that the Twenty-four years of the Irbensky’s service lighthouse had been abandoned in the town. on the Mikhailovsky shoal was relatively quiet. ENVIRONMENT Then Kronstadt, the town of sea glory, declared The lighthouse was annually stationed in April-May that it wanted to take it for itself. Five long years and was removed in January-February, depending passed, but the issue remained unresolved: there was on the ice situation. In the off-season, the lightship no berth place either in St. Petersburg, or in Lomonosov, underwent maintenance in Ventspils or Liepaja. There were two or in Kronstadt. Everyone understood that it would soon significant incidents: in November 1969, the lighthouse broke off be impossible to recondition the vessel at all. At that time it already moorings by a hurricane, and in January 1983, its stern mast broke took a list, sprung leaks and there were holes. The abandoned off. With the construction of the offshore lighthouse Irbensky in 1985 and de-energized lighthouse was deteriorating and crumbling year on an offshore foundation, there was no longer need for a floating by year. The sudden media focus and public attention helped save lighthouse, and following the end of the 1986/87 navigation season, the inconspicuous vessel from being cut into “needles,” but the the Irbensky came to Liepaja for a two-year repair. main thing lied ahead: the search for new owners for the Irbensky A new position for the floating lighthouse, renamed Ventspilsky, which would have the courage to go through seven circles of was at the beginning of the fairway leading to the port of Ventspils. domestic bureaucracy and ensure that the last floating lighthouse However, in two navigation seasons, from 1989 to 1991, the floating in the country will be kept for future generations. lighthouse broke the moorings four times and was replaced by After several years of tedious interdepartmental an ice-class receiving buoy. correspondence, it had been finally possible to determine

Submarine B-413 A sailboat used by fishermen of the Curonian Lagoon MARITIME HERITAGE THE WORLD OCEAN MUSEUM

the future of the vessel as a result of the pro-active position held In the age of advances in communications and navigation by the Maritime Heritage Commission of Russia’s Government technologies, many lighthouses were closed and destroyed, and Marine Board. The World Ocean Museum, which has extensive they are an integral part of the history of the development of experience in restoring and exhibiting unique ships in Kaliningrad the Russian seas, their loss is comparable to the disappearance and St. Petersburg, became a new family for the Irbensky. of an important chapter of our past. That’s why it is so important The museum managed to ensure the transfer of the vessel from to preserve the last existing floating lighthouse in Russia, to draw the Ministry of Defense, the inclusion of the Irbensky in the list of public attention to the history of the disappearing profession of the maritime heritage of Russia and the allocation of funds for dock a light keeper, to the vanishing technical structures of this type – repairs. In late October 2017, the lightship Irbensky, moored the monuments of technology and culture. to two tugboats, was towed to the Kronstadt Marine Since the floating lighthouse Irbensky, Plant for dock repairs. built for the Soviet Union at Finnish NEW EXHIBITS shipyards, it broke from the tradition of “HERE ARE A NAIL AND A HAMMER” chritening the vessel that had been ARE BEING ADDED canceled then, the management of The ship was docked at the plant – the hull was TO THE EXTENSIVE the World Ocean Museum decided welded and painted. However, there was no money to hold such a ceremony. In July to weld and install all internal premises. Then the team COLLECTION UNDER 2017, Father David, a representative from Kaliningrad realized that this had to be done with THE OPEN SKY of the Kaliningrad diocese of the their hands. In total, this saved half a million rubles. Russian Orthodox Church, christened Just a few people worked at the lighthouse: the vessel, and Nelli Alekperova, president Alexei Shutkin, Deputy General Director of the World of the LUKOIL Charitable Foundation, became Ocean Museum in charge of fleet; Boris Presnyakov, a captain with its godmother. Thus, the floating lighthouse Irbensky took a worthy long service and experience of working on museum ships, who place near the Historic Fleet Embankment of the World Ocean previously headed the crew of the icebreaker Krasin, two sailors Museum. This marked a new page in the history of the vessel, and me. its new eternal watch began. We were cleaning in full gear – in masks and gloves, but it did The World Ocean Museum has a lot of ideas on how not help. We all were itching because glass wool was all around. the floating lighthouse Irbensky will look like. It is coming to life. When we left Kronstadt, all the doors had to be covered with Its galley, wardroom, wheelhouse, lighthouse and radio rooms have insulation foam, everything had to be chalked – these were the already been restored. Cabins, too, should also come to life soon, requirements. Every day we bought foam bottles. All the equipment where guests – hydrographs, ocean scientists – can stay. Visitors had to be secured for the storm before the upcoming towing. will be able to admire the restored pilot boat installed on the vessel. I remember seeing an old torn chair at the last moment. It was The museum workers will put in order both the navigation room a pity to throw it away. Then someone commanded: «Here are and the meteorological laboratory, as they have already restored a nail and a hammer – nail it!” the appearance of the luxurious mushroom-shaped anchor At the end of June, the weather began to change. We that once decorated the bow of the vessel. And of course, understood that if we delayed the start of towing to Kaliningrad for the lighthouse itself. a day or two, we would catch in a storm. Early in the morning of Its lighthouse lens survived. A small light bulb is on today June 25, 2017 we went out to sea, now exhaling deeply. aboard the vessel, we installed it precisely on City Day. We laid On the night of June 29-30, the Irbensky was towed to a cable there, put and light a lamp to make the citizens understand Kaliningrad and moored at the World Ocean Museum pier. that this was a new symbol of the city and the region. We will The United Shipbuilding Corporation, which has become a reliable restore also a nautophone located on the second mast, which was assistant and friend of the museum, helped bring the Irbensky to buzzing with a low beautiful sound during the fog. Our lighthouse a new duty station. must live!

30 / USC №3 (36) 2018 GLORIOUS PAGES THE BIRTH OF TRAWLER FLEET TRANSLATION FROM GERMAN A special slip for 28 slipways was built IGOR IVANOVSKY at the shipyard. Due to lack of experience Director of the Northern in the design of fishing vessels in the Soviet Shipyard Museum Union, technical documentation was acquired abroad. The choice fell on Deutsche Werft, a German shipbuilding company. Working documentation had to be finalized. The shipyard’s design engineer Orest Jacob did this. Re-design of THEY WERE the project was that the vessels had to meet the requirements of the USSR Maritime Register, the rules of which differed from THE FIRST those of the German Lloyd’s Register. In revising the technical documentation, the designers provided for There is much talk today about the need to revive the the possibility of substituting the weight fishing industry, to renew and modernize the fishing of expendable stocks for the weight of the caught fish. When leaving for catch, fleet in Russia. In the 1920s and 30s, the Soviet Union trawlers took 240 tons of coal, 60 tons was faced with a similar problem. of salt or ice, 55 tons of feedwater, 35 tons of drinking water, and 10 tons of provisions. The vessel’s total reserves amounted to 400 tons. When the vessel returned from the fishery, the caught fish (salted or frozen) uilding a trawler fleet was a major amounted to 290 tons, fish meal 40 tons, achievement of the Soviet shipbuilding fish oil 14 tons. 56 tons were supposed industry during the first Five-Year Plan. to be left for fuel, food and water. The plan envisaged a significant increase A 600-675 hp steam engine at 110– in fish catches, but there was no fleet 115 rpm provided a speed of the vessel up for catching in the northern and far- to 10 knots. There were engine and boiler eastern seas. Therefore, on the decision rooms on the trawler. One four-cylinder B by the Central Committee of the Party steam engine was installed in the first and the Soviet government, the Northern room and a boiler with the vapor pressure shipyard started building a large series up to 15 atmospheres in the second one. Stocks for series production of trawlers of fishing trawlers. The vessel was divided by transverse

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 31 Trawler RT-57 after launching. 1931

ELECTRICAL WELDING WAS WIDELY watertight bulkheads into USED DURING slip was not completed carry hull erection operations. By the next six compartments, each of CONSTRUCTION until 1931, the first congress of the All-Union Komsomol, which had its own purpose. four trawlers (S-375 – the Komsomol teams began construction A steam double trawl OF THESE S-378) were built on of four more trawlers. Komsomol members winch with a pull force VESSELS temporary wooden initiated the construction of the first of 8 tons was installed stocks located near welded ship. onboard the vessel. This a major slipway. These An article appeared in the shipyard hand-operated winch lowered vessels sere launched sideways. newspaper: “Today, on December and raised the fishing net-trawl, which Four trawlers (S-398 - S-401) were built 14, 1931, on the opening day of the had two warps. The winch heaved in both on large stocks that turned out to be Narva district conference of the All-Union warps for 25 minutes. There was a fish temporarily free. All other vessels were built Komsomol, the first electric-welded meal and oil plant onboard the vessel for on the slip. trawler in the USSR was keel-laid by fish processing. For the first trawler, this the Komsomol team led by Comrade plant was purchased in Germany, while for KOMSOMOL INNOVATIONS Ivanov a month ahead of schedule. subsequent trailers they were manufactured The first trawler, which received Committing ourselves to finish the at the Northern shipyard according to the name RT-57, was launched on construction of the trawler by May 1 and the existing model. November 29, 1930 and was handed over at the same time to speed up work on A helmsman and navigational cabin, to the customer next year. The second the remaining vessels being built by our captain’s cabin, radio cabin, fat factory, trawler was launched on December 7, Komsomol members, we must mobilize cabins for the command personnel 1930. In addition, the trawler RT-57 was maximum strength and energy in order and a wardroom were on the trawler’s built by a Komsomol youth team, which to fulfill our commitments with honor forecastle. There was a crew’s mess room took a mere two months and nine days to this time.” under the navigation room. When leaving for catch, the vessel Drawing had a trim by the stern of up to one meter. of the longitudinal section However, as the fuel and water were used, of the trawler the vessel was “leveled” and, when the holds were loaded with the fish caught, had a noticeable trim by the bow or, as the sailors said, “sat down like a pig” The endurance of the vessel averaged 30 days. The first series of trawlers under construction at the Northern shipyard consisted of 28 vessels (hull numbers S-375 – S-402). Since the work on equipping the launching part of the

