Our Story’ in SUPPORT of BILL C-369 NATIONAL INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DAY SUBMISSION to the HOUSE of COMMONS COMMITTEE on CANADIAN HERITAGE

JANUARY 26, 2019

Niinawind Nindibaajimowininaan

‘Our Story’ IN SUPPORT OF BILL C-369 NATIONAL INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DAY SUBMISSION TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS COMMITTEE ON CANADIAN HERITAGE

SUMMARY Purpose: With respect to Bill C-369 ‘National Indigenous Peoples Day’, there is no text in the bill, as it relates towards the acknowledgement of the Indian Residential School system and its impacts upon Indigenous communities, the honouring of the survivors of the Indian Residential School system, the commitment of continued healing of Indigenous peoples and communities, and the establishment of a legislative framework for reconciliation between Canada and Indigenous peoples. The following submission is to provide you with the appropriate information and knowledge in order to incorporate and utilize the text of Bill C-318 ‘An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day’ into Bill C-369 ‘‘National Indigenous Peoples Day’. Recommendation #1: Incorporate and utilize the text of Bill C-318 ‘An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day’ into Bill C-369 ‘National Indigenous Day’. Recommendation #2 Adopt ‘October 1st as the official day of remembrance to honour residential school Survivors and acknowledging our country’s journey of Truth and Reconciliation’ as per the recommendations of the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, University of Manitoba. Recommendation #3 Time is of the essence – put into law before the next federal election. This would be a concrete example of Canada’s commitment and demonstration of reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.

MAEENGAN LINKLATER Winnipeg, Manitoba Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ...... 2 BACKGROUND ...... 2 PURPOSE ...... 3 BILL C-318: ‘AN ACT TO ESTABLISH INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL RECONCILIATION AND MEMORIAL DAY’ BACKGROUNDER ...... 4 RECOMMDENDATIONS ...... 6 APPENDIX ONE: Assembly of First Nations Resolution no. 112/2016 in Support for Bill C-318 - An Act to Establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day ...... 7 APPENDIX TWO: The Six Genocides Recognized by Canada’s Federal Parliament ...... 9 APPENDIX THREE: For Further Reading ...... 10

INTRODUCTION Aniin, Mahkata Mahkwa indizhinaz, Oojajak dodem. My name is Maeengan Linklater, I am from Obishikokaang from Treaty #3, commonly known as Lac Seul First Nation, Ontario. I would like to acknowledge my family; sisters, brothers, mothers and fathers, grandparents and knowledge-keepers, and survivors of the Indian Residential School system. Before I begin, I wish to declare – there is no glory in the Indian Residential School experience. My family’s story is not a unique one – it is a common story shared by many Indigenous peoples across Canada today. We were persecuted for having a different language, religion, and a different way of looking at the world. And yet, no matter how hard Canada has tried to kill the Indian inside of us. We are still here. Strong, proud, and resilient. Miigwich, Maeengan Linklater

BACKGROUND On October 31, 2016, Robert-Falcon Ouellette, Member of Parliament for Winnipeg-Centre (Liberal Party of Canada) introduced in the House of Commons, Bill C-318 ‘An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day1’. It was a culmination of five months’ work in we did together, and with the Legislative Services Section of the Office of the Law Clerk and Parliamentary Counsel in order to produce ‘An Act to Create a National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’,

1 http://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/bill/C-318/first-reading, retrieved January 26, 2019.

