Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1009

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Document heading doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60194-X 2013 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of dichotoma (Indian cherry): A review

1 1 1 2 Prasad G. Jamkhande *, Sonal R. Barde , Shailesh L. Patwekar , Priti S. Tidke 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, S.R.T.M. University, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra, 2Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India

PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Peer reviewer ’ More than half of the world s population relies on the traditional medicine and major role of Prof. Sachin S. Kushare, Assistant the traCordiaditiona ldichotoma medicine including the use of plant extract and their active constituents. Among Professor, R. G. Sapkal College of them, Forst., a small to moderate size plant of family Boragenaceae, commonly Pharmacy, Nashik. called bhokar, lasura, gonda, Indian cherry and shlesmataka. Plant parts such as leaves, fruit, E-mail: [email protected] bark and seed have been reported for possessing antidiabetic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, Comments immune-modulator and analgesic activity. Screening of fruit, leaves and seed shows the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and sterols. Present review Authors did detailed collection focuses on details of geographicalCordia distrib dichotomaution, physicochemical parameters, phytoconstituents regarding the topic including graphics, and pharmacological properties of reported so far. pharmacological uses of several parts of the plant and phytochemicals potentially evaluated for the KEYWORDS management of range of disease. Cordia dichotoma β C I D P Details on Page 1015 , ytotoxic, -sitosterol, ndian cherry, iabetes, harmacology

1. Introduction plant as antibacterial, antiviral and antitussive. Joshandah, polyherbal formulations, are extensively used by the masses P I lant derived medicines are considered to be first line in ndia for the treatment of commonC. c odichotomald, catarrh, cough, of defense in maintaining health and combating diseases respiratory distress, fevers of which is chief and even today plant source is principal source of new ingredient[3,4]. From the ancient time, leaves and stem bark drug of therapeutic property[1]. Approximately 72 000 plant are used in the treatment of dyspepsia, fever, diarrhea, species were estimated for having medicinal properties of leprosy, gonorrhoea and burning sensation. Leaf of plant 3000 which, India recognizes more than“ plant spec”ies having traditionally shows the therapeutic uses and actions such medicinal values[2]. Ayurveda is science of life , pointed as anthelmintic, astringent, diuretic, demulcent, purgative, out concept of positive health means metabolically well- expectorant, tonic, ulcer and cough[5-9]. F balanced human beings. oremost indigenous systems listed 1.1. Geographical distribution medicinal such as Siddha (600), Ayurveda (700) and A (600) U (700) 30 mchi , nCordiaani dichotoma, allopathy C.wh dichotomaich plant species C. dichotoma for ailments[1]. ( ) is one of (Table 1) is commonly present in tropical the traditional medicinally important deciduous plants and subtropical regions. It grows in the sub-Himalayan tract I T 1500 I available all over ndia. he fruit hC.a sdichotoma been reported to be and outer ranges, ascending up to about m elevation. t rich in polysaccharide. Ripe fruit of produces a is found in divers of forests ranging from the dry deciduous jelly-like, sticky mass. Unani system of drug medicine uses forests of Rajasthan to the moist deciduous forests of

*Corresponding author: Mr. Prasad G. Jamkhande, Department of Pharmacology, Article history: School of Pharmacy, S.R.T.M. University, Dnyanteerth, Vishnupuri, Nanded- 431 606, Received 30 Aug 2013 Maharashtra, India. Received in revised form 4 Sep, 2nd revised form 10 Sep, 3rd revised form 15 Sep 2013 Tel: +919860552433; +912462229153 Accepted 27 Oct 2013 Fax: +912462229242 Available online 28 Dec 2013 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Prasad G. Jamkhande et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1010 Table 1 C. dichotoma Scientific classification, vernacular names and local names of the [8,10,11]. Scientific classification Vernicular name Local names Kingdom: Plantae : Sekendai, Sekendal, Petekat Bangali: Buhal, Bahubara Division: Magnoliophyta English: Soap berry, Sebestan plum, Fragrant manjack English: Sebesten, Clammy Cherry, Indian cherry Class: Dicotyledons India: Leshora, Gonda, Lasora Gujarati: Vadgundo, Gunda Subclass: Astaridae Javanese: Kendal : Lasura, Bhokar, Borla Order: Lamiales Sumatran: Nunang Javanese: Kendal Family: : Paw man Lao: Man, Sino-Tibetan, Man khok Genus: Cordia Malay: Petekat, Sekendai Fragrant: Manjack Tamil: Kalvirusu, Vidi, Naruli C. dichotoma Spesies: Forst. Nepali: Bohori, Kalobohori Thai: Mandong, Manma, Phakmong Sanskrit: Shelu, Bahuvarka, Shleshmatak

