WOMEN and MEN
Western Visayas
2019 Statistical Handbook
DECEMBER 20
Philippine Statistics Authority RSSO VI
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Women and Men in Western Visayas
2019 STATISTICAL HANDBOOK
Republic of the Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority Region VI- Western Visayas
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The WOMEN AND MEN IN WESTERN VISAYAS 2019 STATISTICAL HANDBOOK is a publication prepared by the PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY, Regional Statistical Services Office VI (Western Visayas). For technical inquiries please contact us at: (6333) 335-0316 or email us at [email protected]
TERMS OF USE OF PSA PUBLICATIONS
The PSA reserves its exclusive right to reproduce all its publications in whatever form. Any part of this publication should not be produced, recopied, lend or repackaged for other parties for any commercial purposes without written permission from the PSA. Any part of this publication may only be reproduced for internal use of the recipient/customer company. Should any portion of the data in this publication are to be included in a report/article, the title of the publication and the PSA should be cited as the source of the data. Any information derived from the processing of data contained in this publication will not be the responsibility of PSA.
DECEMBER 2019
Published by the Philippine Statistics Authority Regional Statistical Services Office VI J. Villanueva Building, Iznart Street Iloilo City 5000 Philippine
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword vi
Chapter 1 Population 1
Chapter 2 Labor and Employment 9
Chapter 3 Violence Against Women and Children 32
Chapter 4 Women Empowerment 57
Chapter 5 Health and Vital Statistics 68
Chapter 6 Education 89
Chapter 7 Transportation 103
Chapter 8 Social Services 109
Chapter 9 Senior Citizens 113
Chapter 10 Children and Youth 119
Chapter 11 Agriculture, Fisheries and Agrarian Reform 131
Chapter 12 Poverty and Human Development 147
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Women and Men IN WESTERN VISAYAS
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Chapter 1 POPULATION
“Population growth is straining the Earth's resources to the breaking point, and educating girls is the single most important factor in stabilizing that. That, plus helping women gain political and economic power and safeguarding their reproductive rights” – Al Gore
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POPULATION
This Women and Men Handbook contains population, families, and household’s data from the results of the 2015 Census of Population (POPCEN 2015), the latest census conducted by the PSA.
Profile of the population is important in identifying areas of development. High population growth has considerable effects on the distribution of resources and services and has adverse influence on family life standards, health, education, environment, and occupational opportunities.
Changes in the family or household structure have great effects on the general population structure as well. This situation poses extra burden on women as home managers in their struggle to balance family, motherhood, economic, and social responsibilities. Below are the priority issues in this sector:
Serious implications of changing population size, family structure, merging typologies of family, composition and distribution vis-à-vis available resources and services on the status of women;
Multiple burden due to inclination of population members to define certain roles of men and women; and
Need to address gender issues of the youth, elderly and differently-abled men and women.
The following policies were promulgated to address the above issues:
Enactment of the Family Code, which to date, is the most enlightened piece of legislation to promote equality and justice among family members; and
The importance of the Filipino family as the fundamental unit of society is underscored in the 1987 Constitution and other existing legislations. The Constitution and other legislations recognize that well-functioning and happy families constitute the necessary foundation for social stability, economic progress, and development.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 1.1 TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 TABLE 1.2 TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 TABLE 1.3 TOTAL POPULATION 10 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY AGE GROUP, MARITAL STATUS, AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 TABLE 1.4 2010 CENSUS-BASED POPULATION PROJECTIONBY SEX AND PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2020
FIGURE
FIGURE 1.1 POPULATION PYRAMID, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
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TABLE 1.1 TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
Age Group Total Women Men All Ages 7,536,383 3,705,869 3,830,514 Under 1 145,425 70,302 75,123 1-4 619,015 297,881 321,134 5-9 786,406 379,267 407,139 10-14 767,684 371,543 396,141 15-19 747,712 361,287 386,425 20-24 687,080 332,265 354,815 25-29 596,409 284,561 311,848 30-34 522,127 247,436 274,691 35-39 473,384 224,737 248,647 40-44 423,809 203,743 220,066 45-49 399,381 195,401 203,980 50-54 353,754 175,676 178,078 55-59 301,886 153,515 148,371 60-64 240,535 126,278 114,257 65-69 171,973 94,943 77,030 70-74 121,228 70,932 50,296 75 & over 178,575 116,102 62,473 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population
Of the 7.5 million total population in Western Visayas for 2015, 50.8% were males and 49.2% were females. This resulted in a sex ratio of 103 males per 100 females.
Age group 5-9 accounted for the largest population percentage share of women and men at 10.2% and 10.6% respectively, while the infants (age group under 1) comprised only 1.9% and 2.0% of the total number of females and males in the region.
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FIGURE 1.1 POPULATION PYRAMID, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
75 & Over 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 1-4 Under 1
Male Female
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population
As of 2015, the estimated median age of the total population in Western Visayas was at 24.6 years. This means that half of the entire population was younger than 24.6 years old. The region’s median age for females was at 25.2 years, while the males were at a slightly younger median age of 24.1 years.
Western Visayas has a relatively young population. This is evident in the broad lower-middle base of the population pyramid. Of the total population in 2015, nearly a third (30.8%) were under 15 years old.
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TABLE 1.2 TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
Region/Province/ Total Women Men City Total 7,536,383 3,705,869 3,830,514 Aklan 574,823 282,032 292,791 Antique 582,012 284,174 297,838 Capiz 761,384 374,849 386,535 Guimaras 174,613 84,969 89,644 Iloilo 1,936,423 952,327 984,096 Iloilo City (Capital) 447,992 227,224 220,768 Negros Occidental 2,497,261 1,215,300 1,281,961 Bacolod City (Capital) 561,875 284,994 276,881 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population
Among the provinces and highly urbanized cities in the region, Negros Occidental had the largest population while Guimaras had the smallest for both women and men in 2015.
About 220,768 (18.3%) and 276,881 (17.8%) men population in Iloilo and Negros Occidental are from Iloilo City and Bacolod City, respectively. Likewise, 227,224 (19.3%) and 284,994 (09.0%) women population in Iloilo and Negros Occidental are from Iloilo City and Bacolod City, respectively.
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TABLE 1.3 TOTAL POPULATION 10 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY AGE GROUP, MARITAL STATUS, AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
Number Percent Marital Status Total Women Men Total Women Men Total 5,985,53 2,958,41 3,027,11 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single 2,692,177 1,207,309 1,484,868 45.0 40.8 49.1 Married 2,475,631 1,244,774 1,230,857 41.4 42.1 40.7 Widowed 320,2700 249,2755 70,9955 5.4 8.4 2.3 Divorced/ Separated 65,362 38,104 27,258 1.1 1.3 0.9 Common-Law/ 430,321 218,134 212,187 7.2 7.4 7.0 UnknownLive-in 1,783 827 956 0.0 0.0 0.0 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population
POPCEN 2015 revealed that proportion of single men was higher compared to the proportion of married, widowed, divorced or separated, and of men with common- law or live-in marital status. Proportion of married women was higher than the proportion of women with other marital status.
About half of the total men aged 10 years old and over were single (49.1%), 40% were married, 2.3% were widowed, 0.9% were divorced/separated and 7.0% were living-in or having a common-law partner. The proportion of women population 10 years old and over for singles and married were 40.8% and 42.1%, respectively. Women aged 10 years old and over with marital status other than single or married contributed 17.1% to the women population.
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TABLE 1.4 2010 CENSUS-BASED POPULATION PROJECTION BY SEX AND PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2020
Sex Region/Province Both Sexes Female Male Ratio TOTAL 8,249,400 4,066,200 4,183,200 102.9 Aklan 627,400 309,300 318,100 102.8 Antique 672,000 328,600 343,400 104.5 Capiz 810,700 401,300 409,400 102.0 Guimaras 190,400 92,900 97,500 105.0 Iloilo 2,554,800 1,267,100 1,287,700 101.6 Negros Occidental 3,394,100 1,667,000 1,727,100 103.6 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2010 Census-Based National, Regional and Provincial Population Projections
In terms of population by province in Western Visayas, it is projected that the proportion of men will consistently outnumber women in the year 2020. The highest sex ratio is reported in Guimaras with 105 men for every 100 women. Second and third in rank are Antique and Negros Occidental with sex ratio of 104.5 and 103.6, respectively. The lowest sex ratio is reported in Iloilo with 101.6 men for every 100 women.
Among all provinces in Region VI, Negros Occidental reported the highest number of men and women with a projected men population of 1,727,100 and women population of 1,667,000.
Although Guimaras had the lowest share of population in 2015, the province projected to have a population count of 190,400 in 2020 – a 9.0% increase in population from 2015 to projected 2020 population.
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Chapter 2 LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
“Our work is the presentation of our capabilities” – Goethe
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LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
The participation of women in both formal and informal sectors of the labor force is now increasing though there are problems affecting their productivity and income shares. Some of the priority problems and issues concerning women in the employment sector are:
Unequal terms and conditions of work and benefits for women, specifically production workers;
Unequal pay opportunities between men and women;
Unequal employment opportunities between men and women;
Need to strengthen women’s participation as leaders in labor organizations and other associations; and
Need to increase participation of women in work-based organizations.
To address these issues, the following policy reforms and programs were implemented and helped reduce the inequality between men and women in both formal and informal sectors:
Republic Act No. 6725 was enacted on May 12, 1989 prohibiting discrimination against women in employment, promotion and training opportunities.
The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 which was signed into law- the Philippine Development Plan for Women (PDPW) describes sexual harassment as consisting of unwanted and inappropriate remarks about a person’s appearance and/or sexual activities which affect, directly or indirectly, one’s job performance, promotion or evaluation.
The 1987 Constitution, Art. II, Sec. 14 explicitly stipulates the fundamental equality between women and men to wit: “The state recognizes the role of women in nation building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.”
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The component activity for and by women of the Tulong sa Tao-NGO Micro- Credit Program (TST/NGO-MCP) – this program of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) seeks to address the credit needs of existing and potential micro- entrepreneurs through the extensive use of NGOs as conduits for lending and technical assistance. The women’s component is called the Tulong sa Kababaihan.
Efforts of DTI to encourage the exploitation of regional comparative advances have been perceived to create employment in the countryside, particularly among women.
Women’s equal opportunity in the trade skills training program of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).
The National Center for Women provides upgraded traditional and non-traditional trades including twenty-seven (27) training subjects in nine (9) trade areas. The Research and Development activities include concerns on women’s capability development, wider employment opportunities for women and other measures for enhancing women’s status.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 2.1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 15 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND BY SEX, PHILIPPINES AND WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 2.2 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED, WESTERN VISAYAS AND SEX: 2018 TABLE 2.3 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY TOTAL HOURS WORKED, WESTERN VISAYAS AND SEX TABLE 2.4 NUMBER OF MEDICAL DOCTORS, DENTISTS, PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES AND MIDWIVES BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 2.5 NUMBER OF NUTRITIONIST AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 2.6 NUMBER OF SANITARY ENGINEER, SANITARY INSPECTOR BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 2.7 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED WOMEN AND MEN BY MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 2.8 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 2.9 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS WANTING MORE HOURS OF WORK BY TOTAL HOURS WORKED, BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
FIGURE
FIGURE 2.1 PERCENT EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED IN THE LABOR FORCE BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016-2018 FIGURE 2.2 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY SEX AND TYPE OF INDUSTRY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 FIGURE 2.3 NUMBER OF ACTIVE BARANGAY HEALTH WORKERS BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 FIGURE 2.4 NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES OCCUPYING THE FIRST LEVEL POSITIONS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 FIGURE 2.5 NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES OCCUPYING THE SECOND LEVEL POSITIONS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 FIGURE 2.6 NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES OCCUPYING THE THIRD LEVEL POSITIONS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 FIGURE 2.7 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED WOMEN AND MEN BY MAJOR OCCUPATION IN WESTERN VISAYAS:2017 12
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Labor Force - the population 15 years old and over whether employed or unemployed who contribute to the production of goods and services in the country
Employed - includes all those who during the reference period are 15 years old and over as of their last birthday and are reported either:
At work - those who do any work even for one hour during the reference period for pay or profit, or work without pay on the farm or business enterprise operated by a member of the same household related by blood, marriage or adoption; or
With a job but not at work - those who have a job or business but not at work because of the temporary illness/injury, vacation or other reasons. Likewise, persons who expect to report for work or to start operation of a farm or business enterprise within two weeks from the date of the enumerator’s visit, are considered employed
Unemployed - those who are reported as without work, had no job or business during the reference period, currently available for work and seeking work
Not in the labor force - refers to persons 15 years old and over who are neither employed nor unemployed, also includes persons who are too young, too old/retired, with permanent disability, household/family duties and schooling
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TABLE 2.1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 15 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND BY SEX, PHILIPPINES AND WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Total Not in Labor Force Population the Region and Sex 15 Years Old Labor and Over Total Employed Unemployed Force Philippines (in 71,339 43,460 41,157 2,303 27,879 thousands) Total (in percent) 100 100 100 100 100 Women 49.8 38.1 38.2 36.8 68.1 Men 50.2 61.9 61.8 63.2 31.9
Region VI 5,459 3,344 3,165 179 2,116 Total (in percent) 100 100 100 100 100 Women 49.5 39.0 39.1 36.5 66.2 Men 50.5 61.0 60.9 63.5 33.8
As of 2018, 61.2 percent of the of population aged 15 years old and over were reported to be in the labor force, and remaining 38.8 percent were not in the labor force.
About 7.7 percent of the total individuals nationwide in the labor force were from Western Visayas. For those who were in the labor force, 39.0 percent were women and 61.0 percent were men.
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FIGURE 2.1 PERCENT EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED IN THE LABOR FORCE BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016-2018
2016 2017 2018 % % % % Employed Unemployed % Employed Unemployed % Employed Unemployed
29.9 39.7 36.7 38.5 39.1 36.5
70.1 60.3 63.3 61.5 60.9 63.5
Men Women Source.: Philippine Statistics Authority, Labor Force Survey: 2016-2018
In three-year period from 2016 to 2018, for employed labor force population, the proportion of males and females are almost the same. However, among unemployed labor force population the proportion of unemployed males increased in 2017 from 63.3% in 2016 to 70.1% in 2017 and return to 63.5 percent in 2018. Among unemployed females in the labor force, proportion of unemployed reduced from 36.7% in 2016 to 29.9% in 2017 and return to 36.5 percent in 2018.
Percentage of unemployed women in Western Visayas rose to 36.5% in 2018. Unemployment percentage among men, on the other hand, decreased to 63.5% in 2018 from 70.1% in 2017.
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FIGURE 2.2 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MALES AND TYPE OF INDUSTRY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
41.1 38.1
20.7
Agriculture Industry Services
The working population in Western Visayas, is grouped into three broad sectors, namely: agricuture, industry, and services. During 2018, most of the working men were involved in the services sector (41.1%), 38.1% belonged to the agriculture sector, and the remaining 20.7% were employed in the industry sector.
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FIGURE 2.3 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED FEMALES BY TYPE OF INDUSTRY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
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5.8
75.2
Agriculture Industry Services
Similarly, jobs related to the services sector also accounted for the biggest proportion (75.2%) of employment among the women in Western Visayas. This was followed by the agriculture sector (19%) and the industry sector (5.8%).
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TABLE 2.2 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY HIGHEST GRADE COMPLETED, WESTERN VISAYAS AND SEX: 2018
Elementary** Junior High School Senior High School Post-Secondary College
No Grade Region and Sex Total Under- Under- Under- Under- Under- Completed Graduate Graduate Graduate Graduate Graduate* graduate graduate graduate graduate graduate
Western Visayas 3,165 38 513 373 403 855 13 16 25 121 330 477 (in thousands) Male 60.9 67.7 74.6 63.4 66.6 63.4 62.2 55.4 51.5 51.5 54.6 41.7 Female 39.1 32.3 25.4 36.6 33.4 36.6 37.8 44.6 48.5 48.5 45.4 58.3 * Includes post baccalaureate undergraduates and graduates. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Annual Labor and Employment Estimates for 2018
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Based on highest grade completed, the proportion of employed females who were able to finish college was greater than the males belonging to the same category. Across all the other categories, however, the males were able to outnumber their female counterparts.
TABLE 2.3 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS BY TOTAL HOURS WORKED, WESTERN VISAYAS AND SEX: 2018
Did Total Hours Worked Mean Region and Sex Total Not Under 40 and Hours 20 - 29 30 - 39 Work 20 Over Worked Western Visayas (in thousands) 3,165 13 483 361 255 2,052 40.5 Male 60.9 55.9 52.2 61.7 68.8 61.8 40.6 Female 39.1 44.1 47.8 38.3 31.2 38.2 40.3 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Annual Labor and Employment Estimates for 2018
It was revealed that during 2018, employees in the region worked an average of 40.5 hours each week. Males in the region tended to work slightly more hours than the females across all categories for total hours worked.
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FIGURE 2.3 NUMBER OF ACTIVE BARANGAY HEALTH WORKERS BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
64 Negros Occidental 7,610 43 Iloilo 8,393 4 Guimaras 626 47 Capiz 4,878 13 Antique 1,025 17 Aklan 3,027
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 Male Female
Source: Department of Health, Region VI, FHSIS 2018
Figure 2.3 shows the number of active barangay health workers by sex and by province in the region. The number of Active Barangay Health Workers in Western Visayas totaled to about 25,747 in 2018. Almost 99.27% of the total number of active BHWs in Western Visayas were women.
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TABLE 2.4 NUMBER OF MEDICAL DOCTORS, DENTISTS, PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES AND MIDWIVES BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Medical Doctors Region/Province Dentist
Female Male Total Female Male Total Region VI/ Province 170 93 263 106 33 139 Aklan 10 12 22 10 1 11 Antique 14 4 18 1 2 3 Capiz 18 6 24 16 8 24 Guimaras 7 1 8 3 0 3 Iloilo 35 23 58 33 6 39 Negros Occidental 49 39 88 28 9 37 Bacolod City 18 4 22 3 3 6 Iloilo City 19 12 4 16
Women dominated most of the medical and health professions in the region. 64.64% of all DOH medical doctors in Western Visayas during 2018 were females. Moreover the, female DOH dentists outnumbered their male counterparts three to one.