2 PURPOSE With respect to Bill C-369 ‘National Indigenous Peoples Day’, there is no text in the bill, as it relates towards the acknowledgement of the Indian Residential School system and its impacts upon Indigenous communities, the honouring of the survivors of the Indian Residential School system, the commitment of continued healing of Indigenous peoples and communities, and the establishment of a legislative framework for reconciliation between Canada and Indigenous peoples. The following submission is to provide you with the appropriate information and knowledge in order to incorporate and utilize the text of Bill C-318 ‘An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day’ into Bill C-369 ‘‘National Indigenous Peoples Day’. I would like to acknowledge Phil Fontaine, former National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations, Elder Fred Kelly, spiritual elder and a past member of the Assembly of First Nations Council of Elders, Theodore Fontaine, residential school victor and author, Professor Andrew Woolford, former President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, Professor David MacDonald, genocide expert, Joseph Boyden, award-winning author, Dr. Michael Dan, President of Gemini Power Corporation, Bernie Farber, senior vice-president of Gemini Power Corporation and former head of the Canadian Jewish Congress, who have advocated, and continue to advocate, for the survivors of the Indian Residential School system and have used their voice and words to move the agenda forward. Their words and other articles on the Indian Residential School experiences, Assembly of First Nations, resolution no. 112/2016 (adopted at the Special Chiefs Assembly December 8, 2016), the six genocides recognized by the House of Commons, have been included with this brief to provide further context within the scope of Bill C-318 An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day’ and its application into Bill C-369 ‘‘National Indigenous Peoples Day’. Please click on the news article links in APPENDIX THREE for further information and background. The notion of reconciliation is only at the dawn of the attitudes of the dominant culture, as Canada begins to understand the history of colonization and its impacts in our society. It is about the spirit of two nations who have co-existed and shared the land to provide sustenance for our families and communities. To restore the balance of our relationship in a relationship altered by settlers who created the Dominion of Canada – from sea to sea. Over the course of Canadian history, Indigenous peoples became a displaced. Disposed of our lands. The neglect of the Treaty relationship between Canada and Indigenous peoples. The systematic racism of the Indian Act. Indian Residential Schools. The purpose of Bill C-318 ‘An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day’ is to create a new chapter – a chapter of reconciliation – together; how it can serve as a legislative framework in the implementation of the recommendations contained in the ‘Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’ – Call to Action 80 We have an opportunity to change the course of history as it relates towards Canada’s efforts towards reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.

3 I ask you to be an instrument of change, to be fearless armed with knowledge that inspires reconciliation.

BILL C-318: ‘AN ACT TO ESTABLISH INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL RECONCILIATION AND MEMORIAL DAY’ BACKGROUNDER ‘An Act to Create a National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’ is to honour and respect the approximately 150,000 Indian children who were removed from their families and communities to attend residential schools between the years 1870 and 1996. Removed from their communities, under the threat of force. And, the purpose of the Indian Residential School system – as stated by the Government of Canada in its Apology to Former Students of Indian Residential Schools, delivered in the House of Commons on June 11, 2008 – were to remove and isolate children from the influence of their homes, families, traditions and cultures, and to assimilate them into the dominant culture. These children experienced neglect and suffered emotional, physical and sexual abuse. These actions were documented in the Final Report of the ‘Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’, and it is public knowledge for citizens to review. Acknowledge the Past It should be noted, the ‘United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Article II’ includes ‘forcibly transferring children from one group to another group’2 and the actions taken to remove children from families and communities and to put them in residential schools meets this definition of genocide. That the actions to remove children from their families and communities falls within the sphere of the ‘United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide’. “It is time for Canadians to face the sad truth. Canada engaged in a deliberate policy of attempted genocide against First Nations people.” P. Fontaine, and Bernie Faber (Toronto Star, July 19, 2013). 3 And, for those who are concerned about liability, David McDonald has written the following, “finding the state guilty of genocide in the Indian residential school system would be extremely difficult. Court cases alleging genocide have been struck down, first because the crimes in question took place before the Convention was signed. Second, forcibly transferring children is not considered genocide in the Canadian Criminal Code, which recognizes only two of five elements of the UNGC: "killing members of the group", and "causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group4."

2 http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html, retrieved January 26, 2019. Article II In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

3 https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2013/07/19/a_canadian_genocide_in_search_of_a_name.html, retrieved January 27, 2019. 4 https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/five-reasons-the-trc-chose-cultural-genocide/article25311423/, retrieved January 27, 2019

4 And, where does this lead us? Focus on the Good Let us acknowledge the Government of Canada’s efforts to initiate healing and reconciliation through the Statement of Apology, the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. And, that is why ‘‘An Act to Create a National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’ purposes to set aside one day each year to provide an opportunity to focus on understanding and reconciliation, including: • Showing respect and understanding for those who suffered as a result of the actions taken to put children in residential schools; • Continuing the healing of and support for survivors of residential schools, their families, and communities; • Reaffirming the importance of safety and protection of Aboriginal/Indigenous children from emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the importance of support for families to enable children to have optimal development and opportunities within their own families; • Reaffirming, recognizing, and acknowledging, Aboriginal/Indigenous peoples and governments as self-governing, sovereign; and, • Educating all Canadians about the lessons from the Indian Residential Schools system, and its continuing impacts for society. Look Towards the Future ‘An Act to Create a National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’ is a call to action. It calls for the Parliament of Canada to: ` • Set aside June 2nd, in each and every year to be known as ‘National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’ because that was the day of the release of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; • Commit, including through legislation and education, to support the revitalization of Aboriginal communities to enable Aboriginal people to reach their full potential, and to bridge efforts of reconciliation between Aboriginal people and all the people of Canada; and, • Reaffirm the importance of its treaties with the Aboriginal peoples in Canada and recognizes the validity and importance of these treaties in its actions. In summary, ‘An Act to Create a National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’ establishes; nd • June 2 as ‘National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’. ‘An Act to Create a National Indian Residential School Memorial Day’ seeks to create structural change, beginning at the top and the apex of power of this country. I ask all Canadians to understand what Indigenous peoples have endured through the Indian Residential School experience, and to know that is not who we are. Our culture is beautiful - we are a beautiful people. Our values of wisdom, love, respect, bravery, honesty, humility, and truth; these seven teachings provide the foundation of Indigenous peoples.

