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BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
LIBRARY
~ '' 3 iktsia , ,-f* The Gift of . P.
"1 \ 5
E74-21268 V::.c\ • . "ThesvS
Boston University
School of Education
Thesis
The Role of the Jew
in America’s Itaking
Submitted by
Charlotte Rafter
(B.S. in Ed,, The Teachers College
of the City of Boston, 1928)
In partial fulfillment of
requirements for the degree of
Master of Education
1938
First Reader: John J. Mahoney, Professor of Education
Second Reader: G-eorge K, Makechnie, Assistant Professor of Education
Third Reader: Wilbur I. Gooch, Associate Professor of Education
Host on Uni versfl-tf School of Education Library
CONTENTS
FOREV/ORD CHAPTER PAGE
I JEW AND GE1TTIIE--TKE PRESENT SITUATION 1
A. Purpose of This Thesis 1
B. The Protocols of The Elders of Zion... 2
C. Complete Refutation By The London Times 4
D. Henry Ford’s Letter 5
E. Lloyd George And Anti-Semitism 6
F. Who Are The Jev/s? 8
G. Different Bases of Prejudice 10
1. Learned Behavior 11
2. Shylock and The Youthful Mind.... 14
3. Percentage Limitations in Universities 15
4. President Eliot and His Successor 18
5. Christian Exclusiveness 19
6. A Jev/ish Medical College^ 23
7. Dislike of Unmannerly People 23
8. Christian Pride of Possession In the Medical Field 24
9. Christian Unwillingness to Share With the Hebrews In the Legal Field 26
10. The Teaching Situation 27
11. The Business World 28
12. The Social World 30
CHAPTER PAGE
13. Doctrine of Superior Races-- Ku Klux Klan 31
II JE\7S NOT JEV.P1LS PHTANCED COLUMBUS
A. Text Book Myth Questioned 34
B. The Spanish Inquisition and the Marranos 34
C. The Expulsion of the Jews 36
D. Y/as Columhus a Marrano? 57
E. Columbus, An Italian Catholic With Jewish Priends 41
P. Marranos Accompany Columbus On His Pirst Voyage 44
III THE JEWS IN EARLY ALIERICA 46
A. The Struggle in South America 46
B. The Jews Arrive in New Amsterdam 47
C. Asser Levy and The Burgher Guard 48
D. The Jews in Newport 49
E. Judah Monis And Harvard College 51
P. The Sephardim Versus The Ashkenazim. . 52
G. Commercial Importance of The Jews.... 53
rv JEWS IN THE WAR POR INDE'iENDElTCE 56
A. Y/ere They Patriotic? 56
B. The Pate of Newport 57
C. Jev/s As Privateers 57
D. Jev/s in the Continental Army 58
E. Jews Render Pinancial Assistance 63
P. Haym Salomon 64 ; W' MW I'a
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G. Max Kohler’s Open Letter 67
H. Sajnuel W. McCall’s Tribute to Haym Salomon 70
V LATER SVIDEiTCE OP JEV/ISH PATRIOTISM. . . 72
A. ‘’Jimmy Madison’s War” 72
I Uriah 72 Is 1, Levy
I
i 2. Judah Touro 73 ,1 •I i- I; B. Slavery, The Civil War, and Tne Jev/s75
1. Jews on Both Sides 76
2. Jewish Delegates at Republican Convention in 1860 77
3. Rabbis Side By Side With Chaplains 77
4. Judah P. Benjamin 78
C. The World War and The Patriotism of The Jews 81
1. Jev;ish Volunteers 81
2. Honors Por Valor 82
3. Impregnable Patriotism 83
VI THE JSV IH BUSIHEfcS AHD PHILAIv'THRCPY. . 85
A. Jev/ish Immigration Prom Germany... 85
B. Russian Jews 86
C. The Guggenheims 88
D. Nathan Straus and Pasteurization.. 89
ii
I E. Julius Rosenwald and The Negroes.. 91
P. Other Jev/ish Benefactors 93 i
i G. Hilaire Belloc Analyzes the
Generosity of the Jev/s ^9
iii V .
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016
https://archive.org/detaiis/roleofjewinameriOOraft CHAPTER PAGE
VII THE JEW IN THE FIELD OF LITERATURE, IN THE THEATRE, IN MUSIC AND IN ART 97
A. Jewish Writers of Significance 97
B. Jev/s in The Theatre 100
C* The Moving Picture Industry 102
D. Jewish Musicians 104
E. Jewish Painters and Sculptors 106
F. Intellectual Leadership 106
VIII A DEFENSE AND A PROSPECT 108
A. John Spargo and Anti-Semitism 108
B* Dislike of the Unlike 110
C. Trial and Crucifixion of Jesus 112
D. Superiority Complex of the Christians and the Compensatory Technique of the Jews 114
E. "Numerus Clausus” (or The Limited Number) in American Colleges 117
F. Annoying Jewish Traits 118
G. The "Sweatshop” Charge 120
H. Shyster Lawyers 122
I. Bolshevism and Jews 124
J. The Anti-Defamation League 125
K. The Permanent Commission on Better Understanding 126
L. The National Conference of Jews and Christians 128
M. Summary 130
BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 .
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V- ItT^ 5^ Foreword
It is, perhaps, necessary and fitting that the writer of
I this thesis offer a few words as to the terminology which has
"been used to clothe the body of facts and opinions found with-
in the thesis itself. Bearing in mind that the thesis may he !
I read by many types of mind, from the man in the street (in-
' telligent hut not intellectual) mildly interested in the Anti- i Semitic prohlem^to the scholarly brilliant professors of edu-
j
I cation and of the s ocial sciences rightly appraising and
I critical of form as well as of content, it is hut proper that
I
I this he done.
The writer is not a stranger to the basic sociological
concepts in relation to race hut she is of the opinion that
I the sociological vocabulary, so properly used by students of
the social sciences to clothe these ideas, would he as so much
I verbiage and professional patter to the intelligent hut non-
professional mind. She has attempted to meet this dilemma
(slight, to he sure, hut deserving of consideration) by out-
lining briefly in the follov/ing paragraphs, the sociological
idealogy of the thesis. In the thesis itself, an endeavor has
been made to develop these ideas in an appropriate and con-
vincing style (it is to he hut without the ! hoped) use of techi
I cal phraseology. j Racial struggles are examples of group conflict growing
j out of race prejudice and, as a rule, the antagonistic atti-
' tude which members of one race hear toward those of another is . '
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' i9t' ^ (•, iBXll noinlgo ©lit lo si oria tuf ©oat ot noitBXat ai etq^onoo Wai X“?V lo atnefcuta b©au \X*i© itoj^m 03 Bij ad bXyow ,sBobi 95©nJ ©rfftoXo ot e©on©lo8 Ifiiooe siiv -non turf tnogiXXetni ©lit ot totJBg Xanoiaaslotg^boB ogBlrftoy' *’ ' ' W . ' ii . ammeXib eirft to©ci ot bstqiSdttB’ bbiI ©fi2 .bnlot Xanoiesolot^ -tuo ^rf (fiolt«t©bianoo lo anlvTsaob turf“ ,9tJia ©rf ot ,trigiX8)‘v] '* * ft • XnoigoXoiooa ©xit ,8rfgBa&Bteg gniwoXXol ©rit ni \.Xl©itrf gnfnlXj afid *io7B9bno its ,lX©et.i elesrft drft nl .aiaerft ‘©dt lo ysoX^^ob’b *5 .1 -, A •^noo bftfi stjsit^otgqB 108 nl aaabi ©aoift golovob ot ©fej^ciiL'nasrf- ] -ifio&t lo ©ou ©dt tuodtl^y turf (fceqod ©rf at ai tit'oXyta gnioniv J .>QoX^aBtriq Xupj J gni .fotg t oiXlnoo'quQia lo aaXguiaxtf axo asXg^Jtta IbxobH , 3^ - V: -ittB oitslnoriBtcto ©lit .aXut b bb .bna ©olbut^'**! aojsn to tx 0 ai tsiltoAB Ip ©aori^. biBiihjt tJjoo ©0£5t ©no _lo_aT©rfii'©ffi iioiilw ©but!] tr », ' * -W 'ri»" ',f V.y.-' . . < * • • f ,.' _ j;., '-'‘' > I I iiiiii I f H ’f i4 a purely non -scientific pre- judgment . ”At the root of race prejudice is an aversion to strange appearances and ways of life which are often held to he proof of inferior standards; such attitudes are strengthened hy the desire of the dominating . group to maintain its solidar ity ” ( l) Because of this desire on the part of many Gentiles and because of the fact that the I Jewish people are quite as anxious to maintain their solidarity amalgamation and assimilation have had little effect on the problem at hand. Amalgamation is a biological process (with sociological implications, of course) and is concerned with : the mixing of racial groups by means of intermarriage. With the Jews, much emphasis been on the purity of the I has placed race and while intermarriage has united them (even in the Old Testament times) with other races, it has not been carried on to any considerable extent. Since amalgamation helps to facilitate the social process of assimilation, it is but logical to feel that, in the case of the Jev/s, assimilation , v/ill not progress at any great rate. ’’Where racial, religious ' or other cultural differences are so great that they provide a racial caste or class consciousness which makes free dis- cussion impossible, assimilation does not take place,” (2) Hot only has assimilation failed to progress rapidly but segregated groupings in specialized areas have taken place many Tl) Race Conflict (in the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. XIV. p. 37) (2) Assimilation (In the the i Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Vol. II, p. 282) A %3feT nor allltrisira-as* *• > *10 hzJt n^-xifiA^Zr^ ^!Ler^3 r? *rft ?1 eoi^a* 5T3||P(j ^ JI1 ;3t/£2i.a*^3 ri»xr©lsi lo M o5 olea js*^lc 3X« Ic 3Ti2*b -sdi c&;2»:f;^3*T?« ?ts :i3t3 »7i%9£ 3id5 tc 9si4t«?^ kl}*. V- irJc^aiEit zt qm 3* iC tdci lijsl sdr l3 «rs^ji>3d fcxta 3»IiJii3£ vri^g lo J-sar 9Ctt X?lx«tiX&ft ‘tUssi.T UTZlrzisr 3C3i:ma 2A »lli?p 9T& sli^aq dalraw 3ii^ a? 2:>*'^l9 oolx^IiisiesB bfia noiXf^aa3 l. iitiv^ i99Zorq Isolaalci^' ^ si nai^^aital^aaA .bfxaa is gsItfoTi^ ^ AJitr t>x;i^e505> ri fcxi-» ( 93x1 0 :^ lo ,3dq1 tjsol £qal I^x^oJTo; ro'^ *0 itiit .*^lxracrrdial jc^^er x^ aqifOTB X-fii!>£:l ^o ariiLi* srfJ •/iJ lo xSi’isq 9dt no C.£Xq b3 3^ xio/xs ,evsL 3:1 ; # bIG aif^ nl xtsT9/ &3 iii b^tiiw sjrd s^aiTr^aarzsiikl dX inv bna ecoji fio beirii/O asotf ion sjed j/ ,adrax rsriio rfiiw (s^li ^r.^exia^l oi Mti&ii dOiiAinif:^Xa£^ asaiS dX/^xsbisaoo v^us o fud 9i ai , fto 1 taXJxi 3 lis to assooxq lai oob exit a^sillioa! ' 1 aclSMllXioss ,»w9l oiSJ to snzo adS al .ijaxfi last oT L&ot^.o£r '.'1 at'oi^jiXax (Xitiaax ^xoinr* .a^Az ia^x^ yjiA sasx^oxc ioa o'* 3Mror •iib ayit BPkJEg liaiiia »«sxiBcclo3r:oa pBjaXo io aS^a I&izsz b C®) *-®o^Xq afMd ion soob rtoiiaXiartse^ , 9 Xdia&oq&ii iroiosc/^i $ud \[UiCL a*y^iq nerxii avBif si^axB basllnia aqs ni s^alqi/axi; boiis^s'r^da j eaoi^Tat'JmFo^ ads \o ^ibaqojfovisaS asii nl ) iaiXthTb ao-aK (tiF .0 VIX .Xo\T I ,9»oneto£ luioo^ aili to^atb9r;.oio^ofifi: aiU rrl)* nciiaXimiosA (S) faas .iiv>ii .lov; , times with the Jev/s. The principle and practice of isolation ! have eventuated, due , partly, to social distance. "The ghetto is the most marked type of segregation in the metropolis and in such areas physical and sentimental distances reinforce each other most powerfully." (l) In the ghetto, the sentiments of I the Israelites have "been centered around their religion and so, naturally enough, Jewish culture, to a certain degree is some- I v/hat of a complex connected with the synagogue. This syna- gogal complex has acted as a potent factor in augmenting the religious phohia that is experienced hy some Christians against the Jews. V/hen the Jew leaves the ghetto, many changes ensue; not alone changes connected with his dress, manner, and facial expression hut also with his very consciousness. It has been asserted that when the Jewish racial and religious types are 1 no longer seen, Anti-Semitism declines for "race prejudice is a function of visibility." Expressed in another way, certain physical types bring to mind stereotyped conceptions of be- havior. l£any times the Christian mind is certain that the physical appearance of a Jev/ is an index of his character, so potent is the tendency to associate a physical type with a | I behavior pattern. A thesis of this type must take cognizance of the racial j and religious phobias manifested today in one forra or another j but "it is doubtful whether the growth of scientific knowledge, wealth and popular education have banished the fears, jealousies, (l) Dawson, Carl A. and Gettys, Warner E. "An Introduction to Sociology", p. 307 noi.t^iXosi 1:o eoxdysi;’ bn£ oIcicrrxTq aii'T , jwoTi 9f{i .*'?r.v laniJ l - . IsJ: o:- .^^’Tisr; i o .bsJ/Ji ^aav© evsd oii'iiist sHT” oca , , biiB 2 /Xc oT^sm jiiS nx aoi j-b-j?-3TSsa lo i30V zi rfoi.'.s soio'lnxoT soonfi^eli: C£ : .tfioa brijs Isox^jvri'; axiei^ rfoi'a nr lo 2 ^ aeiriJ. tiiiia srfj orl:' al (I) ” .\.XXi‘ t'xs'.voCT tsom lariio ^QZ fc^'i noiy,.{l\i‘L itadi L'if'O'XB avad aQltXexj'iQr ocfl -snfOB Bx nxjBJieo £ oX iXaiwoT, ^ilgnoao Jj^uxv -anvia a.'tfr . sdJ r(*iv/ *Sr:«J oxiiirtoo xa^qinoo x: lo Slid' y>jii iciar^L'B ui icioal Jas^oq & bjs bsd'op md lisXqmc c> Xi^riOS ^aaiiiv.i. jfuii J-diiKO jotoo \;cf teouaizsc^x-^ ai va;Id x'.ivfot:; aJ.oir^iis'i :9ijjri9 2 9sn>Grfo sri^ xovxiaX "ra’. -i'-ii .-.^aL jad X£Xox*oanrj ' 3no ir iaa naacf axxa dl .aaerru v qtev airf riJltf CLiXfi dwu acXauL f n"::;*’ d.:;iiJ X9*T'-..:3 s 9t:j5 x9 ( y,X ai'O XV .C-3'x haa I-^x.^'. a •'{'UV'eV ^ ‘ '.a ex 9 ox fell f,‘:>iq 3 "'C'i" icl i '*^9?: r a a~A?- i tr:A ,r;9e? loriaoX ,n:-^v/ xi liaitje ax ta'' ^a’icx2L ' . v*i I >c i e. x v "lO aorJomi'i’ ^ C/.’ o ^ -o ' 9i£d Jx-rTi" nxjsdioo baxi.: n^xd a:i^ oerui j . /x-if ' 08 , 'tc-'^ oo -f{o aid lo y.obni: ojb ax ic 9 q c Xx-o^a’.o^'’ 9r*i .x ij rtdx w X.*' i -. v;; q /i od'x-xooae^ oJ’ \r}i:abc\9j *noJoo: Xaiojai ids Jo 9o;.^sirfjor' 9 :L‘jJ ^sum eqvJ Bi;id la eix^r!! A ‘infA"*’..^rrx: xo ii.xcl dho ni \*ibo: f>.- J 9^*1 Inxja Oialdodr eioi’T.Xs:: br.