32 / USC №3 (36) 2018 GLORIOUS PAGES Ground ways THE BIRTH OF TRAWLER FLEET for launching trawlers

The built slip made it Young builders according to an extended of trawlers. possible to launch vessels 1931 program, which involved both in summer and the functional check of all winter. To break the ice devices and mechanisms. and escort the launched The vessel achieved a speed vessel to the outfitting of twelve knots over the measured mile wall, the workers adapted instead of ten under the contract. a trawler launched before freeze-up. On February THERE WAS A WAR TOMORROW 18, 1932, a trawler (hull Following the first series, the construction number S-395) was launched from the slip, and tasked to perform all the calculations and of trawlers of the second series (hull numbers while the role of the icebreaker was performed determine the value of one vessel and the S-403 - S-418 and S-457 - S-468) began. by the trawler RT-62 built previously. However, series as a whole. The shipyard’s designers made some changes the winter launching had to be abandoned Attempts were made to introduce a hull to the project. The vessel became one and due to protests from the customer, which, of block construction method in the process of a half meters longer, a long aft superstructure course, slowed down the pace of construction building trawlers. The blocks consisted of: two appeared instead of a short aft castle, and of fishing vessels. or three sheets of the layout of some shipboard spaces The entire series of vessels was outer plating with changed. The displacement of scheduled to be completed in two or three several frames; YOUNG the second-series trawlers years. However, the construction of trawlers several inner- COMMUNISTS was 40 tons more. One of continued until 1937. This was caused bottom floor plates; INITIATED the trawlers of the first series by an acute shortage of labor. The plant fully-riveted cross was converted at the management was forced to hand over bulkheads; transom THE CONSTRUCTION shipyard into a vessel for the assembly of two vessels to Nizhny bulkhead with OF THE FIRST collecting algae and Novgorod Riveters, a cooperative, which radial frames. Yet WELDED VESSEL was given the name worked under the supervision and guidance another innovation, Odessa City Council. of the shipyard’s engineers. Several vessels the widespread use During the Great were outfitted in the port of Murmansk. of electric welding, Patriotic War 1941-45, part The first trawler from the slip was was introduced during of the fishing trawlers were converted launched on September 13, 1931, and construction of these vessels. Moreover, into minesweepers and patrol ships. Two the second - ten days later. after acquiring sufficient experience on 45-mm guns and two 12.7-mm machine It is curious that the shipyard the first trawler, welding began to be used in guns were installed on vessels re-fitted management and the customer could not the manufacture of hulls on other vessels. as minesweepers, and mine sweepers of agree on the cost of the vessels under The trawler with a welded hull was laid down the MTSh and MZT types appeared instead construction for a long time. In the end, on December 14, 1931 and successfully of fishing nets. The patrol ships had two a special commission chaired by the future handed over to the customer next year. 76.2-mm guns and four 20-mm and 7.62-mm Academician Julian Shimansky was set up Moreover, the trawler RT-57 was tested machine guns.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 33 THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY LEGENDARY NAMES

IVAN GREN – THE MAN AND THE SHIP

This summer, a solemn ceremony of hoisting St. Andrew’s flag on board the large landing ship Ivan Gren was held at the Yantar Baltic Shipbuilding Plant. The famous admiral, after whom the formidable warship was named, was born on December 25, 1898. This year marks the 120th anniversary of his birth

EDUARD van Ivanovich Gren went through a long and Between 1931 and 1935, he was a commander PLOTKIN difficult life’s road. He was born on December and commissar of the Black Sea Fleet’s Deputy Director General 13 (25), 1898 in the town of Fellin, Livonia Crimean fortified area. of the Nevsky Design Province. From 1914 to 1917, he was a sea Even at that time, the scientific views Bureau cadet of the Kronstadt School of the Russian of the naval officer on the development of Navy, then studied at a naval gunnery school fleet artillery were revealed, and in 1935 Ivan and successfully graduated from the training Gren was appointed the chief of the Artillery classes of artillery non-commissioned officers Naval Research Institute (ANIMI). Here Gren ALEXANDER I of the Baltic Fleet. Ivan Gren acquired his faced the Great Patriotic War, in which his TOPORIKOV Design Engineer, first naval skills of the future commander and professional qualities were fully manifested. Nevsky Design Bureau gunner on board the training ships Nikolayev, As the fleet historian Captain 1st rank Verny, Peter the Great, the minesweeper Argun Yury Korshunov writes in his book, it was his and the famous destroyer Azard, which during high professionalism and tireless energy that the First World War carried out patrol and raised the ANIMI’s role and authority in the ANATOLY convoy services, provided and covered fleet development of naval artillery. RAZDOLGIN operations in the Baltic Sea. More than two dozen new artillery systems Captain 1st rank retired, Chairman of the Board Gren began his service in the Workers were developed for ships under construction of Directors, Shtandart ‘and Peasants’ Red Navy in 1918 and never and coastal defense between 1932 and 1940 Publishing and Art Center changed the chosen profession. In 1922, according to design specifications substantiated he successfully graduated from the gunnery by ANIMI and with the personal participation course for navy commanding officers. Soon of Ivan Gren, including the 180 mm MK-3-180 he received the responsible post of watch three-gun turret for Project 26 cruisers, 130 mm officer, and then of the gunner of the destroyer B-13 two-gun deck turret for Projects 7 and 7u Karl Marx. The command noted the activity destroyers, B-34 100-mm one-gun anti-aircraft of the young officer, his interest in the chosen mount and others. The development of the 406 specialty, the ability to work with the personnel mm MK-1 three-gun turret for the battleship and sent Gren to the Higher Special Advanced Sovetsky Soyuz (Soviet Union) was a crowning Training Course for the fleet commanders, achievement of artillery science in the pre-war which he graduated in 1925. Immediately after period. the course, the officer was assigned to the The working drawings of the MK-1 turret position of flag gunner at the headquarters of mount were completed by 1938. As the head the Baltic Fleet destroyer brigade, and then of the Naval Artillery Directorate Innokentii the flag gunner of the Baltic Naval Forces (he Mushnov recalled, one set of them included remained as such until 1930). During a year, thirty thousand designer paper sheets. If you Gren commanded the coastal defense of lay a path of them, it would stretch for two the Black Sea Fleet’s Crimean fortified area. hundred kilometers. And all this was done

34 / USC №3 (36) 2018 without copiers and service. He often had to assume personal computers. A prototype responsibility to achieve victory. installation with a B-37 Ivan Gren ended the war as chief artillery barrel on the MP-1 mount officer in the combat training department was manufactured within of the Main Staff of the Navy. Together less than a year. Its tests with his combat associates, he generalized at ANIMI’s proving ground the experience of the war in the Academic began in July 1940. The Officers’ Course at the Voroshilov Naval commission was headed Academy. In 1947, he was appointed the by Rear Admiral Ivan Gren. With an expected Leningrad, to shell and suppress enemy firing chief of the Academy. Ivan Gen retired from barrel life of 150 rounds, 173 rounds were points, enemy equipment and manpower, and this post in March 1960 with the rank of Vice actually fired. to organize the cooperation between naval Admiral. Many studies were carried out at the artillery and ground artillery units. The shelling For distinction in service and Institute under the leadership of Gren that of Leningrad, Kronstadt, moorings and critical impeccable fulfillment of the call of duty, Ivan played an important role in building naval facilities by the enemy’s artillery forced to Gren was awarded two Orders of Lenin, artillery. Thus, in the mid-1930s, a modern use naval artillery primarily to destroy the four Orders of the Red Banner, the Naval optical-mechanical industry was established in enemy’s fire weapons. Starting from the first Order of Nakhimov, 1st degree, medals “For the country. ANIMI and Gren personally played shellings of the city in early September, all the the Defense of Leningrad,” “For the Victory a significant role in this. The development of ships of the fleet and coastal batteries began over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of weapon optics for ships was carried out on the to systematically counter-fire the enemy’s 1941-1945,”,”For the Victory over Japan” and Institute’s instructions. batteries. other insignia. A large landing ship, on which Under Gren, the ANIMI Institute grew When the plan to capture Leningrad in it is a great honor and great trust to serve, nearly sixfold. By 1940, it consisted of eleven stride failed, the German fascist command was named after Vice-Admiral Ivan Gren, the departments with twenty-five branches. The decided, in addition to blockading the city renowned scientist and the gunner famous Institute employed 322 people, including from land, to destroy it by air bombardment across the whole fleet. 83 servicemen. In the prewar years, it was and heavy artillery shelling. To protect the city the largest research institute of the Navy. and military facilities of the fleet from artillery The publication is based on the booklet Ivan The acquired practical skills and excellent shelling, 321 120–406 mm naval guns were Gren, St. Petersburg, Shtandart Publishing and knowledge of naval artillery were very useful used in addition to the front’s artillery. In Art Center, 2018 to Rear Admiral Gren during the Great September 1941 counter-battery fire of naval Patriotic War, when he was responsible for the artillery accounted for about half of the total leet artillery was commanded defense of Leningrad and the naval bases of fleet firing, whereas by November 1941 the by Rear Admiral Ivan Gren. I the fleet. figure was about 80% and 69% of fleet firing Fremember Ivan Ivanovich from During the war, the Baltic Fleet’s gunners in total for 1941. Often, to locate an enemy the time of the naval school, where he led by Gren did everything possible and even gun and suppress it, naval gunners made a taught us artillery, his favorite subject. impossible to defend the city on the Neva bold decision and draw fire upon themselves. In a well-equipped classroom, the River, to break through and lift the blockade of Admiral Gren did the same in his life and cadets thoroughly studied the artillery materiel, and in a special hall they mastered the art of controlling artillery fire. It was in the mid-1920s. And twenty years later, the teacher and his students held the combat exam not in the classrooms, but in firing positions, repelling the onslaught of the enemy. Ivan Gren proved to be an excellent specialist and organizer in Leningrad. Once with the fleet commander Vladimir Tributs, we observed the action of our batteries, which were ordered to suppress enemy guns that were shelling the city. It took Gren only a few minutes to silence the enemy’s long-range battery with accurate naval artillery fire.

