E1805 V1

KINGDOM OF Nation Religion King

Public Disclosure Authorized

Land Allocation for Social and Economic Development (LASED)

Public Disclosure Authorized

Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

December 2007 1. Executive Summary

1. The Land Allocation for Social and Economic Development Project (LASED) supports the implementation of the Royal Government of Cambodia’s (RGC) Social Land Concessions (SLC) Program by distributing land and providing support services and infrastructure to improve the livelihoods of the landless and land-poor.

2. LASED has two main objectives: (1) introduce and implement a transparent and standardized process for expanded implementation of locally initiated social land concessions; and (2) distribute state land suitable for agriculture, together with appropriate support services to qualified landless and land-poor households.

3. The project plans to assist approximately 10,000 landless households in establishing rural livelihoods in three provinces, Kratie, and Kampong Thom. During LASED preparation, two pilot sites (Chaom Kravien Commune, in and Sambok and Choang Krang Communes, Kratie Distris in Kratie Province) are being implemented to test processes and provide experience for development of the full project.

4. The LASED project has four main components: (1) Commune-based Social Land Concession Planning and Land Allocation; (2) Rural Development Services and Investments; (3) Sustainable and Transparent Program Development; and (4) Project Management and Administration.

5. This Environmental Assessment (EA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) addresses the World Bank and RGC requirements for ensuring that the investments in Social Land Concessions do not result in major negative impacts on the environment and that mitigation and management measures are in place as well as a means for monitoring and evaluating the results. The LASED Project has been assessed as a Category B project for World Bank purposes. This EA-EMP also summarizes the main issues with respect to the social and cultural assessment1.

6. The LASED Project will be implemented following a bottom-up process linked to the RGC’s National Decentralization and Deconcentration Programme (NDDP). Thus, it is not known where the Social Land Concessions will be implemented nor their scale until such time as they are identified. The EA-EMP therefore outlines a process approach integrating the environmental safeguards within the normal land use planning and social screening activities that will be undertaken during participatory planning and implementation. The implementing agencies and staff will be provided the information, tools and support required to assess the impacts and guidelines on how to address them. Review at different levels and steps ensure that sufficient oversight is in place. The aim is thus to ensure that the planning and implementation social land concessions uses an embedded environmental and social safeguards process which minimizes or eliminates the potential negative impacts rather than anticipating and mitigating individual impacts a priori.

1 Refer also to the LASED Resettlement Policy Framework, Indigenous People Planning Framework and Cultural Heritage Protection Plan 7. LASED addresses stated RGC policy goals to reduce poverty through improving the livelihoods of poor households and vulnerable groups and to improve utilization of unused and degraded lands through a technically sound and participatory land use planning process. The laws governing LASED primarily are those pertaining to management of Land2 and Forest3 and their associated sub-decrees and administrative orders (“Prakas”). The LASED Project takes place within the evolving framework for decentralized development that will be established with the eventual adoption of the Organic Law. Hence, the administrative structure of the Project is decentralized to the maximum extent practical with a primary administrative management role provided by the Province. In this way, existing gaps and overlaps between the Land and Forest laws can be addressed as much as possible with the consensus of the agencies in question at provincial level before being sent for final ratification at national level.

8. LASED will support investments in participatory land use planning (PLUP) and allocation, agriculture, rural infrastructure (roads, markets, schools, health clinics), and rural water supply. The PLUP and land allocation activities will be undertaken through a participatory process with strong technical support from District and Provincial levels and others. Infrastructure investments (component 2) will be designed, procured and implemented through existing and well-established systems within the decentralized development process at the lowest possible administrative level. These systems, established through the Seila Program and continued through the Decentralization and Deconcentration (D&D) Program, include a full set of safeguards tools, manuals and procedures that have already been positively reviewed by World Bank. The final land use plans will be reviewed with respect to environmental safeguards by the Provincial Department of Environment (DOE) who will also monitor the situation on the ground 6-12 months after implementation.

9. The primary issues of concern with respect to the environmental and socio-cultural issues are: (1) loss of or damage to functional forests, critical habitats and wildlife corridors in and around SLC areas; (2) poor site selection or inappropriate and/or over-intensive land use degrading soil and water resources and leading to potential abandonment of the site; (3) unexploded ordnance (UXO) and landmines; (4) destruction of cultural heritage sites or monuments; (5) poor social planning for indigenous communities and other vulnerable groups; and, (6) direct and indirect impacts from rural infrastructure investments.

10. Management and mitigation measures to address these issues include: (1) and (2) a multi-step participatory land use planning process incorporating up-to-date satellite imagery, aerial photography, soil, water and vegetation survey technical support, agro-ecosystem analysis, guidance notes and screening forms; (3) assistance from the Cambodian Mine Action Center (CMAC) to undertake screening and clearing of areas for UXO and landmines, education on mine awareness with LASED staff and Target Land Recipients (TLR) with external quality control; (4) a General Note on Cultural Heritage screening has been prepared outlining six measures to ensure preservation within LASED activities; (5) an Indigenous People Planning Framework (IPPF) has been prepared to address these aspects in a manner fully compliant with World Bank policy, while a careful and participatory process for selecting TLR includes detailed procedures for specifically identifying and including vulnerable groups; and (6) rural infrastructure investments will be designed and implemented

2 Land Law of 2001 and subsequent Sub-decrees and Prakas. 3 Forest Law of 2002 and its subsequent sub-decrees and Prakas. through the existing NDDP thereby utilizing their well-established manuals and procedures for environmental and social safeguards assessment and management.

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary...... 1

2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 7

3. Description of the LASED Project...... 9 3.1 Commune-based Social Land Concession Planning and Land Allocation ...... 5 3.2 Rural Development Services and Investments ...... 6 3.3 Sustainable and Transparent Program Development...... 6 3.4 Project Management and Administration ...... 7

4. Description of the Environment ...... 7 4.1 Physical Environment ...... 7 Kampong Cham Province...... 7 Kratie Province...... 8 4.2 Biological Environment ...... 9 Kampong Cham Province...... 9 Kratie Province...... 10 4.3 Socio-Cultural Environment ...... 10

5. Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project ...... 11 5.1 Overall Environmental Safeguards Categorization...... 12 5.2 Potential LASED Project Environmental Impacts ...... 12 Component 1: Commune-based Social Land Concession Planning and Land Allocation ...... 16 Component 2: Rural Development Services and Investments...... 18 Component 3: Sustainable and Transparent Program Development ...... 22 Component 4: Project Management and Administration...... 24 5.3 Conclusion Regarding Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 24

6. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project...... 25

7. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)...... 28 7.1 Management, Mitigation and Monitoring Measures in LASED ...... 28 7.2 Safeguards Review in LASED Project Process...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8. Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Consultation ...... 38

9. List of References ...... 39 9.1 Environmental Assessment Preparers...... 39 9.2 Records of Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Communications...... 39 9.3 Data and Reference Documents...... 41 List of Acronyms

AEA Agro-Ecosystem Analysis ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BPAM Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management Project CAAEP Cambodia-Australia Agricultural Extension Project CARDI Cambodia Agricultural Research Development Institute CAU Commune Administration Unit CBO Commune Based Organization CDP Commune Development Programme CDRI Cambodia Development Research Institute CIP Commune Investment Plan CMAA Cambodian Mines Action Authority CMAC Cambodian Mine Action Center CRISP Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing CTSP Cambodia Tree Seed Administration Project CWG Commune Social Land Concession Working Group D&D Decentralization and Deconcentration (NDDP) DAE Department of Agriculture and Extension DAFF Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Danida Danish International Development Agency DFT District Field Team DLMUPC Provincial Department of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction DOE Provincial Department of Environment DWG District Working Group EA Environmental Assessment EAESDU East Asia Environment and Social Development Unit EFEO École Française d'Extrême-Orient EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan Ex-Com Executive Committee FA Forest Administration FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FLD Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning FU Finance Unit GDSC General Department for Survey and Cadastre GIS Geographical Information Systems GSSLC General Secretariat for Social Land Concessions GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Development Agency) IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IFSR International Federation for Systems Research IPPF Indigenous People Planning Framework IRRI International Rice Research Institute IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LASED Land Allocation for Economic and Social Development LAU Land Administration Unit LI Land Identification M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MIME Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction MOC Ministry of Commerce MOE Ministry of Environment MRCS River Commission Secretariat NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDDP National Decentralization and Deconcentration Programme NGO Non-Government Organization NSLCC National Social Land Concession Committee NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products PDA Provincial Department of Agriculture PDOWRAM Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PFD Partners for Development PFT Provincial Field Team PIM Project Implementation Manual PLAU Provincial Land Allocation Unit PLUAC Provincial Land Use Allocation Committee PLUP Participatory Land Use Planning PPF Project Preparation Facility PRD Provincial Rural Development Department PRDC Provincial Rural Development Committee RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands RCBC Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RIS Rural Infrastructure and Services RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal RSP Reconnaissance Survey Project SLC Social Land Concessions SLCU Social Land Concession Unit SLMC Provincial State Land Management Committee SPOT SPOT satellite imagery TIP Technology Implementation Procedure TLR Target Land Recipients TSO Technical Service Organization TSU Technical Support Unit UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Fund US-DSCA United States Defense Security Cooperation Agency UXO Unexploded Ordnance WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WFP United Nations World Food Programme WR Water Resources WUG Water User Groups WWF World Wildlife Fund

2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

The policy governing the Social Land Concessions originates outlined in the Royal Government of Cambodia’s Interim Paper for Strategy of Land Policy Framework ( 06 September 2002). This document was written to provide guidance on how to interpret, implement and use the Land Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia (dated 30 August 2001). As noted in the section on land distribution, “many poor people have no land or too little land to earn a living…some people cannot afford to buy or rent land…This means that other mechanisms of land allocation such as social concessions or leasing of public land are needed for some groups to fill needs for shelter and livelihood.” Accordingly, a number of legal documents supporting the implementation of the Land Law and Policy have been prepared and issued, most notably those of Sub-decree 19 on Social Land Concessions (dated 19 March 2003), Sub-decree 118 on State Land Management ( dated 07 October 2005) and Prakas 200 on Guidelines to Implement Sub-decree on Social Land Concession (dated 19 November 2003)4. In addition to the Land Law and its associated sub-decrees and prakas, the other main legal instruments governing the establishment and management of the Social Land Concessions (SLC) are the Law on Forestry (dated 30 September 2002) and its associated Sub-decree 53 on Procedures for Establishment, Classification and Registration of Permanent Forest Estate (dated 20 April 2005), Sub-decree 79 on Community Forestry Management (dated 02 December 2003) and the Draft Prakas on Community Forestry Guideline and Annexes and the “draft Organic Law on Provincial and District Government” which will govern the RGC’s decentralization and deconcentration efforts and the existing Prakas on Delegation of Powers to the Provincial/Municipal Governors in Support of Commune/Sangkat Councils (Governor Prakas) and the Prakas on Establishment of Structures, Roles and Responsibilities of the Provincial/Municipal Rural Development Committee of the Seila Program (PRDC Prakas).

The LASED Project’s administrative structure will reflect both Sub-decree 19 on Social Land Concessions and the existing decentralization structures in Cambodia as being defined in the Organic Law and currently being administered under the existing Governor Prakas and PRDC Prakas. These government structures are currently evolving and the institutional responsibilities have not as yet been finalized. It is agreed to support commune-focused implementation responsibilities to the maximum extent possible within the framework of the decentralization and deconcentration (D&D) program of the RGC. Administration at the commune level will remain with the Commune Council, who will appoint a Commune SLC Working Group (CWG) to implement the required activities. District level implementation support will primarily be provided by the District Working Group (DWG) composed of staff from the district administration and line agencies. The District Ex-Com will provide financial management and procurement support following the D&D program unless capacity for this exists at commune level. The overall process is managed by the Province as directed by the Governor and Provincial State Land Management Committee (SLMC) and working primarily through the Provincial Land Use Allocation Committee (PLUAC) and its associated Social Land Concession Unit (SLCU). The Provincial Rural Development Committee (PRDC) and Provincial PRDC Executive Committee (Ex-Com) maintain a role in associated processes of D&D as they relate to the SLC process, including Commune Development Plan review and approval,

4 A full listing of the relevant legal documents relating to the Land and Forestry Laws pertaining to the LASED Project are contained in Section 9.3. financial management and procurement. Provincial technical support is also available as needed from the GIS Unit of the Provincial Department of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (DLMUPC) and line agencies whose staff comprise the three Technical Support Units for Land, Target Land Recipients Selection and Development.

At national level, the National Social Land Concession Committee (NSLCC) is the institution to make national policy with respect to land concessions as well as review, adjust, manage and monitor all SLC activities at provincial level. The NSLCC is subject to the supervision of the Council for Land Policy who also has a role in the approval process for registration of SLC as State Private Land. The NSLCC operates primarily through the General Secretariat for SLC (GSSLC). A role is played within this process by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) who are also involved in SLC and D&D financial management and procurement. The Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) provide general technical and administrative support and overall supervision. The General Department of Cadastre and Geography (GDCG) of the MLMUPC are required to survey the boundaries and land use during the process of State Land Registration. Other national line agencies including the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) provide technical support as requested for activities such as SLC Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA), while the Cambodian Mine Action Committee (CMAC) provides assistance in dealing with Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) and landmines. Lastly, the National Committee for Management of Decentralization and Deconcentration Reforms (NCDD) takes the overall role in managing this process.

It is recognized that there is overlap between the laws governing land and forest which impacts on the issue of SLC – it will likely take considerable time for these overlaps to be resolved. Of primary importance is the definition of which land is State Public Land and therefore ineligible for inclusion within an SLC unless reclassified as State Private Land. Currently, any land identified and registered as “Forest” including “Degraded Forestland”, “Community Forests under agreement” and “Production Forests not under concession” among others, is considered within the Forestry Law as “Permanent Forest Estate” and therefore, according to the Land Law, as “State Public Land”. Thus, most of the lands eligible for SLC and areas within the SLC that would be managed as community forests, production forests or conserved for natural resources management purposes would automatically be classified as State Public Land according to the Forestry Law.The Forestry Law and Land Law however also identify a process that is required for state land classification which has not as yet been undertaken in most parts of Cambodia. Hence, until such time as State Land Identification and Mapping and subsequent State Land Registration has been undertaken for any area, the land is officially unclassified although different RGC agencies may have their own viewpoint on the status of the land. The official process mandates a State Land Identification and Mapping exercise that is primarily undertaken by the DWG and managed by the PLUAC with inputs from the involved line agencies, with the results sent up to national level for confirmation and ratification and any dispute resolution.

The participatory land use planning (PLUP) process as planned within LASED5 is compatible with and addresses the overlaps and gaps in the legislation by undertaking the State Land Identification and Mapping work required for State Land Registration with the involvement

5 The procedures for PLUP are to be determined eventually by joint-Prakas of the MLMUPC and the Ministry of Interior (MoI) according to Article 22 of Sub-decree 118. It is expected that the experience gained in LASED will inform this Prakas. of the concerned RGC agencies. According to Sub-decree 118 on State Land Management, this would correspond to “Sporadic First Registration”. In the event that the envisioned State Land Identification and Mapping has already been done prior to the identification of an SLC, the same process envisioned under LASED is compatible with the requirements for “Reclassification of State Land” under Sub-decree 118.