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TABLE 2.4 NUMBER OF MEDICAL DOCTORS, DENTISTS, PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES AND MIDWIVES BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 (CONTINUED)
Region/Province Public Health Nurses Midwives Female Male Total Female Male Total Region VI/ Province 382 57 439 1650 6 1,656 Aklan 26 8 34 127 0 127 Antique 22 5 27 148 0 148 Capiz 35 3 38 166 1 167 Guimaras 10 1 11 68 0 68 Iloilo 74 10 84 436 2 438 Negros Occidental 166 25 191 644 3 647 Bacolod City 26 2 28 29 0 29 Iloilo City 23 3 26 32 0 32 Note: Retrieved from https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-statistics/field-health-service-information- system/fhsis-report-cy-2018/demographic-profile-2018 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
Table 2.4 (continued) also shows the number of DOH nurses and midwives by sex throughout the region. The female public health nurses in the region greatly outnumbered the men six to one.
In a field obviously dominated by women, data gathered on the number of midwives in the region showed that, although rare, there were 6 males practicing midwifery in the region.
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TABLE 2.5 NUMBER OF NUTRITIONIST AND MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
NUTRITIONISTS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST Region/Province
Female Male Total Female Male Total Region VI/ Province 17 0 17 147 22 169 Aklan 0 0 0 21 1 22 Antique 0 0 0 11 1 12 Capiz 0 0 0 19 2 21 Guimaras 0 0 0 4 2 6 Iloilo 5 0 5 38 9 47 Negros Occidental 10 0 10 37 7 44 Bacolod City 0 0 0 7 0 7 Iloilo City 2 0 2 10 0 10 Note: Retrieved from https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-statistics/field-health-service-information- system/fhsis-report-cy-2018/demographic-profile-2018 Source: Department of Health, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
Women continue to outnumber the men in occupations related to the medical field. According to the Department of Health, all 17 DOH nutritionists in the region during 2018 were females. Furthermore, of the 169 DOH medical technologists throughout Western Visayas, only 22 of them were males.
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TABLE 2.6 NUMBER OF SANITARY ENGINEER, SANITARY INSPECTOR BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
SANITARY ENGINEER SANITARY INSPECTOR Region/Province
Female Male Total Female Male Total Region VI/ Province 0 1 1 203 49 252 Aklan 0 1 1 27 2 29 Antique 0 0 0 19 4 23 Capiz 0 0 0 29 7 36 Guimaras 0 0 0 4 1 5 Iloilo 0 0 0 57 5 62 Negros Occidental 0 0 0 38 24 62 Bacolod City 0 0 0 12 2 14 Iloilo City 0 0 0 17 4 21 Note: Retrieved from https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-statistics/field-health-service-information- system/fhsis-report-cy-2018/demographic-profile-2018 Source: Department of Health, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
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TABLE 2.7 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED WOMEN AND MEN BY MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Region/Major Occupation Group Total Women Men (in percent) VI - Western Visayas (number in thousands) 3,165 1,238 1,927 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Elementary occupations 33.0 19.3 10.4 Service and sales workers 15.7 8.9 2.1 Managers 13.9 4.8 2.4 Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishing workers 13.6 7.4 3.0 Craft and related trades workers 6.1 22.6 11.2 Plant and machine operators 4.9 6.9 17.9 Clerical support workers 4.7 2.2 8.5 Professionals 4.7 0.1 7.9 Technicians and associate professionals 3.4 27.6 36.5 Armed forces occupations and special 0.1 - 0.2 occupations Note: Details may not add up to totals due to rounding. (number in thousands) Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, October 2018 Labor Force Survey
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TABLE 2.8 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
2018 2017 Philippines/ Both Both Region Male Female Male Female Sexes Sexes Philippines ('000) 2299 1016 1284 2339 1084 1255 Region VI 8.9 9.6 8.3 9.5 10 9.1 (Western Visayas) Notes: The estimates cover overseas Filipinos whose departure occurred within the last five years and who are working or had worked abroad during the past six months (April to September) of the survey period. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017 and 2018 Survey on Overseas Filipinos
The number of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at anytime during the period April to September 2018 was estimated at 2.3 million. About 8.9% of all the OFWs who worked abroad during this time period were from Western Visayas. Of the total number of female and male OFWs in the country, about 8.3% and 9.6% were from Western Visayas respectively.
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TABLE 2.9 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS WANTING MORE HOURS OF WORK BY TOTAL HOURS WORKED, BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
Philippines/ Worked less Worked 40 Region VI/ Total than 40 hours* hours and over Sex Philippines 6,616 3,652 2,963 Number (in thousands) Total (in percent) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Male 67.0 63.5 71.3 Female 33.0 36.5 28.7 Region VI 419 270 149 Number (in thousands) Total (in percent) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Male 67.7 66.8 69.4 Female 32.3 33.2 30.6 Notes: *Includes persons with job but not at work. Details may not add up to total due to rounding. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Oct. 2017 Labor Force Survey
Table 2.9 shows that during 2017 more than a third of the females in Western Visayas (33.2%) (who have worked for less than 40 hours) have expressed a desire to have additional hours of work. As for the males in the region belonging to the same category, 66.8% of them also wanted longer working hours.
An almost similar proportion among the men (69.4%) and women (33.2%) in the region (who have worked atleast 40 hours or more) shared the same desire of having additional or longer working hours.
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FIGURE 2.4 NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES OCCUPYING THE FIRST LEVEL POSITIONS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
10,000 9,000 8,594 7,866 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000
2,000 1,311 1,117 1,000 0 Career Non-Career Male Female
Source: Civil Service Commission VI
In 2015, the Civil Service Commission reported that in Western Visayas, more women (52.2%) were occupying career service first level positions than men (47.8%). On the other hand, there were more men (54.0%) than women (46.0%) occupying the non-career first level positions.
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FIGURE 2.5 NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES OCCUPYING THE SECOND LEVEL POSITIONS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
45,000 38,987 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,722 10,000 5,000 1,288 937 0 Career Non-Career
Source: Civil Service Commission, Region VI
The percentage of women (78.4%) occupying career service second level positions is about four times higher than men (21.6%). Second level positions are professional, technical, and scientific positions which involve professional, technical or scientific work in a non-supervisory or supervisor to Division Chief level.
A slight difference is reported in the total number of women and men occupying non career second level positions.
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FIGURE 2.6 NUMBER OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES OCCUPYING THE THIRD LEVEL POSITIONS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
70 60 60 54 50
40
30
20
10
0 Career Non-Career
Source: Civil Service Commission, Region VI
In the third level position or the Career Executive Service, there were 60 career service women employees compared to 54 male employees.
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FIGURE 2.7 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED WOMEN AND MEN BY MAJOR OCCUPATION IN WESTERN VISAYAS:2017
Professionals 72.5 27.5 Clerical support workers 68.7 31.3 Technicians and associate professionals 61.5 38.5 Managers 50.6 49.4 Service and sales workers 49.6 50.4 Elementary occupations 31.0 69.0 Skilled agricultural, forestry, and… 21.4 78.6 Craft and related trades workers 11.6 88.4 Plant and machine operators 2.2 97.8 Armed forces occupations and special…**
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Women Men
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, October 2017 Labor Force Survey Note: **Less than 0.1% of workers in this occupation group were women
The proportion of women working as managers, professional, technicians and associate professionals, and clerical support workers were larger than men. Proportion of professional women (72.5%) was 2.64 times larger than professional men (27.5) while the proportion of women (68.7%) working as clerical support was twice higher than the proportion of men (31.3%).
On the other hand, more men worked as service and sales workers, skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishing workers. Proportion of men engaged in craft and trade workers were 7.6 times larger the than proportion of women in this occupation group (88.4%). Plant and machine operators were dominated by men workers with 97.8%. Meanwhile, almost all armed forces occupations and related special occupations were men.
31
Chapter 3 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN
“There can be no equality or opportunity if men and women and children be not shielded in their lives from the consequences of great industrial and social processes which they cannot alter, control, or singly cope with” – Woodrow Wilson
32
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN
Domestic violence has become a widespread social problem in Philippine society. It is also a fact of life in Western Visayas. Domestic violence takes many forms and women tend to be vulnerable to be victims because in many societies, they are expected to be subservient or subordinate to men.
Government, to improve reporting of crimes, rapes, incidence of battered women and batterers, and similar cases, has anchored several measures. Interventions such as installation of Women’s Desks, conduct of reproductive health advocacy, health and gender programs involving LGUs, NGSs and the private sector, and other related concerns are some attempts implemented to address the problem of women. In spite of these, more are yet to be done for the women’s betterment and dignity. The following are some priority issues and concerns:
o Increase in known cases of violence: rape, incest, battering, sexual harassment, and pornography;
o Increase in known cases of prostitution and sex trafficking;
o Inadequacy of laws (especially on rape) to protect women;
o Problems in law enforcement and prosecution;
o Inadequacy of support services for women victims/survivors of violence.
A major development has been the passage of RA 7877 or the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law that criminalizes sexual harassment in the workplace and educational institutions.
There have also been more concrete responses to the problem of violence against women, such as the establishment of more women’s crisis support centers, several of these being local GO-NGO network initiatives. Community-based support for women survivors of Violence Against Women (VAW) have been started and there is growing recognition of the need for feminist counseling to help the women.
A presidential directive dated March 8, 1993 mandated the setting up of policewomen’s desk in priority areas, and the conduct of training toward a more gender- sensitive by law enforcers or cases of violence against women.
A significant gain at the international level was the affirmation of women’s rights as human rights at the World Conference on Human Rights in 19991 (Vienna). The 33
conference also called for the elimination of gender-based violence and all forms of sexual harassment and exploitation.
The Philippines, a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), has been represented in the CEDAW Committee for three terms.
34
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 3.1 REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 3.2 PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-49 WITH MARITAL CONTROL EXERCISE BY HUSBANDS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017 TABLE 3.3 PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-49 EXPERIENCED SPOUSAL VIOLENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017 TABLE 3.4 PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-49 EXPERIENCED SPOUSAL VIOLENCE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS: WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017
FIGURE
FIGURE 3.1 PERCENTAGE OF REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN WESTERN VISAYAS BY PROVINCE: 2018 FIGURE 3.2 NUMBER OF REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2013-2018 FIGURE 3.3 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE EVER EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE SINCE AGE 15, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017 FIGURE 3.4 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017 FIGURE 3.5 REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN (VAWC) IN VIOLATION OF RA 9262 BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2013-2016 FIGURE 3.6 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE BEEN PREGNANT AND WHO HAVE EVER EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE DURING PREGNANCY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017 FIGURE 3.7 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE EVER EXPERIENCED SEXUAL VIOLENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS, 2008, 2013, 2017 FIGURE 3.8 ATTITUDE TOWARDS WIFE BEATING IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017 FIGURE 3.9 PERCENTAGE OF VIOLENCE BY WOMEN AGAINST THEIR SPOUSE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013 AND 2017 FIGURE 3.10 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 WHO SOUGHT HELP TO STOP VIOLENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013 AND 2017
35
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
FIGURE 3.11 NUMBER OF REPORTED RAPE INCIDENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2014- 2016 FIGURE 3.12 NUMBER OF REPORTED RAPE INCIDENCE BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2014-2016
36
TABLE 3.1 REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Cases 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 WESTERN VISAYAS 5,543 6,764 6,985 5,795 4,194 1,850 Abduction 3 2 1 2 2 1 Acts of Lasciviousness 144 237 262 253 220 152 Adultery - 1 - - - - Alarm and Scandal - 7 2 - - 1 Attempted Rape 27 41 30 39 38 4 Attempted/Frustrated Homicide - 1 - 2 1 1 Attempted/Frustrated Murder 1 - - 2 1 - Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - 2 - 4 3 1 Attempted/Frustrated Murder - 1 2 3 - - Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - - - 1 2 1 Bigamy - 2 1 - - - Concubinage 11 24 14 10 16 6 Frustrated Homicide - 1 - - - - Grave Oral Defamation 10 9 3 - - - Homicide 5 3 1 - - - Incest Rape 4 4 1 8 4 3 Malicious Mischief 2 - - - - - Murder 5 2 2 - 2 4 Others 10 33 18 - - 1 Neglect/Abandonment 1 - - - - - Others 30 21 3 - - - Parricide 8 3 2 4 1 4 Physical Injury/Wife Battering 130 432 27 2 - - RA 9208 2 3 12 5 - - Others 20 1 - - - - RA 9262 4,892 5,601 6,367 5,279 3,708 1,575 Rape 143 165 172 171 183 83 Rape with Homicide - - - 1 - - Seduction 1 3 - 1 - 1 Sexual Harassment 6 8 8 2 5 - Slander 2 - - - - - Statutory/Incest Rape ------Theft 1 5 - - - - Threat 39 64 12 - - 3 Trafficking - 1 - - - - Unjust Vexation 46 87 45 6 8 2 RA 9995 (AntiPhoto and Video Voyeurism) - - - - - 7 AKLAN 391 830 745 952 579 219 Abduction 1 - 1 - - Acts of Lasciviousness 12 22 33 48 38 29 37
Cases 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Attempted Rape 4 6 4 11 7 - Attempted/Frustrated Homicide - - - - 1 - Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - - - 2 - - Concubinage 3 8 2 2 4 1 Frustrated Homicide - 1 - - - - Homicide 1 - - - - - Incest Rape - - - 1 - - Murder 2 - - - - 1 Others 1 2 6 - - - Parricide 1 - - 1 - - Physical Injury/Wife Battering 3 5 - - - - RA 9208 1 3 10 5 - - RA 9262 335 728 645 851 505 180 Rape 20 25 20 29 22 6 Seduction - 1 - - - 1 Sexual Harassment - - 3 1 2 - Threat 1 - - - - - Unjust Vexation 6 29 21 1 - - RA 9995 (AntiPhoto and Video Voyeurism) - - - - - 1 ANTIQUE 413 368 313 241 177 75 Abduction - - - 1 - - Acts of Lasciviousness 10 11 18 20 12 8 Attempted Rape 2 2 - - 1 - Attempted/Frustrated Homicide - 1 - - - - Attempted/Frustrated Murder - - - 1 - - Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - 1 - 2 - - Concubinage 3 - - 1 1 2 Grave Oral Defamation 3 1 - - - - Homicide 1 - - - - - Incest Rape 1 - - - 1 - Others 3 1 5 - - - Parricide 3 - 1 1 - - Physical Injury/Wife Battering 25 16 10 1 - - RA 9262 341 313 265 203 148 53 Rape 13 12 9 10 14 10 Seduction - 1 - 1 - - Threat 4 4 3 - - - Unjust Vexation 4 5 2 - - - RA 9995 (AntiPhoto and Video Voyeurism) - - - - 2 CAPIZ 318 466 615 648 429 223 Acts of Lasciviousness 7 20 21 17 12 14 Attempted/Frustrated Homicide - - - 1 - - Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - - - - 1 - Attempted Rape 2 5 2 1 2 0 Concubinage 1 2 - - 1 - Grave Oral Defamation 1 - - - - - 38
Cases 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Incest Rape - - - 1 1 - Murder 1 - - - 1 - Physical Injury/Wife Battering 38 6 1 1 - - Others 20 1 - - - - RA 9262 218 400 572 602 399 203 Rape 10 18 14 24 12 6 Sexual Harassment - - 1 - - - Threat 20 13 2 - - - Unjust Vexation - 1 2 1 - - GUIMARAS 140 117 120 123 116 68 Abduction - - - - - 1 Acts of Lasciviousness 2 4 3 1 5 2 Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - - - - 1 - Attempted Rape 1 - 1 - 2 1 Concubinage - 2 - 1 1 - Others 2 - - - - - Parricide 1 - - - - - Physical Injury/Wife Battering 14 9 - - - - RA 9262 113 99 113 118 106 61 Rape 3 1 3 2 1 1 Sexual Harassment 1 2 - - - - Threat 2 - - - - - Unjust Vexation 1 - - 1 - 1 RA 9995 (AntiPhoto and Video Voyeurism) - - - - - 1 ILOILO CITY 447 871 969 918 548 410 Acts of Lasciviousness 12 33 40 42 45 20 Alarm and Scandal - 1 - - - - Attempted Rape 4 6 4 6 8 - Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - - - - - 1 Bigamy - 1 - - - - Concubinage - - 3 1 4 1 Grave Oral Defamation 1 1 1 - - - Homicide - 1 1 - - - Malicious Mischief 2 - - - - - Murder - - 1 - - - Others 5 12 4 - - - Physical Injury/Wife Battering 29 58 2 - - - RA 9208 - - 2 - - - RA 9262 367 718 891 848 469 376 Rape 17 12 10 19 21 11 Sexual Harassment 1 4 1 1 1 - Slander 0 0 0 - - - Statutory/Incest Rape 0 0 0 - - - Theft 1 1 - - - - Threat 3 8 4 - - - Unjust Vexation 5 15 5 1 - - 39
Cases 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 RA 9995 (AntiPhoto and Video Voyeurism) - - - - - 1 ILOILO 1004 1560 1391 990 706 512 Abduction 1 - - 1 - - Acts of Lasciviousness 33 40 58 47 41 49 Alarm and Scandal - 6 - - - 1 Attempted Rape 5 8 6 8 3 0 Attempted/Frustrated Homicide - - - 1 - 1 Attempted/Frustrated Murder - 1 2 3 - - Attempted/Frustrated Parricde - - - 1 2 1 Bigamy - 1 1 - - - Concubinage - 3 1 2 2 2 Grave Oral Defamation 1 6 2 - - - Homicide 3 - - - - - Incest Rape 1 3 1 3 2 2 Murder 1 - 1 - - 3 Others 1 18 3 - - 1 Parricide 2 3 - - - - Physical Injury/Wife Battering - 287 8 - - - RA 9262 927 1122 1260 883 626 428 Rape 27 30 45 41 29 20 Rape with Homicide ------Seduction 1 - - - - - Sexual Harassment - - - - 1 - Threat 1 30 2 - - 3 Unjust Vexation - 2 1 - - - RA 9995 (AntiPhoto and Video Voyeurism) - - - - - 1 BACOLOD CITY 1171 1905 1373 891 515 60 Abduction 1 1 - - 1 - Acts of Lasciviousness 20 42 30 30 19 5 Adultery - 1 - - - - Attempted Rape 1 7 3 2 5 1 Concubinage 3 5 4 2 - - Grave Oral Defamation 1 - - - - - Homicide - 2 - - - - Incest Rape 2 - - - - 1 Murder 1 1 - - 1 - Neglect/Abandonment 1 - - - - - Others 22 12 1 - - - Parricide 1 - - - - - Physical Injury/Wife Battering 6 2 1 - - - RA 9262 1,071 1,774 1,310 837 463 45 Rape 16 29 23 19 24 7 Seduction - 1 - - - - Sexual Harassment 2 - - - 1 - Theft - 4 - - - - Threat 6 3 - - - - 40
Cases 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unjust Vexation 17 21 1 1 1 0 RA 9995 (AntiPhoto and Video Voyeurism) - - - - - 1 NEGROS OCCIDENTAL 1,659 647 1,459 1,032 1,124 283 Abduction - 1 - - 1 - Acts of Lasciviousness 48 65 59 48 48 25 Alarm and Scandal - - 2 - - - Attempted Rape 8 7 10 11 10 2 Attempted/Frustrated Murder 1 - - 1 1 - Attempted/Frustrated Parricide - 1 - - 1 - Concubinage 1 4 4 1 3 0 Grave Oral Defamation 3 1 - - - - Incest Rape - 1 - 3 - - Murder - 1 - - - - Others 6 9 2 - - - Parricide - - 1 2 1 4 Physical Injury/Wife Battering 15 49 5 - - - RA 9208 1 - - - - - RA 9262 1,520 447 1,311 937 992 229 Rape 37 38 48 27 60 22 Rape with Homicide - - - 1 - - Sexual Harassment 2 2 3 - - - Slander 2 - - - - - Threat 2 6 1 - - - Trafficking - 1 - - - - Unjust Vexation 13 14 13 1 7 1 Source: Philippine National Police Note: RA 9262 provides protection for abused women and their children against their partners or former male partners or those with whom they had or are having a dating relationship.