5 We express ourselves in song, dance, and ceremony. We are a spiritual people - rich, deep, and beautiful. We are rich in culture, we are rich in ceremony, and we are rich in laughter. I ask the Parliament of Canada – to go beyond the undiscovered country – that seeks to maintain the status quo. I ask the Parliament of Canada– to join us – to change the course of destiny of this country Canada that sits on the back of Turtle Island. And, I ask the Parliament of Canada – to forge a new path that acknowledges the past, but more importantly – focuses on the future and restores the faith and trust of Indigenous peoples.

RECOMMDENDATIONS Recommendation #1 Incorporate and utilize the text of Bill C-318 ‘An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day’ into Bill C-369 ‘National Indigenous Day’. “Preamble Whereas, from 1870 to 1996, approximately 150,000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children in Canada were removed from their families and communities to attend residential schools; Whereas the goals of the Indian Residential School system — as stated by the Government of Canada in its Statement of Apology — to Former Students of Indian Residential Schools, delivered in the House of Commons on June 11, 2008 — were to remove and isolate children from the influence of their homes, families, traditions and cultures, and to assimilate them into the dominant culture; Whereas through residential schools, many children experienced neglect and suffered emotional, physical and sexual abuse; Whereas the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide states that genocide includes forcibly transferring children from one group to another group, and the actions taken to remove children from families and communities to place them in residential schools meets this definition of genocide; Whereas it is desirable to continue the process of understanding the impact of the removal of children from their families for placement in residential schools and to promote reconciliation and the healing of wounds; Whereas setting aside one day each year will provide an opportunity to focus on understanding and reconciliation, which involve showing respect and empathy for those who suffered as a result of the actions taken to place children in residential schools, continuing the healing of and support for survivors of residential schools, their families, and communities, reaffirming the importance of safeguarding and protecting Indigenous children from emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the importance of support for families to enable children to have optimal development and opportunities within their own families and communities, reaffirming, recognizing, and acknowledging, Indigenous peoples and governments as self-governing and sovereign, and educating all Canadians about the lessons from the Indian Residential Schools system and its continuing impacts on society; Whereas the Parliament of Canada supports the work of reconciliation, the necessary ongoing process of truth telling and healing, and the Crown’s work with the provinces and territories, First Nations, Métis Nation, and Inuit to support the revitalization of Indigenous communities so as to

6 enable Indigenous peoples to reach their full potential and to bolster efforts at reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians; And whereas the Parliament of Canada reaffirms the importance of honouring the treaties with the Indigenous peoples of Canada and recognizes the validity and importance of these treaties in the Crown’s efforts to establish a nation-to-nation relationship, based on recognition, rights, respect, co-operation, and partnership;” Recommendation #2 Adopt ‘October 1st as the official day of remembrance to honour residential school Survivors and acknowledging our country’s journey of Truth and Reconciliation’ as per the recommendations of the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, University of Manitoba. Recommendation #3 Time is of the essence – put into law before the next federal election. This would be a concrete example of Canada’s commitment and demonstration of reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.

APPENDIX ONE: Assembly of First Nations Resolution no. 112/2016 in Support for Bill C-318 - An Act to Establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day5 SPECIAL CHIEFS ASSEMBLY DECEMBER 6, 7, & 8, 2016; GATINEAU, QC Resolution no. 112/2016

TITLE: Support for Bill C-318 - An Act to Establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day SUBJECT: Reconciliation, Residential Schools MOVED BY: Chief Dave Traverse, Kinonjeoshtegon First Nation, MB SECONDED BY: Charlene Cardinal, Proxy, Beaver Lake Cree Nation, AB DECISION Carried, 1 abstention WHEREAS: A. The following articles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states:

i. Article 8 (1): Indigenous people and individuals have the right not to be subjected to forced assimilation or destruction of their culture.

ii. Article 8 (2): States shall provide effective mechanisms for prevention of, and redress for: a) Any action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their integrity as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities; b) Any action which has the aim of or the effect of dispossessing them of their lands, territories or resources;

5 https://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/resolutions/sca-2016.pdf, page 102, retrieved January 26, 2019.