It is concluded that the LASED Project will contribute to the eventual resolution of the conflicting or missing legislation while being legally sound as a result of its being implemented at Provincial level by the appropriate authorities and with the involvement of the concerned line agencies.

3. Description of the LASED Project

The Land Allocation for Social and Economic Development Project (LASED) is a project to support the implementation of the RGC’s Social Land Concessions (SLC) Program by distributing land to the landless and land-poor through social land concessions to improve livelihood of poor households and vulnerable groups.

The project has two main objectives:

• Introduce and implement a transparent and standardized process for expanded implementation of locally-initiated social land concessions, and • Distribute state land suitable for agriculture, together with appropriate support services to qualified landless and land-poor households.

LASED is being prepared for appraisal during 2007 and should be under full implementation in 2008. The preparation is being assisted by National Project Preparation Team (NPPT) and by German technical assistance to two pilot sites, one in Kratie Province (Sambok and Chang Krang Communes Kratie District ) and one in Kompong Cham Province (Chaom Kravien Commune in Memot District). LASED is ultimately planned to assist some 10,000 landless households in establishing rural livelihoods in three project provinces. The emphasis in the work is to build capacity, particularly at Commune level, through bottom-up planning processes and also at higher levels through assistance to land, agricultural and other support services.

Social Land Concession Planning Process (Component 1): Key Steps and Activities

Commune Request Timeline

Key Activities PLUAC Approval • Hotspot mapping Initial SLC Process • Initial social & environmental screening • Validation of proposed SLC area Land Identification/ Target Land Recipient Key Activities Assessment Screening (TLR) • Public information dissemination • Public meeting on SLC • Commune-based TLR screening • SLC-AEA process • Prepare sketch map • Gender analysis • Gender analysis • Public notice of application • Civic engagement process • Initial rural infrastructure support needs assessment Land Registration TLR • Identify resettlement issues Selection Criteria

• Detailed mapping (satellite • Commune-based process of imagery, GIS maps, GPS field PLUAC Approval defining SLC selection criteria survey) Preliminary SLC Plan • Civic engagement • Cadastral survey

Key Activities TLR Selection • Commune-based poverty ranking • Civic engagement Key Activities • Social safeguards SLC Plan & Plot Allocation • Detailed AEA • Review/revise social & environmental • Participatory land use planning safeguards screening • ‘Lucky draw’ plot allocation • Detailed rural infrastructure support plan • Civic engagement • Carrying capacity assessment PLUAC Approval 9 Months Full SLC Plan LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

LASED EA-EMP Page #2 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

Implementation of Social Land Concession Plan (Component 2): Key Activities and Procurement Procedures

Key Activities Cadastral Survey Procurement Procedures Plot Demarcation Annual Work Plan and Budget Boundary Marking for Rural Infrastructure • Commune-based contracting Support • Social & environmental safeguard Commune SLC Sub-Contract • Issue title block with name of owner, location, date of Procurement Procedure survey, surveyor Pre-Transfer IPA & Commune Sangkat Access to Land procurement guideline (Commune)

• Civic engagement • Environmental safeguard Contract Supervision • Provincial Department of Contract Supervisor nominated Women’s Affairs Land by Commune Chief (ExCom) & • Commune Women and Preparation Project Management Committee Children Focal person • Access to clean water, hygiene and sanitation Payment • Participatory community Commune Chief authorize action • Basic assess road Site establishment Preparation Budget Monitoring Commune Council

Official Transfer of Land District SLC Contract Standard Unit Budgets for State • Civic engagement Sector Service • Social & environmental NCDD approval budget from ExCom safeguards Deliver Initial & Provincial Department • Delivery of basic start up Agriculture/ support service: District Agriculture Office, private Health Services sector, NGO District SLC Sub-Contract • Field hospital NCDD approval for standard ExCom-DWG contract Deliver Settling in Assistance • Competitive tendering Work Plan for Implementation for delivery of support District Technical Office and SLC services Working Group agree on work plan • Livelihood support authorized by Commune Chief • Civic engagement

Deliver Long-Term Payment Rural Development DWG cash advance to District Support Services Technical Office certified by Commune Chief • Community-wide access to rural development support service • Civic engagement • Monitoring Social & environmental SLC Working Group act as Project safeguards Management Committee • Extension services • Health services

LASED EA-EMP Page #3 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

LASED EA-EMP Page #4 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

The project has four main components:

1. Commune-based Social Land Concession Planning and Land Allocation; 2. Rural Development Services and Investments; 3. Sustainable and Transparent Program Development; and 4. Project Management and Administration.

These components are described briefly below.

3.1 Commune-based Social Land Concession Planning and Land Allocation

Component 1 includes all the aspects from the initiation and request for an SLC through the preparation and approval of a full SLC Plan including selection of the Target Land Recipients (TLR). The basic steps are summarized below:

1.1 Initiate a Social Land Concession Program 1.2 Provincial Overall Screening, Request Review 1.3 District Review, Mapping, Planning and Awareness Raising 1.4 Provincial Review and Decision to Proceed 1.5 Begin Preparation of Preliminary Social Land Concession Report 1.6 State Land Registration 1.7 Complete Preparation of Preliminary Social Land Concession Report 1.8 Finalization of Preliminary Social Land Concession Report and Cost Allocation 1.9 Selection of Land Recipients 1.10 Preparation of Full Social Land Concession Plan 1.11 Approval of Full Social Land Concession Plan

The main tasks involved in these steps are:

Participatory Survey, Mapping & Technical Administrative Reporting Information Campaigns Hot Spots Map Review Safeguards Screening Trustee Mandate Review Commune Development Prepare GIS, Aerial Guidance Notes and Funding Activities Planning Photo & Satellite Imagery Screening Forms Participatory Land Use Prepare Initial Sketch Detailed SLC AEA, Soil, Contract Technical Planning Map and First Cut Plan Forest & WR Survey Service Providers Public Display of Maps, Complete Initial Land Estimate Carrying Form & Coordinate and Meetings Survey & Sketch Maps Capacity Survey Team Determine Criteria for Complete Maps, Forms & Rapid Assessment of Complete Reports for TLR Selection Enter into State Land Infrastructure Needs State Land Registration Map and Database Public Display of Request Survey SLC Accurately Review Safeguards Draft and Submit Sub- for Reclassification (if Screening, Maps and decree for applicable) Reports Reclassification Define Specific Criteria Revise Reports and Maps Confirm Carrying Issue Sub-decree and and Process for TLR Capacity, Check Joint Prakas Selection Safeguards, Legal Notice of Acceptance of Preparation of Forms for Validation of Authorization to Proceed Applications TLR Selection Applications with Full SLC Plan Public Display of Prepare Preliminary SLC Poverty Ranking Review Plans , No Applications List Report and Authorization Objection and Approval Public Display of Participatory Land Use Review of Infrastructure Review Full SLC Plan Potential LR, Complaints Planning with TLR Needs Assessment, and Authorize Allocations

LASED EA-EMP Page #5 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

Lucky Draw for Parcel Compile SLC Plan from Number PLUP, RIS Plan and SLC Report

3.2 Rural Development Services and Investments

Component 2 provides funding for rural infrastructure and services in support of the Social Land Concession. This funding is provided to the Commune Council for implementation of the Rural Infrastructure and Services Plan (RIS Plan) prepared by the Commune SLC Working Group (CWG). This includes mandatory expenditures to reach minimum acceptable levels of provision for vital infrastructure and services and, with whatever funds remain after these, discretionary expenditures that can be used according to the priorities of the Commune Development Plan provided that the investments provide direct benefits to the TLR. The total allocation for mandatory expenditures is expected to be 80-90% of the funding available.

There are four categories of Rural Infrastructure and Services:

2.1.Land Preparation; 2.2.Settling-in Assistance; 2.3.Rural Services; 2.4.Rural Infrastructure.

The possible expenditures are listed as follows (discretionary in italics):

2.1 Land Preparation 2.3 Rural Services 2.4 Rural Infrastructure a) Cadastral Survey a) Water & Sanitation Campaign a) All Weather Road within 2 km b) Land Clearing b) Basic Agricultural Support b) Additional Road Works c) Boundary Marking c) Broad Range Extension Support (2 c) Annual Maintenance of Roads d) Access Tracks years) d) Domestic Water Supply e) Drinking Water d) Non-Farming Technical Support e) Additional Water Supply Supply e) Health Services 2.2 Settling-in f) Savings Program f) Schools & Equipment Assistance g) Other Services g) Irrigation Works a) Water Jar and Filter h) Technical Services for Survey, h) Health Posts b) Farm Implements Design, Supervision i) Community Facilities c) Seeds j) Environmental Markers d) Fertilizer k) Infrastructure Maintenance

3.3 Sustainable and Transparent Program Development

Component 3 is intended to put into place and to support the institutions, systems and procedures needed to support implementation of SLC by Commune/Sangkat Councils. This includes, specifically:

3.1. Information Dissemination; 3.2. Capacity Building 3.3. Support to the Commune Councils to Develop and Implement SLCs; 3.4. Policy Formulation; 3.5. Monitoring and Evaluation.

LASED EA-EMP Page #6 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

3.4 Project Management and Administration

Component 4 addresses all management and Administration requirements for LASED. It includes:

4.1. Operational Planning and Budgeting; 4.2. Human Resources Management; 4.3. Financial Management; 4.4. Procurement; 4.5. Inventory Management; 4.6. Monitoring and Reporting.

The design of LASED is intended to ensure that the maximum use is made of existing institutions of governance and of existing systems and procedures, rather than creating new, project-specific implementation arrangements. This is particularly the case in respect to the RCG Decentralization and Deconcentration (D&D) Program.

4. Description of the Environment

4.1 Physical Environment

Kampong Cham Province

Kampong Cham Province is located in Eastern-Central Cambodia, bordered by Kratie on the Northeast, Kampong Thom on the North, to the West, Kandal and to the South, and on the East (see Administrative Map, Annex 1). Kampong Cham is the largest province in Cambodia in terms of population and is well-served by an extensive road network including two National Roads (Nos. 5 and 6). The Mekong River mainstream zig-zags through the center of the Province running West then South, then West again (see Hydrology Map, Annex 1). North of the Mekong River, half of the area drains into the Stung Chinit while the other half consists of floodplain and small streams flowing into the Mekong River. South of the Mekong River, there are three sub-watersheds, the Eastern part draining into the Prek Chhlong and then into the Mekong, the Southeastern part draining into Vietnam outside of the Mekong River Basin and the remainder floodplain and small streams. The backwater floodplains continue from Kratie, growing in extent until, downstream of Kampong Cham, most of the area below National Roads 5 and 6 are broad floodplain. The topography is quite flat in the floodplains and near the Mekong River, then rolling up to three hilly plateaus; one on the North side of the Mekong River and two on the South side with elevations ranging from around 90 to 200m. In terms of geology, Kampong Cham’s primary feature consists of the three basalt outcrops that form the hills (see Geology and Soils Maps, Annex 1). These are surrounded on the Southeast by old alluvium, while all other areas are young alluvium. The soils consist of basalt soils of the higher parts of the hilly lands surrounded by the good quality soils formed from deposition around them. These soils are surrounded mostly by alluvial soils of various types. In terms of fertility, the basalt soils are of high fertility for a range of cropping and have high water holding capacity, while the alluvial soils are of medium fertility. Groundwater within shallow aquifers in the alluvial soils are prone to elevated Arsenic levels between depths of 15-100m. Other smaller areas are low fertility soils requiring careful management. The soils and geological mapping data are however quite generalized and so should be considered only as indicative. Forest Cover

LASED EA-EMP Page #7 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP) has decreased very significantly over the last 30 years, to the point where few areas remain (see Forestry and Land Cover Maps, Annex 1). In 1976, forest covered most of the Southeast and the areas upstream of Kampong Cham town including large rubber plantations and many flooded forests in the floodplains near the Mekong River. By 1997, practically all of the flooded forest had been converted to rice paddy and the rubber plantations were on the retreat, as were the natural forests. By 2002/2006, almost all forest remaining appears to be degraded secondary forest with some good quality forests at the edge of the provincial boundary near the Stung Chinit watershed. This reflects Kampong Cham’s large population and central location with its good road access as can be seen in the predominately agricultural cropping land use statistics below from 2002:

Forest 14.7% Cropped 64.9% Water/Flooded 8.0% Other 12.3% Deciduous Forest 2.2% Rice Fields 29.6% Lake or Pond 1.7% Shrubland 7.2% (Perennial) Evergreen Broad 6.7% Plantation 7.7% Flooded Shrub 3.9% Grassland 4.5% Leafed Forest Mixed Evergreen/ 0.3% Receding/ 3.0% Open Water 1.9% Urban, and 0.2% Deciduous Forest Floating Rice (oceans, large Built-up Fields lakes and rivers) Areas Woodland and 5.3% Village Garden 2.9% Marsh or Swamp 0.1% Sand Terrain 0.2% Scattered trees Crops Other Forest 0.4% Swidden 4.4% Flooded Grassland 0.3% Barren Land 0.3% Agriculture Orchards 0.0% Field Crops 17.3%

The estimate of total forest cover of the Forestry Department from 2002 was 19.8%, primarily composed of “Other Forest” (12.2%). There are parts of 3 timber concessions within Kampong Cham Province, 2 of which have been cancelled. There are no protected areas in Kampong Cham Province.

Kratie Province

Kratie Province is situated in Northeast Cambodia, bordered by Mondulkiri on the East, Ratanakiri and Stung Treng on the North, Kampong Thom on the West, Kampong Cham on the South and Vietnam on the Southeast (see Administrative Map, Annex 2). Kratie is a relatively small and undeveloped province in terms of population, and has only within the last few years been accessible by a good quality National Road. The Mekong River mainstream runs through the center of the Province from North to South, before turning 90º West at Chhlong District (see Hydrology Map, Annex 2). The Mekong River and its associated floodplain drain the entire province, with the exception of a small part of the Northwest corner of the Province which drains into the Stung Chinit River, whose watershed parallels the Mekong River to the West. The major watersheds draining into the river within Kratie include the Prek Preah, Prek Krieng, Prek Kampi, Prek Te and Prek Chhlong. There are a number of wetlands in the backwater floodplain of the Mekong River and where the secondary rivers drain into the Mekong River. The topography consists of higher hilly areas around the edges of the Province to the West, East and Southeast with elevations ranging from 150-250m while the river valleys drain from elevations of around 80m to the Mekong River levels of 36m where it enters the Province in the North to around 10m where it exits at the Southwest. Geologically, Kratie can be seen as having a band of ancient alluvium with weathered sandstone comprising the North-Northwest, a central band of sandstone interspersed with old alluvium and a lower part consisting of young alluvium with the basalt

LASED EA-EMP Page #8 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP) outcrop (see Geology and Soils Maps, Annex 2). The soils are considered to be generally fertile for most of the lowlands near the drainage courses while higher lands are less fertile. The extruded basaltic area along the South are particularly good soils for a number of different crops including rice and the general fertility extends to the drainage courses and deposition below. Groundwater within shallow aquifers in the alluvial soils are prone to elevated Arsenic levels between depths of 15-100m in areas near the Mekong River and tributaries up until just north of Kratie Town. In terms of fertility, the soils are considered to be generally fertile for most of the lowlands near drainage courses and infertile in the interfluves and higher lands. As before, the soils and geological mapping data are however quite generalized and so should be considered only as indicative.