Cases of violence against women in the region fell to its lowest level since 2013. There were 1,850 combined cases recorded during 2018, down from a peak of 6,985 in 2015. About 85.14% of these cases were violations of the RA 9262 or the Anti-Violence Against Women and their children (VAWC) Act of 2004. More than half (51.05%) of the RA 9262 cases were found to have occurred in Iloilo (including Iloilo City). Second and third in rank were Negros Occidental (including Bacolod City) (17.40%) and Capiz (12.89%).
Acts of Lasciviousness are the second most prevalent form of VAW in Western Visayas accounting for about 8.22% of all VAW cases in the region. Iloilo (including Iloilo City) recorded the highest number of cases for acts of lasciviousness with 69 reported incidents. The third most common form of VAW in the region is rape (4.49%). During 2018, there were 83 reported incidents of rape in the region.
41
Figure 3.1 PERCENTAGE OF REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN WESTERN VISAYAS BY PROVINCE: 2018
Guimaras Antique 4% 4%
Aklan 12%
Iloilo including Capiz Iloilo City 12% 50%
Negros Occidental including Bacolod City 18%
Source: Philippine National Police
There were 1,850 combined cases of VAW recorded in Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo (including Iloilo City), and Negros Occidental (including Bacolod City) during 2018. Iloilo (including Iloilo City) had the highest number of reported cases according to the Philippine National Police. The province accounted for half of all the cases regionwide. Meanwhile, the province of Guimaras had the lowest at only 68 cases or about 4%.
42
FIGURE 3.2 NUMBER OF REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2013-2018
8,000 6,985 7,000 6,764 5,795 6,000 5,543 5,000 4,194 4,000 3,000 1,850 2,000 1,000 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Philippine National Police
In 2014, the number of reported VAW cases in the region surged up by 22.03% from the previous year. The increase continued until 2015. In the following years, however, the number of reported cases dropped. By 2018, only 1,850 cases were reported. This trend, however, may not necessarily reveal the actual frequency of VAW in the area as it is based only on what was reported to the Philippine National Police.
43
FIGURE 3.3 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE EVER EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE SINCE AGE 15, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017
25 21.6 21.6 19.9 20
15
10
5
0 2008 2013 2017 2008 2013 2017
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017
The year 2017 saw a rise in the percentage of women aged 15 - 49 who have ever experienced physical violence since age 15. Based on the findings of the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), one in every five (21.6%) women aged 15 - 49 has experienced some type of physical violence.
44
FIGURE 3.4 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017
7.0 6.6
5.9 5.7 6.0 5.5 5.6 5 5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
0.7 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 Often Sometimes Total 2008 2013 2017 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017
The percentage of women aged 15 - 49 who have experienced physical violence 12 months prior to each survey period continued its decline dropping to only 5.6% in 2017 from a peak of 6.6% recorded during 2008 NDHS.
45
FIGURE 3.5 REPORTED CASES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN (VAWC) IN VIOLATION OF RA 9262 BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2013-2016
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0 2014 2015 2016 Aklan Antique Capiz Guimaras Iloilo City Iloilo
Source: Police Regional Office VI Note: Negros Occidental is in Negros Island Region from May 29, 2015 to August 9, 2017
From 2014 to 2016, the reported cases of violence against women and their children (VAWC) decreased by 36.0% in Iloilo. It still ranked first, however, as the province with the most number of reported VAWC cases in the region. The province with the least reported cases of VAWC is Guimaras, with increasing trend however. The VAWC cases in Aklan decreased by 13.0% in 2015 but increased by 24.0% in 2016. Antique had decreasing trend throughout the three years while Capiz experienced an increasing trend.
46
FIGURE 3.6 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE BEEN PREGNANT AND WHO HAVE EVER EXPERIENCED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE DURING PREGNANCY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017
5 4.6
4 3.5 3.4 3
2
1
0 2008 2013 2017
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017
In the region, 3.4% of women aged 15-49 who have ever been pregnant have experienced physical violence during pregnancy. Findings from the most recent NDHS also exhibited the gradual decline in the percentage of women aged 15 - 49 who have experienced physical violence during pregnancy.
47
FIGURE 3.7 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 WHO HAVE EVER EXPERIENCED SEXUAL VIOLENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS, 2008, 2013, 2017
4.6
3.5 3.4
2008 2013 2017
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017
In line with the diminishing cases of physical violence committed against women is the gradually declining number of sexual violence committed against them. Cases of sexual violence committed against women dropped to 3.4% during 2017.
48
FIGURE 3.8 ATTITUDE TOWARDS WIFE BEATING IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
14.2
5.6 4.0 4.0 3.0
Wife beating justified if Wife beating justified if Wife beating justified if Wife beating justified if Wife beating justified if she neglects the she goes out without she argues with him she refuses to have sex she burns the food children telling him with him
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017
Figure 3.6 shows the percentage of all women age 15-49 in the region who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons. It was found that about two in 10 women (19.4%) in the region agreed that wife beating is justified under at least one specific circumstance. Among the five reasons presented to respondents, the wife neglecting the children was reported as the most common circumstance justifying wife beating (14.2%), followed by the wife going out without telling her husband (5.6%).
49
TABLE 3.2 PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-49 WITH MARITAL CONTROL EXERCISE BY HUSBANDS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017
Women whose Women whose Women whose Women whose Women whose Women whose husband/ Women whose husband/partner husband/partner husband/partner husband/partner husband/partner partner husband/partner is jealous or insists on displays 3 or frequently does not permit tries to displays none YEAR angry if she knowing where more of the accuses her of her to meet her limit her of the specific talks to other she is at all specific being unfaithful female friends contact behaviors men times behaviors with her family 2008 37.5 14 5.7 5.4 20.2 9.3 53.4
50 2013 28.7 9.4 6.9 5.9 21.2 9.9 61.7
2017 32.1 9.7 8.2 4 24.4 10.3 58.7 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017
Marital control behaviors are important red flags and correlate to violence in any relationship. Table 3.2 above shows a list of behaviors that may indicate a potentially violent partner or spouse. The most common controlling behaviors reported by women are jealousy or anger if they talk to other men (32.1%), and spouses insisting or knowing where they are at all times (24.4%). More than 1 in every 10 married women in the region (10.3%) had husbands who displayed 3 or more of these specific behaviours.
TABLE 3.3 PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-49 EXPERIENCED SPOUSAL VIOLENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013, 2017
Physical and Physical and Physical or Emotional Physical Sexual sexual sexual and Physical or sexual or violence violence violence violence emotional sexual violence emotional committed committed by committed by YEAR committed by violence committed by violence by husband/ husband/ husband/ husband/ committed by husband/partner committed by partner partner partner partner husband/partner husband/partner 2008 20.5 14 8.7 4.3 4 18.4 27.2 2013 20.4 12 2.6 1.8 1.5 12.8 25.2 2017 25.1 12.4 4.3 3.1 3 13.6 29.3
5 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017
1
The table above shows the percentage of married women in Western Visayas who have experienced any form of spousal violence committed against them. Nearly a third of the married women (ages 15-49) in the region have had partners who committed physical, sexual, or emotional violence against them. Women were more likely to experience emotional violence (25.1%) than physical violence (12.4%) or sexual violence (4.3%).
TABLE 3.4 PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-49 EXPERIENCED SPOUSAL VIOLENCE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS: WESTERN VISAYAS
Physical and Physical or Physical Sexual Physical and sexual and Physical or sexual or Emotional violence violence sexual violence emotional sexual violence emotional violence committed by committed by committed by violence committed by violence committed by husband/ YEAR husband/ husband/ committed by husband/ committed by husband/partner partner in partner in last partner in last husband/ partner in last husband/ in last 12 months last 12 12 months 12 months partner in last 12 months partner in last months 12 months 12 months 2008 10.5 6.8 5.1 2.1 1.9 9.8 14.1 2013 14.5 5.7 1.8 1.2 0.8 6.4 16.9
5 2017 17.5 4.8 2.4 1.8 1.8 5.4 18.3
2 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017 In the 12 months preceding the most recent NDH survey, 18.3% of the married women in the region aged 15-49 have been recently subjected to spousal physical, sexual, or emotional violence. The reports of recent spousal violence in the past 12 months prior to each survey has been on the rise since 2008.
FIGURE 3.9 PERCENTAGE OF VIOLENCE BY WOMEN AGAINST THEIR SPOUSE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013 AND 2017
22.3
2008 2013 2017 16.8 15.4
12.6
8.4 8.6
Committed physical violence against their Committed physical violence against their husband/partner ever husband/partner in past 12 months
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, NDHS 2008, 2013 and 2017 Either spouse is can play a role in instigating domestic violence. In Western Visayas, it is interesting to observe that as the number of VAW cases committed decline, the same can not be said of the opposite. Records from the three most recent NDH surveys show an increasing trend in the number of physical violence committed by women against their husbands or partners. During 2017, it was found out that 12.6% of the women in the region had committed some type of physical violence against their spouses.
53
FIGURE 3.10 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 WHO SOUGHT HELP TO STOP VIOLENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013 AND 2017
45.3 2008 2013 2017 44.5 39.6 34.6 32 27.9
22.4 21 21.6
Sought help to stop violence Never sought help to stop Never sought help to stop violence, but told someone violence, and never told anyone
In spite of the advancements in women empowerment and gender equality over the past few years, more and more women have refused to seek out help to stop violence. As of 2017, it was shown that 44.5% of the women who experienced violence never sought out help and have never told anyone about it.
54
FIGURE 3.11 NUMBER OF REPORTED RAPE INCIDENCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2014-2016
150
120
90
60
30
0 2014 2015 2016
Source: Police Regional Office VI
In Western Visayas, the reported incidents of rape show an increasing trend from 2014 to 2016. The number of reported incidents of rape increased by 6.1% from 2014 to 2015 and 18.1% from 2015 to 2016.
55
FIGURE 3.12 NUMBER OF REPORTED RAPE INCIDENCE BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2014-2016
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2014 2015 2016 Aklan 25 18 31 Antique 10 12 9 Capiz 24 15 24 Guimaras 1 3 2 Iloilo City 8 11 19 Iloilo 31 46 39 Source: Police Regional Office VI Note: Negros Occidental is in Negros Island Region from 2015 to 2016
Among the provinces in Western Visayas, from 2015 to 2016, Iloilo, Antique and Guimaras showed a decrease in the number of reported incidents of rape. Iloilo reported the most rape cases but decreased from 2015 to 2016.
Aklan ranked second in the reported incidents of rape for three consecutive years. Guimaras reported the least number of reported rape cases from 2014 to 2016.
56
Chapter 4 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
“When we empower women, society benefits, grows, and thrives” – Paul Polman
57
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
The Magna Carta of Women (MCW) moves for the empowerment of women in all spheres of development. It seeks to eliminate discrimination through the recognition, protection, fulfillment and promotion of the rights of Filipino women, especially those belonging in the marginalized sectors of the society that include the poor. The MCW promotes gender equality which plays a pivotal role in the fight against poverty. Through its provisions, the MCW levels up the playing field by making productive resources and economic opportunities equally available for both men and women.
Generally, women do not control family properties and decision-making rights on the use of income, further limiting opportunities to break the poverty cycle. Women’s economic empowerment through the MCW is deemed crucial in putting a halt to this scenario. The fight against poverty can be won when women are capacitated to generate income for themselves and their families are provided with equal access to resources in doing so. (Philippine Commission on Women)
The PCW channels its efforts in to critical areas that promote gender equality and women empowerment. It focuses on integrating a gender perspective in human rights and development issues that are substantial in furthering the plight of women.
Women’s Priority Legislative Agenda (WPLA) The WPLA seeks to repeal the discriminatory provisions of existing laws and moves for the formulation and adoption of new legislations that promote women's empowerment and gender equality. The WPLA is primarily anchored on the Philippine Plan for Gender- Responsive Development (PPGD), Framework Plan for Women (FPW), and the provision on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), particularly it's Concluding comments.
Gender-Responsive Governance Gender-responsive governance as defined by the Philippine Framework Plan for Women is good governance that enhances the abilities of women and men to contribute to and benefit from development.
58
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Leadership and Political Participation The Philippines’ well-developed legal framework for gender equality shows promise in the attainment of a 50/50 gender balance in politics and decision-making bodies. An eminent fact is the two woman presidents that the country has elected within the past three decades.
Women and the Environment Day-to day activities concerning the utilization and care for natural resources have provided women with a special knowledge of the environment. Women’s multiple roles in the society is deemed as a viable solution to addressing environmental concerns.
Violence against Women (VAW) The Philippine government recognizes the pervasiveness of VAW and have put in place several mechanisms to address and eliminate its all forms.
Women's Economic Empowerment Women’s economic empowerment through the Magna Carta of Women (MCW) is crucial in the fight against poverty. Through its provisions, the MCW makes productive resources and economic opportunities eqaully available for both men and women.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) As a signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000 that gave birth to the MDGs, the country is bound to promote and fulfill the rights of women in all spheres, including their rights to substantive equality and non-discrimination in accord with the shared vision of more empowered women as targeted by the third MDG – “Promote gender equality and empower women.”
59
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 4.1 NUMBER OF WOMEN BY AGE GROUP IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 TABLE 4.2 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 BY OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE AND LOT, WESTERN VISAYSAS: 2013 AND 2017
FIGURE
FIGURE 4.1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15- 49 BY PERSON WHO DECIDES ON HOW THEIR EARNINGS SHOULD BE USED, WESTERN VISAYAS, 2017 FIGURE 4.2 PERCENTAGE OF THE RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF WOMEN’S CASH EARNINGS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013 AND 2017 FIGURE 4.3 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 BY ATTITUDE TOWARDS NEGOTIATING SAFER SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH HUSBAND IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017 FIGURE 4.4 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 BY OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2013 AND 2017 FIGURE 4.5 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 BY OWNERSHIP OF LAND, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2013 AND 2017
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TABLE 4.1 NUMBER OF WOMEN BY AGE GROUP IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
Age of Women Number of Women 10-14 215,488 15-19 213,063 20-24 197,300 25-29 171,103 30-34 149,952 35-39 134,896 40-44 120,108 45-49 115,776 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population
Women aged 10 to 49 years in the region had a median age of 25 years. This meant that half of these women were below 25 years old. Of the 1.3 million women belonging to the 10 to 49 age category, 1.1 million were of reproductive age (15 to 49).
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FIGURE 4.1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN AGED 15-49 BY PERSON WHO DECIDES ON HOW THEIR EARNINGS SHOULD BE USED, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
5.5%
44.4% 50.1%
Women Decides Decide Jointly with Partner Partner Decides
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017 NDHS
Among the working and currently married women group who received cash earnings for employment, only half (50.1%) showed independence in deciding how to use their earnings, 44.4% decided jointly with their partners, and about 5.5% of them allowed their partners to decide how their earnings should be used.
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FIGURE 4.2 PERCENTAGE OF THE RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF WOMEN’S CASH EARNINGS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013 AND 2017
80
70 67.3
60 55.5 50.6 50
40 35.3
30 22 18.7 20 13.6 14.8 14.2 10
0 2017 DHS 2013 DHS 2008 DHS
Wife earns more than husband Wife earns less than husband Wife earns about the same as husband Husband has no earnings
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2008, 2013 and 2017 NDHS
The husband-wife pay gap in the region tightened as the number of households wherein the wife earns more than the husband rose to 35.3% during the 2017 DHS. The percentage of households wherein the husbands earned more than their wives dropped by 16.7% in 2017 from the 67.3% figure recorded during the previous NDHS.
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FIGURE 4.3 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 BY ATTITUDE TOWARDS NEGOTIATING SAFER SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH HUSBAND IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
92.1 91.9 88.3 86.3 80.6
6.0
Justified in refusing Justified in refusing Justified in refusing Justified in refusing Justified in refusing Justified in refusing sex if she has sex if she knows sex if she is tired or sex if she knows sex for all of the sex for none of the recently given birth husband has not in the mood husband has sex reasons reasons sexually transmitted with other women disease
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017 NDHS
Figure 4.3 shows the percentage of women age 15-49 who believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband for various reasons. The number one justification (92.1%) among women in the region for refusing sex is if they had just recently given birth.
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TABLE 4.2 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 BY OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE AND LOT, WESTERN VISAYSAS: 2013 AND 2017
Ownership Status 2013 2017
Own a house alone 4.6 8.9
Own a house jointly 27.2 16.9 Own a house alone and 6.8 11.1 jointly Do not own a house 61.4 63.1
Own land alone 4 2.3
Own land jointly 6.6 4.6
Own land alone and jointly 0.6 2.1
Do not own land 88.8 90.9 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013 and 2017 NDHS
Most of the women in the region do not own a house or land: only about one-third (36.9%) own a house, either alone or jointly with someone else. As for land ownership, only 11.2% own land alone and/or jointly with someone else. Joint ownership of these assets is more common than sole ownership.