From the book “On A Course Toward Victory» by Admiral Nikolai Kuznetsov

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 35 All new is well forgotten old. This popular wisdom STANDARD is largely embodied in USC’s program aimed at improving and optimizing production processes OF CLEANLINESS at the corporation’s enterprises AND ORDER

TAMARA KARATUSHINA Correspondent of Yantar’s newspaper “Forward!” Evgeni Morozov, chief of the department on development of the production system

n Soviet times, such optimization was based on the scientific organization of labor. Today it is a whole set of projects that address the same issues, but in a new perspective. The world around us is changing, and shop- floor organization must also be continuously I improved to ensure that the plant remains competitive in its industry. To launch production transformation processes, which ultimately make it possible to carry out orders better, faster and cheaper, a production system development department was set up at the Yantar Baltic Shipyard late last year, and Yevgeny Morozov headed it. “The transformation of an enterprise is a difficult, but very exciting way, which enables one to thoroughly understand and improve the processes taking place in any structural subdivision of the plant,” Morozov believes. There could be no question of implementing any even the best processes without the direct involvement of the employees themselves, he is convinced. Such serious problems are addressed only together. It is precisely this kind of close cooperation that the management team counts, launching the of the first 5S project. “Preparations for launching the 5S project are currently underway at the shipyard. On the outside, these are simple and uncomplicated requirements for maintaining order and

36 / USC №3 (36) 2018 KNOW-HOW IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM

cleanliness in the workplace. These are the foundations laid in the Soviet Union by Alexei Gastev, a theorist of the scientific organization of labor and the head of the Central Institute of Labor. Subsequently, his insights were borrowed by the Japanese industrial culture, where the method was formulated in the form of five basic steps, while maintaining cleanliness was even raised to the rank of a cult,” Morozov said. Why is cleanliness and order in any workplace, in the office or at a machine, so important? How does this help optimize the production process? “Everything is simple: a proper location of the necessary equipment and tools in its full scope for particular types of work, the absence of unnecessary items under the arms and legs save up to a quarter of the working time lost in searching for the right his hand. Thus, nothing distracts him from Morozov, the first such areas will appear tool, device or even a pencil on the desktop. the main work,” the head of the production at the welding area of the Yantar machine- If everything lies and, most importantly, is system development department explained. building enterprise in the coming months. put where it should be, then after a while the To gradually implement the 5S project The department’s specialists are beginning employee may take the right tool or device at each workplace, reference areas will to form them with the direct participation of without looking, that is, simply by extending be established first. According to Yevgeny the welders themselves.

HOW TO PROPERLY ORGANIZE THE WORKPLACE

SHINING

Keeping the workplace clean ? It helps reduce equipment wear OBSERVANCE OF ORDER

Materials and tools SYSTEMATIZATION management It helps instantly find Development of cleaning the necessary item, 3 and sorting schedules since everything is in and methods its place It provides the ability to plan and establish responsibility for the 2 4 implementation of 5C rules

1 STANDARD 5

SORTING STANDARDIZATION Eliminating the Maintaining unnecessary and the established simplifying the working work standards environment 5S Provides compliance with SC rules Frees the workplace from on a regular, systematic basis all the excess

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 37 TRENDS MODERNIZATION OF THE FISHING FLEET

BIG FISHING

ANATOLIY ccording to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture DUBNIK Organization, Russia ranks fourth in the world in Head of the Directorate for the Fleet, terms of fish production, providing more than 5.5% Ports and Monitoring, the Russian of the global catch. In 2017 the catch of the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency A fishermen reached nearly 5 million tons, which is the record rate for the past 25 years. At the same time the outdated fleet creates serious risks for the further development of fisheries. Besides, the time is ripe for the modernization of the port and THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC fish-processing infrastructure. Out of the two million tons of exported products about 90% relate to the products with a low EFFICIENCY AND ENHANCEMENT degree of processing and to raw materials. The internal market OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF also requires modern products, which are of high quality, THE RUSSIAN FISHERIES INDUSTRY, convenient and fast to prepare

ENVISAGED BY THE DRAFT STRATEGY HONEST INVESTMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA’S One of the main tools for solving this problem, as was FISHERIES COMPLEX UNTIL 2030, proved in practice, is the use of quotas for the investment IS IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT ADVANCED purposes - the construction of vessels in domestic shipyards and fish processing factories in coastal regions. After long VESSELS discussions, the mechanism was approved, and since the end of 2017, the selection of projects began. This measure In order to renew the fishing fleet, of state support is aimed at ensuring a decent level of payback the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency has of projects and, accordingly, the demand from the part developed an arrangement of quotas for of investors. the investment purposes. As a result of the first, In order to compete for the investment quotas one need to prepare a package of documents and provide enforcement the most large-scale stage of the quotas of obligations in the form of a bank guarantee or own quotas. distribution, there will be 33 vessels built. The selection is done by a dedicated working group and But the program won’t stop here a special inter-agency commission.

38 / USC №3 (36) 2018 Ilya Shestakov, the head of the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency, is presenting investment projects of the fishing industry to Russia’s President Vladimir Putin and Chairman of the People’s Republic of China Xi Jinping within the Eastern Economic Forum in 2018

A company will be able to use the fixed volume after it has fulfilled its obligations, i.e. a vessel or a factory has been built in time and commissioned. A 5-year timeframe is given for that. The level of the localization of works will be assessed. An obligatory requirement is that the vessels or the factory should be built in the territory of Russia. After granting the right to catch for fifteen years, the investor IN 2017 is prohibited to alienate THE CATCH the object of investments. OF THE RUSSIAN regions, eight – in the Murmansk and the Arkhangelsk The investor is to comply regions and in the Republic of Karelia. with certain requirements FISHERMEN A considerable number of projects should be for production activities, REACHED NEARLY implemented in the next two-three years, the most including the development 5 MILLION TONS, large-scale ones – within 4-5 years. The launch of and processing of at least the new enterprises will help to accelerate considerably 70% of the allocated WHICH IS A RECORD the supplies of qualitative fish products to the internal amount of investment FOR THE PART market and change the export structure in favor of quotas on the built vessel 25 YEARS products with a high degree of processing. or factory. In case of violations the contract may THE PROCESS be terminated. IS ALREADY UNDERWAY The requirements to the objects In total, within the framework of the mechanism of of investments are connected with the classification of fishing investment quotas, taking into account the consolidation of objects. For pollock, herring, cod and haddock the emphasis the remaining unallocated quotas, it is planned to upgrade is on deep processing and non-waste production. For enterprises by 25% of their total capacity. the variety of fish caught in the Far East, the requirements for The shipyards have already been selected for deep processing are not envisaged in case of construction the construction of all the vessels. Six 108-meter long of small and medium-tonnage vessels. In addition, an extra trawlers for the Far Eastern Russian Fishing Company will measure was introduced in order to stimulate the construction be built by the ‘Admiralty Shipyards’, three 50-meter long of vessels at the Far Eastern shipyards, i.e. when trawlers-seiners for the Kamchatka’s ‘V.I. Lenin Fishing participating in a reversed auction procedure, a multiplying Collective Farm’– by the Baltic ‘Shipyard Yantar’. co-efficient of 1.2 will be applied. There have been contracts concluded with The first stage of the application campaign showed the ‘Severnaya Verf’ Shipbuilding Plant on the construction the interest towards this arrangement. During this year of nine vessels: two 58-meter long processing long-liners for the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency and investors signed the ‘Virma’ fishing company and one for the firm ‘Globus’, contracts on the construction of 51 objects of investments for two 81-meter processing trawlers for the ‘Rybprominvest’ a total amount of about 132 billion roubles. To specify, there company, and one 81-meter trawler for the ‘Karat-1’, are 33 fishing vessels of 10 projects and ten fish-processing ‘Alternativa’, ‘Karelian Seafood’ and ‘Murmansk Gubernskiy enterprises. Out of those vessels, nine are intended for Fleet’ companies accordingly. the Far Eastern fishery basin, and 24 – for the Northern The Vyborg Shipyard will build four 86-meter long one. Those will be present-day and effective vessels with processing trawlers for the Arkhangelsk Trawler Fleet, one complexes of waste-free fish processing equipment on board. 80-meter processing trawler for the LKT, ‘Nord Pilgrim’ For the Far Eastern fishermen it is planned to build companies and the Atlantic Fishing Fleet accordingly and six heavy-tonnage processing trawlers, which will go out two trawlers for the ‘Virma’ fishing company. fishing for pollock and Pacific herring, and three medium Four 69-meter long fishing freezer trawlers will be range fishing vessels. They will take care of the stocks of created at the ‘Pella’ plant within the investment quotas cod, Far Eastern flounder, rock trout, Berryteuthis magister, program: two for the ‘Murman-Herring-2’ and one for rattail, navaga and halibut. For the fishermen of the Northern the ‘Zarya’ and ‘Andromeda’ companies each. fishery basin there will be 14 heavy-tonnage processing The ‘Strelets’ and ‘Eridan’ companies concluded trawlers, six standard processing trawlers, three processing contracts with the Yaroslavl plant on the construction of long-liners and a fresh fish trawler with the length of over two 61-meter long medium fishing refrigerator trawlers. 30 meters. For all the objects the quotas for the cod and The ‘Vympel’ plant will build a 35-meter fresh fish trawler for haddock are envisaged. the production and trade firm ‘Karel-Fish’. As far as the factories are concerned, ten of them will The first two vessels for the ‘V.I. Lenin Fishing Collective be constructed in the Maritime, Kamchatka and Sakhalin Farm’ are now nearly completed, the first fishing vessels have