Forest cover has decreased significantly over the last 30 years, as can be seen in the forest cover maps of 1976, 1997, 2002 and 2006 (see Forestry and Land Cover Maps, Annex 2) however according to the latest land cover map (2002), the majority of the Province is classified as being forest as seen in the table below. This is roughly in accordance with the estimates of forest cover of the Forestry Department from 2002 (Total Forest 79.8%).

Forest 84.2% Cropped 7.8% Water/Flooded 3.6% Other 4.5% Deciduous Forest 34.1% Rice Fields 5.7% Lake or Pond 0.2% Shrubland 2.8% (Perennial) Evergreen Broad 23.1% Plantation 0.5% Rock Outcrops 0.01% Grassland 1.2% Leafed Forest Mixed Evergreen/ 12.7% Receding/ 0.3% Open Water 2.4% Urban, and 0.0% Deciduous Forest Floating Rice (oceans, large Built-up Fields lakes and rivers) Areas Woodland and 9.2% Village Garden 0.4% Flooded Forest 0.0% Sand Terrain 0.3% Scattered trees Crops Other Forest 5.1% Swidden 0.3% Flooded Shrub 0.6% Barren Land 0.2% Agriculture Orchards 0.0% Marsh or Swamp 0.2% Field Crops 0.7% Flooded Grassland 0.1%

There are parts of 9 timber concessions within Kratie Province, 5 of which have been terminated (those along the Eastern and Northeastern border). There are parts of three protected areas in Kratie Province, however only Snuol Wildlife Sanctuary on the Southeastern corner is of significant size.

4.2 Biological Environment

Issues of particular importance with respect to biological resources for the two LASED Provinces are as follows:

Kampong Cham Province

Kampong Cham is highly populated and mostly cultivated – hence there is less wildlife and rare plant flora than in other provinces in general, and Kratie in particular. Review of various sources has shown that the following areas are of relative importance:

• Deep pools within the Mekong River which often form habitat for endangered freshwater species including the Mekong Giant Catfish (see Annex 1 for maps of Fisheries Deep Pools and Endangered Fish Species);

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• There are small remaining areas of Mekong Swamp Forest which form seasonal habitat, breeding areas and migratory routes for fish and birds, including threatened and near-threatened species.

Kratie Province

Kratie is more sparsely populated and contains more forest – hence there is a large amount and variety of wildlife and plant flora. Among the different areas of importance are:

• The Snuol Wildlife Reserve as well as the Andoung Kraloeung forest gene conservation area (FLD, CTSP and FA, 2006);

• Deep pools and channels within the Mekong River upstream of Kratie town which form habitat for the endangered Irawaddy River Dolphin and numerous other fish and bird species. This stretch of river is considered particularly important from the point of view of freshwater fisheries biodiversity, with WWF identifying this stretch of river as a “multifocal priority area” of global importance;

• The areas of primary importance in terms of globally threatened and near-threatened birds are located near Kratie, Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri Provinces, however the Northeastern Plains areas within Kratie form habitat and migratory pathways and refuge for many of these species (see Annex 3 for information regarding the bird species endemic to these areas);

• WWF has identified areas within Kratie that are important for a number of critically endangered , endangered and vulnerable species of mammals, birds and reptiles including the Fishing Eagle, Otter, Eld’s Deer, Banteng, Gaur, White Winged Duck, Large Waterbirds, White Shouldered Ibis, Masked Finfoot, Sandbar Nesting Birds, Vultures, Mekong Wagtail and Giant Softshell Turtle (see WWF maps, Annex 4).

4.3 Socio-Cultural Environment

The majority of the population in both provinces are ethnic Khmer who for the most part are lowland farmers cropping rice as their staple food source. There are also traders, business persons, government bureaucrats, fisherfolk and other people living within farming communities and urban or peri-urban areas. Most of the people are Buddhist, with a Pagoda being available within reach of practically all communities. The people have close kinship ties and tend to have large extended family groups, often forming strong bonds with distant relatives based on personal relationships. Economic disparities are evident within villages and between urban/peri-urban areas and rural villages; the better off farmers own much larger plots of land and have significantly more assets and savings, whereas poorer farmers form the majority of the population but are at subsistence level or food deficit for periods of the year. The poorest and landless people are the target beneficiaries of LASED.

With respect to indigenous people, refer mostly to the LASED Indigenous People Planning Framework (IPPF) for extensive discussions about the situation with respect to the relevant social issues. A review of the Commune Database for 2006 provides the following statistics for indigenous people households for Kampong Cham and Kratie:

Kratie Kg. Cham

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Ethnic/Indigenous Group Households % Households % Khaonh 149 0.3% 0 0% Kouy 1,277 2.2% 0 0% Kroal 633 1.1% 0 0% Mil 635 1.1% 0 0% Phnong 2,538 4.3% 0 0% Stieng 1,617 2.7% 32 .0% Thmorn 73 0.1% 0 0% Total Indigenous People 6287 11.8% 32 .0%

Indigenous people generally live in villages (or sub-villages) almost fully made up of one indigenous group. Communes are therefore a mix of Khmer villages and indigenous villages. Many of the indigenous villages in Kracheh and Sambour districts were resettled in the 1970s from the uplands under State-sponsored resettlement schemes. War episodes have generated further resettlement. Some villages have also resettled along new roads during the last 10 years. Most villages have had paddy fields since they resettled to the lowlands, although with a limited area. They still rely more than in the same commune on harvesting natural resources. Practice of traditional rotational agriculture is absent in many communes but might remain in more remote villages. Indigenous people appear to be mostly bilingual. They continue to use their own language within the community while young people tend to use the more. No information on possible higher language difficulties among women is available.

With respect to cultural heritage6, the density of Angkorian and pre-Angkorian sites and objects in Cambodia is high along lower rivers, water bodies and major communication ways. It becomes low as one moves towards forested areas. Only 4 Angkorian temples are recorded in Kratie and Kampong Cham Provinces, all along the Mekong River:

• 2 in Kratie Province: in Srae Chis Commune and Khsuem Commune; • 2 in Kampong Cham Province: in Chob Commune and another commune.

Sambour District in Kratie is also the site of a large pre-Angkorian city. Memot District in Kampong Cham Province has a remarkable prehistoric heritage consisting in “earthworks”, i.e. large circular land levees that used to shelter circular villages in the Stone Age. Most sites identified to date in Cambodia are located in Memot District. A total of 28 sites have been identified, including prehistoric tombs with artifacts. In addition, the Provincial Departments of Culture have identified some villages as being of remarkable indigenous cultural heritage and thereby worth preserving. Villages will also typically have a “spirit forest” where the remains of their dead are kept. In indigenous and even in some Khmer villages, animist beliefs remain and some trees or other natural features are considered to have spiritual properties.

5. Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

6 Refer to the LASED General Note on Cultural Heritage Resource Screening for more detailed information on cultural issues.

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The LASED Project will be implemented based on bottom-up requests mostly stemming from the National Decentralization and Deconcentration Programme (NDDP, also known as D&D) – hence, other than the two ongoing pilot projects, it is not known where or to what extent the SLCs implemented within LASED will be supported. Thus, this environmental assessment relies on a process approach examining the likely or potential impacts that could occur while being informed by existing experience gained from the two pilot project sites.

5.1 Overall Environmental Safeguards Categorization

The LASED Project has been given a preliminary Category B classification by the World Bank on the grounds that there will not likely be significant effects as a result of the project investments. The individual SLC areas are likely to be small given the chosen project direction of going through a bottom-up participatory process in concert with the RGC’s Decentralization and Deconcentration (D&D) program. The LASED Project will consist of a number of relatively small investments, such as wells or buildings,. LASED will support a number of SLCs in different areas. Areas where SLCs can be undertaken also exclude protected areas or areas having been registered as “forest” as noted in Chapter 2. For areas where State Land Identification and Mapping has not yet been undertaken, a process is required that will carefully consider existing land cover and use. Therefore it is highly unlikely that significant areas of important forest or critical habitat will be included within an individual SLC. The cumulative area likely to be used for housing and cultivation within LASED is on the order of approximately 30,000-35,000 ha. Given that there is limited forest located within the SLC sites, the distance between different SLC sites and the strong land use planning approach involving the government agencies charged with protection of forest and natural resources, it is concluded that it is highly unlikely that the cumulative effect of all SLCs implemented within LASED will amount to a significant effect on important forests, or critical habitats or lead to the loss of a significant amount of functional forest.

Other potentially sensitive impacts include destruction of cultural heritage sites or monuments, negative impacts on indigenous communities and vulnerable groups and indirect impacts on adjacent or downstream areas. The provinces where LASED is currently being implemented do not include many cultural heritage sites or monuments, and measures are in place for screening of potential sites to ensure these locations are excluded. There are not large areas of traditional indigenous peoples’ land use within the LASED provinces, and an Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework including detailed measures for specific consideration of impacts with respect to indigenous people and how to mitigate them has been prepared. The most vulnerable groups and people are the target beneficiaries of the LASED Project, so there is likely to be a significant positive impact in this respect. Lastly, the land use planning processes and screening will consider indirect impacts on nearby and downstream areas and, as noted, the areas and activities are relatively small in area and widely distributed in location so will not be likely to have any significant direct or indirect impacts. It is therefore concluded that LASED should be confirmed as a Category B Project with respect to World Bank processes.

5.2 Potential LASED Project Environmental Impacts

The environmental impacts of the LASED Project are summarized in this section according to component. Within the tables below, Impacts are numbered as “I.x” and Mitigation Measures as “M.x” for ease of reference. The individual mitigation measures are described more fully in Section 7. As can be observed from Section 3, components 3 and 4 are

LASED EA-EMP Page #12 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP) primarily administrative in nature, so are not significant in respect to the examination of social and environmental safeguards. The process flow of the main activities for planning and implementation of LASED, (Components 1 and 2) and the safeguards measures identified for them are summarized first. The LASED Project emphasizes integrating the safeguards within the normal participatory planning and implementation process in order to avoid negative impacts rather than anticipating impacts then mitigating them. The social safeguards aim to ensure there is less conflict over the land areas through ensuring full participation of indigenous peoples, inclusion of resettlement and land acquisition planning and requirements and ensuring full consideration of cultural and gender aspects during project planning and implementation. The consideration of social safeguards issues is integrated with the environmental safeguards by virtue of being assessed by the same units within an integrated participatory framework.

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1. Initiate a Social Land Concession Program M.1 Hot Spots Map Screening M.3 Maps, GIS, Satellite Imagery Provided M.4 PLUAC Identify Overlap, Trustee Mandate M.5 Technical Assistance to Support PLUAC 2. Provincial Overall Screening, Review Request

M.2 Guidance Notes & Screening Forms M.3 Sketch Maps of SLC Prepared M.4 Process – Initial Screening at Commune 3. District Review, Mapping, Planning & Awareness Raising M.7 Special Consideration to Communicate with Indigenous People M.9 Public Notification, Awareness Raising, Orientation

M.4 Process - Provincial Overall Safeguards Review M.5 Technical Assistance to Support PLUAC 4. Provincial Review and Decision to Proceed M.4 Process – PLUAC/Line Agencies Review

M.2 Guidance Notes and Screening Forms M.3 GIS Data Provided, Survey & Mapping Done M.4 PIM/Process Procure SLC AEA, Surveys, Team 5. Begin Preparation of Commune SLC Report M.5 Technical Assistance to Support DWG/CWG M.6 Social Assessment Identifies, Consults Indigenous M.7 Special Considerations Taken to Communicate to Indigenous M.8 SLC AEA Undertaken M.3 Process Carrying Capacity and Infrastructure Needs Assessment, Review/Revise Safeguards Screening M.9 Public Display of Maps for 30 Days

M.3 Final Sketch Map Prepared, GDCG Survey SLC M.4 PIM/Process Provincial SLMC Review Sketch Map, 6. State Land Registration Safeguards Screening M.9 Public Display of Reclassification Request for 30 Days

7. Complete Preparation of Commune SLC Report M.4 PIM/Process PLUAC Confirm Carrying Capacity, Check Safeguards and Legal Framework

8. Finalization of Preliminary SLC Report & Cost Allocation M.6 Social Assessment Identifies, Consults Indigenous M.7 Special Considerations Taken to Communicate to Indigenous M.9 Public Notice of Acceptance of Applications, Display 9. Selection of Land Recipients of Applications List, Display of Potential Recipients and Complaints

10. Preparation of Full SLC Plan

M.4 PIM/Process TLR Review Maps, AEA, SLC Report, Carrying Capacity, Undertake PLUP Exercicse; CWG Compiles Complete SLC Plan; PLUAC Reviews and 11. Approval of Full SLC Plan Authorizes M.5 Technical Assistance to Support DWG/CWG

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M.1 Hot Spots Map Identifies Possible UXO/Landmines and Potential Arsenic Hazard 1. Plot Demarcation M.3 Maps, GIS, Satellite Imagery Provided Showing UXO/Landmine Areas, Locations and Extent of Land Clearance, Conservation Areas M.4 PIM and Process Includes Instructions re; UXO and Landmines, Marking Trees to Save, Excluding Sensitive Areas, Road Location, Investigation of Water Supply M.5 Technical Assistance for UXO/Landmine Clearance, Training/Oversight of Land Preparation, TSO and Line Agency Support through D&D System, Consultants for 2. Pre-Transfer Access to Land by TLR Rural Water Supply M.9 Public Notification Includes UXO/Landmine Awareness, Areas/Trees to Be Cleared or Conserved, Access Track Locations, Water Supply and Sanitation Awareness Raising and Extension M.10 Environmental Audit of Implementation and Monitoring After 6 Months by DOE M.11 UXO and Mine Action Clearance Teams Search and 3. SLC Site Preparation Remove Devices, Patrol for Reactive Response M.12 Existing D&D Environmental Safeguards Principles, Guidelines, Forms and Training

4. Official Transfer of Land to TLR

5. Deliver Agricultural Services M.2 Guidance Notes and Screening Forms for Agricultural Site Quality/Carrying Capacity M.3 Maps, GIS Data and Satellite Imagery Provided to Commune/DWG and Soil and Water Survey M.4 PIM and Process Includes Ag. Extension, Instruction 6. Deliver Health Services on Specific Agricultural Issues, Design of Health Clinics M.5 Technical Assistance through D&D System Including TSOs, Line Agency Support, Consultants M.8 SLC AEA Provides Guidance and Plan M.9 Public Notification and Participation Includes Messages on Good Ag. Practice 7. Deliver Settling-In Assistance M.10 Environmental Audit of Implementation and Monitoring After 6 Months

8. Deliver Agriculture/Marketing Services

M.4 PIM and Process Includes Instruction for Dealing with UXO and Landmines, Participatory Planning for Irrigation Works M.5 Technical Assistance for UXO/Landmine Clearance, TSO and Line Agency Support through D&D System, Consultants M.8 SLC AEA Includes Soils, Ag. and Natural Resources 9. Deliver Additional Infrastructure Planning M.9 Public Notification Includes UXO/Landmine Awareness, NGO Involvement M.10 Environmental Audit of Implementation and Monitoring After 6 Months by DOE M.11 UXO and Mine Action Clearance Teams Search and Remove Devices, Patrol for Reactive Response M.12 Existing D&D Environmental Safeguards Principles, Guidelines, Forms and Training

10. Livelihood Fund

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Component 1: Commune-based Social Land Concession Planning and Land Allocation The potential negative environmental and social impacts of Component 1 and the mitigation measures proposed to address them are:

Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures I.1 The areas identified for a M.1 Province uses “Hot Spots” map to screen out these areas from Social Land Concession (SLC) consideration for SLC at first stage of consideration and flag potentially directly or indirectly affects a affected areas nearby or downstream of SLC; nature reserve/wilderness area M.2 Guidance notes and screening forms for Forestry and Critical Habitats or protected habitat, important used during participatory planning steps provide instruction on forest, managed resource identifying and excluding these areas from the SLC; protected area (e.g., M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery are provided to Commune/DWG community forest), wildlife that identify these areas for exclusion within SLC and consideration of habitat/corridor, national effects on areas outside of SLC; monument or cultural heritage M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process includes review of site. screening forms, maps at different levels and steps in SLC planning and implementation; M.5 Technical Assistance in environmental planning provided at provincial level and extending to district and commune.