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FIGURE 4.4 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGED 15-49 BY OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE, WESTERN VISAYAS
70 61.4 63.1 60
50
40
30 27.2
20 16.9 11.1 8.9 10 6.8 4.6
0 Do not own a house Own a house jointly Own a house alone Own a house alone and jointly 2013 2017
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013 and 2017 NDHS
Land and property ownership can provide a sense of economic empowerment. Reliable sex-disaggregated data on land and house ownership in the region highlights the disparities in land and house ownership between males and females. The percentage of women aged 15-49 having sole ownership of a house in Western Visayas during 2017 was only about 8.9%.
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FIGURE 4.5 PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AGE 15-49 BY OWNERSHIP OF LAND, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2013 AND 2017
100 88.8 90.9 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 6.6 10 4.6 4.0 2.3 0.6 2.1 0 Do not own land Own land jointly Own land alone Own land alone and jointly 2013 2017
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013 and 2017 NDHS
More than 90% of the women aged 15-49 do not own land. Only about 9% owned land in the region whether alone or jointly. The percentage of land ownership among women decreased in 2017 across all ownership categories.
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Chapter 5 HEALTH AND VITAL STATISTICS
“To keep the body in good health is a duty... otherwise we shall not be able to keep our mind strong and clear” – Buddha
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HEALTH AND VITAL STATISTICS
Women constitute one-half of the region’s population. Giving them equal rights and access in the legal and cultural context would not only make them partake in the overall effort for development but would also mean upgrading of the family. If women are integrated into the mainstream of development, naturally, they become more mindful of the importance of health and nutrition in the family, and thus, their community’s.
Investment in women’s health is indeed a development issue. Their reproductive, physical and mental capacities must be improved to productively harness them for development. Among the concerns that women should be given elbow room for making decisions are:
o Health and delivery system to meet women’s health and reproductive needs;
o Further improvement of the health and nutritional status of women and children; and
o Women’s participation in the delivery of health and nutrition services.
Some recent policies, institutional and program developments on health and nutrition include the following:
o Department of Health (DOH) has initiated key health reforms for the rapid reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality through the DOH Administrative Order (AO) No. 2008-0029 on Implementing Health Reforms for Rapid Reduction of Maternal and Neonatal Mortality. This mandate the implementation of an Integrated Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health and Nutrition Strategy within the framework of the F1. It adopts a unified strategic framework for maternal and newborn health that is linked with child survival strategies, maximizing the delivery of service packages, and ensuring a continuum of care across the life cycle stages.
o The Women’s Health and Safe Motherhood Project (WHSMP) was the flagship program under the sector-wide F1 for health with the help of other stakeholders. The Second Women’s Health and Safe Motherhood Project (WHSMP2) will contribute to the national goal of improving women’s health by: Demonstrating in selected sites a sustainable, cost-effective model of delivering health services that increases access of disadvantaged women to acceptable and high-quality
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reproductive health services and enables them to safely attain their desired spacing and number of children. o Republic Act 8980, known as the Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Act of 2000, defines the ECCD System as the full range of health, nutrition, early education, and social services programs that provide for the basic holistic needs of young children from birth to age six (6), to promote their optimum growth and development. It encourages the active involvement of parents and communities. The implementation of this system shall be the responsibility of the national government, LGUs, NGOs, and private organizations. The rearing of a child is a traditional role of mothers. o The Expanded Program on Immunization is one of the DOH Programs that has already been institutionalized and adopted by all LGUs in the region. Its objective is to reduce infant mortality and morbidity through decreasing the prevalence of six immunizable diseases (TB, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and measles). o Recognizing mothers and children as the most vulnerable groups among the urban poor. The Urban Health and Nutrition Project has targeted comprehensiveness maternal and child health services to ensure survival and development of children and to protect mothers from the host of ailments that threaten maternal health.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 5.1 NUMBER OF BIRTHS BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.2 NUMBER OF DEATHS AND CRUDE DEATH RATES BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.3 NUMBER OF INFANT DEATHS AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.4 NUMBER OF LIVEBIRTHS BY LIVEBIRTH WEIGHTS ≥ 2,500 BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.5 NUMBER AND RATE OF UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.6 NUMBER AND PERCENT CHANGE OF REGISTERED MARRIAGES BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.7 LEADING CAUSES, NUMBER AND RATE OF MATERNAL MORTALITY IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015-2017 TABLE 5.8 NUMBER OF BIRTHS BY USUAL RESIDENCE OF THE MOTHER AND PROJECTED NUMBER OF WOMEN IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016-2017 TABLE 5.9 NOTIFIABLE DISEASES BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017 TABLE 5.11 INFANTS SEEN AND ECLUSIVELY BREASTFED IN THE REGION BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.11 NUMBER OF INFANTS THAT RECEIVED SOLD FOOD (6-8 MONTHS) BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.12 NUMBER OF NEWBORN SCREENINGS REFERRED AND DONE BY SEX I9N WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 5.13 TOTAL POPULATION WITH DISABILITY BY PROVINCE, DISAGGREGATED ACCORDING TO SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS, 2017
FIGURE
FIGURE 5.1 MATERNAL DEATH RATES BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 FIGURE 5.2 NUMBER OF BIRTHS BY ATTENDANT AT BIRTHS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 FIGURE 5.3 NUMBER OF REGISTERED MARRIAGES BY PROVINCE. WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017 FIGURE 5.4 TOTAL FERTILITY AND WANTED FERTILITY RATE IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008, 2013 AND 2017
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TABLE 5.1 NUMBER OF BIRTHS BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
LIVEBIRTHS Region/Province
Female Male Total Region VI/ Province 48,719 52,761 101,480 Aklan 4,404 4,883 9,287 Antique 4,157 4,613 8,770 Capiz 4,795 5,169 9,964 Guimaras 867 912 1,779 Iloilo 9,773 10,341 20,114 Negros Occidental 13,561 14,481 28,042 Bacolod City 4,456 5,117 9,573 Iloilo City 6,706 7,245 13,951 Note: Retrieved from https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health- statistics/field-health-service-information-system/fhsis-report-cy- 2018/natality-2018, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
In 2018, a total of 101,4800 live births were recorded in the region. Negros Occidental (including Bacolod City) was reported to have the highest number of live births for that year at 37,615. More male babies (52,761) were born in 2018 compared to females (48,719) which resulted to a sex ratio of 108 male babies per 100 females.
On the average, there were 278 babies born every day in Western Visayas during 2018.
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TABLE 5.2 NUMBER OF DEATHS AND CRUDE DEATH RATES BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
DEATHS Crude Region/Province Death
Female Male Total Rate Region VI/ Province 19,574 26,134 45,708 5.77 Aklan 1,618 2,145 3,763 6.30 Antique 2,086 1,532 3,618 6.00 Capiz 2,173 2,653 4,826 6.14 Guimaras 301 439 740 4.08 Iloilo 2,692 3,540 6,232 3.1 Negros Occidental 5,161 7,127 12,288 4.78 Bacolod City 3,396 4,467 7,863 13.61 Iloilo City 2,701 3,677 6,378 13.72 Note: Retrieved from https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-statistics/field-health-service- information-system/fhsis-report-cy-2018/mortality-2018, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
According to the Department of Health, the number of deaths reached 45,708 in 2018. This is equivalent to a crude death rate (CDR) of 5.77, or about 6 deaths per thousand population. An estimated 125 persons died daily in Western Visayas during that year.
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TABLE 5.3 NUMBER OF INFANT DEATHS AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
INFANT DEATHS Infant Region/Province Mortality
Female Male Total Rate Region VI/ Province 486 632 1,118 11.02 Aklan 54 52 106 11.41 Antique 55 52 107 12.20 Capiz 41 58 99 9.94 Guimaras 10 7 17 9.56 Iloilo 54 66 120 5.97 Negros Occidental 90 129 219 7.81 Bacolod City 94 112 206 21.52 Iloilo City 88 156 244 17.49 Note: Retrieved from https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-statistics/field- health-service-information-system/fhsis-report-cy-2018/mortality-2018, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
Table 5.3 shows the number of infant deaths among females and males as well as the infant mortality rates in the region. Infant mortality among the males was found to be higher than that of the females for that year. Bacolod City was reported to have had the highest infant mortality rate among the provinces and highly urbanized cities in the region with about 22 deaths per thousand births.
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FIGURE 5.1 MATERNAL DEATH RATES BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
350 323.83 300
250
200
150 118.45 100 100.35 79.82 50 50.18 57.06 19.89 0 0 Aklan Antique Capiz Guimaras Iloilo Negros Bacolod Iloilo CIty Occidental Ciy
Source: Department of Health, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI Bacolod City registered the highest maternal death rate among the provinces and highly urbanized cities in the region. The Department of Health reports that Bacolod City had a maternal death rate of 323.83 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
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TABLE 5.4 NUMBER OF LIVEBIRTHS BY LIVEBIRTH WEIGHTS ≥ 2,500 BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Region/ Province Livebirths LB w/ weights ≥ 2,500 grams /City Female Male Total Female Male Total % Region VI 48,719 52,761 101,480 37,407 41217 78,624 77.48 Aklan 4,404 4,883 9,287 3,562 4,025 7,587 81.69 Antique 4,157 4,613 8,770 3,751 4,233 7,984 91.04 Capiz 4,795 5,169 9,964 4,192 4,620 8,812 88.44 Guimaras 867 912 1,779 769 832 1,601 89.99 Iloilo 9,773 10,341 20,114 8,557 9,189 17,746 88.23 Negros Occ. 13,561 14,481 28,042 11,506 12,504 24,010 85.62 Bacolod City 4,456 5,117 9,573 3,688 4,407 8,095 84.56 Iloilo City 6,706 7,245 13,951 1,382 1,407 2,789 19.99 Note: https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-statistics/field-health-service-information- system/fhsis-report-cy-2018/natality-2018 Source: Department of Health, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
In 2018, 78,624 newborns or an estimated 77.48% of all babies born in the region suffered from low birth weight. Among the provinces and highly urbanized cities in the region, the province of Antique recorded the highest percentage of low birth weight babies (91.04%), this was followed by Guimaras (89.99%) and Capiz (88.44%). On a positive note, the city of Iloilo recorded only 2,789 low birth weight babies out of 13,951 livebirths (19.99%)
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TABLE 5.5 NUMBER AND RATE OF UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
UFMR Region VI/ Province/City Female Male Total Rate Region VI 702 883 1,585 15.62 Aklan 72 59 131 14.11 Antique 83 67 150 17.10 Capiz 84 90 174 17.46 Guimaras 14 9 23 12.93 Iloilo 60 105 165 8.20 Negros Occidental 139 192 331 11.80 Bacolod City 139 174 313 32.70 Iloilo City 111 187 298 21.36 Note: Retrieved from https://ro6.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-statistics/field-health-service- information-system/fhsis-report-cy-2018/mortality-2018, Source: Department of Health, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
In 2018, the under-five mortality rate in Western Visayas was at 15.62 deaths per thousand live births. It should be noted that Bacolod City and Iloilo City had the highest under-five mortality rates in the region with 32.70 and 21.36 deaths per thousand live births respectively.
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FIGURE 5.2 NUMBER OF BIRTHS BY ATTENDANT AT BIRTHS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
40,000 35,707 35,000 32,450 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 13,356 14,175 10,000 5,000 2,369 2,336 222 262 322 281 0 Medical Philhealth Midwives hilot/TBA Others Doctors Nurses Female Male
Source: Department of Health, 2018 FHSIS Report Region VI
Figure 5.2 shows the number of births by attendant in the region during 2018. The number of births in the region showed that a remarkable proportion were attended to by skilled health professionals. This is indicative of the improved health services in terms of maternal and child health care throughout the region
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TABLE 5.6 NUMBER AND PERCENT CHANGE OF REGISTERED MARRIAGES BY PROVINCE/CITY, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Number Percent Change Province/City 2014- 2015- 2016- 2014 2015 2016 2017 2015 2016 2017 Region VI 34,982 33,151 35,546 36,143 -5.2 7.2 1.7
Aklan 2,480 2,995 2,773 2,751 20.8 -7.4 -0.8 Antique 2,241 2,089 2,366 2,372 -6.8 13.3 0.3 Capiz 3,098 2,911 3,518 3,705 -6.0 20.9 5.3 Roxas City 624 587 687 690 -5.9 17.0 0.4 Other Capiz 2,474 2,324 2,831 3,015 -6.1 21.8 6.5 Guimaras 668 603 564 878 -9.7 -6.5 55.7 Iloilo 11,988 11,338 12,896 11,945 -5.4 13.7 -7.4 Iloilo City 3,669 2,685 2,725 2,732 -26.8 1.5 0.3 Passi City 421 371 427 347 -11.9 15.1 -18.7 Other Iloilo 7,898 8,282 9,744 8,866 4.9 17.7 -9.0 Negros Occidental 14,507 13,215 13,429 14,492 -8.9 1.6 7.9 Bacolod City 2,658 2,483 2,753 3,046 -6.6 10.9 10.6 Bago City 800 681 737 765 -14.9 8.2 3.8 Cadiz City 524 548 511 562 4.6 -6.8 10.0 Escalante City 481 499 486 563 3.7 -2.6 15.8 Himamaylan City 617 568 488 505 -7.9 -14.1 3.5 City of Kabankalan 1,240 1,055 1,098 1,172 -14.9 4.1 6.7 La Carlota City 307 397 212 259 29.3 -46.6 22.2 Sagay City 539 642 704 704 19.1 9.7 0.0 San Carlos City 672 632 782 857 -6.0 23.7 9.6 Silay City 468 373 375 413 -20.3 0.5 10.1 Sipalay City 212 180 224 240 -15.1 24.4 7.1 Talisay City 308 384 288 419 24.7 -25.0 45.5 Victorias City 482 434 340 342 -10.0 -21.7 0.6 Other Negros Occ. 5,199 4,339 4,431 4,645 -16.5 2.1 4.8
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Note: Figures are not adjusted for under-registration.
In 2017, there were 36,143 registered marriages in Western Visayas. The number of marriages increased by 1.7 percent from 2016 recorded marriages of 35,546. The trend in the number of registered marriages in the region from 2013 to 2015 was decreasing while 2016 and 2017 showed an increase. The province with the highest number of registered marriages was Negros Occidental while the least was in Guimaras. 79
FIGURE 5.3 NUMBER OF REGISTERED MARRIAGES BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
Guimaras 2.4%
Antique 6.6% Aklan 7.6%
Negros Capiz Occidental 10.3% 40.1%
Iloilo 33.1%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
As of 2017, Negros Occidental and Iloilo were the provinces with largest percentages of registered marriages at 40.10 percent and 33.05 percent, respectively.
On the other hand, Capiz, Aklan, and Antique followed with percentages less than 11% of the region’s total number of registered marriages. Guimaras reported the least registered marriages.
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TABLE 5.7 LEADING CAUSES, NUMBER AND RATE OF MATERNAL MORTALITY IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015-2017
2015 2016 2017 Leading Causes of Maternal Deaths Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate
Hypertensive Disorder of 41 33.20 35 30.57 29 26.35 Pregnancy Hemorrhage 39 31.58 34 29.70 24 21.81
Cardiomyopathy - - 6 5.24 10 9.09
Sepsis/Septicemia 3 2.43 5 4.37 3 2.73
Pulmonary Embolism 4 3.24 1 0.87 3 2.73
Abortion - - 1 0.87 - -
Amniotic Fluid Embolism 3 2.43 - - 2 1.82
Others/Molar Pregnancy - - - - 1 0.91
TOTAL MMR 90 72.87 82 71.63 72 65.42 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH – CHD Note: MMR is computed as number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
The maternal mortality rate in the region for 2017 has dropped to 65.42 deaths per 100,000 live births. This figure is well below the global goal target of 70 MMR per 100,000 live births. Maternal deaths are the result of complications during and following pregnancy and childbirth. The leading causes of maternal mortality in the region are hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (26.35 MMR), hemorrhage (21.81 MMR) and cardiomyopathy (9.09 MMR).
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TABLE 5.8 NUMBER OF BIRTHS BY USUAL RESIDENCE OF THE MOTHER AND PROJECTED NUMBER OF WOMEN IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016-2017
2016 2017 Projected Age Projected Age Age of Women Number Number Specific Number Number Specific of of Births Fertility of of Births Fertility Women Rate Women Rate 10-14 371,178 99 0.27 370,944 102 0.27 15-19 361,565 11,956 33.07 361,986 11,188 30.91 20-24 333,088 32,167 96.57 334,064 29,960 89.68 25-29 289,562 29,357 101.38 294,779 29,005 98.40 30-34 255,280 21,563 84.47 263,376 21,173 80.39 35-39 229,579 13,735 59.83 234,601 13,465 57.40 40-44 206,498 5,126 24.82 209,381 4,836 23.10 45-49 196,483 608 3.09 197,659 514 2.60 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Civil Registration Service, 2015 Census-based Population Projections in collaboration Note: Figures are not adjusted for under-registration
Table 5.8 shows the projected number of women in the region as of 2016 and 2017 as well as the number of births for those years. The total fertility rate (TFR) in Western Visayas for 2017 was at 1.91 children per woman. As for age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) in the region, the rates peak at ages 25-29 and fall sharply after age 35- 39. With the exception of women age 10-14, fertility has generally been declining in all age groups.
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FIGURE 5.4 TOTAL FERTILITY AND TOTAL WANTED FERTILITY RATE IN REGION VI: 2008, 2013 AND 2017
3.8
3.3 3.0
2.3 2.4 2.0
Total fertility Total wanted fertility rate
2008 NDHS 2013 NDHS 2017 NDHS
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority VI
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of women in Western Visayas averages at 3.0 children per woman. Total fertility rate and total wanted fertility rate to conform to the expected decreasing fertility trend from 2013 to 2017.
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TABLE 5.9 NOTIFIABLE DISEASES BY SEX, REGION VI: 2017
2017 Notifiable Disease Male Female Total
ALRTI & Pneumonia 19,435 20,747 40,182
Hypertension 15,187 23,073 38,260
ARI 56,496 67,791 124,287
UTI 6,552 11,827 18,379
Bronchitis 7,320 8,329 15,649
TB Respiratory 7,944 4,315 12,259
Influenza 3,430 3,858 7,288
Acute Watery Diarrhea 3,701 3,463 7,164
Chicken Pox 815 778 1,593
Dengue Fever 357 298 655 Source: Field Health Service Information Service, DOH – CHD
The most number of notifiable diseases for both men and women was the Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (ALRTI) and Pneumonia at 40,182 cases while Dengue was the least case recorded with only 655 cases.