7 c) Any form of forced population transfer which has the aim or effect of violating or undermining any of their rights; d) Any form of forced assimilation or integration; e) Any form of propaganda designed to promote or incite racial or ethnic discrimination directed against them. iii. Article 15 (1): Indigenous peoples have the right to the dignity and diversity of their cultures, traditions, histories and aspirations which shall be appropriately reflected in education and public information. iv. Article 15 (2): States shall take effective measures, in consultation and cooperation with the indigenous peoples concerned, to combat prejudice and eliminate discrimination and to promote tolerance, understanding and good relations among indigenous peoples and all other segments of society. B. The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide states that genocide includes forcibly transferring children from one group to another group. C. According to Bill C-318, which designates the second day of June, in each and every year, as “Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day”: i. From 1870 to 1996, approximately 150,000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children in Canada were removed from their families and communities to attend residential schools. ii. The goals of the Indian Residential School system—as stated by the Government of Canada in its statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools, delivered in the House of Commons on June 11, 2008—was to remove and isolate children from the influence of their homes, families, traditions and cultures, and to assimilate them into the dominant culture. iii. Through residential schools, many children experienced neglect and suffered emotional, physical and sexual abuse. iv. It is desirable to continue the process of understanding the impact of the removal of children from their families for placement in residential schools and to promote reconciliation and the healing of wounds. v. Setting aside one day each year will: i. Provide an opportunity to focus on understanding and reconciliation, which involve showing respect and empathy for those who suffered as a result of the actions taken to place children in residential schools. ii. Continue the healing of and support for survivors of residential schools, their families, and communities. iii. Reaffirm the importance of safeguarding and protecting Indigenous children from emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the importance of support for families to enable children to have optimal development and opportunities within their own families and communities. iv. Reaffirm, recognize, and acknowledge Indigenous peoples and governments as self-governing and sovereign. v. Educate all Canadians about the lessons from the Indian Residential Schools system and its continuing impacts on society.

8 vi. The Parliament of Canada supports the work of reconciliation, the necessary ongoing process of truth telling and healing, and the Crown’s work with the provinces and territories, First Nations, Métis Nation, and Inuit to support the revitalization of Indigenous communities so as to enable Indigenous peoples to reach their full potential and to bolster efforts at reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians. vii. The Parliament of Canada reaffirms the importance of honouring the Treaties with Indigenous peoples of Canada and recognizes the validity and importance of the Treaties in the Crown’s efforts to establish a nation-to-nation relationship, based on recognition, rights, respect, co-operation, and partnership.

THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Chiefs-in-Assembly:

1. Support Bill C-318, An Act to establish Indian Residential School Reconciliation and Memorial Day, as tabled for first reading on October 31, 2016 in the House of Commons by Robert Falcon-Ouellette, Member of Parliament for Winnipeg-Centre. 2. Direct the Assembly of First Nations to lobby the Government of Canada to adopt Bill C-318 as a government bill to establish a legislative framework for reconciliation. APPENDIX TWO: The Six Genocides Recognized by Canada’s Federal Parliament 1. Genocide Against the Yazidi People – Vote on Parliamentary Motion, October 25, 2016 That the House (a) recognize that ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidi people; (b) acknowledge that many Yazidi women and girls are still being held captive by ISIS as sexual slaves; “(c) support recommendations found in the June 15, 2016, report issued by the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Syria entitled, “They came to destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis”; and (d) call on the government to (i) take immediate action upon all the recommendations found in sections 210, 212, and 213 of the said report, (ii) provide asylum to Yazidi women and girls within 120 days.”. Passed Unanimously. 2. Armenian Genocide - Vote on Parliamentary Motion, April 21, 2004 That this House acknowledge the Armenian genocide of 1915 and condemn this act as a crime against humanity. Passed 153-68 3. Srebrenica an Act of Genocide –Vote on Parliamentary Motion, October 19, 2010 That, in the opinion of the House, the day of July 11 should be recognized as Srebrenica Remembrance Day in memorial of the Srebrenica Massacre of July 1995, in which more than 7,000 Bosniak men and boys were executed, declared an act of genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice, and 25,000 others were forcibly removed from their homes by Bosnian Serb forces. Passed Unanimously 4. Rwandan Genocide –Vote on Parliamentary Motion, February 24, 2004 That this House declare April 7 as a Day of Remembrance of the victims of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and encourage all Canadians, including the government, to take appropriate steps on that day to commemorate the genocide and to reflect upon its lessons. Passed unanimously’ 5. Holocaust Memorial Day Act, S.C. 2003, c. 24 (Assented to 2003-11-07)

