PROSPECTUS EUROPEAN SOCIAL EUROPEAN RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE CONSORTIUM

European Social Survey ERIC 1

INTRODUCTION FOREWORD

Consumers of mainstream news will be all too well aware of the various The European Social Survey (ESS) was The vision of the founders of the survey Access to high established against a background of poor have clearly been realised. As the quality comparative data threats to democracy that are ongoing in our society - as well as ideological, availability of academically rigorous cross- ESS matures into a formal research political, economic and environmental tensions - that are in need of urgent national data, in particular in regard to infrastructure with its own legal status, will help us to improve resolution. The provision of high quality data from the ESS is a critical attitudes, beliefs and values. The founders we invite all countries within geographic our understanding of of the ESS, Roger Jowell and Max Kaase, Europe to join the existing members and element in responding to such emergent problems. had the vision and determination not only ensure pan-European coverage. Together the profound social, to develop the scientific blueprint for the we can provide a platform to ensure that political, economic and By providing accurate data about the values, opinions, attitudes and beliefs study but also to persuade national funders, the views of the people within Europe are demographic changes of Europe’s citizens, it provides a bedrock of hard information which is the European Science Foundation and the heard in relation to these grand challenges. occurring in Europe as both reliable and extensive. This is increasingly important at a time when European Commission that a knowledge gap Academics, policy makers and those in civil existed and to agree therefore to fund and society then have robust data to inform both well as the relationship unreliable data, 'fake news' and 'alternative facts' are readily available in nurture a rigorous, high quality, comparative discussion and decisions. This prospectus any search engine. for the wider social provides details about the infrastructure between Europe and the science community. as well as information on how to apply for rest of the world. This prospectus sets out the contribution of the ESS. It is our hope that it membership. As Europe faces grand societal challenges Máire Geoghegan-Quinn provides politicians, legislators, policy makers, business leaders and ordinary including immigration, changing family and Dr. Rory Fitzgerald European Commissioner for Research, relationship arrangements, climate change, ESS ERIC Director, February 2017 citizens alike with a sense of how important these data can be, and that it Innovation and Science (2010-14) welfare reform, declining political trust, will encourage those in a position to do so to ensure that all of Europe is speaking at the launch of ESS ERIC, increased populism and persistent health London, UK, 31 January 2014 covered in future waves of the ESS. inequalities (amongst others), the European Social Survey is providing robust data that Professor Michael Breen illuminates changes and stability in the Chair, ESS ERIC General Assembly social fabric of Europe. With over 100,000 registered users, and over 3,000 publications already identified, along with clear evidence of impact ‘beyond academia’, the ESS has already established itself as a critical pillar of the European Research Area. In addition, its methods and methodological research programme ensure that the infrastructure remains ‘state of the art’ and helps to position Europe as a global leader in terms of comparative social science. 2 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 3

The ESS has asked questions designed ROTATING MODULES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY in collaboration with external academics ARE SELECTED FOR on citizen involvement, health and care, EACH ROUND The European Social Survey (ESS) is a pan-European economic morality, family, work and research infrastructure providing freely accessible data wellbeing, timing of life, personal and 2 for academics, policymakers, civil society and the wider social wellbeing, welfare attitudes, ageism, trust in the police and courts, democracy, public. It was awarded European Research Infrastructure immigration, social inequalities in health ROUND 2 Consortium (ERIC) status in 2013. and attitudes to climate change and energy 2004/05 security. Some of these topics have been • Work, family and wellbeing repeated at a later stage. 1 • Health care seeking The work of the ESS ERIC includes This general social survey measures attitudes • Economic morality organising a survey every two years on a wide range of subjects. The ESS was By measuring the results over time, the data 3 measuring social attitudes and behaviour; primarily designed as a time series to monitor reveals intriguing contrasts and similarities ROUND 1 utilising and developing the highest standards changing attitudes and values across Europe. between European countries. This rigorous 2002/03 in cross-national research; providing The therefore consists of a comparative is then used • Citizenship ROUND 3 direct and virtual training programmes; main core section that includes a number of by the academic community, their research • Immigration 2006/07 and supporting free access to its growing questions that have been answered every often facilitating pan-European and member • Personal and social wellbeing data and documentation archive (www. two years since 2002. Each question has a state political, social and economic debate. 4 • The timing of life europeansocialsurvey.org). unique identifier to enable people to easily This allows scholars, policymakers, think compare data over time. tanks and other interested parties to Participating Members fund a Core measure and interpret European people’s ROUND 4 Scientific Team who design and provide The development of this ‘core’ part views cross-nationally and over time. 2008/09 quality assurance for the survey as well of the ESS questionnaire followed • Attitudes to age and ageism as distributing and curating the data. recommendations made by academic Seven rounds of survey data have now been 5 • Welfare Members fund their own national teams experts who were consulted by the Core compiled, fieldwork for the eighth began in to implement the survey in their country, Scientific Team during the early planning September 2016 and the ninth round will be engaging commercial survey agencies, stages of the ESS. running officially from 1 June 2017 to 31 ROUND 5 9 National Statistical Institutes and non-profit May 2019. 2010/11 research institutes to conduct interviews in Additionally, in each round of the ESS, multi- • Work, family and peoples’ homes. national teams of researchers based in ESS European countries are welcome to join the 6 wellbeing in recession ROUND 9 countries are selected to contribute to design ESS, even if they have previously not taken • Trust in justice 2018/19 The ESS has been mapping attitudes and part of the questionnaire. Two ‘rotating’ part or have been absent for some time. • Justice and fairness behavioural changes in Europe’s social, modules are selected following a Call for The inclusion of new Members enables ESS 8 ROUND 6 • The timing of life political and moral climate for over 15 years. Proposals placed in the Official Journal of the ERIC to increase the body of comparative 2012/13 Launched in 2001, the first round of surveys European Union (OJEU). data available and leads to lower costs of • Personal and social wellbeing CORE TOPICS was conducted in 2002 and gathered results participation for all the nations involved. • Understanding and evaluations ROUND 8 IN ALL ROUNDS from 22 countries. Since its inception, 36 As a result, the ESS always includes Support can be provided by the central ESS of democracy 2016/17 • Crime countries have taken part in the ESS. questions measuring attitudes towards team to help prepare countries participating • Climate change • Democracy and politics the media, health and wellbeing, trust in for the first time. 7 and energy • Human values By adopting rigorous approaches to institutions and governments, education • Welfare • Immigration probability , question-testing, event- and occupation, social capital and social Once a country has become a Member • Media use recording, translation and response rate trust, household circumstances, citizen of the ESS, they must appoint a National ROUND 7 • National and ethnic identity enhancement, the ESS has become THE involvement and democracy, social exclusion, Representative who is given full authority to 2014/15 • Perceived discrimination authoritative source of information about political values and engagement, socio- vote on all issues considered at the General • Health inequalities • Religion changing social values in Europe. demographics, immigration and crime. Assembly. Each Member must also appoint a • Immigration • Social exclusion National Coordinator to manage the activities • Social trust/trust in institutions of the ESS ERIC within their own country. • Subjective wellbeing They have overall responsibility for ensuring • Socio-demographics 4 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 5