On the other hand, women were prone to the first five notifiable diseases than men in 2017.
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TABLE 5.10 INFANTS SEEN AND EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED IN THE REGION BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Elig. Infant age 6 mos. Seen Ex. breastfed until 6th mos. Pop. Total Area (Total Population Pop x Male Female Total Male Female Total % 2.7%) Western 7,788,556 210,291 59,952 56,703 116,655 50,947 48,074 99,021 47.09 Visayas Aklan 597,721 16,138 4,415 4,274 8,689 3,887 3,807 7,694 47.67 Antique 602,977 16,280 4,388 4,097 8,485 3,648 3,500 7,148 43.91 Capiz 785,540 21,210 5,345 5,047 10,392 4,823 4,590 9,413 44.38 Guimaras 181,441 4,899 1,476 1,437 2,913 1,286 1,237 2,523 51.5 Iloilo 2,009,571 54,258 14,880 13,786 28,666 13,889 12,759 26,648 49.11 Negros 2,568,490 69,349 22,640 21,378 44,018 19,701 18,463 38,164 55.03 Occidental Bacolod 577,901 15,603 3,440 3,416 6,856 1,584 1,568 3,152 20.2 City Iloilo City 464,915 12,553 3,368 3,268 6,636 2,129 2,150 4,279 34.09 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH
According to World Health Organization (WHO), a newborn must be exclusively breastfed for at least six months. On the 7th month, mothers may opt to introduce solid food to their newborn yet can still continue breastfeeding until two years and beyond. Data from the Field Health Services Information System indicates that as of 2018, only 47.09% of the infant population in the region were exclusively breastfed. The report also indicated that for that year only 20.20% were exclusively breastfed in the city of Bacolod. Breastfeeding recommendations in the country are aligned with the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding and include initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour of life, exclusive breastfeeding for six months, and provision of appropriate, adequate and safe complementary food at six months while continuing breastfeeding until two years and beyond.
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TABLE 5.11 NUMBER OF INFANTS THAT RECEIVED SOLID FOOD (6-8 MONTHS) BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Received Solid Food 6-8 mos. Area Livebirths Male Female Total % Western Visayas 109,547 53,908 51,130 105,038 96 Aklan 7,552 3,789 3,550 7,339 97 Antique 8,770 3,968 3,718 7,686 88 Capiz 8,342 3,887 3,639 7,526 90 Guimaras 2,656 1,274 1,215 2,489 94 Iloilo 26,593 13,428 12,833 26,261 99 Negros Occidental 41,248 22,556 21,349 43,905 106 Bacolod City 8,295 2,755 2,612 5,367 65 Iloilo City 6,091 2,251 2,214 4,465 73 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH
At 6 months of age, breastmilk continues to be a vital source of nutrition; but it may not be enough by itself. Table 5.11 shows the number of infants who were introduced to solid foods in order to keep up with their growing needs. At 6 to 8 months of age, more than 96% of the infants in the region had already received solid foods as part of their diets. Of this population of infants, 48.67% were females and 51.32% were males.
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TABLE 5.12 NUMBER OF NEWBORN SCREENINGS REFERRED AND DONE BY SEX IN WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Newborn for screening Area Referred Done Male Female Total Male Female Total Western Visayas 26,668 24,602 51,270 13,593 12,854 26,447 Aklan 1,785 1,606 3,391 610 522 1,132 Antique 464 371 835 389 388 777 Capiz 1,973 1,789 3,762 1,233 1,169 2,402 Guimaras 563 481 1,044 119 132 251 Iloilo 4,481 4,072 8,553 1,739 1,581 3,320 Negros Occidental 15,802 14,702 30,504 7,934 7,587 15,521 Bacolod City 288 302 590 1,387 1,308 2,695 Iloilo City 1,312 1,279 2,591 182 167 349 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH
The Comprehensive Newborn Screening (NBS) Program was integrated as part of the country’s public health delivery system with the enactment of the Republic Act no. 9288 otherwise known as Newborn Screening Act of 2004. A total of 51,270 newborns were referred for newborn screening and about 26,477 were screened to ensure early detection and management of diseases.
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TABLE 5.13 TOTAL POPULATION WITH DISABILITY BY PROVINCE, DISAGGREGATED ACCORDING TO SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
Province No. of M/CLGUs Male Female Total Aklan 17 3,068 3,069 6,137 Antique 18 3,928 4,079 8,007 Capiz 17 4,235 4,423 8,658 Guimaras 5 1,380 1,357 2,737 Iloilo 43 11,024 11,522 22,546 Negros Occ. 32 13,158 13,460 26,618 TOTAL 132 36,793 37,910 74,703 Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development
A total of 74,703 people in the region experience some form of disability. Among the six provinces in Western Visayas, Negros Occidental had the highest number of persons with disabilities at 13,158. Females with disabilities slightly outnumbered their males counterparts in the region for 2017.
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Chapter 6 EDUCATION
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” – Nelson Mandela
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EDUCATION
This chapter focuses on indicators integrating gender equality in all levels of education in the region. This intent to call attention to the remaining gaps in gender and development initiatives and build stronger partnerships for increased social protection for women and children alongside regional economic integration.
The Commission on Higher Education CHED has been pushing for the agenda to mainstream gender and development in higher education. It has issued several landmark policy statements and documents, the most prominent of which is CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 01, series of 2015 or the “Establishing the Policies and Guidelines on Gender and Development in CHED and HEIs.”
On the other hand, Gender Equality is a global priority for UNESCO and inextricably linked to its efforts to promote the right to education and support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through the Education 2030 Framework for Action, SDG 4 aims to ‘Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all’ and SDG 5 to ‘Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.’
The Education 2030 agenda recognizes that gender equality requires an approach that ‘ensures that girls and boys, women and men not only gain access to and complete education cycles, but are empowered equally in and through education.’
Large gender gaps exist in access, learning achievement and continuation in education in many settings, most often at the expense of girls, although in some regions boys are at a disadvantage. Despite progress, more girls than boys still remain out of school - 16 million girls will never set foot in a classroom (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) - and women account for two thirds of the 750 million adults without basic literacy skills.
Poverty, geographical isolation, minority status, disability, early marriage and pregnancy, gender-based violence, and traditional attitudes about the status and role of women, are among the many obstacles that stand in the way of women and girls fully exercising their right to participate in, complete and benefit from education. (retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-and-gender- equality)
On the other hand, the Philippine Statistics Authority conducted survey on The Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS). This survey is conducted in line with the government’s thrust to promote education policies 90
and programs aimed at eradicating illiteracy in the country. Results of this survey provides rate of basic literacy and functional literacy disaggregated by up on Region VI.
The 2013 FLEMMS is designed to provide a quantitative framework that will serve as basis in the formulation of policies and programs on the improvement of literacy and education status of the population. FLEMMS has the following specific objectives:
• to estimate the proportion of the population 10 years old and over who are basically literate.
• to estimate the proportion of the population 10 to 64 years old who are functionally literate and to determine their socio-economic characteristics;
• to determine the educational skill qualifications of the population in terms of formal schooling; and
• to determine the mass media exposure of the population.
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Basic or simple literacy – is the ability of a person to read and write with understanding a simple message in any language or dialect. The basic literacy status of an individual can be determined based on respondent’s answer to the question “Can ___ read and write a simple message in any language or dialect?”
Functional literacy – is a significantly higher level of literacy which includes not only reading and writing but also numeracy skills. The skills must be sufficiently advanced to enable the individual to participate fully and efficiently in activities commonly occurring in his life situation that require a reasonable capability of communicating by written language. A functional literate person is one who can at least read, write, compute and/or comprehend. Also, persons who graduated from high school or completed higher level of education are classified as functionally literate.
School age population – refers to population from age 6 to 24 and irrespective of the existing requirements of compulsory education or the period of education provided for in various types of schools. School attendance – refers to formal school including vocational or technical schools offering post-secondary courses. A person who went to school in school year June 2013 to March 2014 or semester covering November 2013 to April 2014 was considered currently attending school.
Net Enrollment Ratio – is defined as enrollment of the official age-group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding age- group of the population, (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). The purpose of NER is to show the extent of participation in a given level of education of children and youths belonging to the official age-group corresponding to the given level of education. This is very important indicator in measuring rates of Access to Education when considering gender inequality issues as well as regional or rural/urban inequalities. It is of particular interest to the measure of civil liberties of woman/girl in a given country or region.
Out-of-school children and youth – are school age children and youth who are unable to avail of the education opportunities of the normal school system or who dropped out of formal elementary or secondary education (RA 9155). Out-of- school children are defined in the FLEMMS as persons aged 6 to 14 years who are not attending school. Out-of-school youth as persons aged 15 to 24 years who are not attending school, have not finished any college or post-secondary course, and are not working.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 6.1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 6 YERS OLD AND OVER BY HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND SEX (IN ‘000), WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 and 2013 TABLE 6.2 PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION 6 TO 24 YEARS OLD WHO ARE OUT OF SCHOOL BY AGE GROUP AND SEX, PHILIPPINES AND WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 AND 2013 TABLE 6.3 FUNCTIONAL LITERACY RATE OF POPULATION 10 TO 64 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 AND 2013 TABLE 6.4 FUNCTIONAL LITERACY RATE OF POPULATION 10 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 AND 2013 TABLE 6.5 NUMBER OF TERTIARY GRADUATES BY PROVINCE/ CITY, BY PROGRAM AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: SY 2015-2016 TABLE 6.6 NUMBER OF ENROLLEES AND COMPLETERS OF ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM (ALS) IN WESTERN VISAYAS: SY 2015-2016
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TABLE 6.1 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 6 YERS OLD AND OVER BY HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND SEX (IN ‘000), WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 AND 2013
2008 2013 Western Visayas Total Women Men Total Women Men Total (in numbers) 6,511 3,210 3,301 6,523 3,225 3,299 Total (in %) 100 100 100 100 100 100 No Grade Completed/Preschool 8.1 7.3 8.9 5 4.6 5.4 Elementary Level 27 23.6 30.2 25.4 23.1 27.6 Elementary Graduate 12.2 12.1 12.2 10.9 11.5 10.3 High School Level 16.1 16.2 16 15.4 14.5 16.4 High School Graduate 15.6 17.2 14 17.5 18.2 16.6 Post-Secondary 5.4 5.1 5.6 6.4 6.2 6.7 College Level 6.1 7.2 5.1 7.5 7.8 7.2 College Graduate of Higher 9.6 11.3 8 11.9 14.1 9.8 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2008 and 2013 FLEMMS According to the 2013 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey, women had higher completion rates and were more likely to finish or graduate in elementary, high school, and reach a collegiate level or higher education compared to their male counterparts. It can also be observed that there were more males who were not able to finish any level of education or have only reached preschool as their highest educational attainment.
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TABLE 6.2 PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION 6 TO 24 YEARS OLD WHO ARE OUT OF SCHOOL BY AGE GROUP AND SEX, PHILIPPINES AND WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 AND 2013
2008 2013 Philippines/ Proportion Age Group Sex Proportion Age Group Sex Western Visayas of out-of- of out-of- school 6-14 15-24 Female Male school 6-14 15-24 Female Male population population Philippines 10.6 3.5 17.5 13.3 7.9 13.7 8.6 19.5 15.7 11.7 Western Visayas 10.1 3.1 16.9 12.6 7.8 12 9.7 14.7 12.8 11.3 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2008 and 2013 FLEMMS As of 2013, 12% of the population of those with ages 6 - 24 years old in Western Visayas were out-of-school
9 children and youth (OSCY). About 12.8% of all the females belonging to this age bracket were OSCYs, as for the
2
males belonging to this age group, 11.3% were OSCYs.
TABLE 6.3 FUNCTIONAL LITERACY RATE OF POPULATION 10 TO 64 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 AND 2013
2008 2013 (In thousands) (In percent) (In thousands) (In percent) Population 10 years old Population 10 years old Age Group Basic Literacy Rate Basic Literacy Rate and over and over Both Femal Both Femal Both Femal Both Femal Male Male Male Male sexes e sexes e sexes e sexes e Western 5436 2772 2664 83 79 86.6 5438 2794 2645 85 83 86 Visayas 10 - 14 1018 534 484 76 73.8 78.5 770 399 372 73.5 72.4 74.6 15 - 19 927 482 446 87.7 81.1 94.9 773 402 371 90.4 89 91.9
9 20 - 24 576 285 291 90.9 86.8 95 687 361 327 92.8 91.5 94.2
3
25 - 29 533 284 248 86.9 84.1 90.2 569 298 271 89.4 87.7 91.2 30 - 39 932 467 465 85.4 82.1 88.7 955 495 460 85.9 82.8 89.2 40 - 49 739 362 377 79.4 76 82.6 824 419 404 83.5 81.6 85.5 50 - 59 554 286 268 75.8 71.3 80.7 638 315 323 82 82.8 81.2 60 - 64 157 72 85 72.2 68.9 75 221 105 117 76.5 72.6 80 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2008 and 2013 FLEMMS
The overall basic literacy rate in 2013 (85%) among the 5.4 million population of 10 to 64-year-olds in Western Visayas represents an improvement from the previous 83% basic literacy rate recorded during 2008. The basic literacy rate in the region is 86% among females and 83% among males. Basic literacy among males in the region exhibited a drastic improvement compared to its previous 2008 record of 79%.
TABLE 6.4 BASIC LITERACY RATE OF POPULATION 10 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY SEX AND AGE GROUP, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2008 AND 2013
2008 2013 (In thousands) (In percent) (In thousands) (In percent) Population 10 years old Population 10 years old Age Group Basic Literacy Rate Basic Literacy Rate and over and over Both Femal Both Femal Both Femal Both Femal Male Male Male Male sexes e sexes e sexes e sexes e Western 5,905 2,985 2,920 95 95 96 Visayas 5,814 2,936 2,882 95 93 96 10 - 14 1,018 534 484 97 95 99 770 399 372 97 96 98 15 - 19 920 472 449 97.5 96.7 98.4 773 402 371 97.7 97.3 98.2
9 20 - 24 583 295 288 98 97 100 687 361 327 98 97 98
4
25 - 29 533 277 256 96.7 96.6 96.9 569 298 271 98.2 98 98.5 30 - 39 930 473 457 95 94 97 955 495 460 95 94 96 40 - 49 740 369 371 93.1 91.8 94.3 824 419 404 94.7 94.3 95.1 50 - 59 550 280 270 90 88 93 638 315 323 94 94 95 60 - 64 545 238 307 83.6 81.7 85.1 688 296 392 89.2 89.6 89 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2008 and 2013 FLEMMS
The males are catching up to the females in terms of functional literacy in the region. As of 2013, functional literacy rates among the males and females were almost the same at 95% and 96% respectively. Among the 5.9 million population of 10 to 64-year-olds in the region, 95% were functionally literate.
TABLE 6.5 NUMBER OF TERTIARY GRADUATES BY PROVINCE/ CITY, BY PROGRAM AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: SY 2015-2016
TYPE PROGRAM Province/City Total A B C D E F G H I J
Male
Region VI 20,439 764 137 5,292 1,787 4,269 71 90 15 172 2,752
Aklan 1,547 61 6 407 146 394 - 2 13 11 203
Antique 1,071 26 7 161 72 129 - - - 5 92
Capiz 2,147 120 6 418 154 347 - - - 11 163
Guimaras 232 - - 46 8 131 - - - - 20
Iloilo 9,272 300 43 1,911 592 1,466 12 - 1 36 977
Neg. Occ. 6,170 244 38 1,021 571 1,277 47 88 - 74 850
Iloilo City 13 37 1,328 244 525 12 - 1 35 447
Note: Type of Program A - Agricultural, Forestry, and Fisheries B -Architectural and Town-planning C - Business Administration and Related D - Education Science and Teacher Training E - Engineering F- Fine and Applied Arts G - General H - Home Economics I - Humanities J - IT- Related
More than a quarter of the male tertiary level graduates in Western Visayas took up programs related to Business Administration. Engineering and IT-related courses were also popular program choices among the male tertiary-level graduates in the region.
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TABLE 6.5 NUMBER OF TERTIARY GRADUATES BY PROVINCE/ CITY, BY PROGRAM AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: SY 2015-2016 (CONTINUED)
TYPE PROGRAM Province/City Total A B C D E F G H I J
Female
Region VI 26,304 766 112 10,135 6,903 1,731 98 166 26 359 4,549
Aklan 2,160 70 5 843 552 90 - 7 18 14 339
Antique 1,159 29 6 474 294 57 - - - 5 190
Capiz 2,841 114 13 970 634 166 - - - 39 478
Guimaras 307 - - 124 80 69 - - - - 25
Iloilo 10,915 357 30 3,045 2,213 499 23 - 4 62 1,866
Neg. Occ. 8,922 160 29 2,896 2,052 677 52 159 - 179 1,143
Iloilo City 36 29 1,783 1,078 173 23 0 4 60 508
Note: Type of Program A - Agricultural, Forestry, and Fisheries B -Architectural and Town-planning C - Business Administration and Related D - Education Science and Teacher Training E - Engineering F- Fine and Applied Arts G - General H - Home Economics I - Humanities J - IT- Related
As for the female tertiary-level graduates in the region, the most popular programs were Business Administration related, Education Science and Teacher Training, and IT-related programs.