I.2 The area identified for a SLC M.3 Traditional land use/cultural or spiritual items or areas mapped in land is used by other identification and land use planning processes; villages/indigenous people for M.6 Social Assessment (IPPF) identifies indigenous people in each traditional livelihoods or has commune and special efforts made to inform and consult them cultural or spiritual throughout process; significance for them. M.7 Special considerations in communicating information, options for land allocation, and in training and extension programs.

I.3 The area identified for a SLC M.4 PIM and Process - the PLUAC includes line agencies charged with is already part of or planned to responsibility for managing economic land concessions who can identify be an economic concession. where there may be overlap and inform during the “Hot Spots” map review about potential conflicts.

I.4 Poor site selection or land use M. 2 Guidance notes and screening forms for Forestry, Agricultural Site planning results in Quality/Carrying Capacity and Critical Habitats provide instruction on inappropriate land use, loss of identifying and managing these aspects within and around an SLC and economic, protection or non- consideration of project siting in relation to surrounding areas and timber forest cover and loss of avoiding any unnecessary deforestation; or damage to critical habitats M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery are provided to Commune/ DWG inside or outside the settlement and soil, water and vegetation survey undertaken that delineate historical areas. and recent land cover within and nearby SLC; I.5 Indirect impacts of the project M.4 Project Implementation Manual and Process includes ongoing role of on areas adjacent to our DWG for monitoring and including review of screening forms, SLC outside of SLC areas are not AEA, and maps at different levels while quality of analysis is checked at considered adequately in the different steps in SLC planning and implementation process; plan resulting in negative M.5 Technical assistance to DWG and provincial agencies as well as impacts on water quality, contracted support as required to assist in addressing issues of particular wildlife movement, burning of importance or need; nearby areas during clearing, M.8 SLC Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA) leads commune and district staff spread of weeds and insect and villagers through a participatory process considering agricultural and pests from agriculture into natural resource management planning and implementation; natural areas, and over-grazing M.9 Public notification, review and participation throughout process of adjacent forest/grasslands. including NGOs; M.10 Environmental audit of SLC plans and implementation by independent monitor

I.6 Poor consideration of land M.2 Guidelines and screening notes for Agricultural Site Quality/Carrying capability, strong demand Capacity focus specifically on ensuring that only sufficient land required

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Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures from farmers and/or pressure for provision of staple food and cash needs of the household are provided on RGC staff to increase TLR for and include an income estimate that evaluates incomes against numbers leads to selection of poverty criteria to ensure TLR exceed this; poor locations or unsustainable M.8 SLC AEA includes detailed process and focus on estimation of carrying settlements in which there is capacity and appropriate land development approach that incorporates inadequate provision for basic community forestry as cornerstone of natural resources management; livelihoods.

I.7 Poor social planning for M.1 Province uses “Hot Spots” map to identify local indigenous indigenous communities, communities relative to the SLC; women and other beneficiaries M.4 Project Implementation Manual includes multi-stage Participatory leads to undesirable impacts Process of continuous engagement with stakeholders in identification and on traditional land use and/or allocation of land and household survey and monitoring system. social exclusion; M.6 Social Assessment identifies indigenous and other vulnerable people in each commune and special efforts made to inform and consult them throughout process; M.7 Special considerations in communicating information options to indigenous people for land allocation, and in training and extension programs; M.9 Public notification, review and participation throughout the process including NGOs supports dissemination of information to all focusing particularly on vulnerable.

I.8 An estimate of the number of M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery provide historical evidence of families to be settled is made – occupation and land use allowing identification of new encroachment; this could potentially induce M.4 PIM and Process sets cutoff date beyond which no compensation is families to move into the site given for settlers and includes survey to establish current occupancy and before a decision is made to land use; Line agencies will be informed about proposed SLC through undertake an SLC; their participation in the PLUAC and will thereby put measures in place I.9 Maps and public notices about to monitor areas and prevent encroachment and settlement in interim project showing planned period; settlement could lead to illegal M.9 Public notification, review and participation includes extensive logging to extract resources information campaign that emphasizes rules. and encroachment;

I.10 Unexploded ordnance (UXO) M.1 Province uses “Hot Spots” map to identify where there is likely to be and landmines on potential UXO or landmines based on the existing bombing data, level one survey SLC land form a danger for and demining databases; farmers and their families as M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery are provided to Commune/DWG well as commune and district that flag these areas as being dangerous; administration and technical M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process includes service staff and contractors. instructions and process for dealing with UXO and landmines; M.5 Technical Assistance to provide Quality Management including setting demining agency terms and conditions and random spot-checking of 5% of work; M.9 Public notification, review and participation includes UXO and landmine awareness training for TLR, commune and district staff, contractors and others going to sites; M.11 UXO and Mine Action Clearance Teams Raise awareness among participants and staff about dangers of UXO and landmines, what actions to undertake when they are encountered and reduced risk behaviour, do surface visual search and detector searches to locate and remove visible devices and regularly patrol site for reactive response.

As seen in the table above, there are measures in place to address all of the potential negative environmental issues with respect to Component 1. One issue that requires additional discussion is that of forestry. As noted in Chapter 2 of this EA-EMP, there is a lack of clarity between the Forestry Law and the Land Law, and most of the country has not as yet been

LASED EA-EMP Page #17 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP) officially registered such that institutional mandates can be established. There are additional issues that are not yet addressed, including the technical basis and process for mapping that would result in a “clear” classification of land cover sufficient for State Land Identification and Mapping and the definition for “Degraded Forest”. It is expected that these issues will be progressively resolved during the course of the implementation of the LASED Project. Discussions with senior government officials indicate that there are no critical issues that would be expected to cause a major problem in this respect.

The Guidance Note for Screening of Forests and the SLC AEA process emphasize the goal of preserving functional forests in and around SLC areas for the direct values (NTFPs, timber) and their indirect values (watershed protection, carbon storage and sequestration, human and animal habitat, erosion control) as well as their future economic use (industrial, recreational, pharmaceutical, agricultural). The LASED Project in general will avoid conversion of functional forests, those being non-degraded forests with present or future direct or indirect values. Consideration must also be made of the possibility of uncontrolled illegal settlement of forests or extraction of forest resources under a “do-nothing” approach; this has been observed in both pilot sites and is considered more of a likelihood than a possibility. In practice, a balanced approach will be supported for stewardship of SLC lands, including an emphasis on community forestry, watershed management and careful consideration of soil and water conservation. This will likely result in some conversion of forest into agricultural land, but overall will improve the management of forest resources in the SLC areas and put in place a community with a strong stake in preserving the forest for their own benefit.

The measures outlined above will result in a number of positive environmental and social impacts. These are as follows:

Potential Positive Impacts I.11 The Province develops, continuously improves and utilizes a “Hot Spots” map as a means of overall environmental and social screening of LASED and other potential projects thereby reducing or eliminating major negative impacts from the investments.

I.12 State Land Identification and Mapping is undertaken and thereby clarifies the institutional mandate for lands in the Province to allow improved management and transparency.

I.13 The SLC area is cleared of UXO and landmines and the people involved in the project including TLR, RGC staff, contractors and service providers are trained in mine awareness for future work.

I.14 Staff at Commune, District, Province and National levels and participating villagers are trained and gain experience in screening and review of environmental and social safeguards and the tools and guidelines to assist in implementing assessment, management, mitigation and monitoring of safeguards issues.

I.15 Land use in SLC areas is carefully planned and managed resulting in preservation of their environmental values and sustainable livelihoods for TLRs.

I.16 Areas at risk to encroachment and degradation will be conserved as a result of the TLR settling in the area with a careful management plan and measures to report disturbances.

Component 2: Rural Development Services and Investments

The potential negative environmental and social impacts of Component 2 and the mitigation measures proposed to address them are:

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Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures 2.1 Land Preparation: (a) Cadastral Survey; (b) Land Clearing; (c) Boundary Marking; (d) Access Tracks I.17 Unexploded ordnance and M.1 Province uses “Hot Spots” map to identify where there is likely to landmines on SLC land being be UXO or landmines based on the existing bombing data, level one cleared for agriculture, demarcated survey and demining databases; as community forest or other uses M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery are provided to or on areas for access tracks and Commune/DWG that flag these areas as being dangerous; structures form a danger for M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process includes farmers and their families as well instructions and process for dealing with UXO and landmines; as technical service staff and M.5 Technical Assistance to provide Quality Management including contractors. setting demining agency terms and conditions and random spot- checking of 5% of work; M.9 Public notification, review and participation includes UXO and landmine awareness training for TLR, commune and district staff, contractors and others going to sites; M.11 UXO and Mine Action Clearance Teams do surface visual search and detector searches to locate and remove visible devices, deep search and prophylactic search around construction sites and regularly patrol site for reactive response.

I.18 Soil erosion from poor M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery are provided to management of land clearance and Commune/DWG and contractors to strictly designate locations and loss of useful shade trees or trees of extent of land clearance and soil survey to understand erosion economic value for future. potential; M.4 PIM and Process include marking of trees for exclusion of from clearing based on SLC AEA and technical advice; M.5 Technical Assistance including training and oversight of cadastral survey, land clearance and boundary marking contractors; M.9 Public notification, review and participation identifies what is to be marked and cleared, which trees are not to be removed; M.10 Environmental audit of plans and implementation after 6 and 12 months by independent monitor.

I.19 Destruction of cultural heritage M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery are provided to areas, functional forests or critical Commune/DWG and contractors to strictly designate locations and habitat. extent of land clearance and mark areas of special interest for conservation; M.4 PIM and Process including SLC AEA, guidelines and screening notes excludes areas prior to clearance; M.9 Public notification, review and participation identifies and communicates areas to be conserved; M.10 Environmental audit of plans and implementation after 6-12 months by independent monitor.

I.20 Access roads – design impacts: M.4 PIM and Process includes multi-step participatory planning providing easier access to including consideration of roads in relation to functional forest, functional forest, critical habitats or critical habitats and culturally heritage areas, clearly marked maps cultural heritage areas resulting in of track locations; damage to them, resettlement; M.5 Technical assistance through D&D system including Technical construction impacts: damage to Service Officers and provincial line agency support and through fields, forest and streams near LASED for design, implementation and operation of rural construction, excavation of fill, infrastructure; construction equipment and trucks M.9 Public notification, review and participation throughout process damaging roads, pollution from including NGOs; construction into streams; operation M.10 Environmental audit of SLC infrastructure plans and impacts: changes to natural implementation by Provincial DOE; drainage, erosion due to drainage M.12 Existing D&D environmental safeguards principles, guidelines, changes, erosion forms and training including instruction manuals, checklists, upstream/downstream of structures, environmental management plans, standard designs and templates, problems from increased traffic, contractor guidelines and clauses, contractor database, screening and

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Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures problems from dust; indirect clearance procedures and monitoring and evaluation measures. impacts: increase in people coming to live in area.

I.21 Drinking water supply – planning M.1 Province uses “Hot Spots” map to identify where there is potential and design: groundwater source arsenic contamination; contains arsenic, insufficient water M.4 PIM and Process includes instructions and process for investigating supply leads to groundwater arsenic levels and overall water resource; mining, water supply affected by M.5 Technical Assistance for consultants to test and investigate water other planned activities; resources, recommend supply, design water points, train or construction: pollution from supervise contractors; wastewater during drilling, poor M.9 Public notification, review and participation includes water supply construction contaminates well; and sanitation awareness raising and extension activities; operation: contamination of water M.10 Environmental audit of plans and implementation after 6-12 source, dirty wastewater around months by independent monitor; well contaminates water, poor use M.12 Existing D&D environmental safeguards principles, guidelines, of water and maintenance of well forms and training including instruction manuals, checklists, results in health problems. environmental management plans, standard designs and templates, contractor guidelines and clauses, contractor database, screening and clearance procedures and monitoring and evaluation measures.

2.2 Settling-in Assistance: (a) Water Jar and Filter; (b) Farm Implements; (c) Seeds; (d) Fertilizer

I.22 Poor choice of seeds and M.2 Guidance notes and screening forms for Agricultural Site technology results in land Quality/Carrying Capacity provide instruction on considering soils, degradation caused by an topography, water resources, AEA, farm economics, labour, exploitative cropping regime; agricultural assets, farm models, organization and assets; excessive or inappropriate fertilizer M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery are provided to usage contaminates groundwater, Commune/DWG and soil and water survey undertaken; causes salinization and M.5 Technical assistance through D&D system including Technical contamination of soil. Service Officers and provincial line agency support, and through LASED for special models required for degraded areas, support to national level soil survey analysis and database development; M.8 SLC Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA) leads commune and district staff and villagers through a participatory process considering soils, agricultural and natural resource management planning and implementation; M.10 Environmental audit of plans and implementation after 6-12 months by independent monitor.

2.3 Rural Services: (a) Water and Sanitation Campaign; (b) Basic Agricultural Support; (c) Broad Range Extension Support (2 years); (d) Non-Farming Technical Support; (e) Health Services; (f) Savings Program; (g) Other Services; (h) Technical Services for Survey, Design, Supervision.

I.23 Agricultural support to intensify M.4 PIM and Process includes regular agricultural extension support cropping leads to increased from service providers, prohibition on pesticide or application pesticide usage with associated equipment procurement and promotion of non-chemical methods of contamination of water and soil pest control; resources and damage to health of M.5 Technical assistance through D&D system including Technical people through improper Service Officers and provincial line agency support, and through application and residues in food. LASED for range of issues including land preparation, plowing, tilling, soil and water management, weeding, integrated nutrient management, seedbed preparation, planting techniques, timing of planting and integrated pest management; M.8 SLC Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA) leads commune and district staff and villagers through a participatory process considering soils, agricultural and natural resource management planning and

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Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures implementation; M.10 Environmental audit of plans and implementation after 6-12 months by independent monitor;

I.24 Broad range extension support – M.4 PIM and process limit the available funding so the scale of promotion of livestock leads to livestock raising is likely to be limited which will reduce the transmission of animal diseases to impacts. Provision of health services and clinics allows better farmers, unsanitary conditions in identification of diseases and response; housing and contamination of water M.5 Technical assistance for specific broad range extension activities sources, mixing of domestic includes provision for village animal health extension, awareness animals and wildlife resulting in raising on livestock care and disease prevention, management disease transmission to wildlife. systems for livestock and health services; M.9 Public notification, review and participation includes delivery of health messages to prevent animal-human disease transmission; M.10 Environmental audit of plans and implementation after 6-12 months by independent monitor.