Executive Summary (continued) the successful undertaking of fieldwork CONTENTS for the survey. This is often outsourced to a supplier, but the National Coordinator 1. Introduction and Foreword 1 Findings from the European is ultimately responsible for the national 2. Executive Summary 2 Social Survey implementation of the ESS interviews. 8. Rotating modules addressing key What Is The European Social Survey? The ESS annotates its source questionnaire social themes 24 to guide translators in using national 3. The European Social Survey ERIC 6 Democracy and Citizen Involvement 24 instruments so that the survey has the The History 6 Family, Work and Wellbeing 25 same meaning in every language. The Structure and Governance 8 questionnaire is translated into any language Attitudes towards Immigration 26 spoken as a first language by more than Operational Activities 8 Social Inequalities in Health 27 five per cent of each country’s population. 4. Joining the European Social Survey Welfare Attitudes in a Changing ERIC and financial data 10 Europe 28 In line with the central Specification for Country Affiliation to the ESS ERIC 10 Public Attitudes to Climate Participating countries made available for Costs for Fieldwork, National each round, each National Coordinating Change and Energy 29 Team identifies a suitable Coordination and Country 9. Policy making from a cross-national and produces a design to be Contribution 11 european perspective 30 implemented in their country. that current and future data analysts can Descartes Prize for Excellence in Scientific Procedures to Apply for Participation 12 10. Prospectus: Impact Study 32 be aware of the national context in which Collaborative Research, awarded to the Auditing of ESS ERIC Accounts 13 11. ESS Publications 36 The ESS provides comprehensive materials questions were being answered. ESS in 2005. for interviewer training and briefing sessions. 5. A biennial cross-national social ESS Topline Findings 36 It is vital that the interviewing is as consistent Over 350,000 face-to-face interviews have Internal analysis of Google Scholar from survey of high quality 14 Findings Booklets 36 as possible across all European countries been completed since 2002. There are over 2003-15 found that 3,104 English academic Methodological Rigour 14 ESS on Wellbeing 37 taking into account necessary national 100,000 registered users of the data, who journal articles, books, chapters, conference Questionnaire Design 16 12. References 37 adaptation. Briefing sessions explain the can analyse it online using a web-based papers or working papers referenced the Test Questionnaire 16 ESS project: the questionnaire and rules. programme called Nesstar or download it ESS. Contact Information 37 All interviewers must be personally briefed for detailed analysis in programmes such Translation 16 once assigned to undertake ESS fieldwork. as SPSS, R or STATA. Users are also aided Sampling 18 through an online training programme Interviewer Training 18 called ESS EduNet. The survey fieldwork is gathered over a Media Claims Recording 18 minimum of one month within a designated maximum period of four months, and all The data is available to download completely When considering Data Preparation and Deposits 19 countries aim to achieve an effective sample free of charge from anywhere in the world. new policies, governments 6. A rich tool for academic studies, size of at least 1,500 respondents, though When downloading customisable datasets, in the past were often education and training 20 this number is reduced for countries with users are offered a number of options: ESS EduNet for eLearning 20 smaller populations. Once the fieldwork is they can download information from more ignorant of their citizens’ completed, National Coordinating Teams than one survey round and for numerous preferences and Training Courses 20 deposit their data in the ESS data archive. countries. Data files can be downloaded in Registered User Statistics 20 a number of formats. The ESS data wizard needs. Now European ESS Bibliography 21 The ESS continues to build a huge amount allows users to choose which variables to governments have a 7. Data and documentation with of freely accessible data measuring the include in their own bespoke dataset. behaviour and social attitudes of Europeans. source for counteracting unrestricted access 22 In addition the national teams monitor and A Multilevel Download makes it possible to that ignorance. Datasets Available without record political claims contained in media add information about countries and several Additional Costs 22 reports during the time when fieldwork is regional levels to the respondents in the Professor Sir Roger Jowell CBE Cumulative and Harmonized Data 22 being undertaken. This helps to ensure ESS data. This was partly funded by the Co-founder of the ESS Multilevel and Contextual Data 23 6 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 7

WHAT IS THE THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY ERIC The survey has measured the attitudes, Following an application to the European THE HISTORY beliefs and behaviour patterns of diverse Commission submitted by the UK on behalf EUROPEAN The European Social Survey populations in more than thirty nations. The of a total of 15 countries, the ESS was main aims of the ESS are: awarded European Research Infrastructure (ESS) is an academically driven Consortium (ERIC) status in November SOCIAL cross-national general social • To chart stability and change in the social 2013. An ERIC is a fully recognized legal survey that has been conducted structure, conditions and attitudes in entity under European Union law. across Europe since 2002. Europe and to interpret how Europe’s SURVEY? social, political and moral fabric is The European Social Survey ERIC was Every two years, face-to-face changing; recognised as an ESFRI Landmark by the interviews are conducted in • To achieve and spread higher standards European Strategy Forum on Research people’s homes with newly of rigour in cross-national research in the Infrastructures (ESFRI) in March 2016. The selected, cross-sectional social sciences, including for example, announcement was a significant achievement questionnaire design and pre-testing, for the ESS ERIC reflecting the maturity of samples of all those aged 15+ sampling, data collection, reduction of bias the infrastructure. living within a country. and the reliability of questions; • To introduce soundly-based indicators ESFRI is a strategic instrument of the The initiative to develop the ESS started in of national progress, based on citizens’ European Union to develop the scientific 1995 within the Standing Committee for the perceptions and judgements of key integration of Europe and to strengthen Social Sciences of the European Science aspects of their societies; its international outreach. The ESS was Foundation (ESF). Committees under the • To undertake and facilitate the training previously included on the ESFRI Roadmap leadership of Professor Sir Roger Jowell of European social researchers in in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The Roadmap of the United Kingdom and Professor Max comparative quantitative measurement and identifies research infrastructures of pan- Kaase of Germany were set up to produce analysis; European interest, corresponding to the an ESS Blueprint. • To improve the visibility and outreach of long-term needs of European research data on social change among academics, communities, covering all scientific areas. With the assistance of Dr. John Smith of policy makers and the wider public. the ESF, this provided the basis for an ESF ESFRI Landmarks are research decision to start developing the ESS Project. In 2005, the ESS was the first social science infrastructures that were implemented or Sir Roger Jowell was asked to assemble project to win the annual Descartes Prize began implementation under previous stages a core team and apply to the European for Excellence in Scientific Collaborative of the ESFRI Roadmap. Only high quality Commission for central funding to be matched Research. Awarded by the European and established research infrastructures are by the participating countries. This application Union, the Descartes Prize was awarded given ESFRI Landmark status - which helps was successful and the first round of the ESS to a transnational team that had achieved ensure they continue to be recognised by started in 2001 with fieldwork beginning in exceptional scientific or technological results national governments. 2002. through collaborative research.

The ESS aims to improve the visibility and outreach of data on social change among academics, policy makers and the wider public. 8 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 9

STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONAL ESS PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES GOVERNANCE ACTIVITIES Rounds 1-8 The Statutes of the ESS Deputy Directors are in post in four As stated in the ESS ERIC statutes,  8 ROUNDS  7 ROUNDS  5 ROUNDS  3 ROUNDS 1 Belgium 16 Austria 22 Lithuania 29 ERIC detail its governance institutions: each country must appoint a National 2 17 Czech Republic 23 Russia 30 Latvia • Deputy Director HQ: Dr. Eric Harrison, Representative who will sit on the 3 France 18 24 Ukraine and funding arrangements.  2 ROUNDS 4 Germany 19 Estonia ESS ERIC HQ, City, University of London General Assembly. The chosen National  4 ROUNDS 31 Croatia ESS ERIC is governed by 5 Hungary • Deputy Director Scientific: Dr. Angelika Representative will be given full authority to  6 ROUNDS 25 Bulgaria 32 Luxembourg 6 Ireland a General Assembly which 20 Israel 26 Cyprus 33 Romania Scheuer, GESIS, Mannheim, Germany vote on all issues raised during the General 7 Netherlands 21 Slovakia 27 Greece 34 Turkey • Deputy Director Methodological: Dr. Ineke Assembly. 8 appoints the Director. Members 28 Italy of the General Assembly are Stoop, SCP, Hague, Netherlands 9 Poland  1 ROUND • Deputy Director Strategic: Bjørn Each country must also appoint a National 10 Portugal 35 Albania 36 Kosovo represented by a National Henrichsen, NSD, Bergen, Norway Coordinator. The key roles of a National 11 Slovenia 12 Spain Representative. Coordinator are to coordinate the activities of 13 29 The General Assembly appoints an the ESS ERIC at a national level and assure 14 Switzerland The current Chair of the General Assembly independent Chair (not from the Members) it is compliant with the specifications issued 15 UK is Professor Michael Breen from Mary who serves for a term of four years by the Director, when necessary. They also Immaculate College, University of Limerick, (renewable). A Deputy Chair is appointed for contribute to discussion about the ESS 2 Ireland. The Deputy Chair is Professor Algis a four year period from amongst the National methodology and questionnaire design. Krupavičius from Vytautas Magnus University Representatives who attend the General in Kaunas, Lithuania. Assembly. The National Coordinator has overall responsibility for undertaking the fieldwork 13 8 The ESS ERIC Headquarters (HQ) is based The General Assembly meets at least twice for the survey. This can be outsourced to within the School of Arts and Social Science, a year and has three standing committees: a another supplier, but overall responsibility for at City, University of London. It is the first Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), a Methods the fieldwork rests with them. ERIC to be hosted in the UK. Advisory Board (MAB) and a Finance 19 Committee (FINCOM). 23 The Director, Dr. Rory Fitzgerald and his 30 team at ESS ERIC HQ, City, University of The Host Institution has been City, University 18 22 London, are supported in the design and of London following a brief initial period at 23 implementation of the ESS ERIC Work NatCen Social Research in the UK, and this 6 Programme by six other institutions that arrangement is periodically reviewed by the 15 7 9 collectively comprise the Core Scientific General Assembly every four years. 4 Team (CST). These are: 1 The ESS ERIC Director also convenes a 32 17 24 • GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social National Coordinators’ (NC) Forum, attended 21 Sciences (Germany) by National Coordinators appointed by ESS 16 3 14 5 • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium) ERIC Members and Observers along with the 11 31 33 • NSD – Norwegian Centre for Research Core Scientific Team. 28 Data (Norway) • SCP – The Netherlands Institute for The ESS ERIC subscribes to the Declaration 36 25 Social Research (Netherlands) on Ethics of the International Statistical 10 12 35 • Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Spain) Institute (ISI), to which the Survey Agencies 27 34 • University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) that conduct the data collection will be asked to adhere, in addition to any co-existing national obligations that they may have. 26