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TABLE 6.5 NUMBER OF TERTIARY GRADUATES BY PROVINCE/ CITY, BY PROGRAM AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: SY 2015-2016 (CONTINUED)
TYPE PROGRAM Province/City K L M N O P Q R S T
Male
Region VI
Aklan 4 133 4 - 25 11 119 - 8 -
Antique 421 - - - 3 - 152 - 2 1
Capiz 33 587 - 2 47 1 234 - 4 20
Guimaras 27 ------
Iloilo 30 2,328 24 26 553 51 658 7 198 59
Neg. Occ. 28 707 14 3 242 38 689 143 13 83
Iloilo City 30 1,865 20 19 457 42 411 7 195 52
Note: Type of Program K - Law and Jurisprudence L- Maritime M - Mass Communication and Documentation O - Medical and Allied P - Natural Science Q - Other Disciplines R - Religion and Theology S - Service Trades T- Social and Behavioral Sciences
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TABLE 6.5 NUMBER OF TERTIARY GRADUATES BY PROVINCE/ CITY, BY PROGRAM AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: SY 2015-2016 (CONTINUED)
TYPE PROGRAM Province/City K L M N O P Q R S T
Female
Region VI
Aklan 1 1 13 - 75 14 81 - 37 -
Antique 7 - - - 47 - 36 - 5 9
Capiz 28 16 9 - 159 - 142 - 21 52
Guimaras 9 ------
Iloilo 42 5 145 67 1,461 140 327 4 431 194
Neg. Occ. 33 2 39 14 817 75 257 2 136 200
Iloilo City 42 4 115 55 1,433 99 171 4 414 139
Note: Type of Program K - Law and Jurisprudence L- Maritime M - Mass Communication and Documentation O - Medical and Allied P - Natural Science Q - Other Disciplines R - Religion and Theology S - Service Trades T- Social and Behavioral Sciences
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TABLE 6.6 NUMBER OF ENROLLEES AND COMPLETERS OF ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM (ALS) IN WESTERN VISAYAS: SY 2015-2016
Enrollees Completers Program % Male Female Total Male Female Total 2015 Procured ALS Program 19,912 8,873 28,785 16,396 7,686 24,082 83.66 Delivered ALS Program 8,221 4,953 13,174 6,912 4,225 11,137 84.54 Source: Bureau of Alternative Learning System, DepEd
As of 2015, there were 41,959 learners enrolled in the Alternative Learning System (ALS) curriculum of the DepEd. The ALS may either be DepEd-delivered or DepEd-procured. Male ALS enrollees outnumbered the female enrollees in both programs. The ALS completion rate for that year was 84.54% for those enrolled in DepED-delivered ALS programs and about 83.66% among those enrolled in DepEd- procured programs.
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Chapter 7 TRANSPORTATION
“The freedom of the open road is seductive, serendipitous and absolutely liberating.”
– Aaron Lauritsen
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TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is equally important to both men and women. It enables communication, trade, and other forms of exchange between people regardless of gender differences. Transportation plays an important part in economic growth and globalization. A well- developed transportation system ensures not only fast and efficient transfer of goods and services between traders and households but can also make a big difference in increasing women’s productivity as well as promoting gender equality. Data on the issuance of driver’s permits and licenses in an area provide planners and decision makers in the government with a sound basis to improve and promote equality within the transport sector.
As women become more vital to the region’s economy, addressing their transportation needs is essential in promoting economic growth and prosperity. The goal of making transport policy in the region more responsive to the needs of women requires a basic understanding of their needs as the topic of gender in transportation is a complex one, as demonstrated by differences in the mobility needs of male and female motorists. This Chapter presents data on the permits/licenses issued to male and female motorists in the region by the Land Transportation Office (LTO).
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 7.1 NUMBER OF LICENSES AND PERMITS ISSUED BY CLASSIFICATION AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2007-2017
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TABLE 7.1 NUMBER OF LICENSES AND PERMITS ISSUED BY CLASSIFICATION AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2007-2017
Conductor's Professional Non-Professional Student Permit Province Permit Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female REGION VI 2007 109,900 2,917 22,198 11,939 67,721 12,661 604 9 2008 105,180 2,623 21,414 11,276 58,382 11,769 609 1 2009 108,050 3,096 21,184 12,394 50,725 10,496 665 3 2010 108,635 4,678 25,435 13,618 61,836 12,656 755 9 2011 112,056 2,618 27,672 15,395 65,812 13,513 859 - 2012 114,667 2,639 30,704 15,642 69,189 13,537 827 2 2013 117,310 2,784 33,483 16,319 69,812 13,766 930 2 2014 123,378 3,133 37,641 17,655 187,716 39,485 736 4 2015 127,482 3,295 44,137 19,675 87,825 19,000 941 5 2016 139,150 3,608 50,390 20,211 88,942 17,376 889 2 2017 138,601 3,676 58,564 20,795 107,891 22,644 1,074 8 AKLAN 2007 9,444 452 1,766 998 6,352 1,120 22 6 2008 8,223 280 1,539 878 4,254 680 23 1 2009 8,050 174 2,090 887 3,663 647 4 - 2010 7,566 250 2,648 644 3,921 790 29 1 2011 9,159 374 2,648 994 5,059 1,036 45 - 2012 9,827 441 2,801 1,222 5,856 1,150 33 - 2013 8,673 347 2,653 1,068 4,681 1,025 41 - 2014 10,552 425 2,986 1,290 13,595 3,141 21 1 2015 11,078 479 3,640 1,580 6,414 1,516 45 1 2016 12,123 514 4,463 1,647 7,774 1,782 31 1 2017 12,618 341 5,105 1,266 7,355 1,801 39 5 ANTIQUE 2007 5,983 187 843 391 3,971 688 64 2 2008 6,846 223 1,130 489 4,374 766 82 - 2009 8,700 319 1,690 740 4,119 547 62 1 2010 8,271 280 2,389 804 3,709 523 57 2011 8,742 278 2,943 957 3,501 613 65 - 2012 9,073 252 3,096 996 3,823 784 44 - 2013 8,582 247 2,934 911 3,946 755 59 - 2014 7,521 226 2,886 978 12,220 2,588 33 - 2015 8,634 256 3,297 1,164 5,222 1,098 54 - 2016 9,292 286 3,420 1,185 4,561 1,064 32 - 2017 9,472 317 3,778 1,384 5,481 1,292 39 -
Source: Land Transportation Office
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TABLE 7.1 NUMBER OF LICENSES AND PERMITS ISSUED BY CLASSIFICATION AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2007-2017 (CONTINUED)
Conductor's Professional Non-Professional Student Permit Province Permit Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female CAPIZ 2007 10,765 107 1,523 652 7,049 1,083 22 - 2008 10,116 159 1,724 700 7,521 1,267 33 - 2009 9,714 286 1,605 778 6,264 1,063 18 - 2010 10,397 100 2,031 1,021 7,797 1,524 27 4 2011 9,645 52 2,118 839 6,894 1,426 7 - 2012 10,559 130 2,264 981 7,227 1,229 7 - 2013 10,547 303 2,474 1,084 7,610 1,145 32 - 2014 10,615 293 3,078 1,112 21,385 3,516 25 - 2015 12,250 405 3,845 1,347 16,079 2,302 21 2016 12,886 517 4,117 1,717 8,533 1,894 25 - 2017 4,359 359 5,046 1,416 10,519 2,164 46 3 GUIMARAS 2007 ------2008 ------2009 ------2010 - - - - 183 32 - - 2011 - - - - 1,817 263 - - 2012 - - - - 1,622 277 - - 2013 - - - - 1,854 328 - - 2014 - - - - 3,618 596 - - 2015 299 7 58 15 1,805 346 - - 2016 1,561 68 380 129 1,981 453 - - 2017 1,822 80 708 265 2,807 593 - - ILOILO 2007 39,453 1,532 8,765 5,107 23,058 5,083 209 - 2008 35,002 1,297 8,341 4,254 14,781 3,117 174 - 2009 36,725 1,597 8,171 4,832 16,667 4,310 178 2 2010 36,107 3,480 8,919 5,509 22,054 4,922 236 - 2011 37,764 1,440 9,171 5,941 22,580 5,404 221 - 2012 38,697 1,240 10,826 5,678 24,485 5,534 220 - 2013 41,684 1,217 13,144 6,713 25,420 5,617 301 - 2014 44,264 1,422 16,139 7,259 68,510 15,947 182 - 2015 43,147 1,253 18,623 7,844 30,239 7,135 337 3 2016 43,998 1,484 21,511 8,797 29,836 7,518 230 1 2017 49,507 1,718 22,797 10,203 38,414 9,687 303 -
Source: Land Transportation Office
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TABLE 7.1 NUMBER OF LICENSES AND PERMITS ISSUED BY CLASSIFICATION AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2007-2017 (CONTINUED)
Conductor's Professional Non-Professional Student Permit Province Permit Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female NEGROS OCCIDENTAL 2007 44,255 639 9,301 4,791 24,167 4,266 287 1 2008 44,993 664 8,680 4,955 23,322 4,992 297 - 2009 44,861 720 7,628 5,157 19,846 3,906 403 - 2010 46,294 568 9,448 5,640 24,172 4,865 406 4 2011 46,746 474 10,792 6,664 25,961 4,771 521 - 2012 46,511 576 11,717 6,765 26,176 4,563 523 2 2013 47,824 670 12,278 6,543 26,301 4,896 497 2 2014 50,426 767 12,552 7,016 68,388 13,697 475 3 2015 52,074 895 14,674 7,725 28,066 6,603 484 1 2016 59,290 739 16,499 6,736 36,257 4,665 571 - 2017 60,823 861 21,130 6,261 43,315 7,107 647 - REV-UP 2007 - - - - 3,124 421 - - 2008 - - - - 4,130 947 - - 2009 - - - - 166 23 - - 2010 ------2011 ------2012 ------2013 ------2014 ------2015 ------2016 ------2017 ------Note: REV-UP – Revenue Enhancement Vehicle Users Program
Table 7.1 shows the yearly evolution of the total number of issued licenses and permits in Western Visayas. The figures show that here has always been a wide gap in the number male and female permits issued in the region. In 2017, female motorists accounted for only 2.58% of all the licensed professional drivers in the region. Among those with non-professional driver's licenses, 26.2% were females and almost 73.80% were males. Likewise, a greater proportion of males for that year were issued student driving permits as well as conductor’s permits at 82.65% and 99.26% respectively.
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Chapter 8 SOCIAL SERVICES
“The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others” – Mahatma Gandhi
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SOCIAL SERVICES
Social services are a range of public services provided by the government, private, profit and non-profit organizations. These public services aim to create more effective organizations, build stronger communities, and promote equality and opportunity.
In Western Visayas, the social services include the benefits and facilities such as education, food subsidies, health care, police, fire service, job training and subsidized housing, adoption, community management, policy research, and lobbying.
Data provided in this handbook cover the number of day care centers, day care center workers, and day care center children of the provinces in Region VI, and the number of clients served and discharged by DSWD as of 2015. These data are hoped to provide the public, the aligned government agencies, and other concerned institutions information in order to create movements and innovations to further suffice the necessary needs for the advancement of women and men in the region and further in the country.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 8.1 NUMBER OF DAY CARE CENTERS AND DAYCARE WORKERS BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
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TABLE 8.1 NUMBER OF DAY CARE CENTERS AND DAYCARE WORKERS BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Western Negros 2018 Aklan Antique Capiz Guimaras Iloilo Visayas Occ. Number of Day Care 5,585 444 665 602 157 2,029 1,688 Centers
Number of Day Care 3,885 441 641 600 157 2,046 .. Workers
Male 53 6 7 6 0 34 .. Female 3,832 435 634 594 157 2012 .. .. Data not available Note: The region’s total does not include Negros Occidental Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development
As of 2017, there were 3,885 day care center workers in the region (excluding Negros Occidental). Female day care workers outnumbered the males and constituted to almost 98.64% of the total number of day care workers.
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Chapter 9 SENIOR CITIZENS
“Aging is not "lost youth" but a new stage of opportunity and strength” – Betty Friedan
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SENIOR CITIZENS
The Philippines has about 5 million senior citizens. About one million of them are indigent - they need help on where to live, where to get their food and medicines.
Republic Act 7432 entitled, An Act to Maximize the Construction of Senior Citizens to Nation Building, was an early law on the elderly. Enacted on July 22, 1991 during Palawan Rep. Ramon V. Mitra's Speakership, it grants benefits and special privileges to senior citizens and, for the first time, issued free national ID cards by the DSWD through the Office for Senior Citizens Affairs (OSCA).
It grants senior citizens 20 per cent discount from all establishments related to public transport services, hotels and similar lodging establishments, restaurants and recreation centers, and purchase of medicine nationwide.
On February 26, 2004, RA 9257, An Act Granting Additional Benefits and Privileges to Senior Citizens, amended RA 7432.
RA 9257 grants additional privileges such as the provision on employment, free skills training and education, among others. The Administrative Order issued by the DoH was issued to guide drug stores, hospitals and other medical establishments in providing health care to senior citizens.
Last February 15, President Arroyo signed RA 9994 or the Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010. It further expands the benefits and privileges of RAs 7432 and 8257. Also, RA 9994 expands the coverage of the list of goods and services entitled to the 20 per cent discount and exemption from the 12 per cent VAT like the following:
medicines including for influenza and penumococcal vaccines and other essential medical supplies, accessories and equipment as determined by the DoH; professional fees of attending physicians in all private hospitals, medical facilities, outpatient clinic and home health care services; professional fees of licensed professional health workers providing home health care services as endorsed by private hospitals or employed through home health care employment agencies; medical and dental services, diagnostic and laboratory fees including medical supplies in all private hospitals and medical facilities, outpatient and home health care services; actual fare for land transport travel in PUBs, PUJs, taxis, Asian Utility Vehicles (AUVs) shuttle services and public railways including LRT, MRT and PNR; domestic air transport and sea shipping vessels based on actual fare and advanced booking; 114
bookings in hotels and similar lodging establishments, restaurants and recreation centers; and admission fees in theaters, cinemas, concert halls, circuses, carnivals and other similar places of culture, leisure and amusement parks. (Retrieved from http://congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=4136)
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 9.1 NUMBER OF REGISTERED DEATHS 60 YEARS OLD AND OLDER BY SEX AND USUAL RESIDENCE (PROVINCE/CITY), WESTERN VISAYAS 2017
FIGURE
FIGURE 9.1 PROJECTED LIVE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY SEX AND PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2000 CENSUS-BASED
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FIGURE 9.1 PROJECTED LIVE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY SEX AND PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2000 CENSUS-BASED
80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Negros Aklan Antique Capiz Iloilo Guimaras Occidental Male 64.0 63.3 64.8 68.1 66.5 67.1 Female 70.6 70.0 71.4 74.9 72.4 74.1
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority VI
From the 2000 Census-based projections, the life expectancy at birth for males and females differed by province. In Western Visayas, life expectancy for females is longest in Iloilo (74.9 years) while shortest life expectancy at birth for females is in Antique (70.0). The biggest difference in number of years that females will outlive males is in Negros Occidental with 7.3 years.
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TABLE 9.1 NUMBER OF REGISTERED DEATHS 60 YEARS OLD AND OLDER BY SEX AND USUAL RESIDENCE (PROVINCE/CITY), WESTERN VISAYAS 2017
Death 60 and Total Usual Residence Over (Region/Province/HUC) Both Male Female Male Female Sexes WESTERN VISAYAS 50,701 29,045 21,656 16,338 15,491 Aklan 4,087 2,352 1,735 1,369 1,273 Antique 4,047 2,321 1,726 1,274 1,244 Capiz 5,142 2,948 2,194 1,698 1,601 Guimaras 1,022 584 438 355 328 Iloilo 12,751 7,241 5,510 4,138 4,045 Negros Occidental 16,353 9,570 6,783 5,296 4,669 City of Bacolod 4,164 2,318 1,846 1,252 1,289 City of Iloilo 3,135 1,711 1,424 956 1,042
As in most parts of the Philippines, the males are more likely to die before females across all the age groups. Among the provinces and highly urbanized cities in the region, only the City of Iloilo tallied more female deaths at ages 60 and up.
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Chapter 10 CHILDREN AND YOUTH
“If the children and youth of a nation are afforded opportunity to develop their capacities to the fullest, if they are given the knowledge to understand the world and the wisdom to change it, then the prospects for the future are bright. In contrast, a society which neglects its children, however well it may function in other respects, risks eventual disorganization and demise” – Urie Bronfenbrenner
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CHILDREN AND YOUTH
The future lies in the hands of our young people. Of the 7.5 million people living in Western Visayas, 2.1 million are youths. This large number represents the power they have in reshaping our society. Their participation in the economic and political aspects of our society is critical to the future success of our nation. Hence, there is really a need to look after their well-being. Their welfare and development are at the core of our country’s social development goals.
Moreover, in the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017 – 2023, the vulnerable sectors are highlighted in Chapter 11 – Reducing Vulnerability of Individuals and Families. The PDP chapter covers both women and children, as well as other sectors such as the persons with disabilities (PWDs), indigenous peoples (IPs) and older persons. It discusses strategies to reduce vulnerabilities by decreasing people’s exposure to risks and increasing their adaptive capacities.
Although the youth are central members of our society, they still face many significant challenges. Children are among the most vulnerable groups in society. Statistics on children and youth provides us with various data regarding their current situation. Statistics on children aid our policy and decision-makers in crafting policies, programs and interventions towards human development and sustainable social progress.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 10.1 TOTAL YOUTH POPULATION BY YOUTH GROUP AND SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 TABLE 10.2 2010 CENSUS-BASED POPULATION PROJECTION AND PERCENT CHANGE OF YOUTH AGED 15-24 BY SEX, AND BY 5-YEAR CALENDAR PERIOD, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2020, 2025 and 2030 TABLE 10.3 FULLY IMMUNIZED CHILD, COMPLETELY IMMUNIZED CHILD AND CHILD PROTECTED AT BIRTH, WESTER VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 10.4 CHILDREN, ADOLESCENT, AND YOUTH GIVEN BASIC ORAL HEALTH CARE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 TABLE 10.5 NUMBER OF DAY CARE CENTERS AND DAY CARE CHILDREN BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
FIGURE
FIGURE 10.1 NUMBER OF DAY CARE CHILDREN BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
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TABLE 10.1 TOTAL YOUTH POPULATION BY YOUTH GROUP AND SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
Number Percent Youth Group Total Women Men Total Women Men Total Population 7,536,383 3,705,869 3,830,514 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total Youth Pop’n. (15-30) 2,139,157 1,029,098 1,110,059 28.4 27.8 29.0 Child Youth (15-17) 456,640 219,753 236,887 6.1 5.9 6.2 Core Youth (18-24) 978,152 473,799 504,353 13.0 12.8 13.2 Adult Youth (25-30) 704,365 335,546 368,819 9.3 9.1 9.6 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015 Census of Population
The youth population (population aged 15-30 years old as stated in RA 8044) in Western Visayas accounts for 28.4% of the total population. A total of 1.1 million young men and 1.0 young women were reported in the region. This is lower than the national composition of youth in the country which is 29.3%. Among the youth groups, the core youth aged 18-24 contributed the largest proportion of youth in the region with 13.0%.