^ ‘idd t. 9di..r '-'i 9vxijr no ii.a jr-^'; 'tr btw , Api2'.'oXe9(, ,STi'9l j yoii and irrationalities which supply the subjective basis for those insidious distinctions constituting the essence of social dis- crimination/* (l) Notwithstanding this opinion, the v/riter is sanguine and fairly confident that ”sv/eetness and 1 ight*’ will eventually prevail even in the type of racial and religious prejudice described and analyzed in the foregoing pages. (l)Social Discriminat ion (lin the~^ncycloDedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. XIV, p. 134) CHAPTER I JEW AHD GENTILE --TEE PRESENT SITUATION Purpos e of This Thesis The purpose of this thesis is to present the role of the Jev/ in America's making with the hoioe that a knowledge and an appreciation of the contributions of the Jews in this upbuild- ing process may promote a deeper mutual understanding between the Jews and some of the prejudiced Christians. The preju- dice against the Jews which exists today among certain Ameri- cans debases our business, political, and social relations and leads one to deplore the fact that prejudice, diabolical and fantastic as it often seems to be, is not a weakness of ignorant minds alone. History's pages of the persec’^tion of the Jews of the Eastern Continent from Caesar to Hitler are indeed blots up- on the escutcheon of socalled civilization, but, while the Jew in America has never been the victim of social or economic discriminations sponsored by the government (as in ' Germany, Poland, and Roumania) he has been disparaged severe- ly by such a writer as Mark T?/ain (who subsequently recanted all his criticisms in the preface to his book entitled "The Man Y/ho Captured Hadleyburg" ) ; by Henry Eord in his periodical "The Dearborn Independent" and in a series of pamphlets en- titled "The International Jew"; by countless magazine writers; and by other Gentiles in all walks of life. 1 I hst^iaho CTdk ^/sx . JtOIlx.UTIS T'/l;a3S5‘I' aaT--2iirT\CEO . 90 ai soiiT BX£g: xO s_ d:2i£i o«iT 01 3X Sioartl lixii lo sacrx*-'? aril 10 *X01 9rfX ai ..-o^ srfl dtt'^ StiU'^ a'xsoilsrJ. h<« 9ab9 lv«r-i s ix^ril 9qori ano tlfdiiJnoo 9i« lo «oxlfiis9d(I';0 -MludciU axdil nx o-.V9(, srii to aasoo’xq a«l Xox^ld»t'x 9 99 fc « oJox.okj r.9D»ied .i awst :.c£l 69oxbut.9xq 9ttl lo 9G03 fans -ulsiq oxiT .aoBllalitfC' oolb alalxa rtoitiw aW90 oAi lanisss -iisoA alslTos rnon:l X- bol .oxsniestf luo eaorJeX auso anoxlsrsi Xsxooe bns .XsoilxXo? bns 9113 oT0Xy9b o3 sno atxai Xx^oxXoc-Bib .9DXbuC5^ ' l/aosO noil InsnilnoO nielarS -qi) tJoXcf b99bax ads isXllH M oxil no batXBOos lo no 9 .l 9 lrD 39 t axil 9Xixlv .lud .noxl-'SiXxvxo i9V«r. atrl soxioaiA nX vfelH 10 Xsiooa lo taiiOiv ,:il ii 99d X-ioanoqa an llx.iixaliooib otTionoo) at as) Inommsioa oxil x- txis .bnsXoB .xtUMitoO -919V99 baasisqaib rxosX asil 9x1 (slmii!.. oB -.isM sc istJiw s xlox-a \,d 'iX . b9lo.ao9l 'cilnox-'i’sadua odx') ixi-'xT 9 xoia* o ' xi-^ aXri XXs ;.o.od ol 90il 9 i ( bai' I'.sO oxW xxa xsotboxieq aid ni tioB ^tinoH -r^aJo \;a' fcofi .alii lo’ 3 rti jflxlncO The Protocols of The Elders of Zion During the late war, prejudice seemed to he dormant, hut j I ! a short while before the cessation of hostilities there ap- of ! peared a pamphlet known as "The Protocols of the Elders Zion" that was destined to work irreparable harm both in the I Eastern and in the Western Continent. This pamphlet (con- I densed from a book) has since been proven to be an adroit but ' throughly vicious hoax. In Europe feeling ran high and when copies of these "Protocols" reached America it was Henry Pord I j in his nerso nal organ, "The Dearborn Independent," who seemed j to systematically the of fan flame suspicion and prejudice. i ! Reduced to lowest terms, "the Protocols were offered as evi- dence of the existence of a world-wide conspiracy far more serious and extensive than anything else of the kind recorded in history. By comparison, the greatest conspiracy hitherto | revealed seems like a kindergarten game. It is charged, and j these documents are submitted as evidence in support of the ; i charge that there exists, and has existed for centuries, a j Jev/ish imperialistic program; that Jews in all lands have been | I and are united in a highly organized and subtly directed secretj I movement to bring about the overthrow of all non-Jewish j governments, to substitute therefor a Jev/ish world i government, to obliterate all national boundaries, and to destroy all religions other than Judaism. This, it is alleged, is the concrete form in which the Jews visualize their destiny as the Chosen People. In : ' \ ' I I*- * 4 . t ^ >xfT jrcj^Kv o;.^; •AO r J/' Tr-h IS ^ ^o. niTuG .'X-'w . *• j 3(i 0^ bsurssa oc i ilv-;c.e- e'lolBcf oXinw ^rorta -t -'iB ^*x9ifJ osi: Jil f ^ aoii ':c noitr^yso orlT 'j-: ftVt-jr.l isIiiqmBq b ti?'U3eq jco :i*i 3fcXa lo -Ioao‘o-':T '’r.v^r^ ^^'r1 : .I-ior; o+ i:D..x"ao:' -bv; i::di e^: ni :^oi '.'IbK 3ioB*3'^-: ‘ i tAo'J uio'syy ^ = 5r^' -iiAO) trii' . :iir'': si.srf (.'.o * . - CiC'x- jL'.f JiOihB «B 9 0 oi m>vo':o i-.-O'-X oo nl . -orl 3; .xoxv tt;>riv U.B /feiu :iB*r gixi- v cir5{ ’ i.^ic^OO v'inu.. -B7/ 3X0 9otoT^" < r* * i • flB^V : l» . K» 'B*j Xx ot. . L 1 , * •• X nv'‘- tft: nor. olcra; ; :c ;. . J i '»? -riX" :. 7 j!oooi«- iX . i * .i h'to ai6v; r. f 1 -• ^ ii-i'j Tfi- 'io Bsriftb, •:*.MVi -X'X''’ .1-' J j':q:;. 'iB: /. X i aoio .* • *• . 5>a. >- 'w' ; 3 r iB ^:._jv J '^;i: . .: r'o . ‘j ri 1 *i c D^Xd ..;-rr'f:ir\ 1' :D V •1 .:i.oo O'"- « ' •:: - v - : i - :?: 3 bo j -1 .1 X . .. : ,1 ^ .V Xnoai/bob -aa- . . > 3/* ii ' • ; L'ci i?n J X X • -J x*:& *. • •J -'TOrit } ii j .1 . 0 *: •:- 1 :• i r-^t L'. f xt a i Vf • * . : t X - . .fc. • i' bo^xii. . ; ^e'. oju i 0 ..b ^ ‘ J -J.- Ji.ii- c:: •:r»V^ ::-;J.-.. •• ton X.:b . o:Xriyv- --i ,' - - oi£X a-' L I i o V/ 7.0 V* 3 ... ' I(fO 0 - JB OBB t.- -OOXJOJ lB;.ra-aa X.^:- 0 , - - *f. ^ ., rr -'^'t 's- r, T ^ X.'5 V0 1-11 .' .jx.,»J IP . V. - j fi*. I 1 , i.Ki X BX , H iX * X’"j 1 •* -'flO x1 al .rO j V.' ri i'lOl 91 0 9 , vr.iJani liarX -.sUiitaiv j r. 9rfJ order to attain this grandiose ideal, every means to weaken the non-Jewish elements and institutions in civilization is encouraged by the invisible Jewish government, the leaders of this vast conspiracy. ” (1) Today the words of the "protocols” sound like the ravings of the insane, but in 1918 the London "Times" was so affected by the contents of the "official programme" that it felt that the "great world pollution" had already begun and asked for an open investigation of the documents which re- vealed the following facts: In 1865, Maurice Joly a lawyer in France possessed of considerable literary ability, published some Imaginary "Dialogues in Hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu". This effusion was, in reality, a satire on Napoleonic practices and Monsieur Joly fashioned not a few malicious speeches which he caused to emanate from the mouth of an imaginary Jewish Elder. The book was confiscated but the in- vestigation revealed that a copy had been sent to Russia and in 1905 a writer there, one Sergei Nilus by name, who had a deep and deadly hatred of the Jews, made excerpts from it, amplified them and then sent them over the continent as a document addressed to the Jews by some learned Elders of Zion. In January 1917, another edition of the book entitled "It is Near, at the Door" prepared by Nilus appeared in Russia and (1) Spargo, John, "Q?he Jev/ and American Ideals," - p. 11-12. - 3 - arjBO.T y'levo ^ Cxisiil ecoJibrui^v. a.'.xfct nx.cc^;ffl od •xe 'zo 0.1- clcJ::}bs111v1d iix enciiird-If r-xi.' 5n.'- nln9n.ol9 .:ai'v:9T.-fiori a»xoi:j Offd ^ctfioirai^iovog lo 30I rlal’^yal. elrfj:alvn2 -fc 59;_,j3 ':Lrcano (I) srroo oGbt eXfld’ orio oJJ-X bnj<6e ’’aloood'o'rq^’ 'to az^iow an:; '\f/5bo'i oe eov/ ’’nor XT'" nobnoj oxi:t 8X01 ni i'/a ^©njss.Ti oilcf -..o a .'tivs'i ctx j iid:!’ "omrxB^iTO'jq I/iXorilo” 9.'^;^ Xo ^ctnoinoo arfct bo-ceOls V b£iB ’^Xfle'iJB i 3ff bl'iOT*/ oasi^’’. or"^' ^lol -*>•1 a’o ti'iT; a *‘-(TOBiijoob :>.’j lo aoX^B ;i:*8evnl izogc fiB ‘lol besisB rKdcsl ,: nXr/oX lol oxl- bvX^ov lo boaaoeeoc gj. .^i is^bI s vIoT^ dOx*itr3'' cT. v'liiCs I GMoe boxiaXIcaq vrk‘.ei.tl axCBiifblenoo . ”aaii;pao;)nr/M JbnjB lIIevBlfiOBJ' nodwcted Xl9>: ni ^oXcJC. c -rKioXcHTjc’' to ".'Ti^se b ^ (^oIXboi ni noIerAl© air?? euoioXXiif'. wot J3 c^on benoX'i'BBt ^XoL 'xoo^cno:.' bno aoolJoBii^j '10 ' no fij-tror: of^G .;.r/'i'^ oGBnacTO od beeaao oii noicw csiiocors -xtX oxid ;>U(J becfso8.’''lffoO' bbw ifood orii’ .*iof;X7 r'aXwoT, ttb-X- bdX:’ br.B Biec’u od duei: r'ooo' L'bH derid ^qoo b bolBOven rioXd ^:;;^^ ^.dGOv jl>b;1 orfv^ v;c; B , KtrXiJf ioiiaoB ©no^9*ioad 'lodiiv? b tlOGX aX ^dJ; rrjr.'i b q^oox© o' Bin orfd 16 bf Trdjarf "^XtBob bnB qeob* B -B dr;aftxcaoo of^d ':ovo morlt drrG.- rfoi a rrond boilX-irirB aoiS lo LiGi'XS boix'ir. .moe ^o' avvcu ond od ne.ie'G'iXf'B aaoflif/noJb' bX dl'' bold dno >ioo(i Oiid lo nCi’d.*:bo ^orfdo-'^a y'iB; nf:T. nl- ‘ bnj’. oXa?.a->I nX - 'iBOCQB auIXIf boiBqortq '*'toa o.Id da .rtaoTI - - n . 81 ^eXBobi BBoXiortA brio caL ouX” .taioL ^ Lj'iiBqS (X) from there found its v/ay over the Continent and into England. Complete Refutation By The London Times Upon finding out the truth of this nefarious scheme the London "Times” on August 16, 1921 published a complete re- futation of the whole affair. Naturally it was to be ex- pected that Mr. Ford’s organ would have followed suit but in- stead it continued for over six years to indoctrinate not only the minds of those carrying little mental baggage but also those with considerable cerebral impedimenta, with accounts of the v/ays and means whereby the Jews were attempting to corrupt the non- Jews through moving pictures, the theatre, books and magazines. Says C. A. Wlndle (a Christian) in 1921: "Henry Ford, despite the glorious epoch in which he lives, is engaged in the inglorious business of manufacturing enmity in the vicinity of the Jews, for the deliberate purpose of perpetuat- ing the age-long persecution of their race. The material used by Ford is not only raw, it is fraudulent and rotten. "(1) It has been stated that such ridiculously vicious state- ments might have been promulgated Indefinitely had it not been for the sincere and sagacious determination of some Christians and Jews to end such malicious propaganda by deftly and widely planting the thought that possibly Ford cars would not be purchased by people who were not in sympathy with Mr. Ford’s rather odd ravings and, as usual, when the pocket nerve is (1) Windle, C. A., "The Tyranny of Intolerance." p. 19. - 4 - , . o^'^a 2 brrj3 JiionlcfrroO 3r{j ‘xcva 'rsn^ t bti'jo . &^LQd:i ito f’^:>-: jfi\c or.ni-fo'i Gc;oI"j3x£»n fc/ r« 1.: :T?':/*::3 orfxJ ijjo gn'^fU't rcoou -jrr 0 ioX<-^raor> 3 be^fp. Ilcfirq 1291 ctcaTy/A no ’'etr,; Ki '' ito£;'^Oi.T ©' “::e o»1 SGV; .:tX eXaw !=»x:ci- 'io nc-.tcfoctf:'! 0 - il :rK/ ‘ur; O 9v:o flol £)Ic/ov/ s' 5inS .1 .. i r.ri^ o^ctooq ^Xno v,^on '^tiaaf'rJoobcil oO xXa 'ib’/o 'lol boxmxdnoo ix ;is 9 d-c oaXii ctijcf © loinoxi ©X.'td XX ^nX\;*T'T£>.D eeorfif J.o air Is. orl:t ‘ Kctiv/ r'xajtl ocrrai , du Ibi^otoo oXtJe'xsbianoo n'cfiv/ oaoii^ !).".i o:f j ' B o»iov/ liv/ 37, 3 ;L \';cf'j'sod' ' iiij'jsin f ro ercw ?aJ 'to' .'*'•{;! - rr>'i: . O'^:^ . E©*xx/;J'jXq’ ^niv i '-f riv/©T,-n'n- o.'li iqtrirjoo . 3 '^>nXc:ii; .,.1 t\us c:iooo* J ' .v ,'^ ^ ,:'XroH :^'..X /nfl/:taX':;:rfv x*) elf:,- . 273'. I nf bo • ,110 8t ^novXX ©.‘ rfulr^?/ rtl rfooc.o airoX'roIn 0 !^ e^tiqa-vb on.'" al 7^X:\aj v' X'rujoe’itrnon 'io ;aonle'jo auoiioIri.'tX ©acT - *ot/.^oq‘i9q io z:' ';." ^r- •)Poqa;rq adocftCob 0 nol , •/eT. o5^ lo .'rr.foi v XoX'ioJmj liorJ "to 6'l?f ffooeacq nol-o^o ortt sal , (L)''’ -zsMo't b(i„ ^^,^xubrz‘i\ a ‘X ^v&^ , Xno Ji; uX brr rb . t.a/; -e^ia^tp Eff'oXolv ^Xp'/oX^'oIM*! rfoxc ireeo* aad ' .'too ao t x: x 0 il V recJXaXloXJaX Lo;Jg ,Xtx^'raq aoed ovarf Xrir/X : s;. non rp..iT;’" anxiX o;,Toe Io noIoBnii.^'iOo ob c /oXobogg one enoort'?: on'c^ , 7lox>X'.7 L.tc l^'tob d uinaT.sqc'rq ano Lr''lBn rtona no orJ" e..'©^. Lna*^ oi .U)(! -Xi/QV. a'XQO f'lo*’! qXc'xocoq Xoiiq icfcf;or{d^ oif:t gnlvax-Iq a'b‘io‘^1 .'lii ii'uiv/ ..iidaq 7e nl ."ton oa.’ " orfv; olqoeq 7a* bor:cr:o''.nq ai 9V'jea u oa** p.;. ^' ^0 ‘-'ooq .tonw , fa aa e..nXvfi‘i &bo 'IoK-Xa^^ ^.eonj3"3XGunI lo 7rtni3*i-.!X. ob:* ,C disturbed (even when it is a $500,000,000 nerve) it responds diately almost inmE j« . |1 Henry Ford * s Letter || In June 1927, Henry Ford sent a letter to Louis Marshall, i' President of the American Jewish Committee part of which was j !j as follo'.’vs: "I frankly confess that I have been greatly j| shocked as a result of my study and examination of the files j; of ’The Dearborn Independent’ and of the pamphlets entitled j| il ’The International Jev/’. I deem it to be my duty as an ij honorable man to make amends for the v/rong done to the Jews ^ as fellow -men and brothers, by asking their forgiveness for ; the harm that I have unintentionally committed, by retracting !i so far as it lies within my pov/er the offensive charges laid j at their door by these publications, and by giving them the | i! unqualified assurance that henceforth they may look to me for ji friendship and good will." Continuing, Mr. Ford said: "It is needless to add that the pamphlets which have been dis- tributed throughout the country and in foreign lands will be ii v/ithdrawn from circulation, that in every way possible I v/ill jl make it known that they have my unqualified disapproval and ! that henceforth ’The Dearborn Independent’ will be conducted ! |i under such auspices that articles reflecting upon the Jews !i will never again appear in its columns." (l) How in the light of fifteen yearfe ’ perspective, it would | (l) Statement by Henry Ford to Louis Marshall, H.Y. The jj American Jewish Committee, 1927, pp.2-3 j| •' ~ — ' Hr - 5 - j ) 1I dc.iO r n (^ircan 000 .> , a / 3 i 5 .' .?. . ; « j V X atuni > oinI ,3 loi' ia-I ^ ft-^H X^j3 r: . L : , ri el;/0 oJ- 3 .Jl 9 l b iD'Jo? ^ /'insH , >91 eni'X ril a^.” 'Coi-i.v ^0 j’ljq -jo^t jif-TT'oC) .'lai’.vsl. nBoii'jitA c.iJ ^o ?n )i r.01 •'^^ocf ov*«;:f I 5-Gift 33 b1hoc vLinznI I -i.c. Cio'x rs- aerxi* -j.'t "to an il j.ixX.xB.Ct- xnc VDuJa '£'i lo jX‘ 3 si .c -a ’ i'-' jXHJn-^ j:i- jli{q£x,MX *‘-> ^ anf..ri0 x 9 'a:I .rin-J-xxoG 9uT 3.