Saeed Firouzi Cultivation inIran:CaseofGuilanProvince A SurveyontheCurrent StatusofMechanizationPaddy * Corresponding author’s email:[email protected] * Correspondingauthor’s Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, RashtBranch,Islamic Azad University, ,. tion requirement nization index,mechaniza- Rice, paddy, power, Mecha- Keywords: Accepted: 14December2014 Received: 20September DOI:10.5455/ijamd.169832 ISSN:2159-5860 (Online) ISSN: 2159-5852(Print) Available onlineon:www.ijamad.com International Journalof Agricultural ManagementandDevelopment(IJAMAD) 2014,

Abstract paddy fieldsofGuilanProvince. the machineryavailableforthisagronomicoperationin for riceweedingandthatthereisanurgent needtoincrease spectively. This indicatesthatthereisinsufficient mechanization ha forricetransplanter, weeder, andcombineharvester, re- self-propelled ricemachinerywas111.38, 3777.97,and358.99 weeding, andharvestingoperations,respectively. The areaper 99.28%, and52.47%forlandpreparation,transplanting, nization requirementsweredeterminedtobe0%,73.39%, was 2.22,2.07,and3.09 power perunitofareaforeastern,westernandcentralGuilan calculated foreastern,westernandcentralGuilan. The mean self-propelled machinery, andmechanizationrequirementwere Power perunitofarea,mechanizationlevel,area of the Agricultural JihadOrganization ofGuilanprovince. in northernIran. The rawdatawasobtainedfrom2013statistics T self-propelled ricecultivationmachineryinGuilanProvince his studyinvestigatedthestatusofmechanizedpowerand hpha -1 , respectively. The totalmecha- 117 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. 118 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. be over1780man-hoursha for traditionalproductionofriceisestimatedto and energy intensive. The totaltime required make itscultivationlaborintensive,expensive, difficult workingconditionsinpaddyfields special importance.Submerged cultivationand rice astheworld’s secondstaplefoodisof mechanization (Almassi are theotherimportantbenefitsofagricultural under cultivationandproductionperunitarea cultural workandincreasingitsappeal,thearea (Singh, 2006).Decreasingtheexertionofagri- crease productioncostsandincreasefarmincome of agriculturaloperationsamongfarmerstode- 2008). There isgrowinginterestinmechanization operations suchasirrigation(Karale cultural productsandprovidespowerforfarm ing toproducecrops.Itaddsvaluetheagri- agement, plantprotection,harvesting,andthresh- chinery tolandpreparation,cropresidueman- anization istheapplicationofagriculturalma- of agriculture(Singh,2006). Agricultural mech- of farmersandpromotetheeconomicinterests many partsoftheworldtoincreaseincome agricultural operationshasbeenundertakenin consuming andexpensive.Mechanizationof cultivation ofagriculturalproductionistime- to traditionalfarm(Rahman tivation processbymechanizedfarmcompared number oflaborsisneededtocompletethecul- important aspectoffarmmechanization.Less of theworldrequiresdetailed knowledgeand for agriculturaldevelopment indifferent areas is stillunderconsideration. opment ofnewapproachestosolvethisproblem in thisareahavenotbeensufficient anddevel- Iranian Ministryof Agriculture. Thus far, efforts and sustainabilityofriceproductionbythe considered tobeamajorfactorinthedevelopment very importantproblems. compared withmechanizedfarmingalsoare season andthelowspeedofmanualcultivation Datta, 2012).Laborshortagesduringgrowing Of agriculturalproducts,mechanizationof Decreasing manuallaborrequirementsisan Codification ofpolicies, plans,andmodels The mechanizationofagriculturehasbeen A SurveyontheCurrentStatusofMechanizationPaddyCultivation/SaeedFirouzi INTRODUCTION et al. et al , 2006). -1 ., 2011). Manual (Pateriya and et al. , the cityofLangarudinnorthern Iran. The results of paddycultivationfor fivemajordistrictsin (2014) examinedthemechanization indicators farm operationandincreased productivity. Firouzi use mechanicalpowerfortimelyfulfillmentof mended thatfarmersshouldbeencouragedto (561 hp)perhectareonaverage. They recom- converting thepaddytowhitericewas418kw threshing, transportation,cleaning,dryingand weeding, fertilizing,pestcontrol,harvesting, cluding plowing,preparingthenursery, planting, total powerrequiredtoproducewhiterice,in- agricultural powerintheregionwaslow. The power increasedfrom1997to2006,access They showedthat,althoughaccesstofarm paddy fieldsofRiauprovinceinIndonesia. (2012) studiedthepoweravailabletosmall storage oftheproductwas7.69%.Pamanetal. 