Western Ghats in India and tidal forests in . In is a yellow or pinkish-yellow shining globose or ovoid drupe Maharashtra, it grows in moist monsoon forest[10]. It does not seated in a saucer-like enlarged calyx. It turns black on grow gregariously, but is found growing singly in moist shady ripening and the pulp gets viscid[11]. [11] T ravines and valleys . he species is widespread in the 1.3. Nutritional information and found in thickets and secondary forests at I S C low and medium altitudes. t also distributed outhern hina C. dichotoma and Formosa and throughout other like Peninsular Malaysia The whole plant of is edible and is used to tropical and Polynesia. The species is propagated as food. Immature fruits are pickled and are also used as by seeds[12]. vegetable[10]. Mixture of flower and curd applied two times in [13] 1.2. Morphology of C. dichotoma a day used to protect body against heavy sun heat waves . T O he rural people of coastalC. a rdichotomaeas of rissa eat the ripe fruits raw[14]. The seed kernels of contain high quantity Cordia dichotoma is small to medium-size deciduous of fatty oils and proteins which has potential as cattle feed[15]. tree with a short crooked trunk, short bole and spreading The polysaccharide gum (97%) obtained from the plant used crown (Figure 1). Leaves are simple, entire and slightly for various pharmaceutical purposes. Chromium present dentate, elliptical-lanceolate to broad ovate with a round in the fruit has therapeutic value in diabetes. A fruit also and cordate base. The stem bark is grayish brown smooth contains some anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid or longitudinally wrinkled[10]. Flowers are short stalked, (355 mg), phytate phosphorus (100 mg) and oxalic acid (250 bisexual and white to pinkish in colour and appear in loose mg) per 100 g (Table 2)[16]. New natural cellulose fabrics were C. dichotoma corymbose cymes. Fruits are edible with sticky flesh mass. It identified from the branches of the [17].

Leaves Fruits Fruit (inside sticky flesh mass)