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 39 TRENDS MODERNIZATION OF THE FISHING FLEET

been laid down at the ‘Pelle’ and ‘Severnaya Verf’ shipyards, SUPPORT OF THE SMALL FLEET the work is ongoing at other shipyards. One of the vessels IS NEEDED was laid down in September this year at ‘Severnaya Verf’ The experience gained by the fishermen and shipyards within the II Global Fishery Forum and the exhibition of at a later stage may be used for the small-capacity and the fishing industry, seafood and technologies. cargo fleet. While the upgrade of the large-capacity and The predicted effect of the investment quotas program, medium fleet may be supported by the investment quotas, from the economic point of view, is estimated at the level of the majority of the small-capacity fleet will need other no less than one third from the invested amount. Of great instruments. The matter is that the fishing in the Baltic, importance is the localization of the equipment production, Black, Azov and Caspian seas is not limited by quotas, i.e. power plants, fish searching and processing equipment, which is why the establishment of special quotas is navigation aids. unacceptable. In the South and in the Baltic sea they Regarding the projects already being implemented, catch kilka, anchovy, sprat, Baltic sprat and other types the average level of localization is assessed at around of bioresources. Small-capacity fleet is also needed by 40%. The hulls and fitting are mainly produced in the enterprises for the coastal fishery in the Far East and the territory of Russia, the bulk of the equipment is so far in the Northern Russia. supplied from abroad. From 2019, a single fishing space is introduced and Within the framework of the second stage, investment the principle of coastal fisheries is changing. A fisherman quotas are distributed for the construction of vessels for will choose himself, which type of fishing to carry on. Those the catch of bottom alimentary fish species and factories who prefer the ‘coastal’ regime with an obligation to deliver for their processing in the Far Eastern basin. Applications the entire catch in a fresh, live and chilled form to the shore have already been reviewed, the number of quota shares will receive an additional 20% quota. For this purpose, for selected applications exceeded 100%, so a reverse a special multiplying co-efficient at the rate of 1.2 was auction is being planned. The third stage of the campaign established. This measure is aimed at the development has been launched recently as well. The applications will of coastal fisheries. We expect that the fishermen will go be accepted until 29 January 2019. fishing for one or two days and deliver fresh fish to local In line with our assessments, the impetus, which has markets, restaurants and factories. been given to shipbuilding, will lead to the construction of This is why the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency over 100 fishing vessels by 2030, thus and the Ministry of Industry and Trade are scrutinizing renewing the fleet approximately by 40% Keel-laying ceremony other mechanisms of supporting the construction of small- of its capacity. Next year a new 15-year for a processing long-liner capacity fleet, including subsidies for capital expenditures for the Arkhangelsk fishermen cycle of using quotas is going to start, so at the ‘Severnaya Vetf’ shipyard. for construction. it is vital to envisage that the resource is September 2018 It is vital to envisage a serial construction, explored in the most effective way. which will help to reduce the cost of production.

40 / USC №3 (36) 2018 The first trawler-seiner for the Kamchatka fishermen is launched from the berth of the Baltic ‘Shipyard Yantar’. November 2017

THE USE OF NEW VESSELS For this purpose there must be present- In 2015, taking into account day projects, satisfying the needs of WILL HELP TO the pressing need for a fundamental the market. There was a presentation of RECOMMEND upgrade of the industry research fleet, one of such projects at the fisheries industry OF NO LESS THAN the country’s leadership decided exhibition in Saint-Petersburg. The vessel 400 THOUSAND positively on the issue of designing was intended for catching small herring and construction of three new species in the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas. ADDITIONAL TONS generation large-capacity vessels. The project was elaborated by the ‘Adomat’ OF BIORESOURCES The technical requirements company for the Baltic fishing enterprises FOR THE CATCH to the design are worked out ‘Stalaktit’ and ‘Marfish’. The Kaliningrad with the account of present-day Technical University is offering demanded achievements and foreign experience. projects to the Russian Federal Fisheries The vessels will reach 120 meters in length. Agency, which is its parent organization. In 2016 the Russian Federal Fisheries Agency concluded a government contract with the Alexeev’s RESEARCH BASE Hydrofoil Design Bureau on the development of the design Modern fisheries are unthinkable without scientific documentation of a flagship research vessel. It is designed support and a cautious approach to resource extraction, for carrying out complex fishing and oceanographic studies in which, in turn, also requires regular marine research. In any fishing area of the World Ocean, including the Arctic and addition, the development strategy of the industry provides Antarctic areas. The vessel will be equipped with unmanned for increasing the catch by expanding the geography of underwater and aerial vehicles, probing and towed gauges, extraction of water bioresources. flow analyzers, sampling devices. The onboard computers will Annually, in order to support Russia’s fishing industry, be designed in line with the principles of artificial intelligence. the research vessels of the Russian Federal Fisheries Fish searching systems will determine suitable aggregation of Agency explore vast water areas from Spitsbergen to fish with a high degree of accuracy. Western Africa and from the Chuckchee Sea to the Sea of According to the assessment of the Russian Federal Japan. The works are carried out both within the exclusive Fisheries Agency, the use of the new research vessels will economic zone of Russia and in the open waters of the permit to recommend in favour of the catch in the exclusive World Ocean and in the exclusive economic zones of other economic zone of Russia and adjacent waters of no less than countries, including the USA, Morocco, Mauritania, Guinea- 400 thousand tons of water bioresources in the years to come, Bissau, Japan and Norway. Though the research vessels and with the account of the expansion of the Russian presence are equipped with modern equipment, they are morally and in the conventional areas, this figure will go up to 600-700 physically outdated: their age is also approaching thirty years. thousand tons.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 41 ALEXEY PALGOV First Deputy Director General, TO WALK ‘Volgotrans’ Shipping Company ON WATER

The water transport is the oldest and the most oday the freight and passenger market of the inland water effective one. It had been playing an outstanding role transport faces a number of serious problems, including in the formation and the development of the statehood the reduction in availability of loan capital due to the carriers’ Tdebt load, low water level on inner routes, the need to expend for centuries. It used to help to establish relations more on the maintenance and upgrade of the fleet and the reduction of and promote trade. The inland waterways are the construction volumes. All these factors considerably worsen financial a powerful infrastructure complex, which provides conditions of the shipping companies, which are also limited in their for the connectivity with many regions both inside ability to raise transportation tariffs due to the growing competition and outside Russia. from the part of other means of transport – the motor and particularly the railroad transport. Both of them are supported by the state, granting discounts for transportation when the river fleet is in its high season of operation.