3.08%, harvestingwas40%,processingand 86.15%, fertilizingwas2.13%,weeding 24.62%, plantingwas3.85%,spraying products was21.54%,landpreparation tools foreachcultivationoperation)cleaning tools tototalnumberofmachinesandmanual the levelofmechanization(ratiomachine Yohanna central stripinNigeriawereinvestigatedby of mechanizationsmallholdfarmersinthe nization indexto81%inOman. The problems axle tractorsafter2002,toincreasethemecha- They proposedtheuseofatleast916double- and thepowerperunitareawas1.1kW ha animal andhumanpower)inOmanwas75% (ratio ofmechanicalpowertototalmechanical, al implemented severalindicators. Ampratwum regions andcountrieshavedeveloped quality ofagriculturalmechanizationindifferent all partsoftheworld(Shahbazi,1989). mean thatonemodelmaynotbeeffective for geographic, economicandsocialdifferences tations foreachdistrictarestudied.Cultural, be providedafterallthepossibilitiesandlimi- Almassi, 2003). An appropriatemodelcanonly medium orlongterm,willfail(Loveimiand these studies,anyplanning,whetheritisshort, analysis oftheexistingconditions. Without Researchers haveexaminedthequantityand . (2004)foundthatthemechanizationindex et al . (2010). Their studyshowedthat -1 et . termined tobe0.5kWha cultivation inIran.Powerperunitareawasde- factors affecting farmmechanizationofsunflower unit area(0.68 for mostdevelopingcountries. The powerper in SistanandBaluchistanwasmuchlowerthan agricultural activities,especiallyforharvesting showed thatthedegreeofmechanization Agricultural JihadOrganization. Their study tan ProvinceinIranusingstatisticsfromthe agricultural mechanizationinSistanandBaluchis- et al. Guilan provinceinnorthern Iran. self-propelled ricecultivation machineryin tigated thestatusofmechanized powerand of existingconditions. The presentstudyinves- planning canbestbeperformedwithknowledge be evaluatedindetailforeachregion.Macro- quality andquantityofmechanizationshould hpha power perunitofareainspring2008was0.83 province inIran. They showedthattheoverall mechanization inSarabdistrictEast Azerbaijan Ranjbar (2008)investigatedthestatusoffarm deemed mostimportant.RasooliSharabianiand anization oftransplantingandweedingwas 94.97% andharvestingwas43.20%. The mech- 0%, transplantingwas85.50%,weeding nization requirementsforlandpreparationwas the region.Rasouli use ofmachineryforagriculturalactivitiesin Their resultsemphasizedtheimportanceof and bymachinery96.35%inthestudyarea. animals was1.24%,byhumans2.23%, the studyareaswas1.37 showed thattheaveragemechanizationlevelin unit areawas1.1 in Iranandfoundthattheaveragepowerper mechanization inthenorthernregionof Ahwaz and Almasi (2003)investigatedthestatusof in SistanandBaluchistanProvince.Loveimi chinery topromoteagriculturalmechanization service companiesforprovisionoffarmma- grams, andsupportforagriculturalmechanization of appropriateeducationalandpromotionalpro- provision ofappropriatetechnology, availability ommended consolidationofagriculturalland, To increaseagriculturalmechanization,the -1 (2012) studiedthequantityandqualityof . The contributiontomechanizationby A SurveyontheCurrentStatusofMechanizationPaddyCultivation/SaeedFirouzi hpha hpha -1 et al ) wasalsolow. They rec- -1 -1 . (1.67 . (2010)studiedthe hpha hpha -1 . The mecha- . The -1 ). Shahraki and Almassi, 2011): and Almassi, vidual cropsespecialoperationsseparately(Lak mechanization levelisoftenestimatedforindi- operations atdifferent agriculturalstages. The index isusedtodeterminetheratioofmechanized under cultivation(Lakand Almassi, 