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COSTS FOR COUNTRY 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021 FIELDWORK, NATIONAL (€) (€) (€) (€) COORDINATION United Kingdom 764.909 764.909 764.909 764.909 AND COUNTRY Austria 61.447 62.204 62.968 63.741 CONTRIBUTION Belgium 69.831 70.749 71.675 72.611 Czech Republic 41.033 41.399 41.770 42.144 All Members, Observers and Estonia 21.855 21.855 21.855 21.855 Guests are required to conduct Finland 46.509 46.981 47.457 47.938 the biennial ESS surveys at their France 278.671 283.581 288.541 293.551 own expense, according to the Germany 371.913 378.607 385.368 392.197 ESS Specifications distributed for each round. The National Hungary 21.855 21.855 21.855 21.855 Coordinator is a key informant Ireland 46.664 47.138 47.617 48.101 for these costs. In their absence Italy 216.120 219.834 223.586 227.376 potential funders must consult Lithuania 21.855 21.855 21.855 21.855 relevant scientists to estimate Netherlands 101.340 102.859 104.395 105.945 the costs. Norway 66.671 67.528 68.393 69.268 Poland 71.089 72.031 72.981 73.942 All participating countries are also required to Portugal 42.712 43.110 43.513 43.920 contribute to the central coordination costs Slovenia 21.855 21.855 21.855 21.855 of the ESS ERIC. This contribution is made up of a minimum contribution for all countries Sweden 74.328 75.332 76.345 77.369 JOINING THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY ERIC and – for wealthier countries – an additional Switzerland 87.386 88.639 89.905 91.183 amount, calculated relative to the GDP Guests 110.365 111.469 112.584 113.710 of each country. Moreover, a substantial AND FINANCIAL DATA Total 2.538.405 2.563.789 2.589.427 2.615.321 financial additional contribution is made by the host country, the United Kingdom. Members have full voting rights on the The benefits of joining the ESS ERIC COUNTRY AFFILIATION General Assembly and are legally responsible are multiple. Each country receives the The central budget for the ESS Work Guest countries have to contribute as though Funds are also used for promoting the TO THE ESS ERIC for the ERIC. They have a long-term full support of the Core Scientific Team, Programme during Round 9 will be they are a Member and therefore there is no use of the data as well as ensuring the commitment to ESS ERIC but they may operating from seven countries across €2,538,405 for the 2017-2018 financial financial benefit in being a Guest country. ESS remains at the forefront of Countries affiliated to the withdraw from membership by giving two Europe, in preparing for fieldwork as well as year and €2,563,789 in 2018-2019. The aggregate income of Guest countries methodological developments. years notice to the General Assembly, which providing assistance during data collection. In ESS ERIC are defined in contributes to the central budget. Guest must be submitted before the end of a addition, the CST helps to check the quality three categories: Members, The table below presents the country status allows countries to join one round and biennial survey cycle period. of the data as well as carefully compiling a contributions for Member and Observer benefit from the experience, ideally leading to Observers and Guests. single international data file and curating the countries participating in the ninth (2017- future membership. Observers are admitted to ESS ERIC for a data for future use. 2019) and tenth (2019-2021) rounds. period of four years, but have no voting rights and are not legally responsible for ESS ERIC. Scientists across Europe participate in the To remain as an Observer, they must apply to SAB, MAB and in the NC Forum, all giving the General Assembly for an extension. active input in the ongoing development of the infrastructure, leading to a high quality Guests are admitted to the ESS ERIC design as described in chapter 5 and for a two-year (one round) period. As with accessible data and findings as described Observers, they have no voting rights and are elsewhere in this Prospectus. not legally responsible for the ERIC. 12 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 13

PROCEDURES TO APPLY AUDITING OF ESS ERIC Income and expenditure account for the year ended 31 May 2015 FOR PARTICIPATION ACCOUNTS To apply to participate in the The accounts of ESS ERIC 1 June 2014 1 June 2014 to 31 May to 31 May ESS ERIC, applications for are audited professionally 2015 2015 membership should be in and independently. € € writing to the Chair of the Restated* General Assembly, copied to INCOME 2,714,720 1,171,275 the Director. Direct Costs (2,696,973) (1,161,917) In our opinion, the GROSS SURPLUS 17,1747 9,358 In the letter, potential new members should financial statements Administrative expenses (17,747) (9,358) explain how they intend to contribute to the objectives and activities described in Article present fairly, in all RESULT FOR THE - - 2, and how they will fulfil the obligations material respects, the FINANCIAL YEAR required to take part. financial position of the BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 MAY 2015 2015 2014 Applicants must explain how they will fulfil Consortium as at 31 May the requirement to undertake the survey in 2015, and its financial € € € € their country at their own expense and to Restated* the specifications set out by the Director performance for the year and agreed by the General Assembly. A then ended in accordance CURRENT ASSETS template can be provided from the office of with the Financial Debtors 22,581 619,091 the Director. Reporting Standard Cash at bank 3,024,895 1,233,288 Once a letter from an applicant is received, for Smaller Entities 3,047,476 1,852,379 the General Assembly will enact a simple (effective April 2015). CREDITORS: amounts (3,047,476) (1,852,379) majority vote to decide whether the new falling due within one year country can be included. Any application NET CURRENT ASSETS - - must be approved by the country’s relevant Audit Findings Report Government ministry, though private Grant Thornton UK LLP, NET ASSETS - - enterprises can sometimes fund participation 21 December 2015 RESERVES for Guest status countries. Accumulated result - - The procedure to apply for participation with Income and expenditure - - Guest status is similar and described in a account document which is available on request. TOTAL RESERVES - - 14 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 15

A BIENNIAL CROSS-NATIONAL Rotating modules: The new Round 9 In each round of the ESS, multi-national module will look at SOCIAL SURVEY OF HIGH QUALITY teams of researchers are selected to contribute to the design of two rotating justice and fairness in modules for the questionnaire. Rotating the context of modules are selected following a Call for Call for respondents’ income METHODOLOGICAL Proposals placed in the Official Journal of question module the European Union (OJEU) and circulated to help establish how RIGOUR design teams Source widely. Applicants may apply for 'new' Europe copes with modules and, since 2010, for 'repeat' By sharing the central costs questionnaire Translation growing inequality. development modules as well. Design and pre-testing of of coordinating the ESS the modules is intensive and takes place over and covering only their own a 19 month period. national costs, each ESS ERIC Data participant gets access to high collection Two modules have been selected for ESS Survey Round 9 (2018). ‘The timing of life’ is a Sample design quality comparative data that specifications repeat module exploring perceptions of helps to provide context to their Monitoring the life course and attitudes towards key own national data. national contexts moments within that. It incorporates a split ballot design that allows analysis of differences in outlook along lines of gender. The high quality methodology and data It was fielded in Round 3 (2006) and a collection makes the ESS more expensive Data and Data quality Data processing successful application to repeat the module than less rigorous surveys. There are documentation assessment and archiving was led by Principal Applicant, Professor a number of reasons that justify this availability Francesco Billari, Bocconi University, Milan, investment: Italy. 1. In order to make comparisons between 4. Alternatives to survey data outlined in 3. undermine comparability between countries ‘Justice and fairness in Europe’ responds to countries it is necessary to design and are rarely available to the same extent and across time. the substantial growth of inequality in recent implement a survey in an equivalent or format cross-nationally hindering their decades by examining multiple dimensions manner. Otherwise differences between utility for comparative work. There are also Developed by leading European subject of justice, making distinctions between for countries may reflect methodological few sources of alternative data that cover specialists, the questionnaire combines instance: distributive and procedural justice; rather than real substantive differences. the attitudinal focus of the ESS. continuity with change through a consistent reflexive and non-reflexive evaluations of core module and a series of rotating modules justice; and the scope and timing of justice. 2. As less scientific but cheaper methods The ESS therefore utilises and develops best - selected via a Europe-wide competition. The new module will look at justice and are frequently used by social scientists practice and scientifically driven methods fairness in the context of respondents’ it is necessary to have high quality which are required to produce the high Core module: income to help establish how Europe copes benchmark data. The ESS plays that quality outputs on which social scientists rely. The ESS was primarily designed as a time with growing inequality. It will be included for role for social scientists acting as a gold series that could monitor changing attitudes the first time following an application led by standard data source. The ESS is not at each round of the survey and values across Europe. For this reason Professor Stefan Liebig of the Department an conducted using non- cover a range of topics that tap into key its questionnaire comprises one core module of Sociology at Bielefeld University in scientific methods over a short time issues facing contemporary Europe. The containing items measuring a range of topics Germany. period and should not be compared to questionnaire takes an average of one hour of enduring interest to the social sciences them in terms of costs or methods. to administer in British English but longer as well as the most comprehensive set of Rotating modules are now subject to expert in some other countries. From Round 9 socio-structural ('background') variables of review, input from national teams, cognitive 3. Alternatives to survey data such as all countries are required to administer the any cross-national general social survey. interviewing in multiple countries, stages administrative, transactional and social questionnaire using Computer Assisted The exact number of items can change from of quantitative pre-testing and advance media data cannot be tailored to the Personal Interviewing. Alternative data round to round but each question has a translation. theoretical research questions, limiting the collection modes are not permitted since unique variable name to assist users working academic rigour of any analysis. mixing data collection modes can seriously with data over time. 16 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 17