9 An Act to establish Holocaust Memorial Day 6. Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (“Holodomor”) Memorial Day Act, S.C. 2008, c. 19 (Assented to 2008-05-29) An Act to establish a Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (“Holodomor”) Memorial Day and to recognize the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33 as an act of genocide

APPENDIX THREE: For Further Reading 1. Push for stat holiday has Manitoba roots (Winnipeg Free Press) Aboriginal leaders advocated for national Day of Reconciliation By: Alexandra Paul Posted: August 17, 2018 4:00 AM https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/push-for-stat-holiday-has-manitoba-roots- 491087561.html 2. This is personal: Residential school system was genocide, needs a day of reflection (Windspeaker) Tuesday, November 1st, 2016 2:57pm By Shari Narine Windspeaker Contributor https://windspeaker.com/news/windspeaker-news/this-is-personal-residential-school-system- was-genocide-needs-a-day-of-reflection 3. How Canada can take responsibility for its genocidal past (The Globe and Mail) Published October 31, 2016 Updated May 17, 2018 Op-Ed: Bernie Farber is executive director of the Mosaic Institute; David MacDonald is a professor of political science at the University of Guelph; Joseph Boyden is a Canadian award- winning author and indigenous activist. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/how-canada-can-take-responsibility-for-its- genocidal-past/article32576667/ 4. Residential school memorial day would be a start (Winnipeg Free Press) More than 150,000 indigenous children were removed from their families between 1870 and 1996. By: Andrew Woolford, president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars. Theodore Fontaine, victor over his residential school experience and an author. Posted: October 31, 2016 4:00 AM | https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/residential-school-memorial-day-would- be-a-start-399272071.html 5. Five reasons the TRC chose ‘cultural genocide’ (The Globe and Mail) Published July 6, 2015 Updated December 20, 2017 David B. MacDonald is a professor of political science at the University of Guelph, and the author of several works comparing the genocidal experiences of indigenous peoples in Western settler states and their continuing legacies.

10 https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/five-reasons-the-trc-chose-cultural- genocide/article25311423/

6. CMHR waiting for residential school system to be labelled 'genocide' (CBC) Canadian Museum for Human Rights will use term in exhibits if 1st recognized by federal government Posted: June 04, 2015 10:28 PM CT Last Updated: June 05, 2015 6:28 AM CT http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/cmhr-waiting-for-residential-school-system-to-be- labelled-genocide-1.3101530 7. Maeengan Linklater lobbies for Manitoba residential school memorial day (CBC) Linklater wants June 2 recognized as 'Indian Residential School Genocide Reconciliation Memorial Day' Posted: June 05, 2015 3:36 PM CT Last Updated: June 05, 2015 3:40 PM CT http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/maeengan-linklater-lobbies-for-manitoba-residential- school-memorial-day-1.3102730 8. What Canada committed against First Nations was genocide. The UN should recognize it (The Globe and Mail) Phil Fontaine, a former national chief of the Assembly of First Nations and Bernie Farber, senior vice-president of Gemini Power Corporation and former head of the Canadian Jewish Congress Published October 14, 2013 7:30AM EDT Last updated October 14, 2013 3:11PM EDT https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/what-canada-committed-against-first-nations-was- genocide-the-un-should-recognize-it/article14853747/ 9. CMHR rejects 'genocide' for native policies (Winnipeg Free Press) Debate is still underway By: Mary Agnes Welch Posted: July 26, 2013 1:00 AM | Last Modified: July 31, 2013 4:20 PM https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/cmhr-rejects-genocide-for-native-policies- 217061321.html 10. Human rights museum sparks debate over term ‘genocide (CBC) Aboriginal leaders seek ‘genocide’ designation for past injustices by Canadian government CBC News Posted: July 26, 2013 4:21 PM CT Last Updated: July 26, 2013 4:13 PM CT https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/human-rights-museum-sparks-debate-over-term- genocide-1.1400154 11. A Canadian genocide in search of a name (The Star) Canadians need to face the sad truth that the country engaged in a deliberate policy of attempted genocide against First Nations people. By: Phil Fontaine Dr. Michael Dan Bernie M. Farber Published on July 19 2013 https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2013/07/19/a_canadian_genocide_in_search_of_a _name.html