2.4 Rural Infrastructure: (a) All Weather Road within 2 km; (b) Additional Road Works; (c) Annual Maintenance of Roads; (d) Domestic Water Supply; (e) Additional Water Supply; (f) Schools and Equipment; (g) Irrigation Works; (h) Health Posts; (i) Community Facilities; (j) Environmental Markers; (k) Infrastructure Maintenance.

I.25 Unexploded ordnance and M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process includes landmines on SLC land being used instructions and process for dealing with UXO and landmines; for infrastructure works form a M.5 Technical Assistance to provide Quality Management including danger for farmers and their setting demining agency terms and conditions and random spot- families as well as technical service checking of 5% of work; staff and contractors. M.9 Public notification, review and participation includes UXO and landmine awareness training for TLR, commune and district staff, contractors and others going to sites; M.11 UXO and Mine Action Clearance Teams do surface visual search and detector searches to locate and remove visible devices, deep search and prophylactic search around construction sites and regularly patrol site for reactive response.

I.26 Roads and maintenance of roads See mitigation measures for I.19 cause negative impacts as per I.19

I.27 Domestic water supply causes See mitigation measures for I.20 negative impacts as per I.20.

I.28 School and community facilities M.12 Existing D&D environmental safeguards principles, guidelines, construction results in waste forms and training including instruction manuals, checklists, generated by contractor, lack of environmental management plans, standard designs and templates, sanitary facilities causes disease contractor guidelines and clauses, contractor database, screening and outbreaks. clearance procedures and monitoring and evaluation measures. School and community facility designs include toilets.

I.29 Irrigation works – design impacts: M.4 PIM and Process includes multi-step participatory planning design causes hydrological including consideration of irrigation works in relation to upstream problems upstream or downstream, and downstream areas, emphasis on preservation of natural expands area of agriculture to resources, community organization to improve management of detriment of forest; construction works, prohibition on pesticide or application equipment impacts: damage to area around procurement and promotion of non-chemical methods of pest site, pollution of streams, damage control; caused by construction equipment; M.5 Technical assistance through D&D system including Technical operation impacts: flooding Service Officers and provincial line agency support and through upstream, water shortage LASED for design, implementation and operation of rural downstream, erosion around infrastructure and agricultural extension;

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Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures structure and canals, water quality M.8 SLC Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA) leads commune and district changes, soil fertility damage from staff and villagers through a participatory process considering soils, irrigation water, loss of fisheries, agricultural and natural resource management planning and changes to agriculture increase implementation; fertilizer and pesticide use, social M.9 Public notification, review and participation throughout process problems from inequitable including NGOs; distribution of benefits and poor M.10 Environmental audit of SLC infrastructure plans and management of system. implementation by Provincial DOE; M.12 Existing D&D environmental safeguards principles, guidelines, forms and training including instruction manuals, checklists, environmental management plans, standard designs and templates, contractor guidelines and clauses, contractor database, screening and clearance procedures and monitoring and evaluation measures.

I.30 Health clinic disposal of medical M.4 PIM and Process requires design of health clinics to include wastes contaminates local water provision for proper disposal of medical waste; sources or leads to transmission of disease.

The measures outlined above will result in a number of positive environmental and social impacts. These are as follows:

Potential Positive Impacts I.13 The SLC area is cleared of UXO and landmines and the people involved in the project including TLR, RGC staff, contractors and service providers are trained in mine awareness for future work.

I.14 Staff at Commune, District, Province and National levels and participating villagers are trained and gain experience in screening and review of environmental and social safeguards and the tools and guidelines to assist in implementing assessment, management, mitigation and monitoring of safeguards issues.

I.15 Land use in SLC areas is carefully planned and managed resulting in preservation of their environmental values and sustainable livelihoods for TLRs.

I.16 Areas at risk to encroachment and degradation will be conserved as a result of the TLR settling in the area with a careful management plan and measures to report disturbances.

I.31 Unused or degraded land is brought into production to provide livelihoods for poor or landless people, thereby reducing pressure on other natural resources.

I.32 Farmers and commune staff gain increased capacity and knowledge for appropriate agricultural techniques that are disseminated elsewhere through farmer-to-farmer contact.

I.33 Livestock contributes to sustainability of agriculture through improved nutrient management in legume/animal/crop systems.

I.34 Schools, health posts and community facilities provide access points for disseminating knowledge and understanding of improved practices, environmental education, understanding of indigenous and ethnic cultures.

Component 3: Sustainable and Transparent Program Development

The potential negative environmental and social impacts of Component 3 and the mitigation measures proposed to address them are:

Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures

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Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures I.35 Insufficient state land is available M.1 Province uses “Hot Spots” map to screen out these areas from to meet the demand for Social Land consideration for SLC at first stage of consideration and flag Concessions, resulting in pressure potentially affected areas nearby or downstream of SLC; to allocate protected areas, M.3 Maps, GIS data and satellite imagery is used to clarify State Land functional forest, critical habitat or Identification and Mapping and thereby gazette these areas for other important natural resources conservation with associated legal protection; that are not degraded. M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process includes involvement of line agencies and senior bodies at provincial and national level with sufficient authority to supervise and monitor the implementation of LASED and resolve issues at policy level; M.5 Technical Assistance is available at all LASED Project levels including national level at the MLMUPC to assist on policy issues; M.9 Public notification, review and participation allows interested conservation NGOs to monitor and advocate for exclusion of these areas; M.13 Training in environmental and social safeguards ensures areas of weakness in project implementation are addressed as identified in training needs assessments and as encountered in projects; M.14 Post-Implementation Land Cover Monitoring reviews results of SLC after completion to ensure degradation of natural resources has not occurred to a significant extent.

I.36 Proposals and implementation of M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process includes focus SLC results in social problems on social assessment and inclusion of vulnerable people, while IPPF because of distribution of land to focuses on mitigating impacts on indigenous people. Overall well-connected individuals rather monitoring and evaluation of LASED is built into all steps of project than poor and landless, conflicts implementation; between current land users and M.5 Technical Assistance at provincial and national levels provides TLR, jealousies and disputes advice and support for ensuring social impacts are reviewed and between TLR and other members addressed; of the community, or conflict M.9 Public notification, review and participation provides high degree between TLR and indigenous of transparency, opportunity for conflict resolution and notification groups living nearby. of disputes.

There will likely be more positive environmental and social impacts from this component, detailed as follows:

Potential Positive Impacts I.11 The provincial “Hot Spots” map will be introduced more widely in Cambodia thereby providing a tool for better management of environmental and social impacts and increased transparency in project design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation.

I.12 State Land Identification and Mapping is undertaken and thereby clarifies the institutional mandate for lands in the Province to allow improved management and transparency.

I.14 Staff at Commune, District, Province and National levels and participating villagers are trained and gain experience in screening and review of environmental and social safeguards and the tools and guidelines to assist in implementing assessment, management, mitigation and monitoring of safeguards issues.

I.15 Land use in SLC areas is carefully planned and managed resulting in preservation of their environmental values and sustainable livelihoods for TLRs.

I.16 Areas at risk to encroachment and degradation will be conserved as a result of the TLR settling in the area with a careful management plan and measures to report disturbances.

I.37 A Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system is put in place for LASED that can be utilized for the issue of SLC and other land concessions to thereby improve transparency and implementation on a wider scale.

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I.38 Capacity building to support SLC and resolve land management issues related to concessions in general is improved nationally and at provincial level.

Component 4: Project Management and Administration

The potential negative environmental and social impacts of Component 4 and the mitigation measures proposed to address them are:

Potential Impacts Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures I.39 Problems in procurement and M.4 PIM and Process includes detailed procedures for all aspects of financial management result in project management and leverage the existing procurement and delays to project implementation financial management systems in place for the D&D program; and consequent impacts (I.8 and M.5 Technical Assistance is available at all LASED Project levels I.9) or poor quality/delivery of including national level at the NCDD to assist on procurement and services and infrastructure affect financial management issues; environmental and social quality. M.9 Public notification, review and participation increases transparency in procurement; TLR and commune officials will be included in decision making and monitoring of contractors and service providers.

I.40 The large number of agencies M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process includes involved in LASED and the annual work planning and budgeting and monitoring and evaluation difficult process will result in – this should feedback into identifying bottlenecks and streamlining delays to project implementation in subsequent years of implementation; and consequent impacts (I.8 and M.5 Technical Assistance at provincial and national levels provides I.9). advice and support for resolving problems while World Bank supervision works with RGC to identify and address key management issues.

There will be positive environmental and social impacts from this component, detailed as follows:

Potential Positive Impacts I.41 The process of annual work planning and budgeting, procurement and financial management is improved for better management and implementation of SLC countrywide.

I.42 Institutional roles and responsibilities are fine-tuned for future implementation of SLCs thereby improving speed and quality of delivery.

5.3 Conclusion Regarding Environmental and Social Impacts

The primary issues of concern with respect to the environmental and socio-cultural issues are:

1. Loss of or damage to functional forests, critical habitats and wildlife corridors in and around SLC areas; 2. Inappropriate and/or over-intensive land use degrading soil and water resources; 3. Unexploded ordnance (UXO) and landmines; 4. Destruction of cultural heritage sites or monuments; 5. Poor social planning for indigenous communities and other vulnerable groups; 6. Direct and indirect impacts from rural infrastructure investments.

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Management and mitigation measures to address these issues include:

1. and 2. A multi-step participatory land use planning process incorporating up-to- date satellite imagery, aerial photography, technical support, agro- ecosystem analysis, guidance notes and screening forms; 3. Assistance from the Cambodian Mine Action Center (CMAC) to undertake screening and clearing of areas for UXO and landmines and education on mine awareness with LASED staff and Target Land Recipients (TLR) with external quality control; 4. A General Note on Cultural Heritage/Physical Cultural Resource Screening has been prepared outlining six measures to ensure preservation within LASED activities; 5. An Indigenous People Planning Framework (IPPF) has been prepared to address these aspects in a manner fully compliant with World Bank policy, while a careful and participatory process for selecting TLR includes detailed procedures for specifically identifying and including vulnerable groups; and 6. Rural infrastructure investments will be designed and implemented through the existing NDDP thereby utilizing their well-established manuals and procedures for environmental and social safeguards assessment and management.

It is therefore concluded that the potential negative impacts are able to be mitigated and managed and are balanced by significant positive impacts both from the LASED Project as a whole and from individual activities.

6. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project

The LASED Project responds to directly stated priorities of the RGC that have been codified in policy and in the Land Law. LASED is directly focused on addressing the fundamental constraints affecting the poorest Cambodians, that of limited or lack of access to land that prevent them from growing enough food for their families and generate cash for other needs. Involvement of World Bank sts from their ongoing long-term support to the implementing agency, the MLMUPC, and involvement in land issues thereby ensuring that it is compatible with World Bank priorities and direction, especially given the focus on assisting the poorest.

Thus, alternative models of development were more considered during the project identification and design process rather than alternative projects as it addressed a clearly stated, well supported and legally mandated requirement. The main alternatives examined in the process of project development were: top-down versus bottom-up implementation; large- scale versus small-scale Social Land Concession areas; and the potential for a market-based approach. These issues are discussed below.

Implementation modality considered following a more top-down and centralized approach where national and/or provincial level agencies would lead the process, identifying areas appropriate for SLCs and then direct the implementation with the participation of the District

LASED EA-EMP Page #25 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP) and Communes. While this offered potentially increased support from more senior levels, greater involvement of more senior technical agency staff for technical support and the possibility for larger areas and therefore more beneficiaries, this was counterbalanced by the loss of important participatory aspects.

By working at more local levels, LASED can better support capacity building for management and implementation at the local levels while retaining access to the required technical support as required. The identification of areas and demand from the local areas is particularly important in ensuring that there is a real need and potential for the SLCs in these areas, and it can thereby link with the existing bottom-up participatory systems and administration in place through the Decentralization and Deconcentration (D&D) program. The bottom-up approach allows community-based natural resource management to be the basis for land use planning and development rather than a non-participatory imposed plan from more technically strong but remote agency staff. The involvement of the potential beneficiaries and involved local administration from the earliest point in the project cycle ensures stronger participation, better consensus at the local level and planning that takes into account local knowledge and aspirations.

Another implementation modality that was considered in addition to the small-scale locally- identified SLC approach was to implement larger SLCs that would be identified at a higher level, such as cancelled economic concessions. This possibility offered the appeal of increasing the numbers of beneficiaries as well as the benefits from under-performing concessions. It could have resulted in a “Robin Hood” type outcome, taking lands from wealthy developers and giving them to the poor.

A number of problems however emerged in considering this approach. First, large areas tend to exist only where there is considerable amounts of forest, and high forest density. Thus, there would be a greater conflict between the benefits to the poor and the cost to the environment in terms of degradation of forest lands and subsequent losses to biodiversity, soil and water conservation. As the concessions currently belong to well-endowed companies with powerful and politically connected owners, there was the additional possibility of conflict that would result in negative impacts on the SLC development and the recipients of land. Smaller areas are easier to manage in terms of natural resource management and social cohesion, and can be identified in smaller tracts where there exist degraded areas more suitable for the SLC. The more carefully planned approach that will be undertaken in LASED will maximize the benefits from developing these lands, while ensuring that the people can contribute to conservation of the functional forests within and adjacent to these areas.

An additional approach considered was to utilize a market-based approach whereby poor or landless people would borrow money in order to purchase state lands that were currently being occupied or used. This offered the convenience and efficiency of the market and its easier implementation and administration. However, this was rejected because it would be illegal under current Cambodian law for encroachers to benefit or sell land that is currently classified as State Public Land. In the absence of a land reform program to address these issues, this approach is not viable.

The current LASED project design follows a learning approach that has been developed during the relatively long period of project preparation that has been undertaken to date.

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During implementation, site-specific alternatives will also be examined as part of the process of participatory land use planning and the SLC AEA.

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7. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the LASED Project outlines the different measures that will be taken over the course of the project to ensure that the possible negative impacts are either avoided or mitigated, that the overall project is managed with respect to environmental and social safeguards and that there is a monitoring system in place to ensure that the results are as expected and there is a process in place to adjust based on experience.