2011). This mechanized cultivationdividedbythetotalarea agronomic activityandequalstheareaunder Mechanization level ployed topreparethisstudy. Jihad Organization ofGuilanProvincewasem- data from2013statisticsofthe Agricultural cities inGuilanProvince.Rawmechanization operation, andpowerperunitofareain16 mechanization requirementsforeachagronomical vesting), areaperself-propelledricemachinery, preparation, planting,plantprotection,andhar- nization levelofagriculturaloperations(land ranks firstinIran. to beabout700,000tonsofwhiterice,which of thecountry. Itsannualproductionisestimated ranks secondamongtherice-growingprovinces Total ricecultivationisabout237000 ha,which most farmerscultivatericeinpaddyfields. and horticulturalproductsinthisprovince,but fruit, andvegetablesarethemajoragricultural in northernIran.Rice,peanuts,tea,olives,kiwi under cultivation(Lakand Almassi, 2011): power availableinaregiontothetotalarea anization. Itistheratiooftotaldrawbar planning anddevelopmentofagriculturalmech- Power per unitofarea cultivated area mechanized cultivatedarea P d A The powerperunitofarea issimilartothe ML=A This isaquantitativeindexofthemechanized The presentstudyinvestigatedthemecha- This studywasconductedinGuilanProvince Where: PPA =PowerPerunitof Area PPA=P This isaqualitativeindexusedinmacro- Where: ML =mechanizationlevel(%); AM = = totalmachinerypower c = cultivatedarea MATERIALSMETHODS AND M d /A /A c C (hpha (ha) . -1 ) (ha) . (hp) (ha) ; ; AC =total (hpha (2) (1) -1 ) ; 119 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. 120 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. chinery kilowatt perhectare (ha) index ishorsepowerperhectare agricultural land. The unitusedtodescribethis the averagepoweravailableperunitofcultivated percapitaforagriculturallandandshows power of respectivemachines. total areaundercultivationbythenumber bine). This indexwasobtainedbydividingthe pelled machine(transplanter, weeder, ricecom- land undercultivationworkedbyeachself-pro- Area per self-propelled ricemachinery rated powerby0.75. power wascalculatedbymultiplyingthetotal were includedinthecalculations. The actual weeders, self-propelledharvesters,ricecombines) four-wheeled tractors,ricetransplantersand pelled, allmotorizedpower(two-wheeledand equipment usedinricecultivationisself-pro- nature ofricecultivationandthefactthatmost province Part of Total (Mean) Average EAST EAST EAST EAST EAST EAST Average CENTRAL CENTRAL CENTRAL Average WEST WEST WEST WEST WEST WEST WEST Where: APSM= Area perself-propelled ma- APSM=A This indexdeterminestheaverageareaof Table 1:Mechanizationlevel(%) offarmingvariousoperationsandpowerperunitarea ; N A SurveyontheCurrentStatusofMechanizationPaddyCultivation/SaeedFirouzi SM (ha machine = numberofself-propelledmachinery. C /N SM Langaroud Siahkal Roudsar Astaneh Roudbar Rasht Anzali Fuman Somesara Shaft Talesh Rezwanshahr Astara City -1 ) (kWha ; A C = totalcultivatedarea -1 ) . Becauseofthe Tillage 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 paddy fieldsofGuilanprovince. (hpha -1 Transplanting ) (3) 40.25±12.35 26.61±6.26 13.07±2.39 21.86±7.67 or 13.19 12.29 17.71 21.48 35.53 21.06 82.86 17.16 51.00 82.57 32.28 Mechanization level(%) 6.13 7.62 8.99 9.60 6.32 to determinethelevelofmechanization of areaandmechanizationlevelwerecomputed root ofthenumberdata. standard deviationofthedatabysquare dices. The SEwascalculatedbydividingthe statistical criterionindicatesvariationinthein- west, central)andforthewholeprovince. This was calculatedforeachpartofGuilan(east, calculated. The measureofstandarderror(SE) the meansofmechanizationindiceswere Analysis ofdata ML= mechanizationlevel(%). 