TEST QUESTIONNAIRE • The ESS source questionnaire is designed The ESS uses a in British English taking into account team approach to how it will be translated. Each national The ESS includes a set of experiments team will translate it into one or more translation involving in every round to evaluate the reliability target languages. and validity of ESS questions. These Multi several stages of review, • The ESS follows TRAPD methodology Trait Multi Method experiments have also - Translation, Review, Adjudication, adjudication, pre-testing been used to populate a Survey Quality Pretesting and Documentation. Predictor (SQP) database which helps and documentation. • All National teams are provided with questionnaire designers to predict the detailed Translation Guidelines and a reliability and validity of draft questionnaire Translation Quality Checklist which outlines items prior to fielding them. the procedures to be followed • Following translation, a selection of items are subject to two innovative additional TRANSLATION steps - verification and survey quality In cross-national research predictor (SQP) coding • All translated questionnaires must be in which the data collection pre-tested following the completion of is administered in various verification and SQP coding languages, it is vital that translation is undertaken to The ESS Translation process is overseen by an ESS Translation team, assisted by a the highest possible quality. Translation Expert Panel (TEP). The Panel's role is to advise the ESS on translation- Words and phrases such as ‘democracy’, related matters. These relate both to the ‘social life’ or ‘unification’ can mean different general ESS translation strategies and to things to different people at different times specific issues where the ESS Translation in different countries. The ESS annotates Team and/or the ESS Core Scientific Team its source questionnaire in an attempt to seek external expertise. The Panel holds ensure that a translation conveying the same meetings, normally once every ESS round, meaning can be used in all countries. and provides expert input in-between when applicable. The ESS uses a team approach to translation involving several stages of review, adjudication, pre-testing and documentation. To ensure that the survey is fully representative of any given country, the questionnaire is translated into each language spoken as a first language by more than five per cent of each country’s population.

The ESS strives to achieve a principle of equivalence with regard to its translations. Translation procedures of the ESS are guided by the requirements outlined in the Specification for Participating countries and the following key principals: 18 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 19

SAMPLING The European Social DATA PREPARATION Survey makes its data AND DEPOSITS The objective of the ESS sampling strategy freely available to all for is the design and implementation of A unique quantitative source of data about workable and equivalent sampling plans in all non-commercial use. stable as well as changing European participating countries. Sampling in the ESS attitudes, the European Social Survey is guided by the requirements outlined in the makes its data freely available to all for Specification for Participating countries and non-commercial use. the following key principles: Access to the ESS datasets, each covering • Samples must be representative of all over 20 countries and including more than persons aged 15 and over (no upper age 350,000 face-to-face interviews across limit) resident within private households Europe, is available via the ESS data in each country, regardless of their website. Highly user-friendly, it offers data nationality, citizenship or language users the options of conducting simple • Individuals are selected by strict random analyses online, and of downloading all or probability methods at every stage parts of the dataset for more detailed or • Sampling frames of individuals, households complex analysis. and addresses may be used • All countries must aim for a minimum The ESS survey fieldwork period will last at 'effective achieved sample size' of 1,500, least one month within a four-month period, or 800 in countries with ESS populations usually between September and December of less than 2 million after discounting for in the calendar year. It is the responsibility of design effects the National Coordinating Team to undertake • Quota sampling is not permitted at fieldwork, and deposit their data in the ESS any stage data archive once the fieldwork has been • Substitution of non-responding households completed. or individuals (whether 'refusals', 'non- contacts' or 'ineligibles') is not permitted at There are no restrictions on access, nor any any stage INTERVIEWER TRAINING MEDIA CLAIMS privileged arrangements for certain users. RECORDING So scholars, journalists, researchers, the ESS interviewers must be trained (task Each National Coordinating team is general public and those most intimately specific) and briefed (project specific). The Events can profoundly affect attitudes and responsible for identifying (or generating) involved in running the project all have equal Core Scientific Team (CST) provides a series perceptions in the short and long term. A a suitable sampling frame and producing a and simultaneous access to each round’s of pre-structured slides and related materials single act of terrorism, for instance, can sample design suitable for implementation findings. In addition, they have access to be used as the basis for briefing sessions. change the context of people’s responses to in their country. They are supported in this to a comprehensive technical report and a range of issues that may affect answers task by a member of the ESS Sampling and supporting data that describe and explain all Briefing is different from training in that it is from different countries. Weighting Expert Panel who is assigned to aspects of the project. However commercial project specific, i.e., it describes the ESS assist them. use of the data is not generally allowed. project, the ESS questionnaire, and ESS ESS National Coordinators monitor and rules. All interviewers must be personally record political claims reflected in key media briefed by the NC or Survey Agency upon reports in each country during the time when being hired for a survey round and before fieldwork is being undertaken. This helps to carrying out their assignment. Their briefing ensure that current and future data analysts must cover in detail how to code observation can be aware of the national context in which data, how to follow contact procedures and questions were being answered. This is complete the contact forms, and how to especially important should national events follow respondent selection procedures (if at the time have a temporary effect on the applicable). answers provided. 20 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 21

FIG. 1 Registered ESS Users since January 2005 A RICH TOOL FOR ACADEMIC STUDIES, Registered users ESS BIBLIOGRAPHY 150000 EDUCATION AND TRAINING The ESS Bibliography is available online, and contains information about many 120000 of the publications based on the cross- In this data driven age, equipping the next generation in data literacy is more critical than ever national European Social Survey. This before. ESS data is therefore an important resource for educating the social scientists of the REGISTERED USER includes analysis of ESS data, ESS future. By using data from the ESS, junior social scientists can be equipped with the analytical STATISTICS 90000 methodology research and descriptions, and and communication skills that are vital to careers in countless industries. Repeat cross-sectional documentation of the ESS. surveys such as the ESS provide the policy makers of tomorrow with the data required to The ESS ERIC is a major develop the skills needed to better understand their society for the benefit of everyone. 60000 European facility offering For academic texts listed, the Bibliography access to an ever increasing provides full publication details including In countries without developed data infrastructures, the ESS provides a nationally meaningful yet the title, year of publication, author(s) and comparative data source that attracts thousands of users from across Europe. Whilst some go on body of data on Europeans’ 30000 publisher. The Bibliography allows users to to be social scientists many others take those data skills into other fields and careers. The ESS social attitudes and behaviours. find out if the author(s) used ESS data in provides a tool for teaching data skills to help equip the next generation for the data driven age. other publications or search for the book ESS ERIC documents the usage of ESS 0 online. data from the launch of ESS Round 1 in Jul-05 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-08 Jul-09 Jul-10 Jul-11 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jul-14 Jul-15 Jul-16 Jul-17 Jul-18 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Apr-05 Apr-06 Apr-07 Apr-08 Apr-09 Apr-10 Apr-11 Apr-12 Apr-13 Apr-14 Apr-15 Apr-16 Apr-17 The tool includes animated videos that Apr-18 Oct-05 Oct-06 Oct-07 Oct-08 Oct-09 Oct-10 Oct-11 Oct-12 Oct-13 Oct-14 Oct-15 Oct-16 Oct-17 ESS EDUNET FOR 2002 to date. Two groups of users are Oct-18 interactively answer frequently asked The overall number of ESS based academic E-LEARNING measured: questions. publications continues to grow, due to ESS questionnaire content, high quality standards, A web-based training tutorial, • "Registered users" – registered at the FIG. 2 Data downloaders type of user activity dense time series, open access and excellent ESS web site and thereby eligible for ESS EduNet, has been made TRAINING COURSES Government 1% online tools. available to help guide users to using ESS data • "ESS data downloaders" – registered Organisation (ngo) 2% Private enterprise1% The ESS training courses focus The online Bibliography is updated exploit the data beyond simple users who have downloaded ESS data Other 2% periodically to ensure that most academic . on key aspects of the survey at least once lifecycle from a comparative, Private individual 3% publications using ESS data are logged and searchable to all data users. The e-learning tool has been specifically cross-national perspective. There are 134,867 registered ESS data Ph.d. thesis 7% developed for use in higher education. It The specific aim is to equip users and ESS data has been downloaded provides hands-on examples and exercises on 97,676 occasions (February 2019). designed to guide users through the researchers with the skills and research process, from a theoretical problem knowledge they need to improve Registered users and ESS data downloaders to the interpretation of the statistical results. the rigour and equivalence of have been broken down by country, user Faculty and cross-national survey research type (faculty members, students etc.) and research 19% EduNet was created to implement a data type (ESS round, cumulative data and social science laboratory where theoretical in the European context. multilevel data). Further information can be questions can be explored using high quality found on the ESS ERIC website. Student 65% empirical data. Training sessions are offered in person or online, and relate to survey questionnaire Using or downloading the data led to the There are several topics available, covering design, translation, collecting responses, publication of 3,904 academic journal measurement errors; multilevel models; methodology and weighting. They are taught articles, books, chapters, conference immigration; weighting the ESS; wellbeing; by experts in the field of social sciences, papers or working papers in English family, gender and work; regression; human face to face or via the ESS website. from 2003 to 2017. This includes values; social and political trust and latent Currently ESS ERIC is providing courses 1,848 journal articles, 718 conference variable modelling. The accompanying data in collaboration with other social science papers, 623 books and chapters and a are extracts from the ESS available for online infrastructures through the H2020 SERISS further 473 working papers. Of the analysis or download. These extracts are grant (see www.seriss.eu). 3,904 publications, 3,320 were substantive especially prepared for the topics. and 584 were methodological. 22 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 23