7.1 Management, Mitigation and Monitoring Measures in LASED

The measures taken to ensure safeguards are reviewed and addressed throughout the LASED Project process are shown in the diagrams on the following pages. The mitigation, management and monitoring measures referred to therein are listed and described as follows:

Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures M.1 Provincial “Hot Spots” Map

The Provincial “Hot Spots” Map (see Annex 2) is a GIS map allowing display of map layers relating to sensitive safeguards issues including:

• Protected Areas and Wildlife • National Monument or Cultural • Sub-catchments; Reserves; Heritage Sites; • Conservation or Watershed • Indigenous and Ethnic Minority • Wetlands; Protection Forests; Villages; • Community Forests; • UXO and Landmine • Deep Pools and Fish Contamination; Sanctuaries; • Forest Concessions; • Arsenic Hazard; • RAMSAR Sites; • Forest Cover Change 1993- • Rice Ecosystems; • Existing and Proposed 1997; Hydropower Dams; • Forest Cover 1976, 1997, 2002, • Geology; • Fish Habitats; 2006; • Wildlife Habitat; • Economic Concessions; • Fish Migration; • Forest Disturbance (IFSR); • Soils and Soil Fertility; • Slope; • Seed Sources for Forest; • Land Cover 2002; • Elevation.

In addition, it includes standard map layers such as roads, rivers, streams, water bodies, and administrative boundaries. The Provincial “Hot Spots” Map is used to:

• Screen out sensitive areas including nature reserve/wilderness area or protected habitat, important forest, managed resource protected area (e.g., community forest), wildlife habitat/corridor, national monument or cultural heritage site for SLC at first stage of consideration and flag potentially affected areas nearby or downstream of SLC; • Identify local indigenous communities relative to the SLC; • Identify where there is likely to be UXO or landmines based on the existing bombing data, level one survey and demining databases; • Identify where there is potential arsenic contamination; • Allow consideration of various natural resource management and economic development activities in relation to potential SLC sites.

The “Hot Spots” Map resides at the GIS Unit in the LASED Provincial Department of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (DLMUPC). It is a “living” document that gets revised and improved as additional information is acquired and consultation with local authorities and line agencies adds data. It is expected that this map will inform other development planning efforts within the province. The “Hot Spots” Map is used

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures primarily at the initial stages of review of a potential SLC by the Province after request from the Commune to ensure that the area won’t affect any sensitive areas and to flag issues of importance for SLC planning and design.

M.2 Guidance Notes and Screening Forms

There are three Guidance Notes and Screening Forms; 1. Forestry, 2. Agricultural Site Quality/Carrying Capacity, and, 3. Critical Habitats (see Annex 5). In addition, there are the Commune Profiles for Indigenous People (part of the IPPF) and the Cultural Heritage Screening Note (part of the General Note on Cultural Heritage Protection Plan) which are both part of the Social Safeguards documentation and not included here.

The Guidance Notes provide background information on the purpose of the Note and Screening Form, definitions of important terms, principles and discussion of key issues, and a series of questions to assist users to complete the Screening Form. The Screening Form is a combination questionnaire/checklist that walks users through a process of consideration of different issues with respect to safeguards and identifies the type of information that they need to compile and how it should be presented.

The Guiding Notes and Screening Forms are used to:

• Provide instruction on identifying and excluding Forestry and Critical Habitats during participatory planning steps from the SLC; • Provide instruction on identifying and managing Forestry, Agricultural Site Planning and Critical Habitats aspects within and around an SLC and consideration of project siting in relation to surrounding areas in order to avoid any unnecessary deforestation; • Focus specifically on ensuring that only sufficient land required for provision of staple food and cash needs of the household are provided for and include an income estimate that evaluates incomes against poverty criteria to ensure TLR exceed this. • Provide instruction on considering soils, topography, water resources, AEA, farm economics, labour, agricultural assets, farm models, organization and assets.

The Guiding Notes and Screening Forms are initially filled in during the District review, mapping, planning and awareness raising step, and reviewed by PLUAC and other agencies as part of the approval process. They are continually revised at subsequent steps, particularly during the intensive participatory planning activities that are part of the preparation of the Preliminary Social Land Concession Report. The Screening Forms are always included as part of the documentation being reviewed at different steps through the approval process for Component 1. Provision is made for review and revision of the Guidance Notes and Screening Forms after two years of implementation to gain lessons from experience and the environmental audit for improving them.

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures M.3 Maps, GIS Data and Satellite Imagery

Mapping data provides the foundation for consideration and monitoring of natural resource management and infrastructure development for the SLC. There are a number of useful maps and other data available for Cambodia7 from a range of sources although accuracy, scale and currentness of the data varies widely. Most of the data is already in digital form so can be readily incorporated into Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software. This software allows a much greater flexibility in displaying and analyzing map data, and allows users to print maps showing only the things that are of interest to them.

There are a number of sources of imagery that can be potentially used for LASED to provide a highly detailed and geographically correct basis for land use mapping and planning. Most of the country is covered by black and white aerial photography at 1:40,000 scale and there is low resolution satellite imagery covering the entire country during different time periods. For the detailed site planning activities, the pilot projects have demonstrated that there is a significant benefit to having higher resolution and recent satellite imagery over potential SLC sites. The aerial photography, while higher in resolution, was taken anywhere from 4 to 10 years previously so is out of date. Furthermore, it is lacking the multispectral data that is available from satellite systems. The benefits of using the up-to-date colour satellite imagery can be seen by comparison of the 2003 aerial photography and the 2007 SPOT5 satellite imagery from the Sambok Pilot LASED Site in Kratie Province (see Annex 2).

As part of SLC planning, three key maps at a minimum 1:25,000 scale will be prepared for each site covering key natural resource issues. A soil survey map will be prepared by the MAFF Soil Survey Unit showing the soil quality and providing guidance on appropriate land cover and use for the soils. A water resources map digitizing the existing surface water (ponds, reservoirs, streams, rivers) and groundwater sources will be prepared based on the consulting work described in measure M.5. And a high quality vegetation map will be produced by the GIS Unit of the PDLMUPCC from the satellite imagery in combination with ground survey and input from the DAFF.

LASED will thus collect available mapping and GIS data as well as new mapping prepared from ground surveys, soils and water resources consulting services, satellite imagery and aerial photography for the provinces and compile them in a database maintained at the provincial GIS Unit at the DLMUPC. Recent high resolution multispectral satellite imagery with specifications similar to SPOT5 will be procured, either on a province-wide basis or as required when potentially viable SLC sites are identified.

The maps prepared from the GIS and imagery data will be used in all aspects of the participatory planning process and through implementation and monitoring as a management tool. The maps, GIS data and satellite imagery is used to:

• Identify sensitive areas for exclusion within SLC and consideration of effects on areas outside of SLC; • Map traditional land use and cultural or spiritual items or areas during the land identification and land use planning processes; • Delineate historical and recent land cover within and nearby the SLC along with forest survey; • Provide historical evidence of occupation and land use allowing identification of new encroachment; • Flag areas with UXO and landmine contamination as being dangerous; • Strictly designate locations and extent of land clearance and mark areas of special interest for conservation; • Assess agricultural site quality through mapping of the data from the soil and water surveys; • Clarify State Land Identification and Mapping and thereby gazette these areas for conservation with associated legal protection; • Provide a basis for monitoring and evaluation of SLC development and LASED impacts on the site.

The DLMUPC GIS Unit will compile and maintain the maps, GIS and imagery database and provide hard copy and softcopy maps and analysis as required to LASED project stakeholders. They will continuously add data based on fieldwork and information collected at different points in the process.

M.4 Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and Process

7 For example, see http://www.cambodiaatlas.com/map

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures

The LASED PIM outlines a step-by-step process for the identification, assessment, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of the SLC. It incorporates a detailed set of procedures and explanations for all aspects of the project including all types of investments as well as institutional responsibilities and financial management and reporting. The environmental and social safeguards measures as detailed herein and in the Resettlement Framework, IPPF and the General Note are incorporated within the PIM as integral parts. It provides detailed direction on how and when all safeguards measures are applied at different stages of LASED along with the roles and responsibilities of all involved parties.

The PIM and Process is used to:

• Review of screening forms, maps at different levels and steps in SLC planning and implementation; • Ensure PLUAC and the line agencies charged with responsibility for managing economic land concessions who can identify where there may be overlap and inform during the “Hot Spots” map review about potential conflicts; • Describe the ongoing role of DWG for monitoring and including review of screening forms, SLC AEA, and maps at different levels while quality of analysis is checked at different steps in SLC planning and implementation process; • Outline a multi-stage Participatory Process of continuous engagement with stakeholders in identification and allocation of land and household survey and monitoring system. • Set a cut-off-date beyond which no compensation is given for settlers and includes survey to establish current occupancy and land use; • Inform Line agencies about proposed SLC through their participation in the PLUAC and thereby put measures in place to monitor areas and prevent encroachment and settlement in interim period; • Provide instructions and a process for dealing with UXO and landmines; • Require marking of trees for exclusion of from clearing based on SLC AEA and technical advice; • Exclude areas prior to clearance by reference to the SLC AEA, guidelines and screening notes; • Require multi-step participatory planning including consideration of roads in relation to functional forest, critical habitats and culturally heritage areas, and preparation of clearly marked maps of track locations; • Provide instructions and process for investigating arsenic levels and overall water resource; • Outline regular agricultural extension support from service providers, prohibition on pesticide or application equipment procurement and promotion of non-chemical methods of pest control; • Limit the available funding so the scale of livestock raising is limited which will thereby reduce the impacts. Include provision of health services and clinics allows better identification of diseases and response; • Require multi-step participatory planning including consideration of irrigation works in relation to upstream and downstream areas, emphasis on preservation of natural resources, community organization to improve management of works, prohibition on pesticide or application equipment procurement and promotion of non-chemical methods of pest control; • Require design of health clinics to include provision for proper disposal of medical waste; M.4 • Include involvement of line agencies and senior bodies at provincial and national level with sufficient authority to supervise and monitor the implementation of LASED and resolve issues at policy level; • Include a focus on social assessment and inclusion of vulnerable people, while IPPF focuses on mitigating impacts on indigenous people. • Build overall monitoring and evaluation of LASED into all steps of project implementation; • Outline detailed procedures for all aspects of project management and leverage the existing procurement and financial management systems in place for the D&D program; • Require annual work planning and budgeting and monitoring and evaluation – this should feedback into identifying bottlenecks and streamlining in subsequent years of implementation;

M.5 Technical Assistance

Technical assistance is provided to support LASED on a number of different aspects throughout the process to ensure that areas of institutional weakness are addressed, capacity is built and sufficient quality is achieved. The technical assistance comes in three forms; the GTZ ongoing LASED Project support through a core team of

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures specialists and project management experts, short- and long-term consultants hired by GTZ or through the LASED Project procurement system, and short-term consultants procured for specific services under the Decentralization and Deconcentration (D&D) system. The specific requirements for technical assistance will be identified based on training needs assessments and specific requests on an “as needed” basis, so cannot be specified at this point. However, a number of key areas have been identified where it is likely that there will be assistance provided. The technical assistance with respect to safeguards will likely be used to:

• Support environmental planning at provincial level and extending to district and commune. • Support the DWG and provincial agencies as well as contracted support as required to assist in addressing issues of particular importance or need; • Provide Quality Management including setting demining agency terms and conditions and random spot-checking of 5% of work; • Train and provide oversight of cadastral survey, land clearance and boundary marking contractors; • Provide Technical Service Officers and provincial line agency support through the D&D system and external consultants through LASED for design, implementation and operation of rural infrastructure; • Contract consultants to test and investigate water resources, recommend supply, design water points, train or supervise contractors; • Provide Technical Service Officers and provincial line agency support through the D&D system and external consultants through LASED for development of special models required for degraded areas, support to national level soil survey analysis and database development; • Provide Technical Service Officers and provincial line agency support through the D&D system and external consultants through LASED for a range of agricultural issues including land preparation, plowing, tilling, soil and water management, weeding, integrated nutrient management, seedbed preparation, planting techniques, timing of planting and integrated pest management; • Provide Technical Service Officers and provincial line agency support through the D&D system and external consultants through LASED for specific broad range extension activities includes provision for village animal health extension, awareness raising on livestock care and disease prevention, management systems for livestock and health services; • Support at all LASED Project levels including national level at the MLMUPC to assist on policy issues; • Provide advice and support at provincial and national levels for ensuring social impacts are reviewed and addressed; • Provide advice and support at all LASED Project levels including national level at the NCDD to assist on procurement and financial management issues; • Provide advice and support at provincial and national levels for resolving problems while World Bank supervision works with RGC to identify and address key management issues.

Issues pertaining to the procurement and contracting of technical assistance are discussed thoroughly in the PIM.

M.6 Social Assessment

The Social Assessment is detailed within the IPPF in order to ensure that impacts from the LASED Project optimize benefits and avoid or mitigate potential adverse impacts on Indigenous people. Potential risks and opportunities from the project include selection of communes/SLC sites being more prevalent where there are indigenous peoples, their lack of visibility within the areas resulting in their being overlooked, ensuring that they are provided access to information in an appropriate manner, gaining access to project benefits and the land and forest resources they have traditionally used, their losing the future potential communal land title in areas where SLC are set up, and ensuring cultural appropriateness for project activities.

Social assessment will include the following measures:

1. Identifying indigenous people in the project area through preparation of an indigenous people’s profile in each project commune; 2. Preparing maps for land use showing locations of indigenous villages/sub-villages and current land use planning with respect to indigenous people; 3. Mapping of shifting cultivation fallows and relocating SLC if there are numerous fallow fields; 4. Ensuring appropriate and fair balance between villages during land allocation; 5. Not including ethnicity within household survey forms.

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures The social assessment is used to:

• Identify indigenous and other vulnerable people in each commune and make special efforts to inform and consult them throughout the process.

M.7 Special Considerations in Communicating

In order to ensure that all indigenous villages are informed about the LASED Project, SLC and project activities, and that their feedback is taken into account, a number of special considerations will be taken as detailed within the IPPF as follows:

1. All village chiefs including those of indigenous villages meet with Commune Council and sign their support for the application for SLC; 2. Village chiefs/representatives are systematically invited to project training activities, whether they are involved in the SLC or not in order to build capacity; 3. A description of the SLC site in simple words is added to the map during public displays and is provided to each village; 4. Indigenous villages and households are informed about the “Lucky Draw” for SLC plots so they can choose to join it; 5. Indigenous villages and households are informed about the proposed design of the new settlement and can propose modifications to the design and to build their own house in order to better suit their culture; 6. Indigenous villages and households are consulted when preparing training and extension programs, which are designed to take into account their specific needs.

In addition, the LASED Project will facilitate access to communal land titles as follows:

1. The option for a communal land titling alternative to an SLC program is explained in all training courses so that indigenous villages can select the option that best suits them; 2. The project management office directs indigenous villages that are interested in the communal land titling option to facilitators specialized in working with indigenous people such as NGOs or NGO networks so they can assist in the process. 3. NGOs that are part of indigenous people networks are invited to take an active role in the project’s civic engagement process in districts with indigenous peoples in order to reinforce information and facilitation.

These special considerations in communicating are used to:

• Provide information and options for land allocation, and in training and extension programs to indigenous and vulnerable people.

M.8 SLC Agro-Ecosystem Analysis (AEA)

The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries’ (MAFF) Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has been conducting Agro-Ecosystems Analysis (AEA) at the commune level as a participatory needs assessment methodology for planning agricultural extension and development programs in over 350 communes in 17 provinces, and its use is now endorsed under current MAFF policy. The DAE, with the support of the Cambodia-Australia Agricultural Extension Project (CAAEP) agreed to modify and test AEA as a tool for assessing livelihood options and for planning agricultural development support programs for social land concession areas in Cambodia. This was successfully implemented in the two pilot communes for the LASED Project (see Annex 6).