42 / USC №3 (36) 2018 EXPERT’S VIEW INLAND WATERWAYS

FLEXIBLE ECONOMY a slump of the river transportation just within several years after One can spend as much time as it is possible to keep on the USSR’s disintegration. The river transport turned out to saying that the water transport is economically efficient, but become uncompetitive, which led to its mass decommissioning. the practice shows that unfortunately it is no longer the case. By now the number of vessels, which are counted by And the reasons for that are not in the inland water ways, but the Russian River and Maritime registers has been reduced in the lack of an effective water transport policy, the decline more than twice, and their middle age is reaching 40 years. in cargo traffic oriented on water transport and in the water There is a limited number of river vessels being built, the fleet transport itself, which becomes uncompetitive. is growing old, and its competitiveness is getting considerably This year, as a result of the provision by the ‘Russian lower. In line with the experts’ estimate, by 2020 over 80 % Railways’ (RZD) of discounts on the transportation of bulk oil of the river and mixed navigation (river-sea) vessels will have cargoes on routes that directly duplicate inland waterways, been decommissioned as being not in line with the safety Russia’s inland waterway transport will lose a significant share requirements. of the bulk oil cargoes base. Last year, the RZD’s provision of Currently the inland waterways permit to use heavy- the 25% discount on the transportation of oil products led to tonnage vessels. The cargo capacity of the contemporary mixed the 16% losses. navigation (river – sea) vessels, dry cargo and oil-carrying ships In March 2018 Viktor Olerskiy, the head of the Russian reaches 5.2–5.4 thousand tons in the river and 7 500 000 tons in Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport, in his maritime conditions. This ensures high performance of the fleet interview to a specialized journal said that, “It is not just difficult for ship operators to compete with such state monopolies as RZD or ‘Transneft’, it is simply impossible… Transneft’s proposal to lower tariffs is a very bad story both for the inland water and the railroad transport.” Unfortunately, this is exactly what is happing now. In addition, the main consignor of oil products, ‘Rosneft’, informed shipowners of the tanker fleet in July and August 2018 of the refusal to transport part of the tonnage due to the reduction in the volume of oil products and redirection of cargoes to railways without restoring water shipments until the end of navigation in 2008. Currently there are many ship operators who have to take the fleet out of service due to the lack of the alternative cargo base, while incurring losses and losing revenues to pay off previously borrowed funds for the preparation of the fleet for navigation, its construction and modernization. Despite the attempts undertaken by the shipping community, including the ones of the Russian Chamber of Shipping, it has not yet been possible to get things moving. KEY FACTORS, WHICH DETERMINED The main factor in the reduction of river traffic, as before, remains the water transport itself, which has a high construction THE RADIACL DIP IN THE VOLUMES cost of ships and high operating costs. OF RIVER TRANSPORTATION IN THE LAST To boost the utilization of ships it is proposed to provide the state support for the development of transportation by inland DECADE OF THE XX CENTURY water transport. It is deemed necessary to develop legal and financial regulatory measures to limit the transportation of non- • DIP IN THE VOLUMES OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION metallic construction materials by motor transport. To provide OF INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS DURING THE RUSSIAN legislative restrictions at the level of the subjects (regions) of ECONOMY’S DOWNFALL IN THE 1990-IES the Russian Federation on the use of heavy vehicles in cities, Sharp decline in the overall production and housing construction which have inland waterways. To develop and implement Disruption of well-established production and economic ties Destruction of traditional transport schemes for the delivery measures to attract cargo flows that potentially tend to exploit of goods by river transport, including the mixed traffic inland waterways. To implement a system of measures to promote transportation with the use of inland water transport • DECLINE IN THE COMPETITIVE EDGE OF RIVER TRANSPORTATION among professionals of the market of transportation and Deterioration of inland waterway infrastructure logistics services and consignors. Increase in empty runs Rising fuel prices WITH RENEWED VIGOUR Outflow of qualified personnel from the industry The USSR and the Russian Federation have always been actively exploring rivers, building canals and upgrading • HIGH WEAR OF THE RIVER TRANSPORT FLEET Low volumes of shipbuilding the shipping situation. The water transport has been developed in parallel with the development of inland waterways. The USSR • MORE DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SURFACE TRANSPORT used to build and commission over 700 vessels of different AND PIPELINES type, including the ‘Volga-Don’ and ‘Volgoneft’ motor vessels Disappearance of river routes from the logistic chains of cargo with the cargo capacity of 5 thousand tons, but there had been delivery

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 43 and chemical industry products in the water areas of the Azov, Black and Mediterranean seas. The ‘Lotos’ shipyard in Astrakhan is completing the construction of two RST25chemical tankers. The commissioning of those two vessels is scheduled for the next spring. In February this year the USC and the ‘Volgotrans’ company signed a contract on the construction of 32 ‘river-sea’ class vessels at the Russian shipyards. Those are tankers and dry-cargo carriers. In May there operation on the transportation of goods. In order to expand was a contract signed, which is on the construction of the first the narrow passages of the inland waterways the construction two chemical tankers of the 00216 project at the Astrakhan of the Nizhniy Novgorod and Bagaevskaya low pressure hydro shipbuilding production group. The program on the building of systems is being started. They will assist in the creation and a renewed group of the tanker fleet, which is in line with all the support of normal shipping conditions with a guaranteed depth contemporary international and Russia requirements, will help of 4 meters in the problematic areas, and, as a result, lead to to improve its competitive ability. a more active use of the heavy-tonnage fleet and the full-fledged In 2011–2012 due to the introduced limitations on the use of opening of the North-South transport corridor. single-hulled ships of the ore-bulk-oil carrier type, the ‘Volgotrans’ When making decisions on the support and renewal shipping company decided not to use them. The creation of of the fleet, the state pursues two interrelated final goals: the group of the dry-cargo carriers pool will allow the company to replace outdated vessels with new ones to the extent possible to restore the previously possessed share of the market of and to load domestic shipbuilding enterprises with related transporting dry bulk and grain cargoes as well as to participate orders, which will provide an excellent multiplicative effect. actively in the delivery of containers and outsized contracted cargoes and to diversify thus sector-specific tanker business. LEASING AND RECYCLING GRANTS The existing measures of state support have already influenced the industry well and led to the placement of orders on the construction of new vessels at the Russian shipyards. This success is considered to be connected with the previously adopted federal law №305 (prolonging decree №383) on the reimbursement of part of the cost of paying interest on loans and leasing payments, and with the introduction of ship recycling grant. Also, as support measures for shipping companies implementing the fleet renewal and construction program, it is planned to provide subsidies from the federal budget to reimburse part of the cost of acquiring or building new commercial vessels to replace the ships being disposed. In accordance with the rules, the subsidy involves a one-time payment to shipping companies as part of the payment for the construction of a new vessel, subject to the disposal of the old ship, which is more than thirty years of age. The decision taken allows the fleet to be equipped with the state-of-the-art and competitive vessels of the river and mixed navigation, to increase the goods turnover and increase the quality of transportation. This will contribute to the introduction of new technologies in the shipbuilding industry, the renewal and modernization of production facilities and creation of new jobs. Meanwhile the ‘Volgotrans’ shipping company with the support of the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Transportation, the Federal Agency of the Maritime and River Fleet, the United Shipbuilding Corporation and the ‘Goznak- Leasing’ company are actively developing the program, for the renewal and construction of the fleet on the Russian shipyards. Two chemical tankers of the RST27 project were built at the ‘Krasnoye Sormovo’ plant in Nizhniy Novgorod in 2017, and now they are already operational. The vessels are actively involved in the transportation of vegetable oils, molasses

44 / USC №3 (36) 2018 EXPERT’S VIEW INLAND WATERWAYS

Using to the maximum extent the currently available state The presence of such a transport balance would support package for shipping companies, the ‘Volgotrans’ LLC have a great positive effect: the development of was the first recipient of subsidies in the framework of the ship water transportation would lead to the emergence of disposal grant. The money came in the refund of the lease a natural need for mass commercial shipbuilding and, payments for the two tankers built in 2017 consequently, to the workload for at ‘Krasnoye Sormovo’. the operational and idle shipyards. Irrespective of the existing difficulties, The ‘VOLGOTRANS’ The development of the domestic the ‘Volgotrans’ company is systematically production facilities and and purposefully moving towards the shipping company introduction of new technologies, implementation of tasks, set up by the in its turn, will lead to a huge country’s leadership in relation to the upgrade Established in September, 2009, number of new jobs. Moreover, of the fleet and creation of competitive and specialized on the management the transport balance would permit of cargo transportation by water advantages in order to boost the development to transfer a considerable number transport. of this industry in general. of cargoes from the motor transport The company is exclusively to the water one for the time of TRANSPORT BALANCE in the ownership of Russian citizens summer navigation, thus extending The most effective resolution of the existing and is exploiting its vessels only under the service life of the federal problems now is to create a transport the Russian flag. highways and increasing the road balance between all the types of cargo traffic safety in the period of mass transportation, on the expediency of which Currently, the ‘Volgotrans’ LLC has vacations, when the flow of people Russia’s President Vladimir Putin spoke back both its own and leased fleet, operates going for summer holidays on in 2016 at the State Council meeting devoted under time-charter contracts, etc. their cars increases, as does to the issues of the transport infrastructure the number of children transported The company’s ships operate both development in Southern Russia. The by buses. RZD’s passenger on inland waterways of Russia and President noted that the volume of cargo on direct mixed international routes transportation capacity would also transportation is increasing, the railroads between Russian and European ports increase in this case, which could and motor ways are loaded while the water in the northern and southern areas augur well for the development potential is used insufficiently. of transportation. of domestic tourism.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 45 ARCHIVES POLINA KRIVSKAYA ABLAZE Curator of ENTERPRISE’S the Proletarsky Plant’s LIVE HISTORY museum VLADIMIR BOGACH Advisor to the Proletarsky Plant’s CEO