Flowers Stem bark Ripened fruit Figure 1. C. dichotoma Parts of plant. Prasad G. Jamkhande et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1011 2. Biological investigation Table 2 C. dichotoma. Nutritional value of leaves, seed kernels and fruits of Cordia Numerous species were mentioned in traditional Plant part Nutritional value literatures of Ayurveda and Materia Medicas for the Leaves 12%-15% crude protein 16%-27% crude fibers treatment of various disease and disorder conditions. 42%-53% nitrogen free extract Moreover, the plant species has been reported for various [18-22] 2%-3% ether extract pharmacological activities and are listed in Table 3 . 13%- 17% total ash 2%-4% total calcium 3. Phytochemicals 0.3% phosphorus Seed kernels 32 g water: per 100 g 46% fatty oils Several chemicals have been identified from seeds of 31 C. dichotoma α % proteins . The seed contains -amyrins, betulin, Fruits 70% pulp which contains per 100 g β β octacosanol, lupeol-3rhamnoside, -sitosterol, -sitosterol- 6 g water 3 3 5 35 g proteins glucoside, hentricontanol, hentricontane, taxifolin- - - 7 37 g fats dirhamnoside, hesperitin- -rhamnoside and fatty acids 18 g carbohydrate such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic Ca (55 mg), P (275 mg), Zn (2 mg), Fe (6 mg), Mn (2 mg) acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Four flavonoid glycosides Cr (0.2 mg), Cu (1.6 mg/100 gm) (robinin, rutin, rutoside, datiscoside and hesperidin), a flavonoid aglycone (dihydrorobinetin) and 2 phenolic Table 3 Cordia Biological investigations of plants from species. Cordia species Part used Reported activity Cordia alliodora (Ruiz &Pav.) Oken. Root bark Antifungal, Larvicidal Cordia corymbosa Willd. Ex Roem. & Schult. Fruits Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Tumour inhibition Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Roots Antifungal, Larvicidal, Antibacterial Cordia cylindrostachya Roem. & schult Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory Fruits Anthelmintic Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Fruits Wound healing Leaves Antifertility, Juvenomimetic Biliary obstruction , Nutritional food Cordia fragrantissima Kurz. Wood Leishmanicidal Cordia francisci Ten. Leaves Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antiarthritic Rheumatism, Painful menstruation, Gastric ulcer Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Kunth. Root Cytotoxic Leaves Vasodilator, Spasmolytic Cordia goetzei ü G rke. Stem bark Antifungal Cordia latifolia Roxb. Ripen fruits Anti-ulcer, Antihistaminic Cordia linnaei Stearn. Roots Antifungal, Larvicidal Cordia martinicensis (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Leaves Cytotoxic, Hepatotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Cordia monosperma (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. Aerial parts Antimicrobial Cordia multispicata Cham. Leaves Antiandrogenic Leaves Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti-arthritic Cytotoxic, Chest and urinary infections, Anthelminthic, Diuretic, Astringent, Demulcent, Cordia myxa Fruits L. Expectorant Fruits, Leaves Astringent, Anthelmintic, Diuretic, Demulcent, Antimicrobial, Alcoholic liver cirrhosis Bark Antifertility, Antihistaminic, Antitumour Cordia oblique wild. Seeds Anti-inflammatory Cordia perrottettii DC. Fruits Antioxidant Cordia plauhiensis Fresen. Larvicidal Cordia rufescens Abortive, Anti-inflammatory, Dysmenorrheal treatment Cordia salicifolia Cham. Whole plant Antiviral, Excitory & negative ionotropic effect Cordia serratifolia Kunth. Leaves Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antiarthritic Cordia sinensis Bark Stomach disorders, Chest pains Cordia spinescens L. Leaves Antiviral, Anti-HIV Cordia subcordata Nut/seed Famine treatment Cordia ulmifolia Juss. Ex Dum. Cours. Leaves Cytotoxic, Hepatotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Fetus toxicity Cordia verbenacea DC. Aerial parts Antimicrobial Leaves Antiserum action, Potentiation Prasad G. Jamkhande et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1012 4.3. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity derivatives (chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid) were isolated from seeds. The significant anti-inflammatory α C. dichotoma activity of seeds is because of -amyrins and taxifolin-3- Antibacterial and antifungal potentials of 5-dirhamnoside (71.4%, 67.8% respectively). The seeds also bark investigated. Antibacterial activity of ethanol and the contain fatty acids and flavonoids (Table 4)[10,23]. butanolic extracts of the bark were carried out against two Escherichia coli Pseudomonas The bark is medicinal and contains several chemicals Gram negative bacteria and β ’ ’ aeruginosa Streptococcus including allantoin, -sitosterol and 3 ,5-dihydroxy-4 - and two Gram positive bacteria pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus methoxy flavanone-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside[10,14]. and . The antifungal activity Aspergillus Fruits and leaves showed presence of pyrrolizidine of the extract was carried out against that , Aspergillus clavatus Candida albicans alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and and , the pathogenic sterols[10]. Fruit has been identified for arabinoglucan, fungi. Zone of inhibition of extracts was compared with D-glucose (67.6%) and L-arabinose (13.2%)[3,20]. Leaves also that of different standards like ampicilline, ciprofloxacin, contain quercetin and quercitrin (Table 4)[20]. norfloxacin and chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and nystatin and griseofulvin for antifungal activity. The extract showed remarkable inhibition of zone for 4. Pharmacological properties bacterial and fungal growth and the result obtained were comparable with that of standards drugs against the tested 4.1. Normoglycemic and diabetes organisms[6,23]. C. dichotoma 4.4. Analgesic, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity The effect of the aqueous extract of on alloxan induced and normoglycemic Wistar rats has C. dichotoma been investigated. Three doses of the extract (250 mg/kg; Crude ethanolic extract of was evaluated 500 mg/kg and 1 000 mg/kg) were considered for study by for the analgesic, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. The C. dichotoma oral route. The 500 mg/kg extract of did not extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic show any significant change in the blood glucose levels acid induced writhing in mice at the oral dose of 500 mg/ P in normoglycemic rats. Same effect was also observed at kg body weight respectively ( <0.001) which was compared 250 mg/kg dose in alloxan induced diabetic wister rats, to the standard drug diclofenac sodium at the dose of 25 when compared to untreated control. The significant mg/kg of body weight. When tested for antibacterial effects P ( <0.5) decrease in blood glucose levels after 4, 8 and 24 by disc diffusion method, it showed dominant zone of h was observed at 500 and 1 000 mg/kg dose of extract. In inhibition of against both gram negative and gram positive Streptococcus aureus, Streptococcus normoglycemic rats, the dose of 1 000 mg/kg of the extract bacteria such as P pyogenes Vibrio cholerae, Streptococcus epidermis significantly ( <0.05) reduces the blood glucose levels at , , Hafnia Escherichia coli 8 and 24 h. Overall study shows that the doses of extract and which is comparable with kanamycin P µ has shown both significant ( <0.05) hypoglycemic and (30 g/mL). Moreover, when tested for toxicity using brine antihyperglycemic effects in wister rats[14,24]. shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract showed potent activity against the brine shrimp artemia salina (LC50: 20 4.2. Wound healing activity µ µ g/mL and LC90: 180 g/mL). The overall result represents significant analgesic, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities C. dichotoma The wound healing activity of fruits of was of the extract[27]. viz. screened using three different models, excisin wound, 4.5. Degenerative disorder incision wound and dead space wound in Wistar rats. The C. dichotoma fruits of were extracted using ethanol by soxhlation and further Petrolium ether, solvent ether, ethyl Free radical induced stress is common line etiology of et al acetate, butanol and butanone fractions were prepared from various degenerative disorders. Singh . correlated the alcoholic extract. The ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and free radical scavenging potential of methanolic extract of C. dichotoma butanol fraction showed positive taste for flavonoids. The seeds and leaves of for the management of doses of fractions determined by acute toxicity study using degenerative disorders such as ageing and age associated Up and Down method and was found to be 300 mg/kg. The oxidative stress related disorders. Activity was evaluated t in-vitro viz. results were analysed by student -test at a significance by models DPPH and hydrogen peroxide model. P level of <0.001. The earlier epithelization of wound and These models showed positive antioxidant activity in a significant increase in tensile strength as compared to concentration dependent manner and highest concentration µ control was found in rats treated with fractions of ethanol exhibits highest (100 g/mL) antioxidant activity. This C. dichotoma extract. Results reveals that fruit extracts of activity was more pronounced in methanolic extract of has potent wound healing property[25,26]. leaves as compared to seeds[28]. Prasad G. Jamkhande et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1013