2010). (Khambalkar nization levelforeachagronomicaloperation mathematical relationof100minusthemecha- Mechanization requirement The importantindicatorsforpowerperunit After enteringtherawdataintoExcelsoftware, Where: MR=mechanizationrequirement(%); MR=100-ML (4) This indexwascalculatedusingthesimple RESULTSDISCUSSION AND 0.72±0.34 0.36±0.24 0.79±0.07 1.01±0.68 weeding 0.23 0.05 0.00 0.23 0.09 1.57 0.23 0.00 0.13 2.24 0.22 0.23 0.00 0.18 4.95 1.09 et al., 76.24±13.31 2010; Zangeneh harvesting 47.53±6.18 38.05±5.70 43.36±8.05 49.45 38.82 23.05 30.23 27.57 59.19 99.20 53.08 76.45 72.86 17.84 69.59 34.44 29.81 49.90 29.06 (hpha (unit area) 2.32±0.29 2.22±0.24 3.09±0.77 2.07±0.38 Power 3.06 1.45 2.38 2.06 1.70 2.64 4.53 1.91 2.83 1.40 1.09 1.98 1.13 3.26 3.64 2.00 -1 et al. ) in -1 , Total (Mean) Average EAST EAST EAST EAST EAST EAST Average CENTRAL CENTRAL CENTRAL Average WEST WEST WEST WEST WEST WEST WEST Part ofProvince which representsarelatively desirablestateof lowed by82.57%inMasal inwesternGuilan, was determinedas82.86% inRezvanshahrfol- Guilan. The highestlevelofmechanization also Guilan followedby6.32%inShaftwestern transplanting was6.13%inLahijaneastern tillage forallcitiesinGuilanis100%. operations andthedegreeofmechanization preparation ontimetheotheragronomical tillage, andthenegativeeffects ofdelayinland et al. tillage areenergy-intensive operations(Almassi dependent operations.Primaryandsecondary generally includeenergy-intensive andcontrol- province Provinceis100%.Farmingoperations of landpreparationinallsectionsGuilan culating themechanizationlevel. combine harvesters)wereconsideredwhencal- chinery (ricetransplanters,weeders,reapersand average powerof7 hp tractors (averagerespectivepowerof35and60 power includingsmallandmedium paddy fieldsinGuilanProvince. All engine The lowestlevelofmechanizationforrice Table 1showthemechanizationlevel(ML) ), 2-wheeledtractors(powertillerswithan Table 2: Area perunitofself-propelledricemachinery , 2006). This attribute,thelimitedtimefor A SurveyontheCurrentStatusofMechanizationPaddyCultivation/SaeedFirouzi hp ), self-propelledricema- Rezwanshahr Langaroud Somesara Roudbar Roudsar Astaneh Amlash Siahkal Lahijan Fuman Talesh Astara Anzali Masal Rasht Shaft City Transplanting 147.22 220.46 267.50 145.83 130.94 144.53 289.93 243.02 169.36 Province. 167.11 113.69 115.19 111.38 70.43 21.37 37.65 88.87 54.77 99.48 32.11 transplanting. Transplanting shouldbemechanized technically dependson the mechanizationof the otheragronomicaloperations. is unfavorableandrequiresmoreattentionthan comparison withotheragriculturaloperations lesser mechanizationlevelforriceweedingin to be1.01,0.36,and0.79,respectively. The ern, easternandcentralGuilanweredetermined nization levelofriceweedingoperationinwest- (about 0.72%). The meanvaluesformecha- level forriceweedinginGuilanisverylow in Guilanprovince. development ofmechanizedricetransplanting seedlings aretheotherimportantbarriersfor problems inthepreparationandsupplyof technical issuesassociatedwiththeiroperating, high costofricetransplantingmachineryand mechanization indicatorsfortransplanting. The of landconsolidationprojectscanimprovethe of thepaddyfields.Successinfullimplementation the smallsize,irregulargeometryanddispersal transplanting inLahijanmaybeattributedto region. The lowlevelofmechanizationfor mechanization forricetransplantinginthis It shouldbenotedthatmechanized riceweeding Table 1showthattheaveragemechanization (ha machine 14330.00 23816.00 10389.33 weeding 5635.94 7000.00 6935.00 4662.00 5329.00 3777.97 6789.39 4550.00 2217.00 5350.00 3928.33 4856.56 3377.00 803.33 555.56 640.00 875.00 -1 ) in thepaddyfieldsofGuilan Reaper 357.67 700.00 517.74 158.36 356.67 233.33 179.92 134.34 103.09 114.64 91.09 65.56 99.32 82.02 15.35 86.63 34.15 62.48 63.57 94.12 Combine harvester 4434.00 1326.30 2088.37 4623.33 3582.50 3200.00 1166.67 1141.93 358.99 910.48 100.00 154.65 205.77 437.50 130.94 681.94 375.22 344.29 570.86 333.33 121 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. 