MUSEUM OF THE HOUR September 20 saw the 50th anniversary of the Proletarsky Plant’s museum, one of St. Petersburg’s oldest corporate museums

he museum world in St. Petersburg is unthinkable without bright example of humble treatment of history is the museum of the museums of enterprises, research centers, and higher Proletarsky Plant. education facilities. Prompted by Maxim Gorky’s call to The establishment, which used to be called Alexandrovsky, Tcapture and engrave the biography of plants and factories, is one of the oldest engineering facilities in St. Petersburg, which thousands of workers plunged flat out into this important patriotic has logged 55-plus years developing unique shipborne equipment task. The 1930s were marked with the and complex systems. The almost chronicles of scores of enterprises, 200 long years of this old-timer’s namely Workers of the Lesnerovsky history are accumulated in the halls Plant, History of the Putilovsky Plant, of its museum, established by the Izhorsk Plant, A 100-Year-Old Giant, plant’s Party Office at the behest etc. This sense of integrity of industrial of Director Vasily Mozgovoy of museums into heritage of the state and the Proletarsky Plant in November region has lived to date. 1967. Since day one the museum has been housed in the Prole- WHERE HISTORY LIVES tarsky Recreation and Engineering Center. It hosted quite a few events After the first pieces on the history of for the youth of the Nevsky district plants emerged, it became obvious that and workers of the plant of all ages.

this domain deserved as much atten- St. Petersburg Alexander Ironworks in 1845. Watercolor, artist unknown The RSFSR Minister of Culture tion as any work of art in the context of granted it the title of People’s Mu- world civilization. Collections of evidence of progress and achieve- seum in 1982. Already accommodated on 240m2, it also reserves ments in science and engineering soon proved their worthiness. approximately 40m2 for holdings totaling up to 6,000 major and Similar to showpieces attributed to history of science and engineering secondary items. in large technical museums, quite a chunk of reminiscences, photos, FROM RAILWAY ENGINES TO SHIPS documents, correspondence and other routine relics and memorabilia made up the exposition of museums started at factories, plants and The first hall tells its visitor the story of the Alexadrovsky Plant (the other establishments in the late 1960s. name by which the enterprise had been known before 1922) en- Being part of the establishment, a corporate museum not only tering the history of Russia’s industry as «a factory, embellishing collects, stores and processes heritage of the industry, but also St. Petersburg» and «giving life to Russian factories,» «a pioneer shapes traditions and acts as a telegraph of its history. A very in indigenous locomotive manufacturing.» As soon as it came

46 / USC №3 (36) 2018 Polina B. Krivskaya, In the 1st hall of Russia’s Honorary Worker of Culture, the Proletarsky Plant’s museum museum curator into being, this large versatile engineering and casting enterprise why to fathom the plant’s potential, a specialist will have to go to started producing steam engines, as well as gear and tools for the museum. other facilities. The War and Naval Ministries were also on the list It has already received dozens of thousands of visitors since it of its customers. Its shipyard pioneered construction of steamers came into being. In the past five years, about 15 thousand people in Russia. It is here that the first all-metal submarine based on Karl have come to live the life of the plant all over again. The place Schilder’s design saw the light of the day in 1834. Construction is frequented by vocational training and master degree students elements and metal decorations for the Alexandrinsky Theater, from engineering and technical educational facilities. It doubles Winter Palace, Narva and Moscow Gates, Smolny, Transfiguration as a venue for local lore sessions with high school students of the and Trinity Cathedrals earned the craftsmen at the plant true fame. Nevsky district in St. Petersburg, as well as meetings with the staff In the mid-19th century, the Alexandrovsky Plant pioneered of the establishment and prominent figures of the city, exhibitions, locomotive and railway car engineering. In the next 120 years the and lectures. On St. Petersburg’s memorial dates the place is tak- enterprise enjoyed the status of the major rolling-stock supplier, en over by veterans of the plant. It is always touching to see their catering to the needs of Russia’s vast railway network. Later it was faces often with watering eyes when they meet in the museum on granted the honor to maintain and repair the Nikolaev Railway. In special occasions and receive from school children soldier’s trian- 1922, the facility was renamed to the Proletarsky Locomotive and gular cards, folded from notebook sheets, with congratulations. RW Car Repair Plant. The year 1931 came and RW production be- Materials accumulated in the museum were instrumental in came an independent operation. This triggered yet another change preparing and publishing four books on the plant history. The last of name turning it to the Proletarsky Locomotive Repair Plant. one in the series, published late in 2016, is about those who head- A second hall takes one to the five-year period preceding the ed the plant in almost two centuries. Titled “Appointed by Time”, it war and narrates the story of the workers, who kept working and was authored by V. Bogach and P. Krivskaya under the editorship never gave up in the Great Patriotic War despite the vicinity of of acting CEO M. Kalugin. the front, manufacturing military equipment, repairing “wounded” Research and education in archives and libraries being hall- trains, fighting fire and repelling artillery attacks on their strong- marks of its activities, the aesthetic aspect has not been missed hold. One can indulge in recollections of the heroism of those days on the museum, either. Attesting to this is the ever-changing ex- at the Window to the Blockade Memorial commemorating the 50th position. The centenary of the October Revolution was met with a anniversary of the Victory. Another milestone came after the war revised section in the museum exposition dedicating to the event. as the facility transitioned to production of mainline diesel-hydrau- Also, updated was the Great Patriotic War hall, speaking of the lic locomotives. plant’s contribution, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the A third hall covers an extensive period of over 55 years since Great Victory. The museum staff do a lot to preserve the exhib- 1963 when the enterprise switched to production of ship equip- its and samples, namely reverse images, documents, and other ment, hydraulic steering gear machinery, adjustable pitch screws, pieces, by making them digital. Evidence of all milestone events at deck cargo hauling gear, etc. the plant are committed to the museum holdings as well. Its video In 1974, the plant merged with one of the oldest factories in library bulges with clips, movies, and presentations collected by the Nevsky district, namely Economizer. This eventually resulted the museum staff. Time and again they pop up at seminars and in a wider range of products in the portfolio of the establishment. It conferences. lived to become one of the leading facilities in the region producing Over 20 years, the museum has been run by Polina Krivska- shipborne and power equipment in the 1980s. A journalist, who ya, an honorary worker of culture in Russia, the chair of the visited the hall, wrote, “This one is a real deal for fans of moving museum section of St. Petersburg’s Office of the Russian Arts models and mock-ups!” Union of Cultural Workers and a member of the Museum Workers’ PROLETARSKY’S SOUL Union of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region. Polina Krivskaya has published 50-plus articles on the plant’s history in various re- In 2011, the Proletarsky Plant joined the United Shipbuilding Copr. search collections and periodicals. Before 2011, she had been the (USC), Russia’s largest holding company. It is quite a challenge to only full-time employee of the museum. Since then, the museum pack all complex, labor-intensive, and bulk items manufactured by ranks have grown to include a collection stock maintainer and two the plant today on a small patch, thus they have entered the expo- graphic designers. sition as mock-ups, parts, models, and even diagrams, sketches, The Proletarsky Plant is proud of its museum! It is beyond any documents, and photos. All ready items go to the Customer, are doubt that the credit for the exposition is shared by many workers. commissioned to life as the saying goes on the premises. That is The halls keep not only its history, but the plant’s soul.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 47 POLINA KRIVSKAYA Curator of the Proletarsky Plant’s museum

UNIQUE EXHIBIT

One of the exhibits in particular is a reason for a permanent pilgrimage of people of all ages to the museum. It is a mock-up of the submarine designed by military engineer, Adjutant-General Karl Schilder. People are attracted not only by the design, but the engineer’s biography as well

arl was born to a family of Baltic provenance in the Village of Simanovo, located in today’s Nevelsky district, Pskov region, on December 27, 1785 O.S. (January 7, 1786 N.S.). That he was scientifically-minded became evident quite early in his life. But since most gentry entered K their maturity through military service, 16-year- old Karl was commissioned as a sub-officer to a battalion headquartered in the Moscow Military District. His knowledge, acumen, and devotion earned him the reputation of an outstanding fortification engineer. Confident in the importance and value of engineers in the

K. Schilder’s submarine design: А – hatch; В – towers; С – funnels for weights, designed to make the submarine heavier; С’ – lead weights; D – ropes; Е – rudder; М – mines; Р – galvanic conductor; Н – paddles; h – rowing levers; К – portholes; N – scope complete with reflective glasses; N’ – air pipe; R – rocket launchers; S – lead ballast, arranged to make large gaps, filled with water (as provided by K. Schilder)