-3 v- fLS 4 f-'h ;/’J cJ eirot .nioi v; 9iiJ to". <:• ^l,v- '.b.*:: I j . : . toT- ‘Tii.'ftt ,:'f : - , 3 f oru3 ££ /I 3c . 'iJ-o i -^a’ baJ'.-t : ; , :nilBOn vlx/^no 'lijtiiin.j 3Vj&.i I .r..”lj :ix..' aiii *iX bi 30 jiii ni filv .j-t Ji ; ibx 0®' •'.iJ” m?)j-lt •pniTi", i bnd .anoi^^olI'Xr j v.1 t?nb ri jriJ i£ '• - to, an fcoi voi y'odi ditoloono.' .\ j 3..: .ti/33.s i ij .fX" ;ci.x 3 .-V ,pnUalJffr? “.IXi .- '0003 ;.'u> qrrXuonti'rX nygcf -jib OVJ3J! ...irfy; 3 0 ,.: „ j. . ; bh: :i J Ii.i .' ^ o i bo® j i;'.. .i3». a'i U f “- xCrvv I '^X 0 i jOci '//i',^ ' vio'^o -il j^fiJ , no : oti 0 iJvOi d w bn.‘i Xbv i -' Tqquoifc bnil £xi; 3 nw X • 3 • *ja.. ii ,j ' bs^u.'bnoo f :x. . .7 ^ f^nbnaiTsbrtl a-rp-ji x; djto’iooas:! :* orff nG-;w 3 . '’.ot .r^a; 3 -'-.t an Z; . •a'lnloD ..^i ax t..j .3 niB^o 'X9v?'i iXi'. 1. bXnn’.'T ti / :x ' -T.3 n': na^tiil tc .‘:i>ir f , Sifi nx yoH j jij'L .'’.'.i .XXBfi '.’J • J irrc'i ><;:n 0 ;: \ 5a-->a3^i3^3 ( X X- ’-I ij- if.ra!oC iji.t-.j ftBa *T!.'i, / , 3 :*t 3 seem from a close study of this letter of refutation, that Mr, Ford was himself the dupe of the prejudice of certain men ! editorially connected with "The Dearborn Independent". As a I on the wisdom and judgment of 1 captain of industry he relied the Editors of his paper, little suspecting that intolerance I was wrapped around their literary hearts and heads. While it I is a pity that one who vras an "extremely idealistic pacifist" permitted his paper to publish such anti-Semitic articles, the sincerity of his retraction must be assumed and respected. Lloyd George And Ant i- Semitism | I David Lloyd George maintains that "of all the bigotries j that ravage the human temper there is none so stupid as the | I anti-Semitic. It has no basis in reason; it is not rooted in i faith; it aspires to no ideal; it is just one of those dank and! I I unwholesome weeds that grow in the morass of racial hatreds. How utterly devoid of reason it is may be gathered from the fact that it is almost entirely confined to nations v/ho worship the Jewish prophets, revere the national literature of the Hebrews as the only inspired message by the Deity to mankind, and v/hose only hope of salvation rests on the precepts and promises of the great teachers of Judah. Yet, in the sight of these fanatics the Jev/s of today can do nothing right. If they j are rich they are birds of prey. If they are poor they are vermins. If they are in favor of a war it is because they want to exploit the blood feuds of the Gentiles for their own profit -6 If they are anxiors for peace they are instinctive cowards or traitors. If they give generously - and there are no more liberal givers than the Jews - they are doing it for some sel- fish purpose of their ovm,” Lloyd George goes on to say, *’If they do not give, then what can one expect of a Jew but avarice? If Labor is oppressed by great capital, the greed of the Jew is held responsible. If labor revolted against capital as it did in Russia - the Jew is blamed for that, also. Throu^ the centuries, in every land, whatever he does or intends or fails to do, he has been pursued by the echo of the brutal cry of the rabble of Jerusalem, against the greatest of all Jews - ’Crucify him’J No good has ever come of nations that crucified Jews. It is a poor and pusillanimous sport, lacking all the true qualities of manliness, and those who indulge in it would be the first to run away were there any element of danger in lt.»(l) How logically, completely, and admirably has Lloyd George protested against this prejudice of the Jews which seems to have begun some three thousand years ago and may persist down through the centuries unless people in general begin to think about their prejudices, admit that they have them, and then endeavor to eradicate them - at best, a difficult task, for some psychologists aver that people never get rid of their prejudices - theymerely rearrange them. (1) George, David L. , "Where Are We Going?" p. 321. — *7 ^ I > ' 0*5 U'-pIxrrjB ei.^ “il •x.o &tT:moo svl^.onljartl e'XP. aoBaq._ -x xod:} - Q^om on onia O'xor:.)' pna 'jlaijonoixapi ovip^ , "noo r -loa offloa nol 'Ji .^cciol; - awsT, enovi’..^ Let;? ill. ee:-c'Xt;q flaH 'll*' a 903 ©3*10 00 ”.rn/o ni.9£uJ lo oi- dncf wsL J3 lo dooqx© ©no xxo Jaxlv; n9i-i;t ^e; l3 oor *io boong £>rW tii?:t.’q30 d'non^ besconqro si riot:'B.i. 11 ;ooi;T;sv3 vio'G inri'.V.'so bo.llovon nocisX 'll . 'Xcr.tenoqce'i blori el - ^on;rf .pain io 1 b&LisLd ei wdl, o:': -JceLfH at btb ea ffl ^^elln cKi alls'! X'to L£id'J‘id edi 1o odoo edJ boirairra need estl ©d tOiO - e-^©T, Il3 lo rtaoifionT} oild Je.nieTS 3 slascrxeL *lo ©Idr’en lo anr. oi, ’^'i:cn'ir. 2) oi'Uo;jno anoivtcn to OBtoo nevo boog 1 orfrt XIn -nl'KoaX .^tnoqc s;/ofsirLc.IIler/o xw •looc b bl row nl Q:\labat o 'v acoxid br.a ^as©r: '.Xnrxn lo fislc^’llo'-p ni nl noniiBb ',0 in© '6Xo \;rte onerfi ozo^' v, 9^'vs nun oi ienil 9di : '-•‘.olooX v;cn o'-'- ooC b^oTI 8Bii vXJonXrtba br*s ^vrlo-^oXqr oi aao©8 xlobnv* cv/dI. odi to fi'nv *.*.ixln’.fl LOioeionq' ©.roc ncr^ad a' f>.d r:sob iela**©q o ?- s-mc-^ br.c^aodi oenfM ©d.i rb '>'td^ >ffrixli oi rtlgoof Isnanar, n.t siqooq ccieXsw es>i*i'Jin 90 a.ol.Xtii^anq n^o.'iu tijode ns.di f>ixn ,rr:arli ©vb*' ierW .tlmr-p ^ not uibxyl^'lXb 0 ,ie©d is - marli aisolbsno oi ncvcoXrto n.^odi to tir: iag navar; oXqooq lcx:i nave oiax^cIonoYfiq a. os .nxadi " cooibw^onq V/ho Are The Jews? Who are the Jews? VJho are these people who are among the leaders in Industry, finance, philanthropy, modern litera- ture, jurisprudence, music, and the drama? *’’iVhen the civilized world was pagan, the Jew v;as monotheistic; when it had become Christian, he was still seeking the Messiah. \^/hen the Catholic Church, by fire and sword and cajolery and Invective sought to unite the whole of Europe, nay, even all of man, into a single faith under a Mother Church, the Jew adhered rigidly to his own dogma and resisted, in very large numbers, conversion, even at the risk of death. Even today, when religion, except in pagan Germany, no longer classifies men, when Jew and Protestant and Catholic, and Moslem sit together and eat to- gether and labor in comparative harmony, the Jew is still dis- tinguished as a Jew.” (1) It is, indeed, difficult to answer the questions: Are the Jews a religious group or a race? "At one time the term ’Jew’ meant a nation in the conventional sense, that is, a people living in a definite territory, with a definite government, VJhen the Jewish state was destroyed by the Romans at the be- ginning of the common era, the term ’Jew’ was applied mainly to those who remained faithful to the tenets of Judaism, the religion of the Jews. In the communities throughout the v/orld where the Jews dv/elt after their exile, practically every Jew was a practising member of the Jewish faith, so that the rise (1) Sokolsky, George S., "We Jews," p. 3. '\flODJ8 CHi'f! olcooq OSOfl:} 0’IJ8 orf?; ?C1T/9T, Ofi^ e'X/i oifi? -S'lCctM’ iiioiL'Oci 8'rLjfti: uJL aiobsel o::;‘ 5e-,i-iivto ond r:9fiV,’' ?i3tac'i5 Lfxs ,.o^Brr.r ,oofi6h;rfrai:a;j*f: r bBff /t 9 !{'.; • o.^sloilionoi. ai3;v \r&z otld .kjb s:, sbw bliow ;t 0-Mo[l;^nr/ Oi{J rrorf,’. vdo ^al?(oea XI 3 esw od ^ruei^J sX'irlC 2ixc o'xI3 ''cf lorri^rfO o;t :t ovld-ouvnl Jbnn ’^'^eXotr-o , ocjo'xx.f?I ‘io ^Xoxfv/ o* 0j;.firx fl ottri’, io XXb aovo ^ 'Bfi . uln vJl' * -.Xl X>0*iDri£)B v,'&T, orirf jdo'n/nn 'i 9r:Xo?;i 'lo-mq xifixj'i k ~ t XSCt QT: d-qooxo ^r:o::^,Xl9*x ru-v.'v oi riD\^ “io oilJ^ :f e. : ’ bffjs V/-.T, ..ofiif f:»x i cacfilo ito^^fioX on I rtcr^nr; ''hb >'iH -.v-t ;^x5 o brB m: XaoM tria ^:iXox{XaC XXXXa bX wj)L ed:f ^yrnon-iad ovXXBaxsqttoo nX ‘sodBl bit£ ;ir-acfb3 (X) " .“Ol. B 88 fi^xialr ' fiXX o-'t ^XaoX^nX iZ rjXiX tf'iA ; anoX Cviup o:LX *i JwertjQ XXuoX'lOLlf M-oi,’ rn'XoX oil^ ®fnJ:d 9fio ? 0 oxj'r b 'fo qr..-:ir- urroir^XXo') ^ ©Xqoeq s ,bX ^8x!d ^ourtoe XenoXcj’frevn' >o edd rX aoldnn a J;..ad£a d’X’i'ic j jiXnX'idp nx r'X'XX . J.i0!"J‘i‘iovo'i !>»-' Xf! ' XoL a di lv4 ,7*: p ^ Tor/xfioo aricX Vj •’nX.":'iiA ^rlrrlsn XjsXirqc «Bvr ’woT, ’ /’ Do ^.aXab^r. 's^ DrtojX oi-^ Xif IxicJiKc'X 9 -j-B :6*t o:m W orl;^ ^ io exf't Ic nc rjlien cXt ^.v orf^ ixxorv ?xx 'XaI:! ’ieXXX.nuiCToo 9ri^ nl ^ I ow!> aroL or.X P'xodc \7^u ’C'ltv;^ 7 .lXr^oW 98ic ,oIX-xo itOivcJ 'laXln joB-x:: x -!r/.7 9K '7 cfBxx^X oc ,:'i?X8‘v du ':toT, oPi to *rocirroc. y.iXaX of the term »Jew» to denote a religious denomination was quite accurate. Because of the strict command against intermarriage in the ToraJi and the stricter taboo on social Intercourse ^ with the Jew, practised by most Gentile communities, Jews naturally lived to themselves and in certain areas, such as the Ghetto of Eastern Europe, began to take on some dis- tinctive features, liiese features combined v/ith peculiar cus- toms of dress have led many writers to consider the Jev/s as a special race, known as the Jewish or Semitic race. This is a misuse of the terra ’race’, Franz Boas, the eminent anthro- pologist says: "There is no more a Semitic than there is an Aryan race, since both terms define linguistic groups, not hu- ’ ll man beings, This will become evident to anyone ^vho is ac- ;l quainted with the Jews coming from different parts of the ;j i ;i world. He will see that they definitely take the I; on facial l! i| characteristics and bodily structure of the people in whose midst they dwell, "(1) For the purpose of this thesis, the !| term '»Jew’* will be used as Rachel Davis-Dubols and Emma Schweppe employ it, ;j it It is generally conceded that "a people contribute to || i the world's progress either through its institutions and I r I general tendencies or through its individualities," Many there jj 'i are Virho consider that the Christian Church is the outstanding Dubois, Rachel Davis and Schweppe, Emma, "The Jews in American Life," p, 21, 22, I ’ w -O ej/O-f.'gilo*: jb' woO,’”' sbw rroi - B/f 'Mon&Li 9/f- ?-0 SStrBOO': .€>C? '^P,iT*IZSf;ria»'tn-’- d’SilJliSSB wflBI .j^CO j'ol'id’a oiU nl 08'x^;oo^r9^nX, Xaiooe no ooobc^ -xectoXila orf;t imn finic'!* -otict rL^t svvst; ,eei.-tXfi:^Tinioo olx.tno"' -:c^ tonldoQ^q bovXI v:.f rs'ijrt.an as xlo;;s .p.se'xs nXsu'roo ni. brte aevloeiaeric^ o:» lo o^-:foriC -eijj pr;io3 no 9^Icd o:' ^oqonn'^ nnoifes^ sonxnJBal osoi: 6 v^to^^.’::t 3 C/0 nsil/joeq r{;j;,v/ benMicoo siaoct int; ’^njs::! tal ovi^rl r^eeal' lo s 3 s nv'on erf,-t nefiienoo o;t enact *10 cfaXwoT!* eact ss rrrx r Is^oor- £5 jx 8 crlT . 90B*x otctiiTjoS J:cf ' oxiJ lo e£,-rs sunn- , ^>os' ' mnect ctaeaJUao orfi- ^ ^soS anorfr” : ic^’-oloq n£ lil anoiid m^rict cX-’.moI: s enoui on ’3 rrs^rA. to .ecrrons ;>;nlX oirnof’ ai.noct ::c^cd oon b 1 :' n cod’ rtn^: bX orrv ono 'fto oct ctnofcXvo -'inoooc. IXiw ev/aX ortet iictiv Lodr^snp ©net lo Bctioq non'i jnXcioo der:^ aoc IXir/ ©, - *1' XnXcsl ortd no o* \ci©cfInn&X n 3 o id-ex'! ©ctosrrsijo osoriw ft' rXcooq 0 xf Ic ©nt/cto ' xdd odd lo esoqn^'c: ©iw no-*i • »' ‘ '73" .>u 000. od XI i ••• ’^v/oX n: d a^T.v.: 003 3 xoo'ua-a X^oob:. ,JI »:oXqrro Cv.xqaviloii bobOoftoo :CXB':an©rj ci dl od edrrdlnr noo alqoer i’*' dsdd ' e^en' -aq c'olicv/ ©rL^ brtB enoXdrr! idooi edi dancm.d Todd - ^anono;^ - ' vjtbrii edi .Ir.iV id no eo'onodnoa norid . a© 1; x Taxil. ctnnd nob.Unao ."n one ^iiXbrusdedt/o ©id eX donnriO «sI?nMxl: odd I institution v/liich gives definite evidence today of its Jewish origin in *’its organization, its liturgy and much of its spirit hut people in general are agreed that the Bihle (Old Testament) ! is the gree.test product of the Hebraic spirit, numerous i Jewish writers assert that the Jewish people ov/e wha,t they are j to the Old Testament because they have shaped their lives by j its law, followed the prophets as their ideals and allayed I I its v/isdom to outline a pattern of life for them. But per- i haps it was the Jev/s* maintainance of monotheism against j i idolatry that should cause the civilized world to pay tribute | freely and sincerely to them, j I Different Bases of Pre.i'udice i I To attempt to ascertain the bases of the prejudice against the Jev.'s v/hich exists today in many Christians in America is a i task which has consumed hours of reading by the writer, as well as interviev/ing, arguing, and pondering. The bases v/hen gainedj I are meet difficult to catalogue, evaluate, and understand for t many of them are so fantastic and ridiculous or so exorbitamt ' i and passionate as to border on a kind of obsession or phobia | i ) rather than upon logic, science or reason. Prejudice against j the Jews is a topic that cannot be ignored even in America for |j I racial antagonism is a noxious plant v/hich is bound to bear j I poisonous fruit and Anti-Semitism forms the very roots of this growth. Hatred and uncharitable judging must be cast aside if this problem of relationship is to be studied and an attempt made to solve it. "Any discussion of the v/ay out involves a -10 - vast problem. It would require the mind of a philsopher, psychologist, statistician, and prophet. Because, after all, prejudice is a phase of hatred. "(1) Heywood Broun, in his inimitable and convincing style, contends that race or re- ligious prejudice can be shifted from one group of people to another depending upon the influx of people. He feels that the Jewish prejudice might disappear quite simply if there was suddenly a large influx of Mohammedans into America. "It has been remarked by many people that Californians at one time carried on a terrific anti-Chinese campaign, only to drop the greater part of it as soon as there were Japanese upon v;hom the community venom could be placed. And the Klan was in some sections of the country anti-Catholic , in others anti- Jewish, and in others anti-Negro. It is hard to hate too many groups at the same time, "(2) He also feels that education in its broadest sense (for certainly some colleges at present are doing but little in the way of dislodging prejudice) may ease prejudice but before education can have any far reaching effect "the vast and unexplored continents of the unconscious" must be searched for "the root and kernel" of group hatreds. Learned Behavior "It seems to be pretty well established that babies pack no prejudices when, trailing clouds of glory, they transfer (1) Broun, Heywood and Britt, George, "Christians Only," p.304. (2) Ibid, p. 305. - 11 - } ' • ' •v . .