Table 4 C. dichotoma Structures of some phyotochemicals from [3,10,14,20,23]. H Name of Structure Hentricontanol phyotochemical O Allointoin H N O H O OH N Hesperidine HO OH NH NH2 H 1-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)urea O O H3C O O

α H -amyrin HO OH HO O H OH OH O H

H H H H3C O

H H OH Octasanol HO H H H

H

OH OH O Apigenine Lupeol OH CH HO O 3

OH OH

OH O HO Robonine HO H β H O HO -sitosterol HO glycoside H O

HO H H O HO H HO O H HO H O H HO O H O OH H OH O HO HO O O H OH HO OH OH Rutin β H -sitosterol O OH HO H H O

HO O H H H OH O H HO O O H OH

OH H H HO OH

HO HO Prasad G. Jamkhande et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1014

Table 4, continued increasing dose of methanolic extract (5, 50, 300, 2 000 and C. dichotoma 5 000 mg/kg body weight) to determine changes in parameters Structures of some phyotochemicals from [3,10,14,20,23]. HO for assessing toxicity. No mortality was observed upto dose Betulin as high as 2 g/kg body weight. So 200 mg/kg body weight H3C H3C dose was considered for further experiment. Alloxan induced CH2

H3C diabetic studies were randomly assigned into four groups H3C each having six rats. Significant reduction in blood glucose H3C CH3

HO level and the rate of body weight loss was observed in

H3C glucose loaded rats and alloxan induced diabetic rats when Caffeic acid treated with methanol extract of fruitsC. p dichotomaulp, which reveals O antidiabetic potential of fruits pulp of and this can be useful for the management of diabetes mellitus[29]. OH OH 4.7. Anthelmintic activity NH Carotenoid H H S OH C. dichotoma HO N The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fruit of N H O SH showed significant anthelmintic activity. Study was carried OH Eudrilus euginiae N O out using earth worms. It showed paralysis N H SH OH and death of worms at concentration 10-100 mg/mL in dose OH SH C. dichotoma dependant manner. Aqueous extract of the O NH2 fruit showed potent anthelmintic activity than the ethanolic O OH (10 ) Chlorogenic extract. Piperazine citrates mg/mL and distilled water OH T acid O were used as standard dC.ru gdichotoma and control respectively. he result showed fruits of possessed potential O O anthelmintic activity[30]. HO OH 4.8. Ulcerative colitis