122 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. et al. Sharabiani andRanjbar(2008)inSarab,Shahraki by Ampratwum hpha-1). These valuesarelessthanthosereported the easternandwesternGuilan(2.222.07 Guilan (3.09 1 (Table 1). The powerperunitareaforcentral paddy fieldsofGuilanprovincewas2.32hpha- harvesting assecondtolandpreparation. time innorthernIranrankmechanizationof harvesting causedbyunstableweatheratharvest harvesting, andthesensitivitytodelaysinrice with manualharvesting,highcostof and easternGuilan. The physicalstrainassociated rice harvestingmachinerytofarmersinwestern spectively). This emphasizestheneedtoprovide and westernGuilan(at38.05%43.36%,re- Guilan (76.24%)washigherthanthoseofeastern mechanization levelofriceharvestingincentral vesting operationisdesirableat47.53%. The mechanization ofriceweeding. of riceweedersalsoeffect thedevelopmentof weeding machineryinGuilanandthehighprice Rezvanshahr, respectively. The shortageofrice of ricetransplantingoperationinMasaland Indeed, thesevaluesarethemechanizationlevels Rezvanshahr are82.86%and82.57%,respectively. mechanization ofriceweedinginMasaland Table 1showthatthepossibility ofdeveloping before mechanizingthericeweedingoperation. The averagePowerPerunitof Area (PPA) in The averagemechanizationlevelofricehar- A SurveyontheCurrentStatusofMechanizationPaddyCultivation/SaeedFirouzi (2012) inSistanandBaluchistan, hpha et al Figure 1:Mechanizationrequirement forvariousagronomicopera- -1 ) washigherthanthoseof . (2004)inOman,Rasooli tions inpaddy fieldsfordifferent partsofGuilanprovince. 300 manhours stated thatricetransplantingneedsabout250- (transplanting andweeding)thedifficult anization ofriceharvestfromtheotheroperations can beattributedtotheindependenceofmech- machinery. The higherareapercombineharvester which isrelativelygoodcomparedwithweeding anization requiresspecialconsideration. to mechanicalweedingandsuggeststhatmech- the highlaborforceneededformanualcompared for riceweeding(Alizadeh,2011). This illustrates field, 10to15workersperhectareareneeded on thetypeanddensityofweedsinpaddy 3778 haofpaddyfields(Table 2).Depending rice mechanizationinGuilan. consideration shouldbepaidforthisaspectof total laborrequirementforricecultivation.More (Manjunatha lot oflaborbesidesinvolvingadrudgery crop standbutitisquiteexpensiveandneedsa While manualtransplantingprovidesuniform This indexinRashtisabout290hapermachine. every 111 haofpaddyfieldsinGuilanprovince. to theresults,thereisonlyonetransplanterfor chinery (APSM)isshownin Table 2. According types ofagricultureandrequiresmorepower. is morelaborintensivethancultivationofother However, itshouldbenotedthatricecultivation Loveimi and Almassi (2003)innorthern Ahwaz. The meanareaperricecombinewas359ha, There isonlyonericetransplanterforevery The Average areaPerSelf-propelledriceMa- et al. ha -1 , 2009).Singh which isabout25%ofthe et al . (1985) by theRashtbranch,Islamic Azad University. mechanization inNorthern Iran(LangarudCounty 4- Firouzi,S.(2014). An assessmentofricecultivation opment. the CIGRJournalofScientific Research and Devel- in Oman. Usage oftractorsandfieldmachineryinagriculture 3- Ampratwum, D.,Dorvlo, A. &Opara, L.(2004). had Press,Mashhad,Iran,P. 282.(In Persian). machinery management. Almassi,M.,Loveimi,N.&Kiani,S.(2006). 2- //dx.doi.org/10.5897/ SRE11.1412 entific Research and Essays ation ofmechanicalweedersinthepaddyfield. 1- Alizadeh, M.R.(2011). Fieldperformanceevalu- Province, Iran. for mechanizationofpaddycultivationinGuilan operation needstobegiventhetopmostpriority creasing themachineryavailableforweeding for ricetransplantingoperation. Therefore, in- 99.28% forriceweedingfollowedby73.39% mechanization requirementwasdeterminedas the easternandwesternGuilan. The highest area forcentralGuilanwashigherthanthoseof of GuilanProvince,Iran. The powerperunitof rice agronomicaloperationsinthreemainregions differences inmechanizationlevelofvarious for tillageoperation,therewereconsiderable rice weedinginGuilanProvince. barriers fordevelopmentofmechanization figure underlinestheurgency ofremoving operation inGuilanprovinceis99.28%. This requirement oflandpreparationequalszero. cultivation inGuilanProvince. The mechanization ments (MR)foragronomicoperationspaddy vesting