DATA AND DOCUMENTATION Each new survey MULTILEVEL AND WITH UNRESTRICTED ACCESS provides another layer of CONTEXTUAL DATA accurate data to inform The purpose of ESS Multilevel Data is to academic debate and make it easier for the research community DATASETS AVAILABLE CUMULATIVE AND European governance. to understand the context in which ESS WITHOUT ADDITIONAL HARMONIZED DATA respondents lived at the time of . It COSTS means additional data about the ESS, the The ESS Cumulative Data countries and regions where respondents live, can be added to ESS survey data. The ESS data is available free Wizard gives access to of charge for non-commercial cumulative data from countries The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for use and can be downloaded that have been included in the Statistics or Nomenclature of Units for from the ESS website after a integrated ESS files in two or Territorial Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode short registration. standard for referencing the subdivisions more rounds. of countries for statistical purposes. It was developed and regulated by the European All information gathered since 2001 is This means users can generate and Union and applies to European Union, included online. Each new survey in the download a customised subset of the ESS European Free Trade Association and series provides another layer of accurate data cumulative file by selecting rounds, countries candidate countries. to inform academic debate and European and variables. A Study Description and governance. documentation of the selected variables is The Multilevel Download makes it possible generated for each customised data file and to add information about countries and It allows governments, policy analysts, is included in the download. several regional levels to the respondents in scholars, students and members of the the ESS data. The country specific region public to interpret how people in different variable decides how it is possible to merge countries and at different times see contextual data on regions to the individual themselves and the world around them. level ESS data. With a view to exchanging best practice The contextual variables are collected to worldwide, all ESS protocols, methods, shed light upon themes such as: procedures and data are made available to everyone on the website. It is completely • and geography transparent. • Economy • Health Registered users can download data sets • Education or analyse the information online. Using an • Crime online tool called Nesstar, a customised • Political institutions data file can be created and downloaded • Composite measures in a variety of formats, for use in SPSS, Stata, SAS and other statistical analysis Most variables are collected for several years. programmes. However, users can also The ESS Multilevel Data was partly funded search, browse and analyse the data online by the Descartes Research Prize awarded to if they choose not to download it. the ESS in 2005. 24 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 25

free and fair elections are the two essential in patterns of work organization in several of ROTATING features of democracy for most people in all FAMILY, WORK the East European countries, to higher levels FINDINGS FROM MODULES European countries. On top of that, some AND WELLBEING of work intensity and to greater job insecurity. Europeans add a long list of issues requiring At the same time it undermined social ADDRESSING attention with regard to democracy (from Survey questions relating to integration through the negative effects of THE EUROPEAN politicians paying more attention to citizens’ family, work and well-being job insecurity on young people’s commitment KEY SOCIAL needs, to increasing citizens’ participation in were included in the rotating to employment and by undermining people’s decision-making, etc.). As it stands, the most trust in politics and their satisfaction with SOCIAL SURVEY THEMES demanding citizens live in countries where modules during Round 2 (2004) democracy. the quality of democracy is lower than the and Round 5 (2010) surveys. European average. However there was also a marked stability DEMOCRACY AND Professor Helen Russell, Economic and over time in many of the differences between CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT Third, there is a large gap between what Social Research Institute countries and country groups. Most notably Europeans expect from democracy in the continued to stand European attitudes towards the ideal and what they get from their Professor Duncan Gallie, Nuffield out as providing by far the highest quality democratic systems in practice. Although College, University of Oxford of work and the greatest protection against democracy formed part of citizens’ evaluations vary across dimensions the psychological distress caused by the Round 6 survey (2012) of democracy and across country, all The economic crisis unleashed by the bank unemployment. It is clear that the institutional and Citizen Involvement was democracies fall short of citizens’ ideals. failures of 2008 was the most severe since framework of countries – in particular their investigated during Round 1 This is particularly the case in relation to the the 1930s. The first repeat module of the patterns of employment regulation and the outcomes of democracy (social equality and European Social Survey (ESS) carried out in nature of their welfare states – plays an (2002). These were both protection from poverty), where the gap is 2010 (Round 5) built upon a set of questions important role in determining the quality of covered as rotating modules. most alarming. Round 6 provides a powerful initially asked by the ESS in 2004 (Round people’s everyday lives. tool for politicians to understand what citizens 2) about family, work and well-being. This Dr. Mónica Ferrin, University of Zurich are dissatisfied with in their democratic provided a direct comparison between the The two ESS modules enable us to study countries and to know the sources of period prior to the crisis and a period in the effects of the economic crisis up to The rotating module on Democracy of the disenchantment. which most countries had emerged from the 2010. But this is clearly far from the end of European Social Survey Round 6 provides recession. the story. From 2011, Europe entered into a detailed account of how Europeans think Round 6 is also useful to identify potential a new phase of the crisis – the Sovereign democracy should be and of how Europeans flaws in citizens’ involvement, since we The repeat module assessed the implications Debt crisis. This is likely to have led to an think their democratic systems actually find that bad evaluations of democratic for people’s everyday experience of the even greater disruption of people’s work and are – or how they perform. This is an issue performance relate to abstention. Indeed, quality of their jobs, their family lives and family lives, particularly in Southern Europe. of key importance in light of the alleged among the non-voters, evaluations of personal well-being and for their sense It could well have led to a much greater legitimacy crisis European democracies have the different aspects of democracy are of commitment to the institutions of their polarization between different European undergone in the past decades. Round 6 significantly worse than among the voters. society. It allowed an assessment of whether regions. It was also a phase of the crisis reveals relevant findings in this regard. This finding has important implications for the the experience of the crisis was similar that was characterized in many countries study of citizens’ involvement. It supplies an across Europe or differed as a result either by a particularly severe restructuring of the First, there is strong commitment to additional explanation of why people abstain of the severity of the crisis or the degree of public sector, which is likely to have led to democracy among the citizens, independently from voting which might alert European protection offered by national institutional particularly harsh consequences for women. of the democratic quality of the country governments: long term dissatisfaction systems. Key findings were reported in in which they live. Not only do Europeans with democracy might not only threaten the 19 countries for which there were It will be vital to ensure that the ESS think that democracy is a good thing per democratic support in a country but – since it comparable data available by the spring of continues to monitor the changing patterns se, but they value all ideal characteristics of is sharper among non-voters – it might also 2012 for both 2004 and 2010. of work life in Europe and their implications democracy, such as freedom of expression put into danger the legitimacy of decisions for both the family and the wider community. and accountability. taken by the political representatives. The findings from the European Social Survey provide evidence that the economic Second, there is a shared understanding crisis had significant effects for the quality among Europeans of what is essential in of work. It led to a reduction in the level of a democracy: equality before the law and training provided by employers, to changes 26 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 27