The activities undertaken as part of the SLC AEA are: 1. Planning and Preparation • SLC-AEA team formation and orientation. • Planning, scheduling and logistical arrangements. 2. Secondary Data Collection and Organization. • Assembling, collating and preparing relevant available data:

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures Spatial data: topography, geology, soils, climate, land use, watersheds, administration boundaries, village locations, roads and other infrastructure, etc. Statistical data: demographic, economic, social, agriculture, climatic, etc. 3. Preliminary Analysis • Local stakeholder orientation and preliminary discussions. • Boundary definition, preparation of draft transect diagram. • Preliminary identification of key issues. 4. Rapid Rural Appraisal • RRA with key informants (settled families, SLC beneficiaries, resident communities, non- beneficiaries, etc.) • Verify and explore key issues and problems with farmers and local stakeholders. • Clarify and prioritize problems and opportunities with local stakeholders. 5. Systems Analysis • Preparation, presentation and analysis of secondary data and RRA findings. • Analysis and prioritization of development options. • Identification of appropriate agricultural technologies (TIPs) for extension to SLC farmers. • Develop guidelines for resettlement (landholding size & type, livelihoods, etc.) 6. Reporting and Use of the Outputs • Draft report for presentation to local stakeholders (resident communities, SLC beneficiaries, commune councils, etc.). • Finalize report and present to Provincial Land Allocation and Land Use Committee and National Committee on Social Land Concession .

These activities are undertaken by a multidisciplinary team from a number of line agencies including the DOE at Provincial level. The SLC AEA is undertaken as part of the intensive preparation of the Preliminary SLC Report and forms one of the primary bases for the design and implementation of the SLC. There is specific examination of a number of environmental safeguards issues including natural resources and the physical and bio-physical characteristics of the site, wildlife and NTFP species within the area, forest cover and condition, soils, water resources, history, demography and socio-economics.

The SLC AEA produces:

1. A prioritized set of agricultural development options aimed at maximizing the agricultural and environmental potential of the SLC site in line with the needs of both resettled and resident communities; 2. The identification of the most appropriate sustainable livelihood scenario(s) for SLC-beneficiary families; 3. An assessment of the land-requirement to support each beneficiary family’s livelihood needs, and thereby an estimate of the number of beneficiaries that the SLC site could support; 4. Economic analyses and gross margins for important agricultural enterprises proposed for the SLC; 5. Enhanced capacity in local level agencies (provincial, district and commune) for planning and implementing SLC development and support programs.

The SLC AEA is used to:

• Lead commune and district staff and villagers through a participatory process considering soils, agricultural and natural resource management planning and implementation; • Provide a detailed process and focus on estimation of carrying capacity and appropriate land development approach that incorporates community forestry as cornerstone of natural resources management.

M.9 Public Notification, Review and Participation

The laws governing the implementation of SLC include requirements for public notification to allow

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures participation of all those who might be eligible in the area and to ensure a transparent process. The public notification and review process includes public display of maps and reports with detailed plans for the SLC, public meetings to inform villagers of the process and provide information and training on key aspects and raise awareness of important issues for environmental and social safeguards and participation by the people in participatory planning activities. These public notifications, reviews and participatory aspects are integrated throughout the LASED Project and occur throughout the SLC identification, design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation.

The public notification, review and participation is used to:

• Disseminate information throughout the process to all focusing particularly on vulnerable and including NGOs; • Provide an extensive information campaign that emphasizes rules to ensure safeguards are addressed; • Raise awareness of the UXO and landmines and what to do if they are encountered for TLR, commune and district staff, contractors and others going to sites; • Explain what is to be marked and cleared and which trees are not to be removed; • Identify and communicates which areas to be conserved; • Raise awareness of water supply and sanitation and extension activities; M • Deliver health messages to prevent animal-human disease transmission; • Allow interested conservation NGOs to monitor and advocate for exclusion of these areas. • Provide a high degree of transparency, an opportunity for conflict resolution and notification of disputes. Increases transparency in procurement; • Include TLR and commune officials in decision making and monitoring of contractors and service providers.

M.10 Environmental Audit

The LASED Project is expected to be implemented in approximately 60 sites over 5 years. While there are numerous points of review and consideration of environmental and social safeguards issues within the process, it is important to ensure that an independent monitor examines the SLC to ensure that the process is functioning as designed, that the people implementing the review are doing a proper job and that safeguards issues are not somehow being missed.

An environmental audit will thus be undertaken at two points in the process; first, to review the final land use plan prepared as part of the finalization of the Preliminary SLC Report and second, anywhere from 6 to 12 months after implementation of the SLC. The environmental audit will be undertaken by an independent monitor, possibly the Provincial DOE or an environmental NGO or consultant. The audit will review all documentation prepared including maps and reports, GIS and satellite imagery and include participatory evaluation with the Commune Working Group and land recipients and a public meeting where other interested parties such as conservation NGOs can provide their views and information. It is expected that the environmental audit of the SLC will take around 2 days to complete – all SLC will be audited after their implementation.

The environmental audit is used to:

• Ensure SLC plans and implementation have addressed environmental safeguards as considered by an independent monitor.

M.11 UXO and Mine Action Clearance Teams

Cambodia has a large amount of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and landmines leftover from the many years of war including some potential locations within the two pilot project sites. Review of the maps showing locations of bombing and artillery and areas of reported landmines or landmine incidents from the Level One survey undertaken countrywide (see Annexes 1 and 2) provide an indication of where potential problems exist. This is reviewed as part of the “Hot Spots” map to identify whether action needs to be taken on UXO and landmines.

Agreement has been reached for the RGC’s Cambodia Mine Action Center (CMAC) to provide support to the LASED Project to ensure that areas with UXO and landmines are identified and cleared so thereby do not result

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures in injuries or death to participating villagers, RGC staff, NGO workers, contractors and service providers. CMAC will provide Clearance Teams, Risk Awareness Teams and Reactive Response Teams to do the following:

• Assess the risk based on desk study and information available on previous UXO and landmine incidents in the area; • Undertake visual search and detector searches to identify UXO and landmines in the area prior to activities being undertaken; • Undertake deep search and prophylactic search around construction sites to ensure excavation and construction work does not result in an accident; • Provide UXO and landmine awareness training for the TLR, commune and RGC staff working in the area, NGO staff, contractors and service providers so that they understand what to do when they encounter UXO and landmines and engage in reduced risk behaviour; • Have Reactive Response Teams on standby who are on call to deal with found explosives or incidents and who patrol the site regularly so that TLR and others who encounter UXO or landmines can notify them for immediate action; • Dispose of UXO and landmines when found.

In addition to the CMAC Teams, the LASED Project will support provision of an independent consultant to ensure quality control. The independent consultant will be an external expert in mine action and UXO who will:

• Assist LASED Project management to set and negotiate contract conditions for CMAC to ensure work that is required is undertaken following required standards; • Provide quality assurance and quality control through random inspection of 5% of the work of CMAC on site; • Provide general review of CMAC staff readiness and capability during random inspections.

The UXO and Mine Action Clearance, Risk Awareness and Reactive Response Teams will be used to:

• Raise awareness among participants and staff about dangers of UXO and landmines, what actions to undertake when they are encountered and reduced risk behaviour; • Do surface visual search and detector searches to locate and remove visible devices; • Regularly patrol site for reactive response; • Undertake deep search and prophylactic search around construction sites.

M.12 Existing D&D Environmental Safeguards

Component 2 will include a range of investments in works, products and services as identified during the SLC planning process outlined within Component 1. These are relatively small investments and will therefore be channeled through the existing and well-established and supported Decentralization and Deconcentration (D&D) system. The D&D system has developed progressively through several stages to its present point, to where it is now fully integrated within the RGC annual cycle of planning and implementation. It includes a complete and detailed set of documents and procedures including a set of principles, guidelines, forms and training.

With respect to environmental safeguards, there are specific instruction manuals, checklists, environmental management plans, standard designs and templates, contractor guidelines and clauses, a contractor database, screening and clearance procedures and monitoring and evaluation measures. These measures have been examined for compliance with World Bank standards and have been provided “no objection”. A list of references with respect to existing D&D safeguards documents is included in Section 9.3.

With respect to specific measures for LASED, there may be some specific investments that are eligible for funding under Component 2 that have not as yet been incorporated more widely within the D&D system. In these cases, a addendum will be prepared by the LASED Technical Assistance that is compatible with the D&D system and follows the same format so that it can similarly be implemented following the D&D system and have safeguards checked.

The existing D&D safeguards are used to:

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures • Provide a set of detailed principles, guidelines, forms and training that fully address environmental and social safeguards for any investments within Component 2; • Provide instruction manuals, checklists, environmental management plans, standard designs and templates, contractor guidelines and clauses, contractor database, screening and clearance procedures and monitoring and evaluation measures for all investments within Component 2; • Provide standard designs for road and irrigation structures, rural water supply structures including wells and toilets, and school and community facility designs.

M.13 Training in Environmental and Social Safeguards

Throughout the process of LASED Project, training on specific environmental and social safeguards will be provided both integral with other training on design and implementation of investments, and separately as required. The integrated training will follow the LASED Project safeguards philosophy of incorporating the safeguards work within all implementation aspects. There are many safeguards measures already outlined above that will be implemented according to the investment or activity within project design and implementation. Any safeguards deficiencies will be identified by the Environmental Audit, and the Technical Assistance will adjust the procedures to address them. The separate training will be planned according to training needs assessments and observations during project implementation of where there are areas of weakness.

The training in environmental safeguards will be used to:

• Ensure capacity for ensuring environmental and social safeguards is available as required at various LASED Project levels.

M.14 Post-Implementation Land Cover Monitoring

The measures described above are designed to ensure that there is a proper process of participatory planning that takes into consideration the many natural resource management issues to ensure sustainability of the SLC and prevents encroachment into functional forests and other areas of importance. It is believed that the emphasis on ensuring sufficient carrying capacity for livelihoods for the TLR and the training and support that should ensure the success of their agriculture will enable conservation of these areas which will be clearly delineated and agreed upon by the involved stakeholders.

The best test of whether the multi-varied approach being taken by LASED is succeeding in its goals is to examine after a period of time whether the areas delineated for conservation are being maintained or whether there has been encroachment. The satellite imagery that will be acquired during the planning process will ensure that an accurate and detailed baseline of land use is established, and the participatory land use planning will result in a detailed map of where areas are to be developed and where functional forests and other areas of environmental importance are to be conserved. This allows an accurate post-implementation examination of the effectiveness of the measures in ensuring conservation by acquiring comparable imagery after 2-3 years of implementation to detect the changes between the initial baseline imagery and the PLUP mapping.

The baseline imagery will include high resolution black and white imagery at 2.5m resolution that provides the detail to allow 1:10,000 scale mapping and 10m resolution multispectral imagery that provides the ability to differentiate the vegetation within the site. In order to determine the changes since the baseline, the most cost effective method will be to acquire smaller areas of the 10m resolution multispectral imagery and to perform “change detection” and land use classification processing on the imagery. This will produce a clear map showing the difference in the forest and other areas prior to and after the SLC implementation and a comparison of the planned land use and that which was actually implemented. It will allow identification of areas that have been encroached and an assessment of whether the carrying capacity was calculated properly or changes need to be incorporated into the process. It may point to other factors that need to be considered in SLC design, such as the possibility of SLC encouraging uncontrolled incoming migration into the area.

The post implementation land use monitoring will be used to:

• Provide an objective basis for evaluation of the overall environmental impacts of the SLC; • Provide a means for the identification of issues that need to be better resolved within the LASED Project design and implementation; • Provide feedback for the TLR and Commune on the current situation within the SLC and important

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Management/Mitigation/Monitoring Measures issues that need to be addressed for ongoing development and sustainability of the area.

8. Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Consultation

The LASED Project has been in preparation for approximately two years and has undergone the standard notification processes as required by the World Bank including being publicly posted on the World Bank website.

In addition, a number of specific meetings have been held with involved stakeholders and interested parties as listed in Section 9.2 below and Annex 7. These include conservation NGOs, most notably the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), to discuss and gain information about wildlife in the potential project areas. Meetings were held with the NGO Forum who are a coordination body for the large number of NGOs working in Cambodia. Discussions have been held and maps acquired from the École Française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO) regarding cultural monuments in Kampong Cham and Kratie and measures to ensure their protection.

A series of meetings and workshops have been held with the various involved government line and administrative agencies including the Ministry of Environment (MOE) and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) at national level and all involved agencies at the provincial and district levels. The LASED Project has received indications of strong support from all of these agencies who are involved in the project’s design, approval and implementation at district, provincial and national levels.

There has been additional notification as per the LASED Project process outlined within the Project Implementation Manual (PIM) to notify local people of the potential Social Land Concession in their area and about the different steps and meetings as part of the design and development process described previously. This has occurred and continues as part of the ongoing work in the two pilot project sites in Chaom Kravien and Sambok/Chankrang Communes in Kampong Cham and Kratie Provinces respectively.

This draft EA-EMP will be publicly posted on the LASED Project website setup as part of the safeguards review at www.cambodialased.com in both the English and Khmer languages as well as at the World Bank infoshop. Hard copies of the EA-EMP will be made available at the Provincial Department of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction as well as the Provincial Department of Environment in both Kampong Cham and Kratie. A public workshop where interested NGOs will be invited will be held in Kampong Cham and Kratie to discuss the conclusions of the Environmental Assessment and the measures outlined within the Environmental Management Plan, and to provide access to the various maps and other documents prepared as part of the process. Comments and suggestions will be incorporated into a final revision of the EA-EMP once comments are received from the World Bank.

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9. List of References

9.1 Environmental Assessment Preparers

This environmental assessment has been prepared by the LASED Project Preparation Team, headed by Seng Thany and Dr. Sareth Boramy of the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC). Assistance was provided by Jeffrey Himel, a consultant to the World Bank with translation and review by Chrin Sokha of the Ministry of Environment. Advice, assistance and oversight was provided by the World Bank Task Manager Steven Schonberger, World Bank Natural Resources Specialist Richard Chisholm, World Bank Lead Social Development Specialist Asger Christensen and World Bank Cambodia Country Office Environmental Specialist Leng Bunlong.