HO C. dichotoma The dried bark of was powdered and HO methanolic extract was obtained using Soxhlet extraction. 3-{[(3E)-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-en-1-yl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexyl hydrogen carbonate The obtained hydroalcoholic extract was fractioned into OH n Datiscoside HO -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. Apigenin is OH isolated by column chromatography from methanol fraction HO O C. dichotoma OH of crude methanol extract of bark and structure O O O OH of apigenin is established by various spectroscopic studies. Ulcerative colitis was induced and confirmed by observing HO O O i.e. OH classical lesions of ulcer the destruction of epithelia, H hemorrhage, infiltration of neutrophils and macrophage. ( HO Groups trei.p.ated with fractions and standard prednisolone OH 5 mg/kg, ) showed significant healing. Groups treated Dihydrorobenetin OH with ethyl acetate fraction and ethyl acetate/methanol (1:1) fraction showed mild scores of pathological changes HO O OH but infiltration of neutrophils and presence of edema was observed where as tp.ohe groups treated with methanol and OH apigenin (5 mg/kg, .) showed significant healing and O reduction in inC.fl adichotomammatory enzymes. Study concluded that (2S,3S)-3,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one apigenin from bark may be effectively used for the management of ulcerative colitis[31]. 4.9. Gastroprotective and antiulcer effect