48 / USC №3 (36) 2018 ARCHIVES ABLAZE ENTERPRISE’S LIVE HISTORY

Submarine mock-up and drawings in the Proletarsky Plant’s museum

military, K. Schilder repeatedly noted, “For- Petersburg’s Alexandrovsky Plant, the con- bolts. Their tightness was provided by bound tresses should be attacked not with bayonets, struction of the inventor’s first submarine was rubber seals. Flanked by the towers, provid- but rather shovels.” It will surprise nobody finished in May the same year. The choice of ing access to the submarine, was a hatch for that still a young man, Karl was named the the manufacturer was not fortuitous. For one sinking ballast. It was locked and secured chief engineer of the Russian Armed Forces. thing, it was state-owned. It was located on the same way as the other two. Comprised It is thanks to his efforts that mine weapons, the shore of the Neva river and had a con- of lead castings, the stability ballast of the always captivating the engineer, were turned cealed pool, providing perfect conditions for submarine was shaped to follow the line of into offensive. tests without a chance of drawing unwanted the bottom. Provisions were made for a tank K. Schilder pioneered electrical ignition attention. Being of paramount importance, in the bilge flooded through two taps to sub- in rocket launching. Russia owes it to his security requirements were administered vary merge the boat to the required depth. To sur- researches on the use of electric power in diligently. To begin with a “reference subma- face, water had to be pumped out manually. igniting the propellant that it outpaced West- rine made from white tin” was constructed to The diving depth was adjusted by iron anchor ern countries in the field by dozens of years. verify specific calculations and cut out sheets weights shaped as sugar loaves. Another fea- Tests of electrically-fused depth mines proved of metal for the skin of the future submarine. ture providing depth adjustments had to be to be critical for the Siege of Sevastopol in The archive has a release note signed the Archimedes screw. The submarine was the Crimea Campaign. The mine warfare was by Grigory Gorokhov, a boiler shop engi- propelled by four manual paddles. The rudder in the hands of Edward Totleben, a famous neer, who supervised construction of the hull resembled a fish tail. For the first time ever military engineer, who considered himself to (riveted from 4.8mm boiler plates) supported Schilder armed the submarine with rockets be Schilder’s student. by five transverse frames. Her weapons and fired at the periscope depth and electrically Naturally, Schilder’s underwater mine equipment were manufactured at shops of detonated depth mines. For surface situation warfare researches led him to the idea the Life-Guard Engineer Battalion. Rockets awareness the submarine was provided with of creating an underwater boat to deliver were provided by the St. Petersburg Rocket an optical tube, a would-be periscope. ammunition to fortifications or ships of an Institution. In early summer, the submarine was enemy. Having studied world experience in Schilder’s submarine was a streamlined launched to Vivat!, chanted by workers, who submarine construction, quite extensive by all elongated body, 6m long, 2.25m abeam, and had been allowed to be present at the cere- means, K. Schilder took up developing a de- 1.85m high. Two towers grew on her top cov- mony. Manufacturer’s tests followed shortly to sign of his own. Started in March 1834 at St. ered by metal hatches complete with clamp check tightness, floatability, stability, etc., in

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 49 ARCHIVES ABLAZE ENTERPRISE’S LIVE HISTORY

August 29, 1834 witnessed the first-ever successful underwater rocket launch on the 40th mile of the Shlisselburg road with Emperor Nicholas I present

general, effectiveness of all systems. In early concluded that it was hopeless. But time provide uninterrupted transportation for pas- August, the submarine was towed by the proved them to be wrong. senger between St. Petersburg and Peterhof Neva river to a demonstration site. Karl Schilder continued his efforts only in winter. Real blueprints of the future cata- August 29, 1834 witnessed the first-ever to confirm limitations of the submarine. To marans, they were comprised of two hulls, successful underwater rocket launch with remedy them, the engineer came up with an flanking a sawmill. The ships serviced the Emperor Nicholas I present. The hallmark idea of building a floating base (dock) to car- route for several years. However, they were event took place on the 40th mile of the ry the submarine to the deployment site. This so slow that even Karl Schilder himself could Shlisselburg road (in the vicinity of the Neva resulted in two designs, one of them was not help calling them mockingly “stationary Forest Park). Having been granted the impe- contributed by Director Matthew Clark of the steamers.” rial approval, the project was recommended Alexandrovsky Plant. Both were constructed The respect paid to General K. Schil- for further development. at this facility. der, a man of courage challenging bullets, In November 1834, another subma- Efforts to improve the submarine persist- did not miss the attention of Leo Tolstoy, rine came off the Alexandrovsky Plant. The ed through the 1940s despite the conclusion a participant of the Crimea Campaign. Ex- Emperor was also expected for her tests in of the committee that they were futile, “did perts note that some episodes in Tolstoy’s December in the Obvodnoy Canal (Bypass not promise the desired result, inevitably led “Sevastopol’s Tales” resemble Schilder’s Canal). She had to demonstrate her capabili- to considerable expenses and threatened the biography to a certain extent. In 1854, Karl ty to move below ice. Though the trials would lives of those, who used her.” The inventor Schilder, leading his sappers crossing not take place until 1838. No sketches or continued tests in the vicinity of his own the Danube in the Siege of Silistra, was drawings have made it to date. However, it is country house close to Petrovsky Island for seriously injured and died on June 11 (June an established fact that tests of both subma- several years. 23), 1854. Emperor Nicholas I, personally rines prompted the restless engineer to look This restless engineer also takes credit acquainted with the inventor, wrote in a for better propulsion. This led to the invention for designing another two unique ships, letter to Prince Gorchakov, “Schilder’s of the waterjet propulsion. The new device namely ferry steamers equipped with a death upset me a lot for we will never have fell short of its task of making the submarine sawmill. Arranged to be constructed at the another one both in terms of knowledge go faster. Naval authorities attending its tests Alexandrovsky Plant, both of them were to and courage.”

50 / USC №3 (36) 2018 EVENT ASTRAKHAN’S REGATTA

VICTORIOUS ‘CANALIA’

To invent a boat, to manufacture it as a handicraft with your own hands and merely with the use of materials on hand, and then take it to compete for the main prize of a contest – all that you can do only in Astrakhan, at the ‘Canalia’ Festival

his year the ‘Caspian Energy Group’ the choice of materials, while the regulations (CNRG) became one of the general partners of the Astrakhan festival permit construction to this event. The shipbuilders were part of vessels from all possible materials on of the contest award panel and provided hand. The main thing here is to be able to a prize for the most extravagant participant – reach the finish line. a family from Astrakhan on a home-made There are in fact not so many people sailboat ‘PobeDA’. in Astrakhan who remember that the first T ‘Canalia’, the festival of traditional such festival was organized back in 1989. and unconventional vessels in Astrakhan, The name was being developed thoroughly, gives a chance to anyone who feels like it, and it took a while. The group of activists, regardless of the age or trade, to become a including shipbuilders, elaborated several member of this big event on the water. There options. There were as many as exactly ARTYOM is just one precondition in place, i.e. you one thousand of them. Later on the list was KONDRASHEV need to be on board of a vessel in order to reduced to 500, then – down to ten. As an Head of the Public Relations take part in the competition. outcome the name ‘Canalia’ was adopted. Section of the Caspian Energy Group’ The rationale for that is that there are really A SHIPBUILDER THYSELF a lot of canals in the city where students of Astrakhan’s ‘Canalia’ countertype, sailing centres do have their training. the famous ‘Darwin Beer Can Regatta’, is In fact, the festival was launched in held in the Australian city of Darwin and order to popularize this sport in the city of attracts thousands of tourists. But there shipbuilders. An ecological component was participants of the regatta are limited in added some time later as it is necessary to

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 51 is directly related to our shipbuilding area and which is so positive and funny in its nature.” This year’s vessels for the competition were introduced by 22 teams. There were traditional vessels – when a shop assembled boat is used as a platform or complex engineering elements like oars or a motor are employed. The unconventional ones were also in place, when the most unrealistic constructions were put afloat. They implied used tyres, air matrasses, empty plastic bottles, construction materials, fabric and many other things. Each team was composed of two to fifteen members, including the captain, sailors and the technical support group. The main theme of this year’s festival was the FIFA World Cup. The visitors could see several JOLLY rafts in the form of a football field, FESTIVAL a raft-ball, a boat in the shape account the water resources of the region and are taken care ‘CANALIA’ of a football goal and a whole to take care of them. of onshore by ship of football fans, who kept The first festivals used to start with technical specialists, HELPS on tootling and setting off a parade of traditional vessels and ended with relatives, actors ADULTS AND firecrackers all the time during a funny competition of home-made vessels. and organizers. the festival. In the 1990s the festival was terminated due Besides, the festival CHILDREN TO One of the participating to the lack of finance, but in 20 years it was is supported by COME TO LIKE vessels called ‘PobeDA’, restored to life again. merely the whole was notably out of the FIFA The modern history of the festival Astrakhan’s sailing SHIPBUILDING theme. Andrey Ovchinnikov, started in 2013. But the main things remained fleet. The visitors of a local man from Astrakhan, spent unchanged, i.e. the conflux of the Volga the ‘Parade of Sails’ two weeks to manufacture it out river near the central quay as the venue as can observe children’s of foam plastic and plastic tubes and well as participation of vessels, produced by yawls, whaleboats, catamarans made it look like the one from a well-known the local people of Astrakhan. That is why and cruise yachts of an international class. cartoon about Captain Wrungel. At the festival the main attention is paid to the core contest – Several thousands of Astrakhan locals Andrey performed together with his family – ‘A Shipbuilder Thyself’, where the award come to support the participants and to see his wife Anna, 8-year old son Mark and panel is to select the most unusual vessel. the show. 6-year old daughter Margaret. “We had a real The race itself is no less spectacular. maritime team as in the animated film,” noted It is really entertaining when people on boats SUCCESS AND ‘VICTORY’ Andrey. “My wife was the captain, I was deck or rafts in the form of animals, cars or cartoon “We were pleased to accept the proposal to officer Lom, and the kids were sailors.” characters are striving to breast the tape. To become the general partner of this dramatic “We were very diligent in choosing make this task really difficult they are allowed and unusual event,” said CNRG’s CEO the winner, and that is why we couldn’t have to row only with the use of appropriate Rustam Khalitov. “We organize different helped paying attention to this vessels,” said elements of their ‘water image’, e.g. spades, competitions among our company’s one of the award panel members – Head of plastic tubes, flippers, arms, etc. employees on a regular basis, support the Ship-repairing Service of the Astrakhan The total of over 300 people are regional sport events. And, of course, we Shipbuilding Production Enterprise Vladimir engaged in the contest as the ‘ships’ could not stay away from the festival, which Rashchepkin. “The leadership set up a task