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TABLE 10.2 2010 CENSUS-BASED POPULATION PROJECTION AND PERCENT CHANGE OF YOUTH AGED 15-24 BY SEX, AND BY 5-YEAR CALENDAR PERIOD, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2020, 2025 and 2030
Projection Years % Change Sex/ (medium assumption) Age Group 2020 2025 2030 2020-2025 2025-2030 TOTAL 15-19 753,700 783,700 787,200 4.0 0.45 20-24 750,700 743,500 775,200 (1.0) 4.26
15-24 1,504,400 1,527,200 1,562,400 1.5 2.30
WOMEN 15-19 363,800 382,400 382,600 5.1 0.05 20-24 361,300 358,800 378,200 (0.7) 5.41
15-24 725,100 741,200 760,800 2.2 2.64
MEN 15-19 389,900 401,300 404,600 2.9 0.82 20-24 389,400 384,700 397,000 (1.2) 3.20
15-24 779,300 786,000 801,600 0.9 1.98
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2010 Census-Based National, Regional and Provincial Population Projections
Based on the population projections, from 2020 to 2025 and from 2025 to 2030, population aged 15-24 in Western Visayas is expected to increase by 1.5% and 2.3% respectively. The increase in this age group is mainly contributed by the increase in the population aged 15-19.
The percent increase in projected women population from 2020 to 2025 and from 2025 to 2030 (2.2% and 2.6% respectively) is higher than the increase in men population (0.9%, 2.0% respectively).
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TABLE 10.3 FULLY IMMUNIZED CHILD, COMPLETELY IMMUNIZED CHILD AND CHILD PROTECTED AT BIRTH, WESTER VISAYAS: 2018
Elig. Pop. FIC Area Total Population (Total Pop. X 2.7%) Male Female Total % Region 6 7,788,556 210,291 68,629 64,165 132,794 63.15 Aklan 597,721 16,138 5,159 4,749 9,908 61.39 Antique 602,977 16,280 4,735 4,456 9,191 56.45 Capiz 785,540 21,210 6,102 5,796 11,898 56.1 Guimaras 181,441 4,899 1,644 1,571 3,215 65.63 Iloilo 2,009,571 54,258 17,176 15,851 33,027 60.87 Negros Occidental 2,568,490 69,349 24,383 23,026 47,409 68.36 Bacolod City 577,901 15,603 5,476 5,022 10,498 67.28 Iloilo City 464,915 12,553 3,954 3,694 7,648 60.93 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH – CHD
During 2018, about 63.15% of the children in Western Visayas were Fully Immunized, 4.92% percent were Completely Immunized, and 92.67% were Child Protected at Birth (CPAB).
Immunization coverage refers to the percentage of people who receive one or more vaccines in relation to the overall population. Data on the immunization rates in the region for fully immunized child, completely immunized child and child protected at birth in 2018 are continued in the succeeding pages.
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TABLE 10.3 FULLY IMMUNIZED CHILD, COMPLETELY IMMUNIZED CHILD AND CHILD PROTECTED AT BIRTH, WESTER VISAYAS: 2018 (CONTINUED)
Elig. Pop. CIC Area Total Population (Total Pop. X 2.7%) Male Female Total % Region 6 7,788,556 210,291 5,342 5,002 10,344 4.92 Aklan 597,721 16,138 408 440 848 5.25 Antique 602,977 16,280 50 43 93 0.57 Capiz 785,540 21,210 980 959 1,939 9.14 Guimaras 181,441 4,899 1 5 6 0.12 Iloilo 2,009,571 54,258 2,404 2,113 4,517 8.32 Negros Occidental 2,568,490 69,349 901 849 1,750 2.52 Bacolod City 577,901 15,603 573 564 1,137 7.29 Iloilo City 464,915 12,553 25 29 54 0.43 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH – CHD
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TABLE 10.3 FULLY IMMUNIZED CHILD, COMPLETELY IMMUNIZED CHILD AND CHILD PROTECTED AT BIRTH, WESTER VISAYAS: 2018 (CONTINUED)
Elig. Pop. Total (Total CPAB Area Live-births Population Pop. X 2.7%) Male Female Total % Region 6 7,788,556 210,291 52,638 48,878 101,516 92.67 109,547 Aklan 597,721 16,138 3,633 3,417 7,050 93.35 7,552 Antique 602,977 16,280 3,854 3,511 7,365 83.98 8,770 Capiz 785,540 21,210 4,344 3,909 8,253 98.93 8,342 Guimaras 181,441 4,899 1,324 1,262 2,586 97.36 2,656 Iloilo 2,009,571 54,258 13,232 12,332 25,564 96.13 26,593 Negros Occidental 2,568,490 69,349 20,389 18,772 39,161 94.94 41,248 Bacolod City 577,901 15,603 3,222 3,015 6,237 75.19 8,295 Iloilo City 464,915 12,553 2,640 2,660 5,300 87.01 6,091 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH – CHD
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TABLE 10.4 CHILDREN, ADOLESCENT, AND YOUTH GIVEN BASIC ORAL HEALTH CARE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Total E.Pop (Total Pop Orally fit (12-71) mos. Area Population x 13.5%) Male Female Total % Region 6 7,788,556 1,051,455 36,522 39,709 76,231 7.25 Aklan 597,721 80,692 283 289 572 0.71 Antique 602,977 81,402 552 624 1176 1.44 Capiz 785,540 106,048 3,670 4,227 7897 7.45 Guimaras 181,441 24,495 570 680 1250 5.10 Iloilo 2,009,571 271,292 20,983 22,360 43343 15.98 Negros Occidental 2,568,490 346,746 3,890 4,240 8130 2.34 Bacolod City 577,901 78,017 1,080 1,250 2330 2.99 Iloilo City 464,915 62,764 5,494 6,039 11533 18.38 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH – CHD
During 2018, it was found out that only 7.25% of the children (12-71 mos.) in the region were orally fit and and nearly 1 in 5 (19.26%)0 had to be given Basic Oral Health Care (BOHC), among adolescents and youth (10-24 yrs. old) 14.84 percent were given BOHC. Pregnant women (29.01 percent) and elderlies (19.69 percent) were also among those provided with BOHC.
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TABLE 10.4 CHILDREN, ADOLESCENT, AND YOUTH GIVEN BASIC ORAL HEALTH CARE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018 (CONTINUED)
Total E.Pop (Total Given BOHC (12-71 mos.) Area Population Pop x 13.5%) Male Female Total % Region 6 7,788,556 1,051,455 99,804 102,746 202550 19.26 Aklan 597,721 80,692 1,634 1,875 3,509 4.35 Antique 602,977 81,402 1,830 1,864 3,694 4.54 Capiz 785,540 106,048 12,899 12,860 25,759 24.29 Guimaras 181,441 24,495 5,579 5,478 11,057 45.14 Iloilo 2,009,571 271,292 34,256 36,803 71,059 26.19 Negros 2,568,490 346,746 22,688 23,049 45,737 13.19 Occidental Bacolod City 577,901 78,017 3,577 3,745 7,322 9.39 Iloilo City 464,915 62,764 17,341 17,072 34,413 54.83 Source: Field Health Services Information System, DOH – CHD
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TABLE 10.5 NUMBER OF DAY CARE CENTERS AND DAY CARE CHILDREN BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
Negros Region 6 Aklan Antique Capiz Guimaras Iloilo Area Occidental Number of Day Care Centers 5585 444 665 602 157 2029 1688 Number of Day Care Children 167709 13866 17371 16948 5265 44493 69766 Male 85212 7018 8622 8492 2666 22343 36071 Female 82497 6848 8749 8456 2599 22150 33695 Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development
There are 5,585 day care centers in the region. These day care centers have to accommodate for the
127 167,709 day care children all throughout the region. Of the total number of day care center children in Western Visayas, 51% were boys and 49% were girls. A single day care center in the region, on the average, would have to cater to 30 day care children.
FIGURE 10.1 NUMBER OF DAY CARE CHILDREN BY SEX AND BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2018
36,071 33,695
22,343 22,150
8,622 8,749 8,492 8,456 7,018 6,848
2,666 2,599
Aklan Antique Capiz Guimaras Iloilo Negros Occidental Male Female
Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development
Figure 9.1 shows the distribution of day care children throughout the region. Negros Occidental had the most number of day care children in the region. More than 40% of the total day care children in the region were from Negros Occidental.
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Chapter 11 AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND AGRARIAN REFORM
“The ultimate goal of farming is not the growing of crops, but the cultivation and perfection of human beings” - Masanobu Fukuoka
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AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND AGRARIAN REFORM
Although women significantly contribute to agricultural productivity, they remain “invisible” farmers. The limited recognition of women as productive agricultural workers is perhaps due to relative insensitivity of policy-makers, planners and administrators to their role in agricultural development program toward male farmers. Most agricultural and fisheries plans, programs and projects do not adequately address the needs of women. The following are the priority issues concerning women in the sector.
Limited access of women to land ownership and land use;
Limited access of women to credit from public banks, cooperatives and other agricultural inputs/services; and
Lack of promotion of the rights of women peasants and agricultural workers to own land and access to support services.
To address the above issues concerning women in the sector, the following policies and programs were formulated and implemented:
Ratification of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in December 1994 enjoining all sectors to complete and find a niche in the world market. Since agriculture and fisheries contribute nearly one-fourth to the gross national product and employ half of the labor force, it must be tapped as a springboard for gender development and for achieving the goals of Philippines 2000;
Medium-Term Agricultural Development Plan (MTADP) seeks to enable farmers fisherfolks to raise their income and improve their living standards;
The Department of Agriculture was the first agency to formulate agency-specific guidelines for gender development in the guidelines for integrating Gender Concerns in the DA Planning System.
Gender concerns were integrated into the training modules on Farm Systems Development;
Grains Production Enhancement Program (GPEP) Rapid Rural Appraisal Survey was conducted from September 1992 to March 1993 cropping seasons and generated sex disaggregated data.
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Grameen Bank replication program, which focused on providing credit access to rural women as well as promoting savings mobilization and capital build-up formation, was implemented;
Initiated the development of Small Engineering Technologies for women. The Kasaganaan sa Sakahan at Kalikasan (KASAKALIKASAN), a national integrated pest management program was implemented. It aims to educate farmers on proper crop husbandry and post management through intensive training. The project guaranteed the participation of at least 30 percent of women farmers/technicians nationwide.
Development of viable agrarian reform communities (ARCs), in pursuit of a faster, fairer and more meaningful implementation of CARP is targeted by DAR in the medium-term period (1993-1998). The ARCs will act as operating unit which synchronize and integrate land distribution and support services delivery. Interventions provided to the ARCs will rebound to increased farm productions, improved household incomes and promotion of sustainable development for some million farmers covered by 2 million hectares of agricultural lands.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLE
TABLE 11.1 AGRICULTURE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018 TABLE 11.2 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM PALAY WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015, 2016, 2017 TABLE 11.3 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM CORN WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018 TABLE 11.4 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM COCONUT WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018 TABLE 11.5 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM SUGARCANE WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
FIGURE
FIGURE 11.1 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018 FIGURE 11.2 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR PALAY WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018 FIGURE 11.3 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR CORN WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018 FIGURE 11.4 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR COCONUT WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015, 2016, 2017 FIGURE 11.5 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR SUGARCANE WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018 FIGURE 11.6 PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED FISHEFOLK BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015 FIGURE 11.7 PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED FISHEFOLK BY AGE GROUP AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016
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TABLE 11.1 AGRICULTURE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
PHILIPPINES/ 2016 2017 2018 REGION VI Male Female Male Female Male Female PHILIPPINES 278.23 260.78 284.72 255.80 310.16 285.51 Western Visayas 246.06 244.00 278.38 247.27 301.13 276.29 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2015-2017
The daily nominal wage rates of farm workers in Western Visayas during 2018 averaged at P276.29 for women and at P301.13 pesos for men. Compared to the national wage rates reported for that year, the regional daily nominal wage rate was lower by P9.22 for women and about P9.03 for men.
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FIGURE 11.1 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
31.11 28.92
24.65 24.84
17.45
2.06
2016 2017 2018 Philippines Western Visayas
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2016-2018
Male workers in agriculture still enjoy higher daily nominal wage rates compared to their female counterparts. In a span of only three years, the male-female nominal wage rate differential in the region went up from only P2.06 in 2016 to almost P24.84 during 2018.
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TABLE 11.2 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM PALAY WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
PHILIPPINES/ 2016 2017 2018 REGION VI Male Female Male Female Male Female PHILIPPINES 307.4 290.65 309.83 277.44 329.86 300.36 Western Visayas 260.25 245.82 284.15 253.6 307.54 282.14 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2015-2017
Throughout Western Visayas, the daily nominal wage rates of male farm palay workers averaged at about P307.54 per day during 2018. This was considerably higher than the daily nominal wage rates during 2015 and 2016. Daily nominal wage rates among female farm palay workers also saw a substantial increase of about P28.54 per day compared to the previous year. Compared to the national wage rate of farm palay workers for that year, the nominal wage rates of male and female farm palay workers in the region was lower by about P22.32 and P18.22 respectively.
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FIGURE 11.2 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR PALAY WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
32.39 30.55 29.50
25.40
16.75 14.43
2016 2017 2018 Philippines Western Visayas
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2016-2018
Female palay workers in Western Visayas continue to be paid less than men. The pay gap between male and female wages was most pronounced during 2017 at about P30.55 per day. The average pay gap at the national level for that year was estimated at about P32.39 per day. The differential for 2018, however, has since gone down, dropping to about P25.40 during the period.
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TABLE 11.3 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM CORN WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
PHILIPPINES/ 2016 2017 2018 REGION VI Male Female Male Female Male Female
PHILIPPINES 253.41 239.72 251.21 230.91 269.23 249.70 Western Visayas 221.93 225.98 270.80 222.87 277.17 236.20 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2015-2017
The average daily nominal wage rate of male farm corn workers in the region went up by about P48.87 during 2017, exceeding the national average of P251.21. A decrease, however, was recorded in the daily nominal wage rates of the female corn workers in the region. From an average nominal wage rate of P225.98 during 2016, compensation among female corn workers in the region dropped to P222.87 per day in 2017. The daily nominal compensation rates among corn workers in the region continued its upward trend in 2018 averaging at about P277.17 and P236.20 for the male and female corn workers respectively.
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FIGURE 11.3 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR CORN WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
47.93
40.97
20.30 19.53 13.69
(4.05)
2016 2017 2018
Philippines Western Visayas
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2016-2018
The daily pay differential among male and female corn workers in the region varies greatly from the national average. The daily pay gap between male and female corn workers in the region is the highest among all the agricultural workers for the four major crops. It should be pointed out that prior to the male-female nominal wage rate differential hike of 2017 and 2018, female corn workers in the region were, on the average, paid more than the males.
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TABLE 11.4 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM COCONUT WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015, 2016, 2017
PHILIPPINES/ 2016 2017 2018 REGION VI
Male Female Male Female Male Female PHILIPPINES 257.33 236.53 272.17 240.29 317.62 296.98 Western Visayas 228.99 288.24 279.28 305.16 327.11
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2015-2017
Female coconut farm laborers in the region received P327.11 per day. This was P30.13 more than the national average. The males workers, on the other hand, were paid P305.16 per day, P12.46 lower than their counterparts in the national level.
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FIGURE 11.4 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR COCONUT WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
31.89
20.80 20.64
8.96
(21.95)
2016 2017 2018
Philippines Western Visayas
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2015-2017
Females in the agriculture sector generally make less per day than men. This, however, does not hold true among the coconut farm laborers in the region. During 2018, female coconut farm laborers were paid P21.95 more than their male counterparts. Across all regions, however, the wage differences were still in favor of the men. The male-female per day differential at the national level was at P20.64.
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TABLE 11.5 DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES OF FARM SUGARCANE WORKERS BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
PHILIPPINES/ 2016 2017 2018 REGION VI Male Female Male Female Male Female PHILIPPINES 270.26 252.34 256.58 234.93 276.15 256.25 Western Visayas 261.14 252.04 231.28 204.62 279.22 248.24 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2016-2018
The daily nominal wage rate among sugarcane farm laborers around Western Visayas averaged at about P248.24 for female laborers and around P279.22 for the males. Per day average earnings among male sugar cane laborers in the region was slightly higher than the national average by about P3.07 while those of the females were below the national level by P8.01.
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FIGURE 11.5 AGRICULTURE MALE-FEMALE DAILY NOMINAL WAGE RATES DIFFERENTIAL FOR SUGARCANE WORKERS, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016, 2017, 2018
26.10 23.76
19.42 17.00
12.44
5.95
2016 2017 2018 Philippines Western Visayas
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Agricultural Wage Rates Survey (AWRS): 2016-2018
The gender wage gap in the region among male and female sugarcane farm laborers continues to widen. As of 2018, the male-female wage differential was high at P26.10 compared to the national average of P17.00. The pay differential was only P5.95 at 2016, well below the annual nationwide average for that year.
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FIGURE 11.6 PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED FISHERFOLK BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2015
38%
62%
Male Female
Source: Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Region VI
Six in every ten registered individuals engaged in fishing were males while four were females.
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FIGURE 11.7 PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED FISHEFOLK BY AGE GROUP AND BY SEX, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2016
Male Female
60 and 57.7 42.3 Over
36-59 61.4 38.6
35 and 65.7 34.3 Below
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Both Age Group Sexes Women Men Total 153,544 58,373 95,171 35 and Below 42,825 14,702 28,123 36-59 85,404 32,961 52,443 60 and Over 25,315 10,710 14,605
Source: Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Region VI
Most of the people in Western Visayas engaged in fishing belonged to age group 36-59 for both women and men. This comprised 55.6% of the total registered fisherfolk. Those aged 35 and below covered 27.9% while only 16.5% of the proportion were at age group 60 and over.
Registered men fisherfolk engaged in fishing outnumbered the registered women in all age groups. The highest sex ratio was reported at age group 35 and below with 191 males for every 100 females and for 36-59 and 60 and over were 169 and 136 males for every 100 females, respectively.
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Chapter 12 POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
“Economic growth without investment in human development is unsustainable - and unethical” – Amartya Sen
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POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Knowledge in the level of poverty in Western Visayas can help address the problems undergone by the people of the provinces to the government officials in higher institutions so that further platforms, programs, laws, and benefits could be organized and implemented for the betterment of the status especially of women who were in the past discriminated and were known to have less access to assistances and power over pressure in the surrounding environment and society.
Poverty statistics played an important role in policy formulation and targeting. Hence, this Women and Men of Western Visayas handbook is made to give data about the poverty incidence among women, number of poor women, magnitude of poor senior citizens, magnitude of poor youth, children, and individuals with disability in Western Visayas.