^oriQOQlIi-Iq erfrj- 3 /to &nlM erc/upc-y T^Xuow -J-t , -Ico'xo .t:i3V tll3 .vOflcoiq jjitjs ./ sJtoi^totd'jscte- t :tci.;,rIorfo'rcq I ' 3 ,*'fi at ^ffCoTa f>oo’.rr©K ( 'to osBit^e ©X ©oiJfcf/f.enq -0% ooai ctiirf^ sXjnadfioo jnlozxlrszoo ‘ rjs ©In'3;t:^iX3Lt o& vCrooq lo eno iTtoil; iXrie ©d nao 0C'iftiLff.3iq a:^oija>r sXoOi 9p .olqoDq "-.o j.r/XlnX orld rtoqir 'UTti>n©qe’b *sorl^oiXB O'lerl:^ en\: 'll -^Xq.T/a e.?X;rp 'TB©qqBC irlp'r ooi£).'jt.e'i,q n'ElweX. 9 /i'i Bijci cJI" . ooX-it-rjA oc^ni anBcoiiintBxro/ '^.o x;/rjnl 3 '^Xnacb.fra oirX ' jno J“B an/iXrno'iXXfiC ctarf-j ©I^oq vnc.r vof ii9::i>ui.s'i ;ioocr I qooX5 vino ^^;' XcqcrTSO eaanldX-IJna d 3 no rjolnaao ^oilt noqcr oaonBqnA a-rer o'loriq 63 fiDoe C£. ^X lo iiBC c.-feo-i^ ortoa r:X U3‘.v '.i £in/. .tJ^oeXq ^>cf X.voo r-Tonov >‘’Xft:irffuoo •G.UTe!.- ‘ - j s'fsac^o rrX , oXIo* /o /trr£ .'xJni;cn or t rcic.':#..o 3 c-'P'joip ^nsrri QoX oj-o.X oX bn^ri el .on qT:- ^ Iun e'l tjidco ni bna. aXX rrl rrotjfloijfj© Xiifii eXoal oaXa © 2 (S .^cjjsp. u.is is oiB a onoIXoo earoc x^nlaiintn 10I) >eftea i'io' iio'iJ ja/10 *^'ij'.t (^•^Ibulonc 'jrX^iboXa 'io abv? or<‘ a’ ©Xi.M :iyd n’:ob ino'l'lB ^n?rf:' 30 ‘i 'i .”7 TjnB ovaa /ldo ootiBc^ffco ©aol©d iatf or *.";[,onq iaam ’’s '-. ^oanoomr ©:.-r I0 s:Jffo.'*I‘^nco ueriolcp^ont' br.B iaav {.©•:. *10 . r: -j Grf qt/on^ lo ’'Ioa‘29 >( bae ioon ©..ct" 't bm'.')''nop ed * n ••gr . V _^jr*ai3 » l 3< 03q aaldsd inrii bofifiXIasiee XXot; vdio'rq Ou^ oi octooe ui" <;on.i lolBi-Bni t u^ol I0 sJb‘'-oXr ''XiXIls'ii ^nortw soo^^jq^ou., on . :^f^*.r '';: *' oo-'' ' orxiXiT ^ bns booip^e.' (X) - rx- from Heaven to here."(l) But children seem to gain their prejudices in much the same manner as they walk and talk - it is a learned "behavior. "Prejudices which are nurtured in schooldays should, for the most part, hear the label ’made by Grown Ups’, "(2) How often Christian children playing together are unaware of the Jewish identity of one of their playmates until the chance remark of a parent that "Morris is uuch a little gentleman and so generous you’d hardly know he was a Jew" sets the tiny Christian minds enquiring as to the Jews and unless the parents are endowed with almost superhuman wisdom and a sense of justice they seem to be unable to classify the Jews unless they explain that the Jews killed Christ, On the plastic impressionable mind of childhood, this true (but harsh- ly concise) tag makes an indelible mark, tincturing the mind more deeply each time it is used imtil Morris becomes the vic- tim of that contemptible and miserable instinct (so called) that prompts children to join hands against a minority group. Parents seem unable (and often unwilling) to cope with this evidence of prejudice, doubtless because their own prejudice against Morris’s parents is so ingrained that they cannot psycho-analyze themselves sufficiently to ascertain its basis. When they are honest with themselves and use every means possible to get at the root of their obsession they begin by (1) Mahoney, John J. , "Prejudice, Causes and Cures," Unfin- ished Manuscript, p. 9, (2) Mahoney, John J, , op. clt. - 12 - n 'Jion'v c- norcibliric trsQ ^I)”.oi9d od' irsvaoPl ao*!! ii - baa ^Ifiv; k /3 ‘lenfrant acrisa aif’^ rio/Jtt ni s 6 Dx?:'.t/^ oiq fil o-iij rioiiiW 2 ©o.’.bu’{,Q'iS.” .'toivjarl^o I'onicol fl a.t ©xid’ ‘lo’: ^£)Inoria :b/>Iol i'oe 'JC^ ©fcfiW'-’ XscTnl odd" iBbcf ,d’'TBq icom rr©cf'^o v/oH (S)‘‘.’eqU ’^^’O'Xr). f:odd‘&:yiod' g. 0 'Ti)IJiric ftsJi;t2*rrr-'0 . a o.-tBcxnrjBic 'iXani *lo ©no lo rttXdaofoX • dslv/ou odd lo ai-awBrn; O'IB^ I-tdjr^ r. cLosjj 3i tilaioM"’ dsild dnurrjaq s lo oon^rfo ©ii a osT/ od dUbiBci Jb’uo'^ oo '. rfa nscielctr. o:: oldolX* - V 5nn SY/oC. odd oa 3 o d^iXupfio ddritm nsidai’ifi: \:iijtd oiio sdor, •’t/oI. Etiolrxxj odu "liiOBlo od olcnitix ao' od moe^c vorid oolda^L lo ssr-.^s b ii>rLa arid X* .•*3l'id0 ^ ^Ilid awoL ori:^ n^til ir.o {vd:} ea«Inxr 3?fot onini X^ cnoXo 36 *xqxnI : .’^da.Glq -daaad dtfc') ou-xd aid** ^ 'orJbildo lo 8 bnlifi odd 7\ffJ:'UL.'dr>'‘iId oXJilobrrf ra cosIbk (03X0000 ’v:X -oxv orld cofftooo<: c XXdno b 63 -f Sj dX onfi.d, xTob 5 7;XC‘''ob oioin ' ob) dviJ-^dartl oldcnc • r ua olcXdqwodnoc rodd lo rjd od rro*iXjXX'io adqnio'ir daod . Yd ^'lonXin b dactXfl .a a.unuxi nloi, EXdd :f3lw oqoo od (;<^BXIIXwxjrr tr&dlo I.axj' oIuBnL^ r.ooK sdnoicd oc fBV"* 'liod.:) aanacod EeoIddt/oL ^c^olhule^q lo oonoi ivo ZbLf, : dofXftBO ^ f->oo/ii^x,\xr: oa oX sdcroisq s’Bl'r'Xo:: d-'inia;.B ,arur<; odX nladrooso o:r '.-IdnaXoill'xc eovX©o:uo:.d aGrlarra-oplorcq effsoirr v'l Vv ©Sir Lpb ssvXeei^odd iidX daortod sia ,7:' !d naif*' d5\! od aX^^Xoooq YcJ ni'.ac Y®dd .'.' Issafico iXoxld lo doo*i odd ds * ^v,ono/a..: t/r . . . ^ urio',. {!) 13 11X0 bnjB oobi/b: , ooXr ai - qliosirnalti bodaX , . ^ :?doT. ^x^aox'^Sl (S) .-?o .ao t .1 1 seriously searchins their souls to find out whether or not it 1 '1 ’ . > religious intolerance that pricks them. But rarely ever ji is a | that the Jewish religion in serves to estab- I do they find ^ | 1 on the indisputable fact j ! lish prejudice. V/hile they fall back Jews crucified Christ they balance this bitter truth 'l that the ' with the thought that the Jirst Christian v/as Himself born a Jew of Jewish pa rents and His last words were "father, forgive them for they know not what they do.” If nearly two thousand ago forgive the Jews, surely the Christians of I'l years He could !i il today could follow in His footsteps and not offer religion as i il 1 I li a reason for their bias. ! But prejudice is such a deadly canker that honest people I " I I [I examining their antipathetic conscience are forced to admit that i unless they bring to bear all their kno?/ledge of Jew^ish history'^I they have a natural tendency to still dislike the Jev^^s because I | I i of ! their religion. In spite of the fact that they admit the | j Jev/s ma,intained monotheism against idolatry and placed woman 'i in her proper social and family position, nevertheless they 1 I i are still such victims of unreasoned judgments that their } ! ' I i decisions are unreasonable I To their credit, some oeople are beginning to question ! j ‘ li ij jl whether they instinctively dislike Jews. Kirby Page maintains ’ 1 that "instinct,. . j, the postulated seat of convenient prejudices I , If Cased on natural aversions and antipathies, j has been |1 . ! questioned, granting at least the hope of improvement in ; human nature." In cogitating on the assumption that prejudice . ^ it ioa to tsxiJ^erfw itro 5nil 0 :^ aXuoa .'ciarf^^ihiao'Xfssa vlai/b'Qi/bi:isasi ,^’ 1^4 /'. D “' n '•' ’' <5 a, . ^^*, . ;*, - ^ . , , k •. , ( *• ^ ^ r & i« »«C7 MM A Mil ^ MM.V A W V A ^ ^ Ml *^ ’’ V ^ M M # M ^ ^ I n T3V9 tuS ;fEC9i{;t’ B^bixc: i^ki 9 jnsieXoin^ euoiaiXettMB al ^iLi ijodi Qdi dtt^ 4l . > ’f vr ” I 7 p. ^ ^ 1: “ ^3 rieiwau-' vreu evls'^olu ,^9 rfi»a 2 at aw Btow ^®jbX't 3 iH,j bne a^nst jsq lo —<*^ . (,*\ on •f fT^ '] t’-‘ itarij . hakavotU lOi^^ \,£X£9 Ci II "»oi!> xexf^ tariw ton womi ^e£f^ tol >• " :t* *1, -- lo aasliatrdd edl \;X 9«wo »,a«raC ail^ bXxfoo“’ 9H ogii *” ' 'f/' '„ • ® '. V 7 ’ i‘. • ._ e. !• i — feJ’ - it — ^ t. ^ ^ KtT »» f» ’.»« rr/^** fkfurkrk \r (3 KA + jL ,' 39 noiaiX?t talfo ^on bfoi aq9:tatool aXH nX walXol blnoo \9bo^^ ->f ^ '"••h ._ ” ' , 3«i«f tol a0399X 9-< L' ' '”'V, ,^- *"^k * »S>^ eXcroea taanori Sadi tflsCfliio vXbi.9b a xfo>:s al 9oli?nt3t;r iirff tGdi Stsit^ki bootol. Bta oon^jtoBKoo-oit^ari^a^XtnjQ ti-arit^aaxnlotsxe vtoiairf flaXioT. dsboX.voroC tiari* XXa taocf o"t aaoXixii ^ ' ‘ . ,y : , ^oauaood awet edi o'itlatt iXfia oi xonebnai XatXX^n 9 ovaa' ^£9ilX r adi scTtg-onl .noigile^ tiorfl lo. 9dS ^Ircba Jojb^ \p * a ^ booiai'/xlaM naflibw baoaXc bna vtXaXobX toiiisafi' cts-^orf^oxtoni ''' * ti ’&i. «»i tori iii lir fl ,nolXlaoq ^Xima^ baa Xbiooa te^totq X,9iiX Bao‘X 9rfXt 9V9 eta liadf i£Sii aiaaatsbtJl bs>aoa9otftti lo amitoiv rioiia Xiila ’ . / -TS fi !oXrf9noa99tnxf stxi anoiaxoab -«*' a9 i 9il^ asaibyloiq ,tn9 Xn9Tno 9 lo* iaaa ix9iAiU»^ 5oq &aa aaotHtova ‘ qxlrtb /aaoS 3 iiff , 3 sx'(t9 antlnflis .banoi-f Bi 'jnSnoyoiqmi lo s^brf ftfl isssx ^a?? .. . i^-- , J^l i:oU -Clr) 1 1 1 is a natural instinct, they are forced to admit that so, too. is fellowship, and the riddle of natural aversions, and natural i responses is still unsolved. Rather than instinct, prejudice ' is often the aftermath of some childhood experience. A person 1 i 1 who, as a child, had among his schoolmates one rather under- li sized, not too clean, and somewhat untidy Jewish boy who ex- jj i hibited some unpleasant personal characteristics, often grov/s U 1 i into adulthood keeping in his mind this one unfortunate little 1 Israelite as the prototype of all Jews. (This sort of pre- i i ; judice is not felt for the Jews alone. Kow often the Chinese 1 ! are judged by the laundry man who v/as iate with the much needed 1i 1 1 dress shirt; the Sv/edes by the dumb ash man who would not go I i into the cellar to remove a barrel of ashes; and the Irish by 1 I ' the maid who broke a choice service plate and hid it on the 1 1 1 1 shelf behind the fish nlatterl) i 1 1 1 1 Shylock and the Youthful Mind | j 1 1 Even the literature lessons can tincture the youthful mind 1 ! 1 1 *' ! and prejudice becomes rampant because of Shakespeare's Shy- j ! j lock*'. It is averred by many students of prejudice that 1 i Shakespeare's characterization of this Jev/ has done more to | i nurture knov/ledge that and foster racial prejudice than the \ ! ! Christ was crucified by the Jews. (And Shakespeare's knov/ledge j 1 was not first hand for the Jews v/ere expelled from England, 1 under penalty of death in 1290, and were not allov/ed to return 1 i until Cronmell's timel) Is it not a manifestation of a whole- i il 1 some and sympathetically understanding attitude of tolerance i -14- i 1 1 1 , i>' " ‘ r - V . 0 , : ^:: i- '.; v X 'W' '• ,ooi c>bi£J‘ ,oa iiiab.ji’ oT b-.iotcl: ^tj-j .Jouxiani liitiiijsn & ci. 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Ji si ’ jnx j a ' XXoT^r.xO X^Jnrj dCfU/'X^Xoi lo otJi.li’JJxi p,nxbfts Ja'rsbit; ^iXxoxJoiiJiXTta’^e bnn s*'i.oa on the part of a School Committee v;hlch eliminates the story of *'The Merchant of Venice” from its High School course of I study? V/hat a pity it is that "Ivanhoe" is not easier reading for High School students for Scott has given them such a de- lightful portrait of the Jev/ess, Rebecca. ”It is said that Rebecca of 'Ivanhoe’ is modeled upon a real Rebecca - none other than the famous Rebecca C-ratz of Philadelphia. V/ashington || Irx’ing v/as a great friend of the Gratz family, as was Matilda II ii Hoffman, the young woman to v/hom he was engaged. Matilda fell victim to a fatal disease and v;as nursed in the last months by her dear friend Rebecca. Irving was dravm closer to the Gratz family by this tragedy. A few years after, Irving v/ent to Europe, visited Scott, and described Rebecca Gratz to the great novelist - told of her beauty, her devotion to Matilda, her beautiful loyalty to the religion of her people, A few years later ’Ivanhoe' v/as published. ’The life of Vi/alter Scott’ and letters of Irving sustain the theory that Scott’s heroine was drawn from. Rebecca Gratz.” (1) Percentage Limitations In Universities The prejudice which exists in the college club and in the college fraternity causes grave concern for it is to be ex- pected that the intelligent and fairly trained mind of college students should be more tolerant than those v/ho have never ex- perienced the so-called higher education. The question (1) Dubois, Rachel Davis and Schweppe, Emma, ’’The Jews in f American Life,” p. 57. 15- V, «7t. X'ZOy ^ ^'o:f •ci zmtl. j dolr'^^r oo. 'I-rtriO*' looiiot. a aC ed:^ no I 'lo oz^rjoo loorioS r.riili 3ji "ooi::o‘/ io ^xCy" lo *•!* V 'iwJA’iSo -on a? >^oo'^n;37X‘’ ^£.'1- :i.i ;/i tr' c “ - . ; r;o:/a nTorl^ rro '-i^ 'Ms-lL too-J 'lOl n^rr'.bi/j j Cooriao %’.KI ^zo\ d'c:!' .':'^o2 si il" .roaoa'»'^: ^^ser/oXi orf:^ tc .M orrr - aooou'3; n noTi/ 5eXo,'-onx ax 'eoiioErl' '.^ :oooo'o>( •J -rrlrfauf/ . :wXoijiiIM-t"'io .'Bcoou^'i BiTOftisT: y»l7 np.rfX ^odio . ;I!me'i O’'. xo Jjnoi'xl a saw nniv'i/ Ilo^i abX ,' 9*,a^n.- iw axi ittoj-’v o;f n^riow t^nijov o'.7 ^ lar.rO'^oT* ‘ v;f BrlXnoj:^ '.al od:t ni ro-i'iLrrr cfi*.v ^:.a or:: a it Is.vc't ?. Ou i..iXolv *• 4 an:" Oo njoci ; zav: .-oooiiof: fjnol'xX oii-o nerf r-'i W3l X . do a'tit 3 t'l': -jli.idlU, oX J::ov; ^nV/': . » :o;t 3 ' I’.v oo'x :3 Q.-'J od zfst*r-' ivr?r»cf©fil '^oci :v)-l) fjits ^ Is ^ocv'xxiS ’ ,. •• - 'lor' .auXX^a.. o^ noXdovo'’' . i^d/xsod xc izXcX d^iXovon * ^ ;dXx, /: - Xj-lXuWxrod s'laa'; T) i .. , jlrooo* 'lod 1c :c ' Xo*r odz * • ’jiooa ‘lo^Xii’^i' ^o o’ill or:X ' . jdaildix - .toxjfiov 'todel onloxpx! u'J jooB « ixld -incoX^ o;£J x-Xad.v •: tI'/'iI 'lo s-xo-^ iXnn tX)“.o.a*xX sojoda:. rro*!' rr.'O'xXi 7 0 nl oao *J7J trr;X i a:'- .li /j.ra v;^^'X^ o' oCXoo d rti" Qj-'.lzzj i d vf ooI j’J .: ' ro •. 