FIG. 3 ‘Way of life’, language, and skills are considered more important than FIG. 4 Net migration rates do not correspond to attitudes to immigration (countries etc.), but less on health (apart from self-rated ATTITUDES TOWARDS religious, economic, and racial background as immigration criteria are ordered from positive attitudes (Sweden) to negative ones (Czech Republic) health and limiting long term illness) and does IMMIGRATION not cover other key determinants (such as life 100 10 Commited to styles) at all. In general, social surveys lack Survey questions on way of life 90 8 rich information on health and lifestyles, and health surveys lack detailed information on Immigration are included 80 Speak 6 the social structure of societies. in every round. A more language 70 comprehensive set of 4 Have 60 By including a rotating module on the social Immigration questions were work skills 2 determinants of health in the ESS we also included in rotating 50 have addressed this problem. In addition Qualifications 0 modules fielded in Round 1 40 to measures that were already present in -2 the earlier waves of the ESS, this rotating 30 (2002) and Round 7 (2014). Christian module includes items on chronic conditions, background -4 20 BMI, healthcare use and access, risk Professor Anthony Heath, Centre for -6 behaviour, working conditions, housing, Be white 10 Social Investigation (CSI), University of unpaid care and childhood conditions. We Oxford 0 -8 believe that the ESS may now become a key 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% UK Israel Spain source of health and health determinant data NorwayFinlandPoland Ireland Estonia France Austria Lindsay Richards, Centre for Social SwedenDenmark Germany Lithuania BelgiumSlovenia PortugalHungary for both policy makers and researchers within Extremely important 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Extremely unimportant Switzerland Netherlands Investigation (CSI), University of Oxford Czech Republic comparative health research. Worse place to live 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Better place to live Immigration continues to be one of the Net migration (RH axis) It has been increasingly recognised most topical and pressing political issues by European governments that those in Europe, with voters in many countries Question: Please tell me how important you think each of these things should be in deciding whether someone interventions which positively change the rating it high on the political agenda, and born, brought up and living outside [country] should be able to come and live here. Question: Is [country] made a worse or a better place to live by people coming to live here from other countries? social determinants can improve health new ‘radical right’ political parties (such as Includes: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, 0-10 with higher scores for a better place. and reduce health inequalities. However, the Front National in France) focussed on United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, and Net migration rates are per thousand population in 2015. Source: CIA world fact book all the official reports have highlighted the opposition to migration emerging in many Slovenia. lack of evidence on ways to improve health ESS round 7 (2014/15) only countries. With continuing high levels of ESS round 7 (20014/15) only; population and design weights used; N = 42,000 inequalities. Of course, one way to do this is labour migration to many rich western to commission more experimental evaluations European countries, as well as continuing of interventions. Another is to conduct more and between countries. Since publication pressure to accept asylum seekers from way of life, the ability to speak the country’s Data from Round 7 of the ESS, conducted “natural experiments” of existing policies and SOCIAL INEQUALITIES of its final report in 2008, various national war zones around the world, this topic is language and work skills as the key criteria in 2014, is enabling us to conduct a interventions by comparing different countries. IN HEALTH governments have commissioned similar unlikely to lose its political significance in the for accepting migrants. thorough examination of the drivers of these reports (such as the Marmot Review of foreseeable future. cross-national differences and of change The rotating module on the social Data was collected on health Health Inequalities in England), as has the Data from Round 7 of the European Social over time in anti-immigrant sentiment. It determinants of health and health inequalities European Union. The social determinants of Government responses to immigration and Survey provides another challenge to is, for example, enabling us to compare inequalities across Europe has helped to achieve this by creating and health and health inequalities have therefore the refugee crisis are in part driven by public prevailing assumptions about the drivers of the importance of competition for jobs and in a Round 7 (2014) rotating making publicly available a comprehensive become increasingly recognised as of opinion and the fear that voters will be or anti-immigrant sentiment. As the following housing with concerns about a country’s and comparable pan-European dataset, module. significance to population health. already have been disenchanted by liberal chart shows, negative attitudes towards ability to assimilate migrants from different which includes a wide range of health immigration policies. However, the public’s immigration do not straightforwardly relate to religious and cultural traditions. It should shed outcomes. The influence of different Dr. Tim Huijts, Queen Mary, University However, there is little by way of views tend to be much more nuanced than the numbers of migrants arriving in a country. new light on the warmth of the welcome for European policy arrangements (policy of London comprehensive pan-European data on is often realized. In round 7 of the European For example Iceland and Sweden have different kinds of migrants, such as those regimes) on health and health inequalities the social determinants of health, or on a Social Survey, for example, European relatively high net migration rates yet are the from Muslim countries, or those who are can then be compared. Additionally, as the In 2005 the World Health Organisation range of health outcomes. The core module publics were found to be more sympathetic two countries most favourable to immigration. refugees. module includes a range of validated mental set up a ‘Commission on the Social of the ESS contains detailed data on a to highly-skilled migrants than to low-skilled The drivers of anti-immigration sentiment are and physical health outcomes then such Determinants of Health’ which systematically number of social determinant variables (e.g. and poorly-educated migrants and saw more complex than is usually supposed. comparisons will be more extensive and examined the contribution of social unemployment, occupational classes, family commitment to the destination country’s specific than previous ones using ESS data. determinants to health inequalities within structure, dimensions of social capital, income 28 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 29

In addition, the module will help researchers Variations across countries and time are to examine and compare the influence of PUBLIC ATTITUDES perhaps more difficult to explain, primarily the social determinants of health, with the TO CLIMATE CHANGE due to a lack of good quality cross-national intention of testing the relative empirical and longitudinal data. Several explanations contribution of the different theories of health AND ENERGY have been put forward to explain increasing and health inequalities (cultural-behavioural, climate scepticism, including a loss of material and psychosocial), and how this This is a completely new trust in climate science, the economic might vary by country and policy context. downturn pushing aside concerns about It has not been possible to do this on a rotating module included in the the environment and the media giving too pan-European scale before. Establishing Round 8 (2016) survey with much attention to climate sceptics. Research which of the models is most influential on fieldwork taking place in late indicates that extreme weather events, such various health outcomes across different 2016 and early 2017. as flooding, can influence public views on European countries is important in terms climate change, and a number of studies of both theory-development and thinking have shown that temperature anomalies are Professor Wouter Poortinga, Cardiff about priorities for policy actions to improve associated with public beliefs in the reality of University population health and/or reduce health climate change. inequalities. Initial results are available in the Global climate change is one of the major Topline Findings Series issue 6. The importance of socio-economic factors environmental threats the world is currently is shown by research that climate change facing. The ways in which individuals, directly competes for public attention with governments and the international community other day-to-day concerns, such as the state WELFARE ATTITUDES IN respond to the threat is to a large extent of the economy. Evidence for media effects A CHANGING EUROPE contingent on the public views about the in climate perceptions is however less clear, reality and consequences of climate change. of undermining individual autonomy and only what people’s attitudes are to present- themselves, that welfare would be bad although climate scepticism in terms of Welfare attitudes across Europe The fundamental shifts in energy use and responsibility, of damaging traditional social day welfare debates and policies, but also for people’s work ethic and for economic media coverage and appear to production that are needed to mitigate were included in the Round ties and of weakening private forms of how the public feels about the future of their competitiveness), but Europeans even be largely an Anglophone phenomenon. climate change can only be met by sustained 4 (2008) survey and it will be solidarity and self-help. welfare states. The European Social Survey more so see the social advantages of public support for action. There are however modules on welfare attitudes are designed to welfare provision (that welfare reduces The climate and energy module that is repeated in Round 8 (2016). large differences in public understanding of As a result, substantial welfare reforms generate this kind of knowledge. inequality and stimulates social order, part of Round 8 of the European Social Some welfare questions are climate change and the willingness to take are visible in many European countries, and that welfare provision leads to better Survey is specifically designed to create and support action. Public perceptions tend included in the core module. although they often take different forms and What the first module of 2008 found thus quality of life for many). a comprehensive, theoretically-grounded to vary across countries and cultural-political directions depending on national legacies and far is, for instance, that in terms of welfare dataset that will help to make robust groups and also fluctuate over time. Professor Wim van Oorschot, Centre for circumstances. But in all cases traditional attitudes there seem to be two European Given the economic problems, an interesting comparisons of Europeans’ perceptions of Sociological Research, KU Leuven solidarities, such as between older and worlds. In the North-West people generally example of a finding is also that the better climate change, energy security and energy Various studies have tried to understand the younger generations, between rich and poor, endorse the principle of redistribution and the economy fares, the more welfare minded preferences. This comprehensive dataset will complexities of public opinion on climate In all European countries the welfare between active and inactive people are under welfare state responsibility for citizen’s well- and solidarity oriented Europeans tend to help to provide a better understanding of how change. Psychological research has shown state with its social benefits and services pressure. For many, the solidarity between being and they evaluate positively the way be. Or, the other way round, and perhaps such perceptions are shaped by individual that the willingness to take individual action became substantially challenged in the natives and newcomers has turned into a in which these principles are implemented. more telling, in times of economic hardship and socio-political contextual factors. is largely dependent on concerns about past decades. For instance, intensified central welfare issue. Basically, the cohesion In the South and East people endorse the the wider public in Europe tends to be less in the environment and personal norms. international economic competition threatens of European societies, to which the traditional principles, but are mostly disappointed about favour of shared solidarity. Views on climate change appear to have the redistributive capacity of national welfare state has contributed so much, has the benefits and services that are actually become politicised. In particular in the US, welfare states, while population aging, become a major concern. delivered to them. national surveys show increasing polarization new family arrangements and increasing according to political ideology and party labour market flexibility confront the welfare The welfare attitudes of European As for the general legitimacy of the identification. While in the UK politically state with new social risks that have to populations play an important role in opening welfare state, it was found that quite a few conservative and disengaged groups are be taken care of. However, the welfare or blocking the way for intended welfare Europeans are critical about the moral and more likely to express a climate sceptical state is not only challenged by structural reform measures, while they also strongly economic consequences of welfare provision view and less likely to support action on changes, increasingly it is also subjected affect the social legitimacy of measures by the state (e.g. that welfare would make climate change, there is no evidence for to more ideologically grounded accusations taken. This makes it important to know, not people less responsible for each other and further polarisation over time. 30 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 31