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLES
TABLE 12.1 NUMBER OF POOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DIOSABILITY BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017 TABLE 12.2 NUMBER OF POOR CHILDREN BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
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TABLE 12.1 NUMBER OF POOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITY BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
Total Poor Poor Individuals with Disability Province Individuals Total Male Female AKLAN 183,353 2,854 1,501 1,353 ANTIQUE 258,280 4,577 2,455 2,122 CAPIZ 256,541 3,014 1,672 1,342 GUIMARAS 55,260 680 375 305 ILOILO 774,943 12,715 6,931 5,784 NEGROS OCCIDENTAL 1,175,290 15,060 8,227 6,833 Grand Total 2,703,667 38,900 21,161 17,739 Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development Region 5, National Household Targeting Section
Of the total poor Individuals, 1.4 % are individuals with disability. More males had disabilities 54.4% compared to females at 45.6%. Across provinces, a greater number (1.8%) of poor individuals with disability were in Antique while the same least proportion of poor with disabilities were found in Capiz and Guimaras (1.2%)
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TABLE 12.2 NUMBER OF POOR CHILDREN BY PROVINCE, WESTERN VISAYAS: 2017
Total Poor Children (Aged Below 18 years Old) Province Individuals Total Male Female AKLAN 183,353 92,257 48,237 44,020 ANTIQUE 258,280 129,122 67,056 62,066 CAPIZ 256,541 128,143 67,098 61,045 GUIMARAS 55,260 27,222 14,212 13,010 ILOILO 774,943 393,738 205,166 188,572 NEGROS OCCIDENTAL 1,175,290 601,852 313,227 288,625 Grand Total 2,703,667 1,372,334 714,996 657,338 Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development, Region 6, National Household Targeting Section
Poor children comprised of 50.8% of the total poor individuals in Western Visayas. More than half (52.1%) were male compared to their female counterpart 47.9%.
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF FILIPINO WOMEN IN THE PHILIPPINES
The following is a chronological account of significant mechanisms, laws and policies instituted in recognition of the role of women in nation-building:
1979 The Philippines is a signatory to the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
1982 The Philippine Development Plan for Women (PDPW), 1982-1992, addresses the need to institute appropriate policies, strategies, programs/ projects and mechanisms to ensure that women are effectively mobilized in the development process. The PDPW serves as the government blueprint for integrating women in the development process.
1985 The country was committed to the implementation of the 1985 Nairobi Forward- Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women
1987 The 1987 Constitution, Art. II. Sec. 14 explicitly stipulates the fundamental equality between women and men to wit: "The state recognizes the role of women in nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men."
The 1987 Constitution recognizes women's maternal and economic role (Art. XII, Sec. 14), and Women's special health needs (Art. XII, Sec. 11), and allows Filipino women to be married to aliens to retain their citizenship if they chose to do so (Art. IV).
Likewise, Executive Order 207 entitled "New Family Code of the Philippines" was issued to protect the equality of women and the family such as the provision that husband and wife should have joint management of conjugal properties.
Moreover, the 1987-1992 Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) had stipulations that gender and development shall be effectively integrated across sectors at the national and sub-national planning processes.
1989 Executive Order No. 348 was issued on February 17, 1989 directing all government agencies to implement the program and projects outlined in the PDPW.
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Republic Act No. 6725 was enacted on May 12, 1989 prohibiting discrimination against women in employment, promotion training opportunities.
1992 Republic Act No. 7192, better known as the "Women in Development and Nation- Building Act" was enacted on February 12, 1992, a legislative milestone in the pursuit of equality among women and men in development and nation building.
Section 4 of the act directs the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) to ensure, with the assistance of NCRFW, that all agencies which affect the participation of women in national development, collect sex disaggregated data and include such data in their program/project papers, proposals or strategies.
1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women.
1995 The country committed to the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action adopted during the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing, China.
Executive Order No. 273, signed on September 8, 1995 approved and adopted the Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive Development (PPGD) 1995-2025. The PPGD is 30-year perspective framework for pursuing full equality and development for women and men in accordance with RA 7192 and the 1987 Constitution as well as the main vehicle for implementing in the Philippines the Beijing Platform for Action.
Likewise, as a follow through to RA No. 7192, starting in 1995, Section 27 of the General Appropriation Act (GAA) of the Republic of the Philippines had provided that “All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies shall set aside an amount to be used for gender-responsive projects."
1996 As a follow-through to Section 27 of the GAA, an amount of 5% of the agency's total appropriation was set for gender responsive projects.
Executive Order No. 348 which adopted the PDPW in 1989 also mandated the creation of Gender and Development (GAD) focal points within an agency, a sector or a locality. The focal points are tasked to catalyze, coordinate, provide direction to, and serve as technical adviser on gender and development efforts.
1997 Republic Act No. 8353, or the Anti-Rape Law, was enacted September 30, 1997 expanding the definition of the crime of rape and reclassifies it as a crime against person instead of a crime against chastity. To ensure smooth implementation of gender-responsive projects and programs in the country, three government agencies are mandated to deal specifically with the women's issues. These are the following: 153
a) National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW). It is the recognized national machinery on women and is an advisory body to the President and the cabinet in formulating policies and programs on women and development; b) Bureau of Women and Young workers (BWYW) of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). This agency formulates policies and promulgates orders, rules and regulations implementing the provisions of the Labor Code affecting women and minors; and c) Bureau of Women's Welfare (BWW) of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). It promotes women's welfare with specific attention to the prevention or eradication of exploitation of women in any form such as, but not limited to prostitution and illegal recruitment, as well as the promotion of skills for employment.
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TECHNICAL NOTES
Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries
- refer to individual beneficiaries under PD 27 and RA 6657, or their cooperative association or federation duly registered with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Cooperative Development Authority or the Cooperative (CDA).
Agrarian Reform Communities
- is composed of cluster of land reformed barangays in a municipality where there is a critical mass of farmers and farm workers awaiting the full implementation of agrarian reform.
Birth, Live
- refers to the complete expulsion or extraction of a product of conception from its mother, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut off or the placenta is still attached: each product of such birth is considered alive.
Crime
- an act in violation of penal law (Refer to the Revised Penal Code, Act No. 3815, amended). For statistical purposes, only crimes reported to authorities are covered.
Class of Worker
- the relationship of the worker to the establishment where he works. Equivalent to "industrial status" in other countries. They are categorized as follows: (1) Wage and Salary Workers class of worker who (a) worked for private household a person working in private household for pay, in cash or in kind (domestic helper, household cook, gardener, family driver etc.); (b) worked for private establishment a person working in a private establishment for pay, in cash or in kind. This class includes not only persons working for a private industry but also working for a religious group (priest, acolyte), missionary (nuns, sisters, etc.), unions and non-profit organization.
This category includes the following types of workers: (b.1) sons working in public works projects on private contracts: (b.2) public transport drivers who do not own the vehicle but drive them on boundary basis; (b.3) dock hands or stevedores; (b.4) cargo handlers in railroad stations or piers; and (b.5) palay harvester getting fixed share of harvested palay, and (c) worked for government/ government corporation - a person working for the government or a government corporation or any of its instrumentalities. This category of workers includes the following workers: (c.1) Filipinos working in embassies, legation, chancelleries or consulates of foreign government in the Philippines: (c.2) Filipinos working in international organizations of Sovereign States of Governments like 155
the United Nations, World Health Organization and others; and (c.3) Chaplains in the Armed Forces of the Philippines; (2) Own-Account Worker class of worker who is either: (a) self-employed without any employee a person working for profit or fee in own business, farm, profession or trade without any paid employees as defined in category (b) below. This includes workers who work purely on commission basis and who may not have regular working hours; (b) employer in own farm or business a person working in his own business, farm, profession or trade who had one or more regular pay on own family-operated farm or business a person working paid employees, including paid family members; (c) worked with in his own family-operated farm or business and receives cash or fixed share of the produce as payment for his services; (3) Unpaid family worker those who worked without pay on own family operated farm or business operated by another member living in the same household. The room and board and any cash allowance given as incentives are not counted as compensation for these family workers.
Disability
- refers to any restriction or lack of ability (resulting from impairment) to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. Impairments associated with disabilities may be physical, mental or sensory motor impairment such as partial or total blindness and deafness, muteness, speech defect, orthopedic handicaps, and mental retardation.
Employed
- persons in the labor force who were reported either at work or with a job business although not at work: (a) At work - those who did some work, even for one hour during the reference period; (b) with a job or business but not at work - those who have a job or business even though not work during the reference period because of temporary illness/injury, vacation or other leave of absence, bad weather condition or strike/labor dispute or other reasons. Likewise persons who are expected to report for work or to start operation of a farm or business enterprise within two weeks from the date of the enumerator's visit are considered employed.
Employment Rate
- the proportion of total number of employed persons to the total number of persons in the labor force.
Enrolment
- total number of pupils/students who register/enlist in a school year
Family
- a group of persons usually living together and composed of the head and other persons related to the head by blood, marriage or adoption. It includes both the nuclear and extended family. 156
Fertility Rate, Total
- refers to the average number of births a woman would have by the end of her productive years if fertility levels of each age during her child-bearing period (15-49 years) remain constant at the levels prevailing at a given time.
Graduates
- students or trainees who are enrolled in a particular course/program and have completed the requirements set for that course/program.
Graduation Rate
- the percentage of pupils/students who completed the academic requirements for elementary, secondary or tertiary levels in the current school year to the number of pupils/students enrolled in the terminal year of the level during the same school year.
Highest Educational Attainment or Highest Grade Completed
- refers to the highest grade or year completed in school college or university, by person 5 years of age and over.
Household
- a social unit consisting of a person living alone or a group of persons who: (a) sleep in the same housing unit; and (b) have a common arrangement for the preparation and consumption of food.
Household Population
- the aggregate of private household population. Compared to total population, this excludes population enumerated in institutional households such as national/provincial/municipal/city jails/detention centers military camps, tuberculosis pavilions, mental hospitals, leprosaria/leper colonies or drug rehabilitation centers.
Industry
- the nature or character of the business or enterprise or the place wherein a person works. Labor Force
- the population 15 years old and over who contribute to the production of goods and services in the country includes those who are either employed or unemployed. Those who are neither employed or unemployed are considered not in the labor force, e.g. persons who are not working and are not available for work during the reference week and persons who are not available and are not looking for work because of reasons
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other than those previously mentioned. Examples are housewives, students, disabled or retired persons and seasonal workers.
Labor Force Participation Rate
- proportion of the total number of persons in the labor force to the total population 15 years old and over.
Life Expectancy
- an estimate of the average number of additional years a person can expect to live, based on the age-specific death rates for a given year.
Literacy
- the ability to read and write a simple message.
Literacy Rate
- the percentage of population which can read and write a simple message in any language or dialect.
Literacy, Functional
- a significantly higher level of literacy which includes not only reading and writing skills but also numeracy skills. The skills must be sufficiently advanced to enable the individual to participate fully and efficiently in activities commonly occurring in his life situation that require reasonable capability of communication by writing language.
Literacy, Simple
- ability of a person to read and write with understanding a simple message in any language or dialect. The simple literacy status of an individual can be determined based on the respondent's answer to the question “Can _____ read and write with a simple message in any dialect?"
Marital Status
- refers to the civil status of all persons 10 years and over. A person in this age group is classified as: (a) Single - a person who has never been married: (b) Married – a person married in a religious or civil ceremony, either living together with the spouse at the time of visit, or temporarily living apart because the spouse is employed elsewhere or in the Armed Forces, etc.: (c) Widowed - a married person whose spouse died and who has not remarried up to the time of visit; (d) Separated/Divorced – a person who has permanently separated from his spouse, legally or thru mutual consent or whose marriage with another has been annulled or dissolved and can therefore remarry; (e) Others - person living consensually together (by mere consent) as husband and wife without the benefit of a legal marriage; or (f) Unknown - a person whose marital status 158
is not known to the respondent, or whose marital status is being concealed by the respondent.
Net Enrolment Ratio
- the ratio of enrolment for the age group corresponding to the official school age in the elementary/secondary level to the population of the same age group in a given year. It is also known as Participation Rate.
Occupation
- the specific kind of work a person does. If a person has a job but not at work, it is the kind of work he will be doing when he reports for work, or will be doing if he is waiting for a new job to begin within two weeks from the date of interview.
Physical Injury - an act that includes but is not limited to lacerations, fractured bones, burns, internal injuries, severe injury or serious bodily harm suffered by a person. This may be classified into slight physical injury, less serious physical injury, or serious physical injury.
Physical Violence
- the infliction of physical injuries as defined by Arts. 262 to 266 of the Revised Penal Code. May be a single, manual act or a series of different acts, or combination of assaults with the use of weapons. Women have been hit with a fist, slapped, poked in the eyes, strangled, kicked in other parts of the body including the belly especially during pregnancy, shoved to the floor, pushed down the stairs, banged by the head against the wall, thrown hard objects at, poured boiling water over, stabbed with a knife or burned flesh with cigarettes, hit with a butt of a gun, shot at.
Population
- covers both nationals and aliens, native and foreign born persons, internees, refugees and any other group physically present within the borders of a country in a specified time. In assembling national demographic statistics publication, the basic aim has been to obtain data for the physically present (or de facto) population rather than legally established resident (or de jure) inhabitants.
Population Projection
- arithmetical procedure designed to yield the future size and structure of an initial population by applying assumptions about future changes in growth rates and/or their components. By extension, reverse projections into the past can sometimes be made.
Population Pyramid
- diagram depicting the age-sex structure of a given population. 159
Psychological Violence - an act or behaviour committed against a woman, which destroys belief in herself, demeans, disempowers, and causes mental and emotional disturbance. This includes but is not limited to: verbal abuse, economic abuse, accusation of infidelity, prolonged silence, taking children away from her, ordering the woman out of the house, infidelity of the partner, threats and coercion and sexual harassment.
Rape
- an act committed: (a) by a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances: i) through force, threat or intimidation; ii) when the woman is deprived of reason, or otherwise unconscious; iii) by means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority; and iv) when the offended party is under 12 years of age or is demented, even though none of the circumstances mentioned above be present (b) by any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned in par. 1 hereof, shall commit an act of sexual assault by inserting the penis into a woman’s mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument, object, or any other part of the body such as fingers or toes into the genital or anal orifice of a women.
School-Age Population
- the population between the ages of seven and twenty-four, inclusive, irrespective of the existing requirements of compulsory education or the period of education provided for in various types.
Sex
- the genetic and physical or biological identity of a person, which indicates whether one is male or female.
Sexual Abuse
- demanding sex regardless of her condition; forcing her to perform unacceptable sex acts: forcing her to dance nude before him; forcing him to watch pornographic video shows or to see pornographic materials; catching him having sex with another women in their own bedroom; forcing wife and mistress to sleep with him in the same. Sex Ratio
- the ratio between males and females in a population expressed in number of males per 100 females.
Underemployed
- employed persons who expressed the desire to have additional hours of work in their present job or in an additional job, or to have a new job with longer working.
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Unemployed
- persons in the labor force who did not work or had no job/business during the reference week but were reported available and actively looking for work. Also considered as unemployed are persons without a job or business reported as available for work but were not looking because of their belief that no work was available of temporary illness/disability, bad weather, pending job application or waiting for job interview.
Unemployment Rate
- proportion of the total number of unemployed persons to the total number of persons in the labor force.
Unemployment Rate
- proportion of the total number of unemployed persons and the number of persons who are visibly underemployed in full time employment standard to the total number of persons in the labor force.
Violence Against Women
- any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not limited to, the following: (a) physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and related to exploitation; (b) physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation of work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution; (c) physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs.
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ACRONYMS AND INITIALS OF AGENCIES
1. Philippine Statistics Authority 2000 Census-Based Projections 2000 Census of Population and Housing 2015 Census of Population Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey Gender Statistics on Labor and Employment 2016 October 2017 Labor Force Survey 2016 Survey on Overseas Filipinos Trends in Agricultural Wage Rates 2015-2017 Vital Statistics Report 2013 2. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 3. Civil Service Commission 4. Department of Education 5. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 6. Department of Interior and Local Government 7. Department of Social Welfare and Development 8. Department of Health 9. Local Government Unit 10. Land Transportation Office 11. Philippine National Police 12. Police Regional Office 13. Commission on Population 14. Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
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ACRONYMS OF MAJOR STATISTICAL ACTIVITIES
CPH - Census of Population and Housing LFS - Labor Force Survey SOF - Survey on Overseas Filipinos FLEMMS - Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey AWRS - Agricultural Wage Rate Survey
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DATA SOURCES
1. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 2. Civil Service Commission 3. Commission on Population 4. Department of Agrarian Reform 5. Department of Education 6. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 7. Department of Health 8. Department of Interior and Local Government 9. Department of Social Welfare and Development 10. Land Transportation Office 12. Philippine National Police 13. Philippine Statistics Authority 14. Police Regional Office 15. Provincial Local Government Unit in Western Visayas 16. Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
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THE PSA TECHNICAL STAFF
Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY
CLAIRE DENNIS S. MAPA, Ph. D. National Statistician and Civil Registrar General
Deputy National Statisticians
ROSALINDA P. BAUTISTA CANDIDO J. ASTROLOGO JR. (OIC) DANIEL A. ARIASO SR. Sectoral Statistics Office Censuses and Technical Civil Registration and Central Coordination Office Support Office
Assistant National Statisticians
VIVIAN R. ILLARINA MINERVA ELOISA P. ESQUIVIAS Macroeconomic Accounts Service National Censuses Service
DIVINA GRACIA L. DEL PRADO (OIC) CANDIDO J. ASTROLOGO JR. Economic Sector Statistics Service Standards Service
WILMA A. GUILLEN EDWIN U. ARAGON Social Sector Statistics Service Information Technology and Dissemination Service
SOCRATES L. RAMORES RONALDO C. TAGHAP Finance and Administrative Service Civil Registration Service
Regional Statistical Services Office 6
FRED S. SOLLESTA Regional Director
MARLENE Y. ALVIAR WILLIAM G. JARO SOCD Chief Statistical Specialist CRASD Chief Administrative Officer
Statistical Operations and Coordination Division Staff
MA. GORETTI M. NOVILLA ARLEEN P. BAGONING
ROVELYN M. LLAMAS ELMER S. TUMLOS
YRAN B. FERNANDEZ MIGUEL S. GALLEGO I
ROEL JUDE G. BAGAFORO ROBERT H. MANUEL
NERISSA L. CAMPANIEL JULIENE KLAIRE M. VESCATCHO
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