7 ’!oo -zo vOcF s' ; :. 'tol rrxBX)£*c.3, c' « Coir::- ??.* odoo*! o..:jrXoo 1o dn :,: .aC3 _ «:£e~ >;.' .>'/srf o;:V oscJs aoiid jra'xaXoJ O'xor': 6d 3Xl :Xb edrroaL'd.. l'X3«'^ rrols'fsonr. >X' ..toxu '.o. Xo-'i“'.d’'’.Lrl ':©i-!7:-as r- XDf^o'io '. • jd;x.. p.'.77 ::ev/*iDX. pr.p. gJvg 2 ^^:i:-Z.. ^ ,X). o:iJ” t • v ^ “toXIX , naturally arises as to whether or not the college students’ prejudice against the Jews is sometimes an outgrov/th of the attitude of the faculty toward this problem. As a rule, colleges do not give the reason why Jewish students are not ac- ceptable candidates for admission- -they never mention the word quota (numerus clausus) hut there are many and varied schemes . used for preventing their membership in the college. Roughly speaking, the greatest discrimination would seem to be found in the colleges of Rew York, Nev/ Jersey, and Rew England while a more liberal policy holds in the West and in the South. There have been surveys made in an attempt to ascertain why so many colleges are not receptive to Jev/ish enrollment and Heyv/ood Broun advances the following deduction: “They do not consider the Jewish applicant good raw material. It certainly has been true for years that the majority of Jewish students were the sons of self-sacrificing immigrant parents. Many of the'm sought to go through on a minimum of expenditure, most of them living at home and not mixing in dormitory life, often un- commonly eager and argumentative in class --fair targets for social snobbery immediately, before real points of demerit or merit became manifest.” Continuing, Broun adds: "In the policy of Jewish restriction, the colleges unquestionably have the tacit support of the largest single group of the population Such a policy is assumed by nig-.ny without thought as to unfair- ness. However, it is nothing less than a silent cultural assent to the Klan crudity that ’this is a white man’s country’ - 16 - * 0 ’ aifiO'.'X'ia o^.eXIoo ^on -xo ^'^[i^edYf oJ- ‘sja 39ai'.::3 ;n XO XiCflvO'X^ «> ifO XLE B&inxi’OftlOB 3X 3 .<©L Q£iX j 1. r{X*>7'jXJ soibijr^sifT ',3XL-'t J3 xA .Ktsldo'xq; exdc!' lo doa yiij 'jJnobx.’Ja daii/sL \.jfux iioax^ex 3c£J s'vx;^ ol) ao^alloD btovf notin3i 'zsvoct- noi-dsrjib^ ‘xo'l a-3 ^xiXiciii:.o oX.-':Juoo ssfliex^xic; b^izjzv b£'J^ '-'^a 3 T»rfj Jj-cf (sx/ei/xjlo Oi/p y;Ii£j,*;oH .sgsIXr.'O lii r iri3*ioJxjox{ z,iodS ^ni^novB'iq^ 'xoi ^dai; bnifot 3 u oi m.z-oz rSuOV n- ilx'nimiTcxxb 3 'x:;^ : 9qe slldw v, 9 H L'Ilt: ysi'ioL r/alf ,:r‘ioY .vsi! or'i , uf*;.c/iXoD ai ?'I3x{T .c;t:.oS Oi£^ ni 5f£jC j isW anJ nl ^blod \oiIoy Xi^xadiX o'xoix ja w»2 xd/r nxx.i'xaoei3 nx: ni aiwxr: ivt.’vrws tiaod avjail ijoo’.r^oH bn ;3 ^rxonXIo'ina rial*, 97^ od j .^-r ^on si.a aa^tiXIoo lobianoo lor ob •.^oxIT'* :noi'o:xb&L ^ni#o .Xox arii' aaoxn vbxs ni ciCI noscf 3 il .X*ii‘is- w^i boo; j loso^Xi^r.-i ff- I ;va^ ->iiJ 9£iJ rieiwoT. “lo TtJi'iotetn oifi Jisdi ii'XJcv^ 'x^l oxii xjiarli lo .aifia'x.a.; ^ru3'ii&i«4i^i DiliiOi^a-lXoa lo anoa ci^rf^ i eoiiT o2ii ii;,c oun-ifiXDT xj iltinoTrfi jiij^L'ou lo , J'ibii 0 9 lo no 03 o^ -ru' noJlo ,aliX vxoll-.'iofc ni i ni: lol Tixil-- -3*10 ai o7x Lius *133*0 \.Xxionii:.o *10 ilioc'-ob lo ainio;, I .st oTolacf ,\l3i^ib9nnii \-rt?cfXor:3 [niooa ” oriJ nl" : ibfrx. nuozl' ,£nxuniinoO . j a al i roiifi onui-.J orl'* nox i ox liaei lo svi^I •x.Id'jinoi deoijpnr s'-^vXXco , noiXfiXrrvicq ojJi lo qjjoxs oX^nij jjajj'LsX aili lo iio-,. li *ilJ "’iBlftn oi au iilsaoili ?’ riii?.’ fcsxnuaBn i iIXc, . ^ionS Pr XiS'ii. iXif'o inolx-; n3Xij a'xsX P,nl.:iori ux JX ,*f-^-va\7oH .^xoxi If the issue were carried into the open many would dismiss it with »I don't like Jews; I don't want to associate with them', assured that the 'good Jew' is an exception who may be granted relief individually. This attitude is perfectly satisfactory to any mind - except one which resents being stigmatized as , 'prejudiced ' " (1) To be sure there is some balm in Gilead, for the large cosmopolitan University of Chicago exhibits little if any dis- crimination against the Jews, and Roman Catholic colleges such as Fordham, Notre Dame, and Georgetown seem to be entirely free from prejudice, y/hile President Lowell and Nicholas Murray Butler will alvv'ays be remembered as the original leaders of the movement to restrict the enrollment of Jewish students, it might be v/ell to outline briefly what happened at Harvard. In June 1922, President Lowell, in an address at the graduating exercises, brought the matter of the large Jewish enrollment out into the open and recommended a full investi- gation by a committee of the faculty and the board of trust- ees. In April 1923, this committee made a report to the Board of Overseers for the University which read as follows: "in the administration of rules for admission Harvard College maintains its traditional policy of freedom from (1) Broun, Heywood and Britt, George, "Christians Only, ft p. 85, 86. tZisovf '^nBur c:oqo ./maiicl d'jhi oi^Zooaaa o:i J rgv- d'rtox) I ;£iwoG ^iU£ i'nob I’ dd'JrR’ bo:^rn5'T; eJ ’;/?m ocivr rtn.i^Jrroo^co ns aJt Jboojj' adj- te^uaai; Tldoe'l'xac ui ot'jjIodB af.HT' , -XX8;.fblvxbfi± ‘lailoT c < j^niscf ar^nesi'i. doirlw -ano "qoox.o - baler Oo *' ( C) . » f>oolbj7^9-‘iq» 9 i'tijX ©:'i io‘i ^bf:r*I/-v xii ltIbo ©ctoa BToric o'use eeJ dT -e/b Li olvlr^il sr^icfirixo oiaoirlj lo *;::He o ;*XXoo Dviorfvifl^- nano.', farra .awoG ©riJ ^siiiaga .'Toi^taAixrriio ' ^no‘ ©t: o.i moss nv/orte ,T;osb biia ^ana. ^idBCibio^ bu . oolbulo'iq jo'i't ©f;v*il Cl w ‘lold'i;" •^a'X'Xtr*" BaXodoiFl bra IXevroj :t.-iObie 9 ‘i ’5 ^ftanievo'; ori^ lo s'loleoX Xariljii'To ©r'J bb be*iodi::jno't oc srawlB 91/ d-c' lii cti ?.:trTobi;d3 t lo inoirillo'int odo joi'i^r.©'! oo .biamsr’ ria uBiieqaa'i' -tniCw ^IZel'ic ©nilciuo orJ XIovi* orf;t -tfl aae'ibL.a /ib ni .XXev/oJ Inobiaor^i ©nut- al :ielnroT> e^-TcaX ©xi^ lo ©rfi Jjr iro'xc ^aoelc'toxe I -i.ic.©vrii IIltI b balrrormooe'x baa nsqo add odni rti/o ^aeciXIo'xcro -iain;} 'io biao odi f»fiB r-Xx/osl add lo. oai^icenioo a vc nnldB^ Xiao' ©rfj od’ d^or9'T 3 abam B^ddl/'-'roo aldd ,^S9I Xi^qA ni . 39 © : 'dv;oIXo‘i sb J aen loiriw -’^virtU aiJ lot 3'i©9ri*r©v0 *io r£oieeinTls '_ eelurr 'to xioioa'ida.^rf^iaba orld mottl j-uoX’O ‘f9 'io iBnoidlbB^d aJi uni adnlBia ©^©IIoG \'’"Xrr:/ unBidel'iilt)'* tn-vioor ^ddI'xE bne luowvoR .nsjo'x^ (£} .86 .56 . c discrimination on grounds of race or religion. Concerning : proportional representation, your committee is unanimous in recommending that no departure he made from, the policy that has so long approved itself - the policy of equal opportunity for all, regardless of race or religion. Any action liable to in- terpretation as an acceptance of the principle of racial dis- crimination would to many seem like a dangerous surrender of traditional ideals. ”(1) The Board of Overseers was not v/illing to become a party in a "dangerous surrender of traditional ideals" and accepted the committee recommendation thereby postponing but not ac- tually ending this burning matter. President Eliot Aind Successor It is highly interesting to read in "The Changing Years" lj by Norman Hapgood about the discussion he had v;ith President Eliot, of Harvard, regarding the selection of his successor: "He told me frankly why he did not favor the leading possibility, Hr. Lowell, and brought out Ms ovni choice, Mr. Jerome Green. I then presented the name of Mr. (I Louis D. Erandeis. Dr. Eliot was delighted. The j question of social prejudice was far from giving him concern. Rather it added to his enthusiasm.. On that |i part of the subject he said, 'I am a Unitarian. It 1 ; would please me to be followed by a Jew. You Imow ! r (1) Levinger, Lee J. , "The Causes of Anti-Semitism in the !; . United States," p. 15. - 18- ' , - t:o 'id no noli,. :.lri’-zo-uyb tu lu-roir, lasings o^^-t j-;_w:io.o i;ro-^ tnoi;:f nrfjx^naiqo^: Cnfrolo^^iioo-o^fr- r inci-i joiloq o.:c^ • od 3<-£f'i-icqad on '.'IJjrrof.irxno-- « •o'! ,:::fxnr/^‘iO'. ro I cup® 0:c v-oxloq oda - bovc . . ; i r-nc^x ni o^- -‘XdalX rnxici-od '^r' .::ox^,ix 9 'i ^rc ^on-x ’to sr-ald'-x^ ..Cxd - . j.cloB'i 'lo oXqxonx'^q jiiX ‘-o a j _ 3oa)U rid' aa xtcXj ao‘ox '''ioct., •io ne^nonniio nad n t^dlX xr>oa qnam ad dXnov; noidaa -I'lo. •X4 d vi bi Xano.- ’•daxd’ ^d‘xx :• onioooX od .:J^XXXt/ ; "^on Kav/ a'to ja*xo70 la dxcoa O’-yi' docf'roaoa fm /'aX«o‘- Ma oXdroaxd 'io ‘lodrio'ix/.-X^’^no^x^ cX -Di- .' ' •^o.r d^cf C;xr:o %;''.) :oi : aidcdrfax'j-icoex o i .'T'addattf^jjpid'rxifj aidJ vxudiio qXXer/a^ >!PX-- ^ a i I b ; : on -' •v:aji; . . n; o/n -i daax .; t vIX 3 ^ j-7 .IO*!': r' Mv: b:4f{ o- noXcaxroa'L. '.Id'-dno bcd^:,fi.. rr?/.xo^^ -v^' ' :xo.:aaoDx.: ai. 'JEto', rro 'dooXoa 3^-'d , ,. ' xe-'Di /'xx- xa* lo ida ’Iir inis../ 30 1 o.:j : x-va'a don bib o.i '^ilrr [Xinani > - qu^* oo^ocio r:\ro ai:f iuc i a-- * ' diiant J , ,x ^-; j id lauo-a .'I O'r’.'i.i 10 o ,d . oanoao'i'' ,^, x;. *. '^o'T'D arro^Os, « _= oi. . 'Dd aov/ doXX' ,«-r ,^'Doaai:' .v s/’x.. 00 Xbq'oix; Xj i iooa 'io no ‘do ./Jo ' ^IfL c-l i o ,; .da lorii j0f?? . :oorrco 1 ' r ‘oa jxi do- ' .'.o'l/a orld" lo drr .7C‘Xrr fi, .'-rsT, n Do^'oXXoa f»c ot art oaaol o .Xac r; OX: nX ^:aIdL',od-";.di. ^o :;oai7n those seven men (the overseers) and v;hat chance he will have, hut I shall be pleased to put his name before them'."(l) Christian Exclusiveness What is the situation in the professions - medicine, law, teaching? It is freely admitted that the Jews have extra- ordinary ability to pass examinations (they have real pov;er in application and perseverance; they have a definite purpose in their study) and partly because of tbds fact the medical colleges feel they would have a student body composed largely of Jews if they accepted all applicants on the basis of scho- larship. Even the Schools of Medicine connected with Catholic Universities share the opinion of the Protestant and the un- denominational Schools of Medicine and frankly refuse to ac- cept Jev/lsh applicants after their quota has been reached. It must be admitted that some Catholic institutions, because they are dependent upon Catholic support, feel it would be unfair to accept a large proportion of Jewish students but this argument is rather specious for no such sense of unfairness seems to concern them when it is the Liberal Arts branch of the University in which the Israelites wish to enroll. Jev/ish students know definitely the policy of many of the medical schools and because their desire to become physicians is so intense they often apply to foreign schools for admission. A student in St. /uidrews at iiundee in 1928 wrote back: "'There (1) Hapgood, i'Torman, "The Changing Years," p. 49. - 19 - ' • -^O'r .fio 14 . irfw iy.ii ( J*io ^ j'l'jvo o^fu) n.^,"; [tdVQz .">^or^^ '-.icifjj. :f.o. ,;.,J oJ 4 qoXq od XIodT :; .v^sl .orr^oiaor;^ - aaoir od:i' A' xioi^arjixa odcf :i/ inxAV -rrX-:o -,v4,K 3t;3X orC; fc-li b..-;xXni;3 .-iVo-i'i ,^4 jj .--iroao^ 'X*jr/oi] o'-^ 3d ) .".rfo _J-...'aJ:r'L :ty 3 3 ^:;j!q o:f .u.’.'i.c.'H '''r 'ir. r.^oq'Tjjq oJ-^all;..^ >3 ov.:d jgr.V j ^pna'iovoaioq bnii no v; -ollqqs aJt i£5 ...... >oa Oil. ioa'z Lcii lo oor.iood lct'T 4a^ 7 bns ( ni ^-iD-T-sr 1)000 roD ^5 ocf cfn b;7:tc orod '.Ii/ow qodj^ Ioo'> oo-oICoo -orloo -o ortxf no act fLOo.ii'qqo ';Xj8 ::oJ, ^rc . 3Vf^r. jo'l o.Uodcto ‘ 'y3Z00r.r:D0 r. \-a.tD^bo:i 1- o^rox.oS ocx:t. r.ovU .q-rlaial Ddct bcLS .tn5 T,3 -;ctor; odct 'ic n;Xnf:io od; O'Hara .:o ~')a o:t o :o.f:t 30 ir. 30 'M •' oXIodct cti^dcf linba 3 ^ 'll'', ^fo <(S aXwc/kV J> loo :. j.72 OjIcnJ’oO nor^i '^zz l.'lu^ oX) o'ja.,i -I rJ. jr;*x.Li. 0 0 Ifuj lo acn'^a ^3;ic *: on o^c’ooco ':. e.’ r rcoru/s'io -.D 37'!.. j.f;?'rodU .1* cl no nv fTo.i'c/ a'ln^nco orf'va.iooa iaxt/3i. .XXon-no .' oi /fa : aoct.'IranaX o/iV Uw nX qctXonovinT odi Xco. .'3KT i^r. . -O \‘i‘v: ,; /q loXXoQ ^Xoi iji ’‘‘ioo i/om' - 03 11 ona'oioqdq i- coac 01 onla^.a ootfooocf .;.i.a iXcodoa’, A .noI..al. • n :c" oXo-odoo _ . n^^on : .£••;- a ooilo aanofa?- ano.-rx'" ::loo..i ocfov./ oSdl nX 00 .unrivj. rin ar/onftr . nX .t. .. ..acta • - . ''toocer ;;nX'j.'i3dO ariT'* ^rr.'' are seventeen Americans in the second year here. All are Jewish with the exception of one who is a Negro.’ The expense, the difference in methods and associations, the uncertainty of getting hospital appointments later at home - all these factors and perhaps others make it a disadvantage to study medicine abroad. But what can the Jewish student do after he has been prepared and been refused at home? He can try to get in - even as far away as Manila or Siam - or he can turn towards dentistry or pharmacy. " (1) There are some leading Jewish physicians who deny that there is any religious or social intolerance in the medical schools; they maintain that abo^it seventeen percent of all the medical students in the United States are Jews - a fact v/hich is true as will be noted in the appended table: Total Jews Enrollment Baylor University College of Medicine 345 14 Boston University School of Medicine 413 200 University of Chicago, Rush Medical College 305 75 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 245 46 Creighton School of Medicine 240 18 University "of Georgia Medical Department 139 14 p. 153, - 20 - ' QiA IjL* .OTCOrf ‘lisox: Lnoooc; orf^ nl .irtBoi'ioaiA Kooinevos eiB jOfiiisfpco 9riT ’ .o'xr.aH a ai oil‘.v eno xo noidttjeoxe en':; jr(:tlw aeiv/3f> lo ,;:tiTi;i5J‘‘XOon‘j ©rfd- ^ arro^^Blooeeja ''‘fTB ano;(^©iri ni' ooiiB'io't'lif) ©i.'d’ r 5 *xo^ob1 dfcOiit IXfl - rrov-tc a^rrani/f MqqB iBd Iqaofi jOtj oflioxroin oct 0295:trLEvhj3ei:Jb b ©jIstx 3'i9ri:to eqaii'iaq i>nB f[ RBii erl '16 j"Ib ot c^nabywc lialvoT, ad;? nao iarfw itry .bco'ida -* f' L d’s^ 9^^ ?9fffOii :ta " - a ; '.fawo:t n'lir:^ nao o/I 'lo ''Pld 'xo sixrpjl sjq ‘jatrB 'ra'i as rtav© (I) .:osi7v'ipr:q 'lO Y'i^3i:^rr95 ^.Qxid- ’:n9l. oi(w fc/TPioIe^riq r’sh/^jZ yii. ael omoa ©'Xp aiorPT Xaoir ou oni ni anaa'ieloviai Ir.looa 'lo 2Xoi i^fTB al o'larf^ ITz ‘io ^rr-onac noacfnevee tfi.'0d3 >inrij ciZactiiXs.i? jaXobiZoa Joul f> - -tr©T, ©«xp 3d:tBd-3 baJ iiiU odJ n’ nd'nabxrrt’* iBoXboxf ebO’ '> {) ,- :ardo5 ib^i ':C;B 9.