ofpaddyriceareadditionalfactors. harvest andcost-intensivenessofmanualhar- of timelyharvestingrice,limitedtimefor conditions forriceharvesting. The importance The authorisgratefulforthefundingsupplied Results ofthisresearchindicatedthatexcept The mechanizationrequirementofriceweeding Figure 1showstheMechanizationRequire- A SurveyontheCurrentStatusofMechanizationPaddyCultivation/SaeedFirouzi VI, 1-9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Agricultural EngineeringInternational: CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Ferdowsi UniversityofMash- 6(25), 5427-5434.http: Farm Sci- 16- Shahraki,J.,Shahrakizad, A., Yaghoubi, M.& Organization, Tehran, Iran.PP. 22-35.(InPersian) [Translation.] Publicationof Agriculture Dissemination the requirementsofchangeand renewalofagriculture. 15- Shahbazi,I.(1989). Agriculture advancement: Agricultural ScienceTechnology study onsunflowerseedfarmsinIran. Factors affecting agriculturalmechanization:acase 14- Rasouli,F., Sadighi,H.&Minaei,S.(2010). 10, 215-223. Region. indices foragriculturalmechanizationinSarab Determination ofthedegree,levelandcapacity 13- RasooliSharabiani, V. &Ranjbar, I.(2008). Plant Sciences, Northern Bangladesh. anization onlaboruseforwheatcultivationin zaman &Hossain,S.(2011). Impactoffarmmech- 12- Rahman,M.S.,MonayemMiah,M.A.,Moniruz- neering Research national Journalof Advanced Technology &Engi- modifications ofMat Type Ricetransplanter. 11- Pateriya,R.N.&Datta,R.K.(2012).Design and Technology American Journalof Agricultural ScienceEngineering farm operations: A caseinRiauProvince,Indonesia. availability andrequirementsforsmall-scalerice 10- Paman,U.,Inaba,S.&Uchida(2012).Power Science effect oncropyield. formance ofself-propelledricetransplanterandits har, S.D.,&Joshi, V.R. (2009).Studiesontheper- 9- Manjunatha,M.V., MasthanaReddy, B.G.,Shashid- Sciences, Agriculture andNaturalResources, Water andSoil county. of thestatusmechanizationinnorth Ahwaz 8- Loveimi,N.& Almassi, M.(2003).Investigation Journal of Agricultural Engineering making inagriculturalmechanization. Australian review ofparametersandindicesaffecting decision 7- Lak,M.B.& Almassi, M.(2011). An analytical Agricultural Science, of farmoperationsincropproduction. & Shilpa,D.(2010).Energy andeconomicevaluation 6- Khambalkar,V.P. Jyoti,P., Sachin,K.,Dipak,B. Journal of Agricultural Science of smallfarmingcropproductionoperations. Amale, S.& Wankhede, P. (2008).Energy economic 5- Karale,D.S.,Khambalkar, V.P., Bhende, S.M., sciences in GuilanProvince). , 22(2),385-387. Iran JournalofScienceandTechnology of Journal of Agricultural ScienceTechnology , 5(3),110-115. 7(2), 227-239.(InPersian). , 1(2),27-36. 21(3), 589-594. (IJATER), 2(6),87-91. Karnataka Journalof Agricultural International JournalofBio- 2(4), 191-200. The Journalof Animal and , 4(4),476-482. , 11, 39-48. , 2(5),140-146. Journal of Journal of World Inter- , 123 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. 124 International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 5(2): 117-124, June, 2015. Iran. mechanization developmentinSistanandBaluchestan, Esfandiari, M.(2012). A surveyonthe levelof Science, network model. potato productionbymeansofartificialneural Assessment ofagriculturalmechanizationstatus 20- Zangeneh,M.,Omid,M.& Akram, A. (2010). Journal of Agricultural Science scale (peasant)farmersintheMiddleBeltofNigeria. A surveyofmechanizationproblemsthesmall 19- Yohanna, J.K.,Fulani A.U. & Aka’ama, W. (2010). Research, rice transplanter. (1985), Fieldperformanceevaluationofamanual 18- Singh,G.,Sharma, T.R. &Bockhop,C.W. 93(1), 99–106. factors acasestudiesinIndia. index anditsimpactonproductioneconomic 17- Singh,G.(2006).Estimationofamechanization 2267-2271. Journal of Applied SciencesResearch, A SurveyontheCurrentStatusofMechanizationPaddyCultivation/SaeedFirouzi 4(5), 372-377. 32, 259-268. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Australian Journalof Agricultural Biosystems Engineering, , 3(2),262-266. 8(4),