In support of the programme, the ONS POLICY MAKING FROM A CROSS-NATIONAL analysed ESS core questionnaire items EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE measuring life satisfaction and happiness, and the ESS Round 3 module on wellbeing.

ONS measures of subjective wellbeing The European Social An understanding of public Union institutions and member states were also developed following discussions Survey is a great project attitudes is critical to formulating with new indicators for assessing public with the New Economics Foundation (NEF) public policy, especially in confidence in the justice system. about its Round 3 ESS findings. In addition, of incredible value. The the Strategy and Analysis Team at the UK huge amount of scientific an era of falling political The ESS module was referenced by the Cabinet Office deployed evidence from the participation and electoral UK’s National Audit Office (NAO) to a House ESS to ensure the concept of wellbeing data collected on public turnout. The results from ESS of Commons parliamentary committee as was understood across all government attitudes and behaviour, surveys can have a useful an example of how the Ministry of Justice departments. enabling comparisons government department could compare impact on pan-European justice in the UK with justice in other The ESS Round 4 rotating module on across European nations governance and contribute to European countries. Data from the Trust Experiences and Expressions of Ageism was and also over time, makes policy changes in participating in Justice module additionally appeared in developed by the University of Kent and the countries. a 2012 Ministry of Justice report, leading ESS. The module was complemented by an it a very useful tool for to changes in the way Her Majesty’s in-depth programme of work between the Inspectorate of Constabulary monitors the University of Kent, charity Age UK and the effective policy-making, The ESS illuminates social and political work of senior police officers. UK Government Department for Work and attitudes of the resident population and including in reducing social Pensions (DWP). relates these to data about people’s inequalities in health. The ESS organised a seminar on justice, behaviour or social circumstances. It employs which was hosted by the Centre for The UK DWP commissioned the team to high scientific standards, many of which had Vytenis Andriukaitis European Policy Studies, a leading European produce reports using ESS data, working previously been regarded as unattainable in European Commissioner for Health think tank, and attended by senior officials in collaboration with a senior researcher at a survey of this nature. It means that ESS and Food Safety, 23 February 2017 from the European Commission. A seminar DWP. The ESS held a seminar at the DWP data can be used to gather an understanding was also given to the UK Cabinet Office in 2013 on this topic to introduce the DWP of the effect of legislative changes on the on justice in 2012. and other Government analysts to the ESS resident population. dataset and present the ESS findings. The • The Polish ESS national coordinating The Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs and Coordinators of the EU and UK Year for team provided ESS-based training at the This section includes a number of examples (The ESS enables) Education has benefited from using ESS Active Ageing and Intergenerational Solidarity National Bank of Poland in 2011. where the ESS has directly affected policy. methodology. Seminars about the ESS also discussed ESS data at this event, • The ESS periodically organises substantive governments, policy were held in 2009 and the ESS was used underlining the importance of preparing for policy seminars about its data. These have Round 4 data assisted the Bulgarian analysts and scholars by Ministry-funded initiatives, such as the an ageing society. been held on democracy at the European Parliament in the development of two pieces Programme for the International Assessment and Italian Parliaments (2015), wellbeing, to keep up with societal of national immigration legislation: the of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) study Other policy examples include: welfare attitudes, and family, work and trends that affect how Investment Promotion Act and the Law on in 2011. Prior to this, immigration data wellbeing (2013, 2014) and immigration Foreigners in the Republic of Bulgaria. The democracy is working and collected during Round 3 was used in a • Survey data from Round 3 and 6 about (2017) at the OECD. Events on trust in Investment Promotion Act ensured the equal report by the Estonian Office of the Minister young people appeared in a 2016 report the police and courts were held at the how European citizens treatment of Bulgarian and foreign investors of Population Affairs in 2008. published by the French Ministry of Social European Policy Centre (2012). In 2017 whilst the Law on Foreigners allowed for perceive their lives, their Affairs and Health (Ministère des Affaires an event was held with Commissioner improved legal rights for visiting foreign The UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) Sociales et de la Santé). Vytenis Andriukaitis (Health and Food nation and the world. nationals. Measuring National Wellbeing Programme • ESS data has been used in reports by safety) at the European Commission. commenced in 2010. It set out to provide German Federal Offices and Ministries as • The ESS showcased data and the online David Willetts Data taken from the ESS Round 5 rotating a fuller picture of society by supplementing well as in local administrations in Germany, analysis portal to staff at the UK House UK Universities Minister, June 2011 module, Trust in Justice, was used in the existing economic, social and environmental often as a reference distribution for local of Commons Library research department European Commission’s Euro-Justis project. measures with the opinions of the population. surveys, for example on migration. in 2016. The Euro-Justis project provided European 32 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 33

PROSPECTUS: IMPACT STUDY

An independent report The Impact Study highlighted what has Furthermore, the ESS has seen considerable 16 published in September 2017 by been achieved through the use of ESS academic impact in terms of influencing 8 Technopolis Group (UK) found methods and data by researchers, teachers the design of other surveys. Eurofound’s and policymakers. Technopolis examined European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that the European Social Survey academic resources, sought examples is one example of a major survey that has high levels of academic, of non-academic use, interviewed has benefitted from using the methods 5 18 teaching and non-academic stakeholders and carried out an online employed by the ESS, and these methods impact across Europe. survey of data users. have influenced other international surveys: European Values Survey (EVS), the Survey 19 The report’s authors found that the ESS for Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe continues to be highly regarded amongst (SHARE) and the International Social Survey international values and attitudes surveys, Programme (ISSP). 18 1 offering extremely high quality data that is a critical academic resource for researchers The report found that ESS data is notable across the social sciences. as a teaching resource, particularly within 11 4 14 materials developed for students learning 2 The study established that there are over about and quantitative 7 1 2,700 ESS-based academic publications, of data analysis. 18 universities across 3 15 which over 900 are journal articles listed in Europe have over 500 registered users, 6 the Web of Science. The bibliometric analysis indicating widespread teaching use in 9 - undertaken by the Centre for Science and these organisations. Teaching use is likely 2 Technology Studies (CWTS) on behalf of to be even more extensive than these 13 Technopolis - revealed that 22% of these figures suggest, as lecturers who spoke journal articles are amongst the top-10% to Technopolis explained that they often most cited articles within their field, 12% download the data and distribute it amongst 12 above the expected average. their students for analysis.