‘4^ ni -iSXOx: Od ZlX'r/ sc 9L'*I . aX f(cXdW « 1 EWot, I-:ZoT rcft" onfolb^H 'io o. eXIo:. 'jllaiovZijid 'xol'^cir oos onloXbo:: ":o loon'oE /a Zss'ioviriJ noztaoh' laoXboM dcwll ^o-coXdC Xo i^JIsiovXoJ av 30C 0-2 oXXoO •jlO 03 ©XIo^ XcJcr.rt' oKt'd 'lo rdi a*^ievl-fi: ai* ©r.XolbdJX 6X 0>2 onXoZbei*. lo loorfoC. iioaii3 ±o*i0 rpoXi-o:. oX'iooi? lo.^T^IaiovX.rj •M esi ;lr.orf.t'' cicefl \~ra:} BfjnX Z^ifT.;” Jbop doowy:^:_ ^nxrorrP (I) . Total Enrollment Jews George Washington University Medical School 290 79 Hahneman Medical College, Philadelphia 455 49 Harvard University Medical School 510 46 University of Illinois College of Medicine 575 198 Indiana University 420 24 Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia 592 116 University of Louisville, Medics.! ' Department 350 52 University of Kansas School of Medicine 233 16 , Marquette University Medical School 345 44 University of Maryland School of 1 Medicine 413 200 University of Michigan Medical School 636 88 I : Ohio State, College of Medicine 324 48 University of Oklahoma Medical School 200 4 University of Pennsylvania Medical School 469 70 University of Pittsburg Medical School 260 30 University of Southern California ' College of Medicine (first and classes only) 92 16 I; second year University of Syracuse Medical School 182 40 Temple University, Philadelphia 290 95 University of Tennessee College of Medic ine 405 23 8 3 . /9 Z j f£97l II o 'X'rtS ..svinTJ noyc,azti&n7 oiTosO G? 002 Xoorfo3 IjeDlOji-' ' 1 ,9Ii»XIoO Ib oiboir iLi^noiisUjK ^ e^ aei^ j^ziicilsbiiJiidK oia X 0 0 rf 0 ; o x 0 9L< i i j x j’/i aU b'lH vt sj^^sX.CoO aioniLlI ‘io /ia'J 351 ava aaioifoQJI lo i^bi \jSit- \r^ i ^::97liiO Bn^xbitl ,3;;.'9iXoO iBOibG— aoa xa'llGL 0X1 2ce Bi.i n , ibBllrli IoG0f)9lC , 9 CX lo \;tl -r:oviiil? 5a oas XtIGXTiTBL ad to looiHod to \;uX3X9VxnU di sss a TioibaxL a*iS JCoido2 iBOXboir to Xoox£o8 f •'. rv'i^‘1 lo a i'-^vxnU oos; airxbibs.I 88 dsa Xoo.'dcj XBuibGlI lo ^^^iuxavinU 8^ >2S 9 tii 0 i bo.'I 1 0 o-%o XX J i o i rfO 0 0 , i 8 002 Xoorfo3 I^oibsrr /3;uo:XbX:^ 0 lo '^Jij'xovinO OV Go;^ Xoo;Xo2 XboidvIT jjxni: /C'-n .'ina'I ':o viiv.Z'j-vtn^J OS 002 Xoo.ioS X^ioiba.C ^ 1 . ial. cG to jiiiixolxXuO iirLOLJuat to vtlx'x^viuU Ju’jxl) onioib/J lo S39XC 0 O ai 20 (^Ino i*9i3jc5Xo T[:;9\^ u ^ .xi c> Xoc.-foS Xvioxbs’l G^i.'o^T'^S lo ^Xiioxavi 10 eo 002 AiXrlqXabBlx.-'l , ”i 1 x'rovxnJ aX':^~^T # to s^jeiioO 99u;£9niioT 'lo \i-tli3 xoYinll d.O^ I • X.- - Total Enrollment Jews University of Texas Medical School 310 10 Tufts College Medical School 486 189 Western Reserve Medical School 241 41 University of Virginia Medical Sch( »1 245 16 Yale University School of Medicine 215 42 10,225 1,903 (1) These data were obtained in 1930 by Dr, A. J. Rongy, a noted gynecologist (Jewish), of New York City and one of the ; I that the colleges are Jewish physicians who believes medical | not unfair to the Jews. The figures indicate that out of ’ I thirty leading medical colleges outside of Nev/ York City, ! 18 G/10 per cent of the students were Jewish. But - these | i figures do not prove there is no discrimination against Jewish : medical students for the figures fail in any way to take cog- | nizance of the numbers refused not on the basis of scholarship,', it is feared, but because they are not Christians] I i It must be admitted that a state university has a dlffi- jj cult problem on its hands as evidenced by this report from the , University of Alabama School of Medicine: : I ”If we should accept all the Jewish applicants from || the Northeast v;ho offer three or four years preparation |; and whose references as to character, etc., seem satis- factory, we should fill up our freshman class twice (1) Broun, "Heywood and Britt, George , "Christians Only^’p. 148-y50 - 22- I I lijdoS’ sraT> Oi Of.^ Loorio^. I-eOxLfi&lr fi-SXGT- /lo ''C^isrroTlnl)' 981 68:^ ioo rfoc X fj 0 o iL ©3 & X Xo ' 1 lijj'i' It- 1^9 Xoo.'voX X.aol53^ ©v^'ocoX. ineXeav;* Df 5>S Xooifr.S X.Qi:N>©U ©fnls^cXV "lo rJiaiavIniJ f': 2i:> •5X2 oi,?J-o:i59'r lo loniioZ ’:a': 0vl lU ©IjgV (X),,S02. C2S;,0X I .X . t . 'xCT xo 0C9X fxl i)'^nX>o *ao u‘'t6w iSJaX) ©eo/u' ©rfX ia Qrjo '.’ .B ^ctXO i.^toY v/3PI 'la ^(:IaXv/o'C) Xax, ,,oXoooxr^g, bovorx., o-_x: a©ji'0l.rao '.'rioXfjrr ^.-j . neyoXXec^ orlvx i^/fBXoia rrlq ' a'ci c?/3T, 'to 'duo oc^’aoXf rt ’’ >''''tirrX^ ©n)? . ’wsl, c'/fX oX 'iXaXn:' Xoni :*i''..»'i'‘ v;0,r t ‘r sSIav o i>o;^olloo Xfio^L©!” if X 'iiv.io - &ti8. . v'zcn c-iiAJbuXe arid- Jnao 'ivr oTyB 81 .f3lv/<©X XsfT'-.o/ B • rnX'ioeXft oix 3X a-iorij cvo'iq don oo ,X‘i -:,CD d://3d od -^i^s -:x llc'i aortr/^ ll odd *io*l edrre: ode X©oXD»rrt - wTGXor. ?u o cl - 9 3 cT rid no don b^’Sc-^o*! tiv&^'unfin ;^rfd *to oofta^ in . i '.sir, ^''l f:oriO don 9*ia art.- s^ i 'nootS :tm' ^connol a'l j:i -xlliij fl and \:diai9viru; odeda a d©dd fioddin-^n a . dl ©lid .TjO'il dnoqon ai li rd XisoiToXiXvo cb C' lOff sdX no co-I ionq :>Xlo : Xo Xoo£lo8 ainac.'^BXA ';d 7d : aneviniT cio'i l adirBoilqaa dslwat- odd ila .iqaooc ' X;T>da ev/ "iiH notdr.notionq nr ai 'r.o ooi:J na'I'io od?/ dant idnoif odd -oidBB ri^»oa ^.o^e ^nodosiindo od na o-ono*' oao. •* onn oo/vi’i ^esr.-) rertijQTl ntro qn Ixi'l ortrcdc. o, t /rcdooi 05^: .-X , \X' Gn;iidaiid8'’ ^ognooi.. < 'iiifl &xib 5qov^^oF ,nnr>n'8 'I) over and exclude all our native sons. Obviously this be unjust to the people who support the State ; would University. ” (1) ' I I But when a lad has a cacoethes for becoming a physician ! and is not allov/ed to gratify this yearning merely because he !i i' committee on Ij is not of the same religious persuasion as the but one more ; admissions in a college of his own state, it is I i i of an anti-Semitic complex, evidence j I I ' ' A Jewish Medical College ? ji It has been suggested that this question of discrimination ij might be met by having a Jewish medical college. Some Jews |i |i lift their hands in horror at this suggestion maintaining that || I; !' they do not wish a medical Ghetto (a residential Ghetto being '1 |i about enough in the line of religious restrictions) while !i others prophesy that such a College will be born within the next few years, founded no doubt, by some of the many forward j: looking, philanthropic, wealthy Jews, I ' Dislike Of Unmannerly Eeople . i V/hat is the real basis of this fixation against Jewish i, medical students? This is not an easy matter to sift to its - , foundation indeed it is a most difficult one. The medical colleges, in some cases, endeavor to use delicacy and finesse in dealing with the question, but reduced to lowest terms it (1) Broun, Heywood and Britt, George, "Christians Only," p. 151, 152. '".e'loe •rjjo Ila obuXoxa f?fie 'lavo e:tj3j3 orld“ i^dciqjjF. od'>': ©Iqoeq ori;' od' eta >:', ru/ ^ f bXjj-ov/ *' fl) . Y^~^stovXnU aiiXoXs'j;nq b ^.^nAmoooef 'lo'i £oxiW^oo£o aari Botiw itj8 baX b : 9.-f eav^BOoef ',;Ie'ibrT ^nXmae^ alird od’ towoIXa ocxn aX bna rf<3 a>,e.jXXxurt^o or^d’ a.a noIaxii;ET[eq ai/oX^iilO'i odd" lo dorr eX dxjff s I ono di ^ dada f.\7o aii. iO ogoXXoo a nX arro JaaliriXia .:;©Xcm!oo o tdXjrt-. - '.Jao ob 'lo oor't-bXv3 1 *« ?o?,€)X Xt:>C) Xr-oltp’., 'gXv.oL j\ r. 'r};.in/.'a.?'ioa *i.‘ noXdasuD eXiid darfd b&deo'‘;'.;;a n-'-ioc ej-.rf dl . ewal. ar:"" .•^ olXoa XsoXbanr xfsXws-" b 2^--^''''^*^ Y- drivXis;- r darIX 7 rr.'ri.fBdricn noXJa9,32X^c aX^d dja 'xc’,iorI ffX t' rtad 'rXer'd ’''iXX r.nloc c .tdenX Xs'driot i at i b) oddoil: Ir.oXhen: a j'eIw doa ob .^orfd ‘ ol.'.dn,’ (aao Moj *id86T[ af/oXjiXX©*! xo o/iJX on'd nl .; u'-'rre. d-x:o 0bd '~’r:dl\/ Da XX.‘T; )7>9 XXq' a !Xdi.'e darfd vEorfqoiq a*rs. .'nBT;T:oX '/xicr Didd lo enroE ^do/oJb oi f sbriijo'i ie\ wd'i dxort , .'’.v/gX v;idlB9w oXi.p'irfjfCsXXriq , rliicoX ’.oXqoo^ vX*roflj:3J o - Xu x2 , lia 'v.’Oi, -anja 3 ncXXaxXX eirfd sXsbc IbS'i ©r’d pX dijrT” ndi od d’IXe od laddBi. EXiiT ?edn9r-jjda [BOJbom XboXF'Cu-' erx .one dXuDf.l'iXJb dfeo.u jc eX dX fjeoijy l - noXdBl i/ol GEeenXl exta YOBoXXof:! oatt od 'lov^ofenc- »?.Da;:o ox oe I'X ^ao^elloo -’ ' a' : dl ec-iod Xedv-jX bGOLrbeD: dixc; ^iioddeDup x.'d -'dXi.' ;.XXBeb od ; nX _ -0 r *j ”^7:X«' araiJeJif'C’- .G.j'roer bixa bcov.'v^" ^nuo*iC (X*) v/ould seem as though they have a fear of heing over run by the uncouth and unmannerly, ^lerscnally unpleasant, rather loud, aggressive and pushing group of Jev/s which exists today in any city v/here there is a considerable number of them. To be sure, balanced against this assemblage, can be found the mild, well mannered, agreeable, refined and cultured Jewish group which is persona grata with many Christians, but as yet these Jews are not in the majority and so all Jev/s are penalized for the shortages of some--a sorry sts.te of affairs and one that v/ill take many years to remedy. It must not be forgotten that originally the Jev/s came from Europe to escape from persecution and degradation and it should not be expected that all of them can become free from an inferiority complex and its manifesta- tions at once--the Jew found himself making "a choice between the feebleness of self-obliterat ion and the strength of self- insistence.” Some Jev/s are self-conscious always of the un- friendliness and hostility v/hich often surrounds them; they feel and evince a kind of aggressiveness towards their neigh- bors Y/hicli is but a proof of their misery, but, at the same time, helps to make the prejudice against them more acute. Christian Pride of Possession in the Medical Field , "The medical profession," writes Heyv/ood Broun, “is a fraternity, bound by oath, v/ith certain privileges and ob- ligations. And so the fraternity, venerating its past, selects and ordai ns v/hat successors it wishes, the neophytes - 24 - ' :S ' V. « ' . .Sf*' '. ' < I . "T ---*-^ orfi fi.v'i :rovo 2 :ii:ec^ l:o x-r-st j5 aviirf i^y^oircf uti 92 i^Inow *' - 11 ri^U'OruJ ,bnoI 'XdfItsT .iiiiiaasXqno y, 3T q»t , ‘^iTdaruvrami r.i z^iboi' u-aixo Xdx:{\/ gv/sL Io quo'r^j ^iiina.':-; ooo 9vi ; je'T'^axi 9 scJT 1x^:3 ^^'.jX JuiDauxi iiJi j"jrt.r.:.:-=i> bapn.-^Xiscf Tf'j ,i)Xi:3 9iXi bfiuol , , b^'ianritjxn ZXsv •j;uo'r3 iljXiiTDT, bsiutit/o biin 5pni‘ipi , , y^iTSUt sn dei :pr. 2I ;.'oixiu J9V. iL'of , ^ixji .‘^si'rrfO riii?; TO- b9siXxjns(i 9 'xj3 oiroT, II;.: oe b«3 0 li ai *vn ot-o ts-. oao ban I .1 i>i i^Tioa ..--pcoa 'io josaJTOiia orf^ ia:ri rto^'io^TOl oX Xon Rufina ;il . xhoiuaT oJ 'ii39y'’ .;nam %liv; loi - 09.:T9 cioXi *10 CX*i J.irf' bo^OH^-Xtt 9u ^oa i.Iao.'fa il b.x. nox x.ibiJTa >b f)na ’ - .i oliaxJOT sJx bix3 .coX-.frtco •^.tiToi'i^'inl n.i laozt 99tJ or.ioxo aso aoxoao a” vat .im *tXf .:inxu :^.:uol 3 '. 9dS--norto l-J G;.->xi ->£03 *^0 9 iii biiB noxi i-xoi iXii -^Xss 'bo i joaelo >3'i -J-Xl * -na oXi *10 i'iXif/XAi J-JO Jt:0^-‘iX03 OT ^ , 9Dl*9i3£Si;X ''vl.dxlJ ;iaoXJ jaffuaiTwa aoJbo rioxjrf'.T x’’ -c)rf baa aconiXbnoxxl • “.•{• > 0 n 'xx9:ii G' x«;#o^ a .oni- lo bniix u ooairs :'nxj Xao'l .Juo liarf^ xo *iooTrt c tu j ,9i:rxJ . iLD- jTOa: 90ibuf,jT ~ ’ :1 i .iX •*'' • bXaxU .X^-„'J bypbt .•~>tl3’, ni, aox s 1 «s.sc :o 9wi,x> TXr “ Ix>oiXcii 'jifT" a ai" ,ii^oz'X. boowxoH isXiTw , RDXasti'iuTq xfji'.T ,.i.V',o ' X brujocf laxai.:*!'!: -a'o bns 39 ; oX^TXT ai.iiToo 7 ‘ 3 ^i ^[iLi‘:Ziui3v rSl.:Z3X£.z\ i. I oa ba** .an i. . 7.XX , , 3:-'^ ,39.'