9.2 Records of Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Communications

The records of meetings and communications with different RGC agencies, NGOs and other organizations are included within Annex 7. The following agencies were contacted during the preparation of the EA-EMP:

Date Agency Persons 27/03/07 World Wildlife Fund Seng Teak, WWF Director (WWF) Bas Van Helvoort, WWF Program Manager 27/03/07 Wildlife Conservation Joe Walston, WCS Country Program Director Society (WCS) 28/03/07 Cambodia Development Lic Vuthy, CDRI Research Associate Research Institute (CDRI) 28/03/07 Ministry of Agriculture, Soil Lab Team Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) Soil Laboratory 02/04/07 NGO Forum Land and Touch Sokha, Program Coordinator Livelihoods Program Program Team 05/04/07 Ministry of Environment H.E. Yin Kim Sean, Secretary of State (MOE) H.E. Thuk Kroen Vuthea, Secretary of State Chuon Chanrithy, Director of Natural Resources Assessment & Environmental Data Management Meas Sophal, Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management (BPAM) Director and Representatives 03/05/07 GTZ Land Management Dr. Franz-Volker Müller, Team Leader Project, MLMUPC Bodo Richter, Advisor Uch Sophâs, Technical Assistant 23/05/07 RK Consulting Dr. Robert Keeley, Humanitarian Mine Action Advisor 06/06/07 NCDD, Ministry of Hans van Zoggel, Capacity Building Advisor Interior, Department of Local Administration 08/06/07 Kratie Hot Spots Mapping Preak Savuth, Vice-Governor Kratie Province Workshop, Kratie Dr. Sareth Boramy, LASED Team Leader Province Department of Her Se Yam, Chief, Kratie District Land Management, Urban Sorn Nhort, Deputy Chief, Kratie District

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Planning and Construction Svay Koun, Director, Kratie Department of Culture and Fine Arts Mon Sophat, Director, Kratie PDOWRAM Leang Seng, Deputy Director, DAFF Kol Sovann, Director, Kratie Forestry Office Kad Sovann, Deputy Chief, Kratie DOE Som Kim Loun, Chief, Office of Fisheries, Kratie DAFF Loan Nan, Deputy Chief, Memot District Karl Gerner, Chief Technical Advisor, GTZ LASED Project Om Sopheap, Secretary GTZ LASED Project 09/06/07 Sambok Commune Dr. Sareth Boramy, LASED Team Leader Participatory Land Use Her Se Yam, Chief, Kratie District Planning Workshop, Soun Nhort, Vice-Chief, Kratie District Kratie District Office Chear Som At, Vice-Chief, Kratie District Dach Pong, Deputy-Director, PDOWRAM Sonn Bory, Deputy Director, Kratie District Agriculture Office Sok Ron, Chang Krang Commune Chief Chang Yean, Chang Krang Commune Vice-Chief Hum Srunh, Sambok Commune Chief Hong Sem, Sambok Commune Vice-Chief Kao Pok, Sambok Commune Vice-Chief Nhut Seak, Kbal Chur Village Chief, Sambok Commune Phlong Nhouy, Sriatahian Village Committee Member Em Kan, Kbal Chur Village Council Chief Viet Burn, Birian Village Committee Member Khon San, Kratie District Environment Office Chief San Nhort, Chang Krang Commune Vice-Chief Heang Ho, Korsag Village Chief Pourn Oeun, Korsag Village Vice-Chief Ngeok Oeun, Trapeang Traig Village Committee Chief Andreas von der Dal, GTZ Land Management Project GIS Advisor Lum Serey Kuth, GTZ LASED Project Mean Sok Heang Kratie District Office Chief Ong Sabath, Chief, Kratie District Industry Office Chay Nareah, Kratie District Officer Kham Leang, Kratie District Officer Doch Eang, Kratie District Officer Em Sorin, Kratie District Officer 10/06/07 Partners For Development Charles Davis, Agriculture Program Manager (PFD) 11/06/07 Memot District Dr. Sareth Boramy, LASED Team Leader Participatory Land Use Ros Sok Korn, Vice-Chief, Memot District Planning Meeting, Memot Hing Sitha, Memot District Office Chief District Office of Land Chear Vy, Memot District Office Deputy-Chief Management, Urban Ouch Yum, Chaom Kravien Commune Chief

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Planning and Construction Khan Konh, LASED Rural Development Officer Sreu Bun Reung, Vice-Chief, Memot District Om Soun, Vice-Chief, Memot District Andreas von der Dal, GTZ GIS Advisor Son Peakroum, GTZ LASED Project Advisor Loan Nan, Vice-Chief, Memot District 19/06/07 LASED Project Seng Thany, LASED Project Director Preparation Team Dr. Sareth Boramy, LASED Team Leader Meeting Chum Chanthan, Deputy of General Secretary, GSSLC H.E. Dr. Yim Sam Oeurn, Secretary of State, Ministry of Rural Development, Deputy General Secretary NSLCC 20/06/07 PLUAC Meeting, Kratie Vice-Governor, Kratie Province Province Kratie District Chief Dr. Sareth Boramy, LASED Team Leader Martin Orth, GTZ Line Agency Staff (full list unavailable) 21/06/07 Land Use Planning Chief, DLMUPC Meeting, Kratie Province Chief, PDOWRAM Vice-Chief DAFF District Chief Sambok Commune Chief Chang Krang Commune Chief Line Agency Staff (full list unavailable) 22/06/07 Meeting at Provincial Heung Sy Yiem, Chief, Kratie District Land Department with Soun Nhort, Vice-Chief, Kratie District District Working Group Kol Sovann, Kratie Forestry Office Chief Leung Seng, District Agriculture Office Chief Moun Sophat, Director, Kratie PDOWRAM Korn Sok Keng Nov Mady Lan Kroug Phiroum 19/07/07 WWF Seng Teak, WWF Director

The above list is not complete, nor does it include e-mails, nor the discussions of the Social Safeguards consultants and World Bank staff.

9.3 Data and Reference Documents

Documents

Ashwell, D., 1994. State of the Environment Report. IUCN – the World Conservation Union and the Ministry of Environment of the Royal Government of Cambodia. , Cambodia.

Council of Land Policy, 6 September 2006. Strategy of Land Policy Framework. Royal Government of Cambodia, supported by Land Management and Administration Project and GTZ. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

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Crocker, 1962. Exploratory Survey of the Soils of Cambodia. Royal Cambodian Government Soil Commission and USAID Joint Publication. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Davidson et al, March 2003. Directory of Important Bird Areas in Cambodia – Key Sites for Conservation. Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Nature Conservation and Protection, BirdLife International in Indochina, Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia Program with financial support from Danida. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

EAESDU, 1999. Environmental and Social Safeguards Briefing Book. East Asia Environment and Social Development Unit, World Bank. Washington, USA.

FA, 2 December 2003. Sub-Decree No. 79 on Community Forestry Management. Royal Government of Cambodia, Forest Administration, ONKR.BK. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

FA, 20 April 2005. Sub-Decree No. 53 on Procedures for Establishment, Classification and Registration of Permanent Forest Estate. Royal Government of Cambodia, Forest Administration, ONKR.BK. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

FA, 2003. Law on Forestry. Royal Government of Cambodia, Forest Administration, NS/RKM/0802/016. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

FA, Undated. Draft Prakas on Community Forestry Guidelines and Annexes. Royal Government of Cambodia, Forest Administration, PRK.KSK. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

FLD, CTSP and FA, 2006. Conservation of Valuable and Endangered Tree Species in Cambodia 2001-2006 – A Case Study. Forest & Landscape Development and Environment Series 3-2006. Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, KVL and the Cambodia Tree Seed Administration Project and Forestry Administration, Cambodia. Hørsholm, Denmark.

Hun S., 26 July 2002. Statement of the Royal Government on National Forest Sector Policy. Royal Government of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Hun S., 9 June 2004. Order on the Prevention, Suppression and Elimination of Forest Clearance, Burning, Earth Working and Encroaching of Forest Lands to Claim Ownership. Royal Government of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

IBRD, 1991. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues. World Bank Technical Paper Number 139. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Environment Department. Washington, USA.

IBRD, 1991. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume II: Sectoral Guidelines. World Bank Technical Paper Number 140. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Environment Department. Washington, USA.

LASED, 30 May 2007. LASED Operations Manual, Annex 1: Forms. Royal Government of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

LASED, 30 May 2007. LASED Operations Manual, Draft. Royal Government of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

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LASED, October 2006. “Resettlement” Policy Framework, Draft Version 3. Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

LASED, October 2006. General Note on Cultural Heritage/Physical Cultural Resource Screening, Draft Version 2. Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

LASED, October 2006. Indigenous People Planning Framework, Draft Version 3. Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Maclean, 20 June 2005. Livestock in Cambodia Rice Farming Systems. Cambodia-IRRI- Australia Project. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MLMUPC, 19 March 2003. Sub-Decree No. 19 on Social Land Concessions. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, No. 19 ANK/BK/March 19, 2003. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MLMUPC, 19 November 2005. Sub-Decree No. 200 on State Land Management. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, DNS/BRK/19 November 2005. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MLMUPC, 31 May 2002. Sub-Decree No. 46 on Procedures to Establish Cadastral Index Map and Land Register. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, ANS.BK/May 31, 2002. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MLMUPC, 6 February 2007. Land Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, NS/RKM/0801/14. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MLMUPC, December 2005. Sub-Decree No. 146 on Economic Land Concessions. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, ANK/BK/December 2005. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MLMUPC, October 2005. Sub-Decree No. 118 on State Land Management. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, HNKBK/October, 2005. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MLMUPC, Undated. Prakas No. 42 on Identification and Mapping of State Land and State Land Classification. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, No. 42 DNS.BK. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MOE, April 2002. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Environment, FAO/UNDP/GEF Project CMB/98/G33. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mund, J-P., March 2006. Soils of the SLC Area in Sambok Commune Kratie District, Cambodia – Overview and Description. CIM. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

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Oberndorf, R.B., December 2003. Team Paper #2 – Critical Gaps in Rules and Regulations. World Bank Cambodia Country Office Internal Paper. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

RGC, January 2005. The Manual of Environmental Impact and Land Study for Commune/Sangkat Fund Project. Royal Government of Cambodia National Committee to Support Commune/Sangkat. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Seila, 29 October 2002. Framework for Land Acquisition Policy and Procedures. Royal Government of Cambodia Rural Investment and Local Governance Project. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Seila, November 2002. Commune Development Plans and Commune Investment Programs. Government of Cambodia Rural Investment and Local Governance Project. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Seila, 11 March 2003. Rural Investment and Local Governance Project Environmental Analysis & Sub-project Review Procedures. Government of Cambodia Rural Investment and Local Governance Project. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Seila, November 2002. Environmental Impact of Small-Scale Infrastructure Projects: Lesson 11, Technical Support Staff Basic Training Documents. Government of Cambodia Rural Investment and Local Governance Project. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Seila, 20 February 2002. Commune/Sangkat Infrastructure Project Information Form. Government of Cambodia Rural Investment and Local Governance Project. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Seila, May 2005. Module 1: Environmental Impacts and Basic Principles of Safeguards. Royal Government of Cambodia Seila Programme. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Seila, May 2005. Module 2: Guidelines for Carrying Out Environmental Analysis. Royal Government of Cambodia Seila Programme. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Seila, May 2005. Module 3: Guidelines for Preparing a Land Study Report. Royal Government of Cambodia Seila Programme. Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Smith, J., ed., 2001. Biodiversity, the Life of Cambodia: Cambodian Biodiversity Status Report, 2001, SVA Printing House. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

White, P.F. et al ed., 1997. The Soils Used for Rice Production in Cambodia – A Manual for Their Identification and Management. Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

World Bank, January 1999. Operational Policies/Bank Policies 4.01: Environmental Assessment. The World Bank Operational Manual. Washington, USA.

World Bank, June 2001. Operational Policies/Bank Policies 4.04: Natural Habitats. The World Bank Operational Manual, Washington, USA.

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World Bank, December 1998. Operational Policies/Bank Policies 4.09: Pest Management. The World Bank Operational Manual. Washington, USA.

World Bank, July 2005. Operational Policies/Bank Policies 4.10: Indigenous Peoples. The World Bank Operational Manual. Washington, USA.

World Bank, July 2006. Operational Policies/Bank Policies 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources. The World Bank Operational Manual. Washington, USA.

World Bank, December 2001. Operational Policies/Bank Policies 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement Instruments. The World Bank Operational Manual. Washington, USA.

World Bank, November 2002. Operational Policies/Bank Policies 4.36: Forests. The World Bank Operational Manual. Washington, USA.

World Bank, 8 May 2002. Environmental Data Sheet for Projects in the IBRD/IDA Lending Program. World Bank Rural Investment and Local Governance Program. Washington, USA.

WWF, 2006. Biodiversity Vision for the Lower Mekong Dry Forests Ecoregion Summary Document. World Wildlife Fund Greater Mekong, Cambodia Country Programme. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

GIS and Map Data

CARDI, Undated. Soil Types GIS Dataset. Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (from Crocker, 1962). Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

CMAA, 2001. Mine Locations GIS Dataset. Cambodia Mine Action Authority. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

CMAC, 2001. Mine Locations (Level One Survey) GIS Dataset. Cambodia Mine Action Centre. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

CRISP, May 2007. SPOT5 Satellite Image Scene 52743240612240327301/7 of 24 December 2006 of Kratie. Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, CD-ROM of Satellite Imagery in GeoTIFF Format. Singapore.

CRISP, May 2007. SPOT5 Satellite Image Scene 52753260403310323371/8 of 31 March 2004 of Kampong Cham. Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, CD-ROM of Satellite Imagery in GeoTIFF Format. Singapore.

Danida, 1 June 2007. Online Atlas of Cambodia. Danida Natural Resource and Environment Programme, . Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

FA, 2007. Community Forestry GIS Dataset. Forestry Administration Community Forestry Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

LASED EA-EMP Page #45 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

FAO, Undated. Rainfall GIS Dataset. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

FAO, Undated. Temperature GIS Dataset. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

IFSR, 2004. Forest Concessions GIS Dataset. International Federation for Systems Research. Vienna, Austria.

IFSR, 2004. Forest Disturbance GIS Dataset. International Federation for Systems Research. Vienna, Austria.

MAFF, 2002. Forest Cover 2002 GIS Dataset. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MAFF, Undated. Fish Sanctuaries and Community Fisheries GIS Datasets. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MAFF, Undated. Seed Source Sites GIS Dataset. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MAFF, Undated. Soil Fertility GIS Dataset. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MIME, 2005. Electricity and Hydropower GIS Datasets. Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MIME, Undated. Geology GIS Dataset. Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MIME, Undated. Mineral Resources GIS Datasets. Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MOE, Undated. Terrestrial Vegetation and Landuse Patterns. Ministry of Environment. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MRCS, 2001. Forest Cover 1976 and 1997 GIS Datasets. Mekong River Commission Secretariat. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MRCS, May 2003. People and Environmental Atlas for the Lower Mekong River Basin. Mekong River Commission Secretariat and World Wildlife Fund, CD-ROM. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

NASA, 2005. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation Model GIS Dataset. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington, USA.

RCBC, Undated. Wetlands GIS Dataset. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation. Manila, Philippines.

LASED EA-EMP Page #46 LASED Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EA-EMP)

RSP, May 2003. 1:100,000 Scale GIS Topographic Data for Cambodia. Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Reconnaissance Survey Project, CD-ROM of ArcGIS-format Shapefiles. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Seila, 2006. Commune Database. Seila Secretariat. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

UNICEF, 2004. Arsenic Hazard Samples GIS Dataset. UNICEF Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

US-DSCA, Undated. B52 Bombing Targets GIS Dataset. United States Defense Security Cooperation Agency. Washington, USA.

US-DSCA, Undated. Identified Air Attack Targets GIS Dataset. United States Defense Security Cooperation Agency. Washington, USA.

WFP, 2002. Poverty Rate GIS Dataset. World Food Programme Vulnerability Assessment Mapping Unit. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

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