Rank Institution Country Count Rank Institution Country Count The ESS has seen 1 Universiteit Antwerpen BE 2744 11 UCD IE 535 considerable academic 2 University of Ljubljana SI 1853 12 Uniersitat Pompeu Fabra ES 531 impact in terms of 3 KU Leuven BE 1242 13 Bocconi University PL 530 influencing the design 4 University of Amsterdam NL 1213 14 Warsaw School of Economics PL 525 of other surveys. 5 University of Bergen NO 942 15 University of Mannheim DE 522 6 Sciences Po FR 876 16 HINT NO 516 7 ULG BE 654 17 University of Copenhagen DK 508 8 NTNU NO 654 18 University of Helsinki FI 501 9 University of Vienna AT 644 19 University of Tartu EE 475 10 NRU HSE RU 582 20 LSE GB 465 34 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 35

Prospectus: Impact study (continued)

FIG. 5 The hypothetical median ESS member/observer country

Population GDP ERIC contribution Total cost (est.)* 9.9m €357bn €63.331/year €253.324/year

Active non-student Net new users each year Institutions with >100 users 3,084 users users per 12 months 2,067 downloaders 298 174 3-4

Based on Mar 2017 data Based on Jul 2013-16 average Based on Febr 2016 - Feb 2017 Based on minimum estimates from Jul 2016

In top-10% most Mean normalised Total academic WoS-listed cited in microfield % international citation score publications/year Journal articles/year collaboration 8 4.25 17% 32% 1.3 (10% = average) (1.0 = average) Based on ESS Bibl. Mar 17, Based on 2011-2014 Based on CWTS analysis Based on CWTS analysis Based on CWTS analysis excl. news items etc, +20% average. Source: CWTS 2004-2014 2004-2014 2004-2014 to complete coverage analysis

NB: Upward tendency on most indicators – these figures present and absolute minimum estimate!

Included in an appendix of case studies, making. BMASK also funds a study where • ESS data was used by the Háttér Society • The Netherlands Institute for Social • The Centre for Judicial Studies (Centro de • The ESS module concerning trust in it was established that the ESS is widely ESS is used to see possible effects of the (Hungarian organisation for Lesbians, Research (SCP) is a government agency Estudos Judiciários, CEJ) in Portugal now the police and criminal courts fed into a used as a teaching resource at a number economic crisis on welfare attitudes. Gays, Bisexuals, Queers and Intersex that published a report based on ESS includes ESS data on the evaluation of strategic reorganisation of the Swedish of institutions across Europe, including the • The Ministry of Social Affairs in Estonia has people) and Institute for Sociology of the data: Trust, life satisfaction and opinions justice and trust in judicial institutions in the police service and national efforts to University of Vienna (Austria), University of used ESS data since 2008. It contributed Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre on immigration in 15 European countries. curriculum for the training of future judges strengthen local policing. The same module Geneva (Switzerland), Charles University in the process of preparing the Ministry’s for Social Sciences. Their analysis resulted It found that attitudes towards a generous and public prosecutors. was used to support several projects in Prague (Czech Republic), Masaryk University Strategy of Children and Families 2012- in the inclusion of LGBTQI people as a asylum policy had become more positive • ESS data regarding the social wellbeing Albania, informing the design of community (Czech Republic), University of Tartu 2020 with data collected contributing to disadvantaged group in the Budapest and received widespread media coverage. of citizens, using indicators on life policing approaches, through revealing (Estonia), Sciences Po (France), Radboud internal policy discussions. Equal Opportunity programme 2017-19. • NordMod 2030 - a pan-Nordic research satisfaction and happiness, has been used citizens’ needs. University Nijmegen (The Netherlands), • France Stratégie - a public think-tank • European Union agency Eurofound, project - used ESS data on central topics in reports produced by The Institute of • The concept of ‘wellbeing’ has become University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) and Umeå attached to the Prime Minister - has based in Ireland, has recently produced such as trust and satisfaction with public Macroeconomic Analysis and Development increasingly important for government University (Sweden). used ESS data in several reports. France two reports using ESS data: one in 2016 services in the Nordic countries. The in Slovenia. The Institute’s director reports organisations in the UK. Data from the Stratégie’s report findings have been on the labor market and one in 2017 project was commissioned by the Co- directly to the President and their reports ESS contributed to the development of When it comes to non-academic impact, the disseminated through the general media on social mobility. The latter has been operation Committee of the Nordic Social offer Slovenian policymakers a unique wellbeing measures and informed the report identified numerous examples where and through public debate, in particular on downloaded thousands of times from the Democratic parties and trade union LOs insight into the comparative position of debate on policy aims beyond economic ESS data has had an influence on public social inequalities. Eurofound website. (SAMAK) and the Foundation for European their country on various indicators, notably growth. In addition to academic research policy, changes in the law and use by public, • The report highlighted the use of ESS • The ‘Lithuanian Action Plan for Citizenship Progressive Studies (FEPS). around wellbeing. groups, the New Economics Foundation private and charitable organisations. data for a regional extension of the Active Education 2016-2020’ was a multi- • The Polish national ESS team provided • The ESS has been used for research on (NEF) and, more recently, the What Works Ageing Index (AAI) in Germany - a tool institutional endeavour to stimulate young training sessions to staff at Poland’s migration and attitudes towards immigrants Wellbeing Centre have been instrumental • ESS data was used by the Austrian initially created by the United Nations people to become more active in civil Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd by researchers at Umeå University in in developing and transmitting insights Ministry for Labour Social Affairs and Economic Commission for Europe society using ESS indicators that allowed Statystyczny) that led to a European Sweden. The research by Umeå University from analysis of ESS data to national policy Consumer Protection (BMASK). Data (UNECE) and the European Commission. for an international benchmark of Lithuania programme (ESS Vision 2020) to has been used by the Swedish delegation audiences. on welfare is regularly used for research with other European countries. standardise official statistics agencies. for migration studies (Delmi), which and by policymakers to support decision published the results as a report. 36 www.europeansocialsurvey.org European Social Survey ERIC 37

ESS PUBLICATIONS REFERENCES

ESS TOPLINE FINDINGS http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/data/ In 2011, the ESS launched a http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/ new series of Topline Findings documents, which are concise http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ bibliography/ cross-national summaries of particular topics covered in the http://essedunet.nsd.uib.no/ questionnaire. Topline Findings ESS Data used 1. Trust in Justice Round 5 CONTACT US FINDINGS BOOKLETS 2. Welfare Attitudes in Europe Round 4 3. Economic Crisis, Quality of Work and Social Integration Rounds 2 and 5 Membership enquiries should be directed to Two Findings Booklets have 4. Europeans' Understandings and Evaluations of Democracy Round 6 the Director of ESS ERIC using the contact details below. been produced and offer a 5. Europeans' Personal and Social Wellbeing Round 6 more general overview of the 6. Social Inequalities in Health and their Determinants Round 7 If you have a general enquiry about the wide scope of topics covered 7. Attitudes towards Immigration and their Antecedents Round 7 European Social Survey or would like to find by the ESS. out more, please contact the ESS team based at City, University of London: The first of these - using results from the first three rounds of the survey (2002- ESS ERIC Headquarters 06) - showcased highlights from a range City, University of London This initiative – Measuring and Reporting on of academics on welfare provision, ageing Northampton Square ESS ON WELLBEING Europeans' Wellbeing: Findings from the and financial security, online access, trust in London, EC1V 0HB European Social Survey – showcases the institutions, education and politics, families A key future challenge for United Kingdom scope that ESS data provide for exploring and work, religion, migration, citizenship, sex +44 (0)20 7040 4901 policymakers across Europe the definition, distribution and drivers and sexuality and training. is ensuring the health and of subjective wellbeing across Europe.  [email protected] Academics, policymakers and students are The more recent publication covered five wellbeing of their populations.  http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ encouraged to explore the new website and survey rounds (up to 2010) and included With this in mind, ESS created use the resource for their own research and academic articles about European Social a new interactive website in informing policy. Survey integration, work either side of 2015 to present the latest the economic crisis, social determinants The website is accompanied by a Wellbeing of health, gender equality, health and findings on wellbeing: Booklet published in June 2015: Measuring wellbeing, the welfare state, satisfaction with www.esswellbeingmatters.org and Reporting on Europeans’ Wellbeing: democracy, ageism, political participation, Findings from the European Social Survey. marriage and partnerships, crime and immigration.

All of the documents produced are available Findings Booklets ESS Data used in hard-copy format or as a downloadable PDF from the ESS ERIC website. Key findings from the first three rounds of the ESS Rounds 1-3 Key findings from the first five rounds of the ESS Rounds 1-5 FIND OUT MORE ABOUT THE ESS The European Social Survey is a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ESS ERIC) that provides cross-national data about public attitudes, beliefs and behaviours.

If you have a general enquiry about the European Social Survey or would like to find out more, please contact the ESS team based at City, University of London:

ESS ERIC Headquarters City, University of London Northampton Square London, EC1V 0HB United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7040 4901

[email protected]  europeansocialsurvey.org  esswellbeingmatters.org  ESS_Survey  EuropeanSocialSurvey

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 676166.

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