£-a£ r ii at :• laoD^J'a a-; b;bTi a: aJ'-oXoa entering "by act of grace and not of right. Doctors enjoy warming themselves hy this distinction, hut it is not of great practical influence in keeping out Jews.” (l) Dr. Frank Gavin (a priest of the Episcopal Church) avers that ’’people come to dislike that v/hich violates the privi- ledged position they wish for themselves, their ideas or their expueriences . They cherish their pride, their ideas, and their experience v/ith a jealous and almost suspicious solicitude which resents the slightest aspersion on their intrinsic superiority." (2) Could it he that many Christian doctors, for so many centuries, the leaders in the field of medicine resent the idea that their chosen vocation may not always re- main full and he in their hands hut might eventually fall to a greater extent into those of the Semitic race? It is a matter of record that no religious prejudice is felt at the great Mayo Clinic or at the Mayo Foundation, a part of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. There is a Jew on the faculty of the Foundation, on the staff of the clinic, and in keeping with these facts is the report that out of two hundred and thirty-seven Fellov/s studying under the Foundation, six are Jewish, and they were chosen because they ”v/ere among the hest applicants available." (1) Broun, Heywood and Britt, George, "Christians Only," p. 132, 133 (2) Landman, Isaac, "Christian and Jew," p. 186,187. - 25 - Christian Unwillingness to Share Y/ith the Kehrews In the Lep;al Field . The Jewish law students have a different experience from their medical school brothers. They find no difficulty in 'becoming enrolled in the most famous lav/ schools of the country. Even Universities that m.ade it difficult for Jewish students to enter their medical schools have no feeling against enrolling as many Israelites as seem fitted for mem'bership. But the awakening comes when a Jev/ attempts to be placed in a Gentile firm. To be quite frank and candid, the old Gentile firms which for generations have concerned themselves with banks, corporations, and estates are sufficient unto them- selves, replenishing their ranks (depleted by death only, as a rule) from the younger genera,tion of their members’ families and rarely, if ever, accepting a. Jew. To be sure there are a few outstanding Jewish firms that belong to this "privileged and aristocratic guild" , but they fill any vacancies in a similar manner to the old Gentile firms, so that the aver^.ge Jewish graduate student finds him- self with entree to second or third rate lav/ offices only. However, if a Jev/ish student has secured unusually high grades in the lav/ school and is possessed v;ith determination and ambition (and they generally are) the gates of success v/hile not ajar are certainly not locked as witnessed by the notable recognition given to such men 8-s : Louis Brandeis, -26 - i Hi .xfixj^ - r .H G oi 3^ecr x 2 •. iO . blejc^ otii gl doni>i'xo ,:^:3 in^i’:'>T:'lib j3 av,i;ii jinsrLfi's w.j£ iji y!rv .'C 3 --. j itioxl'iib Y on bni't vorTI' . BT^riio'ia' looHoa iBoib^^ai risH? .jo'i'i 9ild xo iXooriDj yc-ji. 6:no dil*Vb>l jo't tlfJoJtJllb ix inrii -..Hixi jxoYiaU .lavZ . ^rJaLoo a:;ia^;j5 salX'jsx on avxirl ^looifos I.ojtbsnr rxsrli xoiria oi . •i:xlarB\i'iat?m io,7 bBitii :a ^raici ya "niXXo'xrro fix bBOXiXq vg"'', a 9d oi jiqiisiia « asrfvr ssr.too > nxn 95{ ;'.*Q or'i iuS jXlifioX) tXo ods .'itaeo bta; -foexl sixxp oo' o'’-' .mxxl -oXtinoP it AJl iv ';J9vX;?3f!i‘3r{i bsnTdorioD ov-jsH uno r "jionoa lol HoxH’y amixl -norli oini; iiiji o x oia ons nn^-xi-x :o ttoo :’ffiscf , j 3 ciii ,' u :u rfiaob vi I>9i:*^ ; )b} 3ila-3x 'xisrfi li 3iiXH iiuX , uT , xOvXoa asfXxniijG ’-'xaJ^iem -rioHi 1o noiiBion^p •xy^riXo'c oa'i tnoTl: foXiiT a . --G a r aii.Tooo; .x-sV'o li - Xoxai broi . i .;Hi y. r£,*i rixl vsG aai uax^iL-s Juo v/9 't .! aia oiord 3 iij j j J ' ^e:fi iuH .'’oXiu., oii^vio.^i too b^^saXivI'X.. ” jia'i ui ^ijoC-jA -* ( - t oi-ineO bXo o:l^ oi i^miani T^iixu a nx joiartBoav ilil - ua ibul’t ir:o5x/iu oix:L!X,.GT3 HslwsTi a; nsva tu£i iaHi 03 ,2.:;ti‘l ,y;Xao aooi'ixo w ; : eiai bncooo oi oiiiao Jiiw 'iXaj xif »t 59'xrooi or-H inobuio .i Gx vov7o:* . nor Ja.ilmieisb - Hi^ b0B^?3J0 : sx biu^ Xo^ia 3.:j nx o-5?u,*.X3 .3‘?oobs "io i:iag aifi (Via '^XXatoaov .'J bit'-) noitJ-im-, Laia K> 9xi:' \|cf b^yaonii,? ac boaooX ion 'iXai.'si'tD o oia i; a oXiujr ,^X3bi«5‘x^i 3x oJ : ja aoiH ifjjja V oi ns/x^ aoi ilnsoo'jx oXoxjioii . Ll,>. V . Felix Frankfurter and Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Teaching; Situation Does prejudice play a rt in the teaching profession? In the public school systems of large cities v/hich drav/ their instructors from a rated list (based on scholarship and teaching ability) no religious or racia,! prejudice interferes with the appointment of teachers and this procedure is a plume in the cap of educational d emocracy, but small country schools, and private schools, including the colleges, have no such record. To be sure, in small rural communities the Jew, like the Roman Catholic, is not as s.cceptable as a member of the Protestant persuasion because he cannot become a leader in any Protestant church movements and take an active part in the social life which so often centers around the church. This situation also exists in small denominational colleges and cannot be offered as an evidence ofprejudice. The chances for appointment in the larger colleges are not frequent and although it is not impossible to be appointed an assistant instructor the opportunities for advancing to professorships are few and far between. As Heywood Broun, after careful examination of the facts, expresses it: "Tlie lower grade faculty positions in most of the big colleges are fairly open to Jews. The rub comes as they aspire toward advancement. A representation which begins promisingly on the ground floor seems to fade almost entirely before mounting to the peak of ' ,oc.->bi:rO axrii5’-,(.9S jbn.B i-3^'xy1:injstrU xilsL : jJ3 ‘^aLI QjG‘.*T ;:iT • « . 40 M rnoiaia'io': .^n-.ioxipj oxl:^ ni J'l 3j ^3 M.';I«-; so/b. Loi- 39oa .cfy^ nl 'rxorit wfl'xii n9X;;i' -^aiixo ar,'i^X Yo 3fn9Ja^::i £o rfo-j oi eio-^oxf'iinnx 6tui qxfla'ToXofloa no £> 9 : 1 x1 : ) isiX autl 3 j‘i:>'ixotr:i XiiloxiT *10 dU-iniXo’x Oii {vji xoa 3’£i'^c o b X-anoxX.: _0 o-'so s:'* ni Xc \;-xin:JO 0 IXxjma ivsd , vo^iOo..: .oXoOi'oa Of: Bvcd 3330X 00 oiiJ inibv:oai .aloorfoo oJ.:'::ir ‘>n<} , 9cf oT .'r-ooei. ivot^x r-' 'I' Txaoi 3100 Xjo^'lt Xlstaa iti.o: u , rsL aoi '*30 \>.’i 3 aI 1:0 xr -90 ii 3 £ •jL'i' 3 ^ ODO:: a;i ^or: :i ,wiXo “ *j' iii i3x X5)£):3 oX .'.loi'-'O Joftfiro Of! s*usjjso 9 noi iB' - 1 ? tru’ 5 3 «v ox^ 9 9:1.^ iix Ji:z\ oviio^ ru oifs atnsr ovorn riox"rfo . .i^JaaXoxX \:aa 3Xi{^ urio biii bnoois jxo^noo oo rfoifl^ oYxX X.:ioo 3 bft-a xor^'tXoo rssioi^B.iiiToadt CXsma ni aXaixo oxXa u.t blis 9a ionriAu 39 on-3 jlD sr" .ooibut x- lo oonobXvo fw 33 r-oxo'l'lo ofto j:i 9! p^x*! t-ja ox^s 09:^ 9X..oo xop-taX e-It ux Jno; :Xaio xol . Oii.^Xji iiXiSv-Xi 1X1 n.3 Jboixij- >0 od oi aXJi -jo< »tiX -‘.x ix ti xoXou.Jaax B ;iifoxo 13 jIcox i i^inioftavbB, xo'x 3&I tioJ/^xo wO on; " Joxtl boo aA .adxfy^'so xbI -.r- v *'t '^xb X 'i9'r*_o X9Vt- , .x^H aaX lo £ J-aiiiB-xs eX.xx:’ Xo-'T-i!: -jaT** : Xl .lo^.o.jXB , fi9»' o vXTxa't iXji b93-*IXoo ,'jXrf OfiX -o ^oo'' ui o-o^liaoo i t . ' :> » oJ . ao^oo J ix 3»f!I . 0 A . j jiouiooa' vf). . bXuwo3 aXt^Oii \i9fx^ 3 - >x xooXi broJoxp, ao i^Xv,. ialnox-x Xoi.' noi^aXa .j ^ X-o.:I .i ©l -ii oi aii.o '3 'io ;/ 9 ' oXt oX '»niw‘. 3o oni o-ioboii' a professorship (1) The Business World The social prejudice against the Jews exists to a marked degree in the business world. Writers like Bruno Lasker and Heywood Broun who .have made an intensive study of the situa- tion have no hesitancy in stating that the discrimination against the Jews in New York is appalling and furthermore it is not decreasing as the years move on. It v/ould seem as though employers offering positions (and the newspapers which carry their advertisements) have no compunction whatever in stating: ’’American Christians Only”; ’’Christians Only Need Apply”; ’’Gentile Preferred”, "As to types of v/ork, as a general classification, and begging allowance for many exceptions, it may be said that Jews in Nev/ York have more difficulty in obtaining secretarial and stenographic work, dictaphone operation, positions with public utilities, railroads, banks, insurance companies, lawyers’ offices, brokerage houses, the New York Stock Ex- change, hotels, department store salesmanship, book publishing except in the case of Jewish firms, aviation, and as a whole, in the home offices of large corporations of the first rank. On the other hand, lines of work comparatively easier for Jews to enter are: garments and fur trades, the textile lines markets, provisions, commission merchants, certified public (1) Broun, Heywood and Britt, George, ’’Christians Only,” p, 182, 183. I 1 ' ‘j f- 1 ‘iosi. 8 '2 an .1 a cff. e/iT? —‘‘, arfJ 1.0!5,3 iGlr.oe onl' \ ! bs'A'imt a oi sjb'X^:© swa"^- ier eDiXMJCOTq brt3 ^ioiicjsj. odcrcH ©V.'rl 8‘Taw J’T:V‘ .Pln^ >'/ ••.aar'* ai/d odv nl ©03:300 add- “lo’ oviC''!9;ini ts 0. r-^ri ovbi.’. oiiv/ lixro^E Jooovnror - _ ;i::},sri. 'n'3oa !’I> oci^ J«rjcJ .'xifSBCto n2 r;otiBJ bo:! on o rnri ngl;J/ ffoM evat» Ofl^ ;^an':cgB^ J .130 . bew si ^InoY nt * ^ ’ . *y, 2jC r.ooa olnow d"! ,no avon; e-iaav ad* £S 3n-fcieo3oe£» wori ai "oi;d\v a‘ionBo5V;©fi &r.'i bnn) anoidiaoq ^rrl'io'i'io e^OYc/.q-uC ri- 3iorfd- "33bo i i 'lavo^dvr ^fo.^domxqiiico ori av/srl {o^nenosid^ev&G £> ca;: v;in<' anB ;’'^.irxO ana.' ai-iriO rr-joi^^tiA” ;.,fxi4iiwa ; , 0103 . oi ilnqk '.ro ^:io ^^noixi’-ianlo l!-3vj\0£ a sr ,o‘XOW “Ic od a/d*. r.: , vrisin 30! ©or-av.'oJIe :.rti o^:' d:Bxtd :.>ij3C oc' , 8 snoldcxao;:o :• oval, 030 06 xri^iXio-'t'fo nt *c* Iuo.!.'’iit /r.d 'A^soY v;oVT rri .i'.. t.' ‘noi 0 Y' ‘lov/ onadc bna . r'.J'i.s? Bnoid ieoq , o’^ooo ^ i- ’ , Y; oiXc nj , ‘Vi:quC)d oonr.ooBn? ^ex'itB jCi>io3li£-3 ' I'll; * ’o^oywgX -*>:Y '^ocd’r :i3oY war -dv ^cosi/ori 03 a 3 do ‘i ^ 00 ' o‘';od?. ^avL:d*UBqaX ^aXeiod iiado 0 ViXrjtfd dood . qii:ei'rAr;t’dJx>6 Xqoo:;o ^'-Xoiiw JLI ::b Xra Y-^JBivc fleiv/eX. Ice oojao ©do aX ''•3 o.'rroxj odd txx . »?di ?o cftoi jx»3oq3 3 3 ar.3oX 'Xo b&oJIl'io 301 3 ©^ 8 eo '^I&v Idxi 3 Bar.c o 3i30w lo sonii odd 30 30*1 boa 6dftoiu3G : o3a 3©di a od bwoT , 'onXX olidr.ed add 1 oXXclrq i^ 0 ti:d3 ao .'^odo^an noXcsL-^auoo, ^onoXolvo^q .^ SirjBld2^3dC »as300r I ^'a boow^or 3 .3 (I) . ot - . Si'S X , .n W accounting, manufacturing, moving pictures and theatres, re- tail stores dealing in drugs, tobacco, radio, jewelry and the like, specialty shops and restaurants (although not Childs and . Schraff ts) ” (1) An endeavor to ascertain the reason for this bitter pre- judice that exists would seem to reveal the explanations that ! Jews are crude and loud, ’’restless, overly ambitious” and are | absent on Jewish holidays. The holiday absence is perhaps a legitimate reason for not employing many Jews in one establish-; ment but, strictly speaking, Christian employers are not over- i I concerned with this phase of the question. That the Jew is ' ambitious cannot be denied and this ambition makes of him an i I; energetic tireless v/orker who is not always pleasing to his jl Christian co-worker and employer. i; li In justice to the Christians it must be admitted that j j| there is a tendency in some Jewish firms to employ only a !l quota of Jewish help lest they earn the reputation of being a ii ’’Jew store” which, sad to relate, is a term of disparagement ' doubtless harking back to the popular opinion that to trade > at a store managed by Jews was to become a victim of crafty and shifty selling methods. (Prom the first edition in 1852 of Roget’s ’’Thesaurus” down to a recent edition, ’’Jew” was given as a synonym for: cunning, usurer, extortioner, heretic, lick- penny, harpy, schemer, crafty, and shifty - but in the 1932 (1) Broun, Heywood and Britt, George, ’’Christians Only,” p. 244, 245. : 1 ' ‘ ' • > I 'SJpy'j! . v'-vt '• ^ »* i J y. . « ’ * ' * • ' ’'/ ' - f' 'j ^.** • •- ',<' . * i>L. i S- '•^"i#£op- . iV'ClMB »i "Ifijti. rv ' ' ' •'^' • ' *' ' ':/ '' ’’. Sfe ^--: • -' , ' f-t; ;.rj:.'Jivvu'ia;^:” , , ' • - v'^.' < ';• , -J... ii’.' '...„, -. V,, ’ ' ;.' ttf ri ,1'-Jj •?;( v-f'X- ‘b' tti jrco ti ‘ .i. ' y' • .^(;n, *;;’ • a ?- oR&r brt 4). ^ -arK. ;.ii *' ’ .'• 'i-, \ / J’vi ., •:, xv: ; , oi|p';j|?;g^%-yc.. i. a-- ’;.''j'V Cl*-fc; ‘fo'' f I-f xci' :^-^-i:V' •6nx\^>y A^hixc ir4‘^^ \ ras-cr^y^ 1 viice.-.iU df j ?. , >.'.v .Tit '|J it ^ pj..:ic*t:i-n V J, . £?e ti.yL- ‘j(. ra.M* .> 'i ' r • . »v.4r ^ . .. ' .-t ^-y :.r^no Ca ,.»v; .r^yfft'i '; .-/.•i i c, ,<. '^W *r^>:;‘4 .'i ^ .bjC fi- <- t. ‘.cia^ i»VV IT,.. ' ij .r : aij;?^.ic.!‘Crr; C(<.“ ^ o; ^:t:!v* ’ '. ’ •' * V.Ctj «•.•> '.. S, \ 'fia O' ri ! .- > '. 0, :!>iior>T :< » tr? ,ca/‘o M,.--* ;;a'r i-\.l •'..Cr:. 'jro -vo- P ' . i * • ' .• "^ * . •( ' * ‘ V V , *’ . i 'K- i>. f'iv :' TC -^ru;ic Ov '-5T .: . ' ’ ^ V-fj.' i -s / •11. l>r.a ^'l.. -' ^cf'-'nc ^i^:':v tj isc * 'J :^f. fi i r^- • 4/ Uirn-^ '' '' ' ' ^' • • A' * -' ‘ • • • . r- ) OtV ;r: ' 'j.4 otX - .v) or<4c»;i: ;?a;u £19i a V ; i j ;v 4k:;’ ^'••v' .< . 4 'Lf> '.J ’• 7 .1^' .> 'v'*.' w - ' c.-.‘ ^ •' ~ '-* 1 . .•> t ‘.i P-’:* ' - . - 'r.r C^JJrtJ^r » -'->’ . 'V • J , I— i. ^ ' ' * . 'Vi : •'“ ' : ). i :* C 'xii' < .n ^ \l . . otMT , ^:“:>'o'*xiT £ij.: '' •'?'*; .njiHi — .. vjfcr«^ ^ edition, this note appears; "In the original edition Roget included the v/ord Jew in several groups of synonyms. In this printing all uncomplimentary racial allusions have been omitted." Surely this omission bespeaks a growing tolerance I The Social World In the professional and business world, then, the Jev/s are victims of discrimination. What about the social world? Are they received in hotels, in apartment houses, in clubs? All too well knov/n are the lines "Strictly Christian Clientele" and "Hebrew Patronage not Solicited" which are to be found on the folders of resort hotels from Maine to Florida. No such restriction seems to hold in the case of commercial hotels throughout the country- -there is little if any discrimination against Jews in such quarters. Many apartment houses, like the resort hotels, are quite definite in their exclusion of Jewish tenants. Their owners state that the so called better class of Christian tenants have a prejudice against permitting Hebrev/s to share the same apartment block v/ith them. One of the most reailistic elaborations of the prejudice encountered by cultured, personable, well-bred and well-to-do Jev/s who wish to join the country club of the suburb in which i i they live and which is patronized by Christians of their ac- quaintance is to be found in the Atlantic Monthly of October 1924. In an article entitled "The Jev/ and the Club" by X are the follov/ing words: "V/hat other feeling is a man to have than bitterness v/hen he feels conscious that in descent, education. - 30 - p " • -,' - - “ V iBnlV'i'to nX** ;-j: !&ioft siriv .rtox-^tfta . ; nt -;Gi'\^:Ton'^c ‘xo x:'i Btji/oa.s w»T. jbcc-ow babt f '>ni a990 9V,Bil 9itoiat'XIe ora! XIs ynittuttc •£Li.T9Xol sn.hrp'l.n J3 . ;T0 a&cf ! 