4.6. Antidiabetic activity The gastropC.rot edichotomactive effect of some extracts of the ripe fresh fruit of were investigated in aspirin C. dichotoma The fruit pulp of the was screened for induced gastric ulcer model and pylorus ligation model in antidiabetic activity on the healthy male Wistar albino rats. rats. The methanolic and water extract was obtained from The acute toxicity was determined in albino rats (170-200 g) fresh fruit by maceration. A safe oral dose was calculated by adopting fixed dose method of Committee for the Purpose using OECD 423 guidelines and it falls in GSH 5 category. of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals Effective reduction in ulcer index is observed in water (OECD guidelines No. 420). Animals were administered with extract treated Wistar rats as compared to methanolic extract Prasad G. Jamkhande et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1015 and results were compared with standard ranitidine (50 mg/ estrous stages were caged with fertile male in the ratio 2:1. ) kg . The water extract showed significPa≤nt antiulcer effect in The vaginal smears were examined and the appearance of aspirin induced gastric ulcer model ( 0.001) as well as in the sperms clusters in the smears was recorded as Day 1 [32] 4.10.pylor uAnti-inflammatorys ligation model .activity of pregnancy. The implant number and size was examined on Days 10 and 21 by laprotomy. There was no change in ovulation; hence the antiimplantation activity observed TransdermalC. fi ldichotomams were prepared using natural polymer which can be attributed largely to its inhibition of number of (fruit gum) of with different percentage of implants. However, an investigation of the antiimplantation plasticizer (glycerin 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25% w/v), preservatives activity showed no increase in body weight or uterine (methyl paraben 0.1% w/v) and drug neomycin (0.2% w/v). content of blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels The films were casted on glass plates under dried controlled when compared with control group[35]. condition. These films were evaluated by various parameters like thickness, tensile strength, water uptake, folding Conflict of interest statement endurance, and skin irritation test. The films were screened for the anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan- induced rat patw edema model. The data was analyzed We declare that we have no conflict of interest. uPsing student -test and level of significance was set at <0.001. The results were compared with standard drug, Comments diclofenac sodium. The percentage of inhibition of odema was considered as a mark of anti-inflammatory potential Background and it was found to be highest in 0.20% (w/v) glycerin treated animals which indicate significant anti-inflammatory The back bone of Indian traditional system of medication activity of cordial dichotoma[33]. is herbal source. Ayurveda, the oldest traditional medicinal 4.11. Behavioral changes and hypoperfusion effect C.sy sdichotomatem that is based on plant medicines and treatments. (Indian cherry) has been widely used for the C. dichotoma preparation of traditional medicines for various ailments in Effect of long-term cerebral hypoperfusion diverse regions of India. Also several parts of the plant and in rats was investigated. Transient cerebral ischemia was phytochemicals potentially evaluated for the management induced under ketamine anesthesia by blocking bilateral of range of disease. As the world is facing problem of rapid common carotid arteries for chronic hypoperfusion studies, resistance of synthetics like antibiotic, it is important to after separating them from nerves, the carotid arteries were focus on plant as a source of therapeutic agents. 3 0 doubly ligated with - silk and cut in between. Animals Research frontiers were returned to home cage after suturing the skin for C. dichotoma behavioral and histopathological studies were done for The present review of is well documented ANOVA chrpostonic hochypoperfusion studies. One way followed for its systematic study of various plant parts, nutritional by Tukey test was used. The Long-term cerebral information, biological investigation, phytochemicals hypoperfusion in rats caused a propensity towards anxiety and pharmacological properties. The plant information is and listlessness (open field paradigm and elevated plus precisely arranged and explained. ) maze te’st accompanied by deficits in learning and memory Related reports (Morris water maze testing) and tendency towards depression (Porsolts swim test). Additionally, histopathological The article is well documented with traditional medicinal observations in forebrain revealed changes like gliosis, system and folklore medicinal properties which is aC.st rdichotomaocytosis, cellular edema and inflap.o.mm atory changes. The beneficial to screen their biological efficacy and isolation of treatment (250 mg/kg for 28 d) alleviated biologically active phytochemicals. these behavioral, cognitiveC. a ndichotomad histopathological changes. Innovations and breakthroughs The study suggests that may be useful in cerebrovascular insufficiency conditions[34]. The detail plant information and its uses against various 4.12. Antiimplantation activity ailments might be further useful for references and related research work based on traditional Indian system of C. medication. dichotoma Antiimplantation activity of methanolic extract of Applications bark was evaluated by observing implantation site at various doses. The coarse powder material was The present review could help to lead the discovery of defatted using petroleum ether (60-80) and extracted with various new plant based drugs and treatment. (200 250 ) methanol. The vaginal smear of the Wistar rats - g Peer review was studied microscopically for estrus cycle and only female rats with normal estrus cycle were selected for study. The Authors did detailed collection regarding the topic acute study was done according to OECD guidelines and 50 including graphics, pharmacological uses of several parts mg/kg body weight and 100 mg/kg body weight dose selected of the plant and phytochemicals potentially evaluated for for antiimplantation activity. The rats in proestrous and the management of range of disease. The article is well Prasad G. Jamkhande et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(12): 1009-1012 1016 Cordia dichotoma Carbohydr Polym cellulose fabrics from . 2011; documented with traditional medicinal system and folklore 86 medicinal properties which is beneficial to screen their : 1623-1629. [18] C osta JF, David JP, David JM, Giulietti AM, Queiroz LP, Santos biological efficacy and isolation of biologically active Cordia RR, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of extracts from phytochemicals. The review is glowing with detailed superba Cordia rufescens Cham. and A. DC. (Boraginaceae), plant information with ample study results. Braz J Pharmacogn species native from Brazilian Semi-arid. 18 2008; (1): 11-15. References [19] A bdallah IZ, Khattab HA, Heeba GH. Gastroprotective effect Cordia myxa of L. fruit extract against indomethacin-induced Life Sci J 8 [1] S amy RP, Pushparaj PN, Gopalakrishnakone P. A compilation of gastric ulceration in rats. 2011; (3): 433-445. Bioinformation 3 bioactive compounds from Ayurveda. 2008; (3): [20] T hirupathi K, Kumar SS, Raju VS, Ravikumar B, Krishna DR, Cordia 100-110. Mohan GK. A review of medicinal plants of the genus : J Nat Rem 8 [2] S aranya R, Thirumalai T, Hemalatha M, Balaji R, David E. their chemistry and pharmacological uses. 2008; (1): Enicostemma littorale Asian Pac J Pharmacognosy of : A review. 1-10. Trop Biomed 3 2013; (1): 79-84. [21] M usayeib NA, Shagufta P, Itrat F, Nasir M, Hussain A. Antioxidant, [3] B asu NG, Ghosal PK, Thakur S. Structural studies on a anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic Cordia dichofoma Cordia sinensis Molecules 16 polysaccharide fraction from the fruits of Forst. constituents from . 2011; : 10214-10226. Carbohydr Res 131 1984; : 149-155. [22] F riday JB, Okano D. Species profiles for pacific island [4] V ohora SB. 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