52 / USC №3 (36) 2018 for us to choose the most deserved one. new projects. Thy were being handed out After the competition all got together to We, as shipbuilders, noted that ‘Pobeda’, by the specialists of the ‘Caspian Energy taste the water melons and discuss plans though a home-made vessels, looked like Group’. It is quite possible that some of for the next year. “Water sports are a very a real scaled down ship with a stern, mast, the amateur participants will turn out to good idea for us: we have much water, very sail and steering wheel.” become professionals in the future. For good traditions, children who are eager to The Astrakhan shipbuilders also liked instance, Vyacheslav Alexeyev, a coach from participate and get prizes. Their parents are that PobeDA’s crew was a real family. “When Liman, a small local happy with that – it we, as general partners, proposed to award town, invents vessels is better than to sit the first place to that vessels, the other specially for kids. At at a computer,” said members of the award panel supported us the ‘Canalia’ festival Elena Sharova, without any discussions,” added Vladimir he presented his ‘Jolly president of the Rashchepkin. Siskins’ raft, which is rowing and canoeing The Ovchinnikovs family did not expect light, speedy and easy veterans’ club. this success, especially given the fact that to steer even for 10- “We would it was their first time in the competition. year old schoolchildren. like to popularize The general partner of the festival – Every year the festival not only the Caspian Energy Group – has given Canalia’s organizers as a nice show the family a certificate to buy some consumer invent new additional attracting tourists, electronics. Andrey and Anna have chosen competitions and but as a platform to buy tablet computers for their kids. contests. The surprise to consolidate It is also an interesting fact that their of this year was the enthusiasts in 6-year old daughter as the youngest ‘Collect the Foot Balls’ contest. And they used Astrakhan – inventors of vessels from across participant received a smart watch as a prize. water melons instead. They were thrown the country,” stressed Elena Kurennaya, Andrey and Anna in their occupation to the water where all could see it and be the competition’s PR-manager. And are very close to the festival’s partners – they surprised. “That contest was a surprise even the Astrakhan shipbuilders are ready to give are specialist in the area of construction and for us,” said Vladimir Rashchepkin. “And their full support to this idea. are already considering how to upgrade their those water melons turned out to become By the way, last year’s ‘Canalia’ in family vessel. “We will participate next year the prizes to the winners.” Astrakhan was in the top of the ‘Russian again!” underscored the household head. The participants took in the situation Event Awards’ as the best tourism event held quickly and rushed overboard to collect in the Southern Federal District. This year SPECTATORS, CAPTAINS the prizes. They plunged into the water one the organizers applied again, and the festival AND INVENTORS after another, trying to grasp as many eatable reached the final too. Who knows, may Participants come to ‘Canalia’ from all over ‘balls’ as it was possible. Irrespective of be the Astrakhan ‘Canalia’, popularizing the region. Many of them got interested the lack of strict rules, everything went well. the passion for shipbuilding, will become in flyers with the current vacancies, which The Ovchinnikovs family got one of the water the most known funny regatta in the country the company has in order to implement melons as well. and all other the world.

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 53 TOPICAL ISSUE WINTER CRUISES

A WINTER VIEW THROUGH THE ICE OF THE KREMLIN The winter navigation season 2017–2018 was a record-breaker for the Russian TO THE NEW YEAR capital. According to Moscow Canal’s press service, the number of passengers Every year, winter cruise routes generate growing interest on icebreaking yachts plying through the among tourists, but this market is virtually absent in Russia. city center has increased by 30%, reaching River cruises in the central part of the country freeze with 40,000 people. For nearly ten years, the onset of the first frost until mid-April. And only Moscow five modern passenger ice-class motor ship restaurants, built in 2009–2010 at a remains the single city with year-round navigation shipyard in Istanbul, have been circulating from the Ukraine Hotel to Kotelnicheskaya Embankment all year round. In 2012–2013, NIKITA ussia is a northern country, and ice its five more pleasure vessels, built at the PICHUGIN water bodies persists long here, reducing Riga Shipyard in Latvia, were added to Reviewer the period of active navigation to six them. Unlike motor ships of the first series months, and often to three months. In designed for 200 passengers, the vessels of high latitudes, Russian shipbuilders have the second project are larger, accommodate long conquered the ice element. Russia up to 300 people and are also equipped is the world’s recognized leader in the with additional first class rooms. R construction of icebreakers. Due to the All yachts have a reinforced hull to active development of the Northern Sea overcome the ice cover of the Moscow Route and offshore development, USC River in the winter season. Panoramic Group enterprises are now kept busy windows, the advantage of which is with orders for the construction of an especially evident in a winter frosty weather, icebreaking fleet for several years ahead. are their landmark. The view of Moscow’s However, the experience, knowledge sights from a warm cabin is not inferior and skills of shipbuilders can be also in to the view from an open summer deck. demand in another, still underdeveloped, However, you cannot move far on these but extremely promising area - the yachts: the excursion through the city center construction of ice-class passenger takes two hours, and ten ice-class motor ships for year-round navigation on vessels (approximately 10% of the total fleet inland waterways, as well as for sea of Moscow passenger vessels operating cruises. We’ll try to figure out what winter during the summer navigation period) is navigation in our country and European a very low figure for the largest European neighboring countries is today. capital.

54 / USC №3 (36) 2018 IMPASSABLE RIVERS strengthened hull and propellers have for use on the rivers of the Arkhangelsk Even with a strong desire to make a winter been waiting in the wings in Arkhangelsk region in the winter, but still have not cruise on Russian inland waterways, this on the Northern Dvina four years already. started to operate due to bureaucratic will not be easy, and the problem is not Built in 2014 at the Zelenodolsk Shipyard delays. The vessels capable of taking on only in gateways. There are not even named after A.M. Gorky to Agat Design board 170 passengers each are still listed two dozen ice-class passenger ships in Bureau’s project, they were intended as building numbers 231 and 232. Their the Russian River Shipping Register built operation was delayed until the fall of this in the last quarter of a century. A mere year. However, they are supposed to be four motor vessels were built at Russian used for transportation rather than for shipyards. The “youngest” of them is the SAINT- tourism purposes. private motor vessel Shtandart of Project PETERSBURG IS PV09, built at the Nobel Brothers Shipyard EUROPEAN ROUTE in Yaroslavl and outfitted at the Marine THE SINGLE CITY Unlike domestic river cruises, European Shipbuilding Plant (in operation since last IN RUSSIA FROM excursions along the Rhine or Danube year). However, it is not designed for mass do not stop with the onset of winter - cruise tourism and accommodates only WHICH IT IS the same Rhine, according to long-term thirty-four passengers. Two passenger POSSIBLE TO MAKE meteorological observations, freezes only river vessels of Project A217-1 with ice- A CRUISE IN THE once in eleven or twelve years. Accordingly, NEW YEAR

№3 (36) 2018 USC / 55 TOPICAL ISSUE WINTER CRUISES

DEVELOPMENT OF THIS MARKET ice class for European riverboats is not so SEGMENT COULD A CHALLENGE FOR strictly necessary, which makes the winter SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY cruise market year-round and more diverse. BE A NEW Thus, unfortunately, all winter river routes The most popular winter voyages are during DIRECTION OF and sea cruises available currently in the Christmas and New Year holidays. The Russia are organized on ships built long established river routes link the most DEVELOPMENT abroad. Meanwhile, the development beautiful European cities, whose squares FOR CIVIL of this market segment could be a new change in the festive atmosphere of direction of development for domestic Christmas markets in winter. The travelers SHIPBUILDING civil shipbuilding. Moreover, here Russian may choose seven to fifteen night cruises, manufacturers are able not only to flotillas of new luxury liners or more modest compete with foreign companies, but motor vessels, and the program includes also to outperform them. This will help visits to Vienna and Budapest, Prague and expand the offer on the market for winter Dresden, Paris and Amsterdam. The cost cruises and make them more affordable. of such cruises can reach fifteen thousand Of course, building an icebreaker and Euros per person. an ice-class passenger ship are different In fact, St. Petersburg remains the only tasks both in complexity and in the city in Russia from which you can cruise on required skills. In addition, customers New Year’s Eve. Local travel companies are only looking at the idea of all-season offer several options for New Year’s cruise cruise tourism in Russia. Recently, the tours, but most of them start from Helsinki, Passenger Port Marine Facade in St. which can be reached by bus, and only opportunity to fulfill the dream. During Petersburg announced the launch of a one - directly from the Northern capital. the navigation period, the ferry connects year-round maritime communication with The first-ice-class cruise ferry Princess St. Petersburg with Helsinki, Tallinn and the capitals of the Baltic countries since Anastasia, operated by MOBY SPL, has Stockholm, and for the New Year’s tours a 2019, which will be possible by buying one been operating in the Baltic Sea since 2011 special six-day holiday route Petersburg- ice-class ferry at first and eventually up to with varying success. It was built in 1986 Tallinn-Riga-Stockholm-Helsinki-Petersburg five ones, but again, of foreign-made. at the Finnish shipyard Stx Finland Turku. is offered. Seven categories of cabins However, those who want to “sail Although the ferry is in a different “weight are ready to accommodate almost 2500 on the sea in the winter” can go from category” compared to cruise liners, for passengers. Services include festive Murmansk to the North Pole on the those who want to go to meet the upcoming entertainment programs, bars, restaurants, nuclear-powered icebreaker 50 Years of year from their native harbor, it is a real shops and a movie theater. Victory. But that’s another story…

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