9 ?. ixjt. SXXv# \;X9Tr'0 ' x:ho bXtoW iBiooC eiiT e^vsij ©rfi ,n5*iiX aaani^.iJCf fcoe Xisnoiase'to'To ^rf; nl Xxsiooa 9f(J J'.Si'fW . rto x jxji^iJiHiTcosjtb *io ’z^nhSuiv ©'tb S'sjxjIo iii: «s 9 Bi/orf ^naf': X'fjsqXi ax nx b©TX©osT siA *'9Xe^£i9iI0 ijjyx^aXiriO ’<;Ii oi^d-a'' aeniX aaJ axa irwca.* XI©w ocJ XXX. no Lftiiio‘5: 9<1 oi ©'ib rioxiiw '‘bdix oxXca :^cu ©S-car'i^BlL v^vicfsH" bn/3 doua o/i .BJbiioX*^; oi ©axBi! moiX aXadorf i*ioB 9 i 'o a'lsbloT arili XjEioidiVijSToa 'io ©ajB© nX bXo/1 o? noi i DX’iXad'i ." no I jBnxflfii': o-xb \tiE xx ©li^xX ai \;i .• rtnoo orfi . oxfejwoxrf^ srjfiX ^Bsauod \;ru5ii . aie4-iB.*/p rlo fe rti sw^L i Xbsb 'to noi 3< Xoxa Tid^iv ni 9 ^X 111*195 aliwp ©ib ,aX9lo.i Itoaai oxll laJlHa* I?9 XXbo os ari; iBnl sl^la «ii»aviro ‘liuiiT .Q^ofcnel xiaiwaG Sn/111' 'xaq o:»i'l-^;,9xrr[ b av*iri sinx;nol OBlisxxriO lo nbislo • cj^xfi i(3-xw .ooXa Jnacji'xao a 9i”»a t>.*i o.'j-Biia Ov“t ewo^dsH 90i ©id lo snoi t-i^o ? oilttiX.: »’ l&Offl si£l io &ilO oh-c J - i;X©w bfos bii’vS-Ixi^v ^»Xcfx;.iO b'Xsc? ,Jb«TX>^XLy ono rloxrfv/ ol X'in fadoJoC lo \LcU:joU ollnBlJA aiii ni bnool acf ol ai ©onxiiiilBi ©IB X "c't'XO bnx: tr-t>G o-XT* baXlxlno ©Xollxa iib nl .»‘‘VX Irifixli ©Varl o3 nBui a al ^niiooi “xail^Jo TmiV" :alicw jnxv/vXXol 9±xi ,noiJBox'b9 ,i«oo?-9i; al axdcr ax'oiouaoo aX^al $rC n&iXup sisaniailid ; >£JV manners and ideals he is the equal of those about him and that, nevertheless, he and the members of his family are excluded not only from clubs, but even from hotels, and from many of the ' ordinary pursuits open to those among whom he lives.” Ku Klux Klan Prejudice in a most vicious form is active in the KuKhix Klan which might be dubbed a permanent group of protest. To be sure it is not solely Anti-Semitic in its bias and in- tolerance for it is also anti-alien, anti-negro and anti- Catholic, "specializing in different phases of race hatred in different sections of the country.” The agitation of the Ku Kluxers against the Jews became quite evident a short time after the end of the World V/ar, The Protocols of Zion did their share in stirring the Klan to a high pitch of intolerance and they set forth all the charges against the Jews that the "Dearborn Independent” had gleaned ' from the Protocols, namely: a world-wide Jewish financial conspiracy; the promotion of a racial conflict between the whites and Negroes festered by the Jews; the plotting of a race war that would overthrow the government; and the addition- al imagining of a "Catholic- Jewish alliance, said to have been very successful in New York City, formed to secure control of the public schools. "(1) The fires of hatred burned at white heat until the days of prosperity in Coolidge’s administration; at that time, when (1) Clinchy, Everett H., "All in the Name of God," p. 106. - 31 - V, '-fj B BESS ,^£;u,T hrtB Ii:ir{ Ctt/oo'n ecoflT'to iBi/po ori'J ei Bd.cl .&hl bm e'tanrmii! uorr ‘^ojjirloxo 3-ia '^Upts']; qX^i lo e'ldcJfirem adrf huB ed/ ^-'ieelexfy'iavan Olid 1o '^rtaxr moo:! bnc .elsjoi: tio*di aavo -fad ^q'JuJIo mo"i! ,RovlI esS noiivx r.nojtrfi acoffj oj' nocjo ec^ijLrE'I.fi<^ xr/17 !/:[ xcX^ eiict ai evidon si n-*io.'l sirolciv ibon: b eo.rbxrr ni 8*x'^.** " . o? .:lso^oiq !o qtro'i;^, .inonxtuiioq q iQddnb od ctrfsitt doldvf nnl'^ ;.rL8 cSBio' zid fii oix^iroc- f-^nA rl'* '“oG io/r ci ii a^r^e orf - MjriB. o-i^ oK-irfija ^'^s^I^3-t^rTfl oaXx^ s^l d 1 lol 6ocBo:9lo:t ni ‘bs-KMjr^ yooo lo 39^x^rfq i-neio!!.‘r. nl Tfjii’ilB ."os qa” ^oiroadcO ’’.v'linz/oo o*ii !o onoi^toao inso:ol!iX) oiTBoad sweL sriw^ i3niG,y,B a iox;/!! i/X oni !o f.;. 3 ox.^ 4. o'^- .rrii-' blo:o>' odi !o i)no erf:J loc^'in onid rfo:orfs a irra^ivs oJiup B o:t del:: drii ^.ni'iotie nt a'Xjsils -ilorti Mfc noi;:* !o cl- ootoiq ©rfi ;'X'3 ' cfsa varf:’ 1*10 sonr.'ielcctfri ‘>0 ilQilq ih\hi bocBOl^ bad "inDLrrnqobnl nior'ij:} arid Sjsdd sv.'o'C erf.-t iedla'',;' iBxorjir riti.T/©!- 9c. ivf- X*ro^/ b :\l8c?u;n Iooorfc''r: oriu iftoo:! orf-t xidOA-rtecr xfollinoo X^ii 'bi a 'io no^domo'zp ebi~ ;'\j^oa*iiQr.noo a - o jxn.c4r^6 C-'T o. (i ;sv. L Of^o \;0 r>5?*ie 1 ss'' p.&o'xg©?' baa 3 ©^ir/w -ifoili. ©fri Ona ; Xneinn'ravo^ 6ri:J .vorcaX-ievo f-Irxo?/ ierf^ ocaw ©OB'! rfoocT riTax: o ‘ w.’.flc ^oo^raliXa f:‘eiw9X,-oI " b !o -‘rTini :,ai7i Ib !o Xooafioo ooLfoaa otf .bota^o! d'loY wa' ni CB’lBsaoox/s %;nsv (X}'’. I<^^>dOE. olfrjjjc OXo g;,oi odd £ldnr> d~'-zd wo hoti’iad *io’ 3 9o:i't cxTi xi-GilVi ^Bfii ’ ^ i'B. ’rro^. c Q3X iXooO xti *io "0 'I . { anujvi oi-+ nX XIA’' , .P iooio’/i ,'^xionliL' (I) practically every one had employment and large incomes were not unusual, the economic motive for hating the Israelites was not present, From 1931 up to the present day the Ku iCLuxers have shown hut little sign of weakening and, in fact, have been in their dislike of the Jews hy such an organization as li joined the Silver Legion whose programme stated their purpose was to: "destroy the present economic system of the United States and to overcome the contamination of Jewry," It is indeed debatable whether America’s protest at Senator Black’s appointment to the SuiDreme Court can be con- strued as an evidence of stern disapproval of the Ku Klux Klan or the sign manual of criticism of a Democratic President. That it points to the former and not to the latter is ardently to be hoped for. The bases and evidences of Gentile prejudice against the Jews have been briefly o utlined in this opening chapter. Re- duced to lowest terms (and hov/ truly lov/ they are I) they would ii seem to arrange themselves in this fashion: Biased books and magazines used as propaganda. Obsession against "the eternal minority." >1 i; Learned behavior "made by Grown-ups." Hatred for the descendants of the crucifiers of Christ. Indifference to the contributions of the Hebrev/s to the spiritual and moral Christian life. Superiority complex of the Christians li Percentage limitations in universities. -32 - jnn bisr d’nsirniolui.c^ }:md sno v'jlsvo \^lUiol^oy:‘iq '4J:iv/ ij.':.j3 *iftl erivt snrd^rf •lo'i: avxj'Of't cth'.iorr;- orfi" Ijausimu ion 09 , 9V£x{ ai£.x»;£il siii' i'aBae'xc edi oi qu liGI mo'i*? .^nesstcq aoad ovM ,*o£l nx ,bnr. n^xa sliilL Hrd nwcda Qxi aox^r.ExiixiS *0 OB doaa xd ^avqZ ttdf lo a^xXarfc ni bsnxot : 23 ?r ocio.^mq liorfi boi^la pfli; B'iX;c'J^q aaor/7/ noigoX ..' .vIlB ^ni bOB ijS'io^E OsoiriU 9 di ‘io 'Tsis’^a oiiXorjooo -inoaaTq aiiJ ^co‘xi'ob“ “•MiF/aO I. xiox-'unxrBijnoo s co'Ipvo ot a iBsiOTiq ^ 'x^rl^aifw sXcCBi^.dab bdobxix j'l ' < -00a ©cf r.jBO i'X' oC 3f;:9tqw3 aH oi iosraJ'cio^ vjij a'iioolil xciBnaS (l'.Z.L :rjj,Li dZ ©rfj “io Ir.voiqqBaib irrcta io oon©JL>iv9 ob ,b boi-Tiz '^0 .Jooi xaeri oii^xoQ..oCI b meioi jjL'i o 10 Xjix/0B:'x £0^X 3 3 ili a;6 f X.Xiixob'iB ai 'xeiTjsX ©xii’ oi ioa biixj i&nrxo^ «rii oi ..a.Jnxoc, ii r 'i{T bo'-ioxi jd oi ©f(i ianxBgo ooibi'toix: ©IXiooC Ic asonafciv© boa aajad Si*T ;©lt -0/ .'X tqado r>f£^£iSqo sirfi nx b©niX:»^ 0 xXl^i'xi o 9 ©d i'/bx! t bXuo.r qorii \;9rii w<^ „X xi iroii bnc; ^uxsi isswroX oi b© j:--b :noi£i'a 6 l lii i ni uevXoOia-c’ili aanoiTB oi xiaaa .--bfUjaaqoiq SB boan aarii^Bo-a*'; bfus 3 iIoou ivjxbxGI • . 'cJi'iOfiim X-. irx 9 i© adi" ianxa.'^.B ocx^eoaiC^ “ , iv.B-nv/oTl "qd abara" xoiv'juxf^i oao'XBsi 10' .Isx'uvC 'io axollioi'xo axli lo ainobnsxaob x* 'i baxi^H 9rii oi awaxisH Ofii 'io aociiifdiii.-oo siii oi ©oosxoi'lxbnl ,9'iiX aoxisxiflD X^xon onB Xauii'riqa 3 n.:iiaiidC edi -xo x-^ X ;nvoo ^ixioi'a .iifl 9j,»Bii£yo’rsH .x . ';i‘X ixf^'iavinn r:X snoi ixji xurxX . Social discrimination. Christian pride of possession and unv/illingness to share with the Hebrews in the medical world and in the legal field Christian egotism and exclusiveness. Dislike of human raw material (not Christian horn). Distaste for unmannerly people (if of Hebrew birth). Doctrine of superior and inferior races. ICu 1G.UX Klan. Silver Shirts. Before attempting a consideration of the aforementioned bases of prejudice with the hope of offering some counter- propaganda designed to off set (in so far as it is possible) the influence of Ant i-Seiriit ism, it y/ ill be vital for the understanding of the problem to become conversant v/ith a knoY/ledge of the history of the Jews in America which is pre- sented in the following six chapters. -33 - w' , Kcvi .tiin -i i fe '.^ Ib 1 do a ^ nli .fti ^ i*xxtO 9*1^0 0 ^ saDogiilXIiwnx: fcriB noly^asD^^^o nBi^f 0 •’ r '^ ., Vi*. V n? , .f. ^ bfoSf'fcXiop/ laolboct oif^ cii avo*trfDli ^cij^ dit ft nsi^taiTiiO . oeDn9Tiei*XoxD fjfife^flSQlJ’ogs ' 'io ,(nibd ooilaX-xrfO ton) iBiie^jiin asiourf DiiKsiG : f' wDixtfDH 'io ‘ii) slboaq YX«ennBmmj Tot sieBioxa Jbfldioltsqi/® Iro ^dttiooQ. < B m. .sdojb^ toi^Dlni • k . H .nsIX xul?l fc.CS i»«' . BiiiriS ^lovX is V ‘ t'Otiol^HDOiDiolB edi to nciiiiiDbiBnoD b DTCtoa to aos.^cf “T9 ln*/0 D siBoa ^niistto to oqo.I osi^ ritiv I'plfcUuS’i^ , «ji< .f *. boft^i^oi) Rbri.siilsxio^tt[ 0 jt Ji 3 B 7At 03 ^ni) i'sa tto o^ odi rot Isilr od XXiw it ,moiitis9%-tiaA to ooneiflJni^ odi a dit'f/ irusoiovnoo acfooocf o^ fli9.rcfo*X(i orii to 2rixbf£i»d’‘3i9£)fU/ ^zoitaiii 9di to ogbaXworoi - 0^1 ai doldff J5 o 1t 9wA. fit avrsli sfil to j^ni v*t)XXot edi ni bo^*'9B f. aie t JEWS NOT JEWELS FINANCED COLIFMBUS Text Book Myth Questioned Are there many text books in American history today that do not dwell upon the fact that Queen Isabella sold her jewels to finance Columbus' voyage of discovery to the west? But, like so many of the good old myths that books and many teachers have been ladling out to pupils for some three hundred years, this particular one has been pricked so that nov/ some research minded teachers (and no doubt future text books will soon follow suit) are re-laying the startling fact that "not jewels but Jews were the real financial basis of the first expedition J of Columbus " (1) And that's enough to cause one to ponder a bit on that date that everybody (low I.Q's as well as high) seems to remember - 1492. \'Vhy did Jews in a Catholic country finance a Catholic expedition with a Catholic pilot at the helm? Or was he a Catholic? The Spanish Inquisition And The Marranos Let us glance at Spain in those years just preceding the sailing of the Santa Maria. Horrible, ghastly, soul searing years they were with religious intolerance running high and human nature much as it is today - only more so; for the Spanish Inquisition was no second rate project in religious (1) Adams, Herbert B, Johns Hopkins University Studies, X, p. 473, - 34- V I ' t aueDMU«ioo cma^i'^’saawaft. tok £)9Xiotdcei^ jcid'’yM 3loog“ ; f XB^ot Y'lorfaixf nBoiTstnA ctl s^lood ^cmm 9*iA ^ ' OBe^ vftBiir ftrtB esfood d-firitf axlirmiblo boog edi fo o8 o^^iXv ** - 'r»'-^' >; m ^E*iBOY t'&*ibntr££ ee»iii^ srrroe 'lot allqiL^g o^v aee^^ evBd<^' ^'': ji ^ Vi, 6- i^-aSSfc- :A>Ji rioifleee'j: enios won ;taxf^ oe fceiloJl'sq crBoJ bBxC erto *if>Xnolct*XBq elrf*;. •’ •«.•., 7 • 'r‘ • '' '•'<»! J> . i-..|.vi- LSi'; ' : ^ . , /'f fiooe XXlw ej£ooa\:t±o^'l3^i/d'ji/l?’:^ow6^>> on biiB) siorloBOCt b©£>xjXiu ' r -' • .-ii'' ' "*£« * . ,. H.' ' ^ ' ’’• ^ -*r H sXowot ^Jort“ rf-OBl ^jalldnefa e:l;t .S'lEr (xMob woIIql-Ai ^ “ '"" »«' “ ' n - - . F?i T ii , j. - Si aol:ilbeqz^;ie*tI‘i edi 1o tlead iBloaBnXl iBsn arltf o*iew Ewe‘&*;:tifcf »«j - . f" • fi (rlaXx! BB XXev ea 6»p,"l woI>*Y^oc^;‘i6V^ ctaxi^ &dBb rfBoIff np.^Xcff: » cXXbrfctBO B nX awot. blh yriW .C^GXX - ‘icc-memei o4^ aau©^^ 6x1^, d’B rfoXXo olXcxfifiO B nd.I^ ibaqpc© oXIorflaO BaeonBiiJt't ’ ' ' •* Tuiwm - M' ';'' ?.olXo£fXBO B 9rf ex3W »i0 ?mlsx^ ^ - . -s s6ng*x*iB!i? 9ifr XrUl froXJleijjpcI xi elnaqS 3x5Y ©ri:f j)BLtb906*ro ^eixt ©'^boy ©eorf? al xiiaqS iB^oonels an §oJ , ' ^ .4 ' ; ' 8 sxf^ JiftlTBee finde rtOXdX eo'^ *ibt ioe e‘ibmj.,YXxtp‘ - x^tod at d eg ^xfouxa e*intfBn^xiB^nrf; 6i/olsJ:Xe ---- i^f wsmxmr i,X .aeibird-C Y^Xe'iovXxxU acJbCqoH enriot .B' ^<©disH -eicBbA*" (Xj « ,qlr£ ' * • • *• <.‘iirA .-^ ^ »& i ^ -“.-i X- J^r ,«' '* '• 1 activities, it was about as bloody a carnival as either the Catholics or the Protestants have ever staged in their desire to make every one an actor in their drama entitled '’Follow the Master” with the sub-title ”In Our Way”. And there wasn't much of a choice of seats for a Jew at these carnivals and dramas. In fact there were no seats - he had his choice of becoming an actor and carrying a cross or - the stage managers burned him at the stake - briefly ”it was the fire or the cross” and if it were the fire, the stage managers were quite the gainers for a Jew was obliged to turn over all his wealth to the Church before the fire was kindled* Some there were who decided to carry the cross but the Catholics of 1481 were I rather wary of these newly converted actors - they dubbed them Marranos and they sensed they were pretty lukewarm and didn’t i seem to carry the cross with just the accepted gait and manner, I so they checked up on the converts whenever and wherever oppor- ' tunity offered itself to see whether they were, in truth, I secret Jews, still cherishing their own Jewish religion, cele- brating their festivals, and practicing their old customs. Because intolerance always seems to employ a checking system that is practically one hundred per cent as to con- scientious and painstaking (the accent is on "pain”) results, the agents frequently found the Marranos attending synagogues (subterranean to be sure) keeping their holy objects in secret places, observing the holy days (pretty quietly, naturally) and, in fact, carrying on "the dark practices of the New - 35 - . drfd bb b YJ^oo 4^d“ cufe ^ ;^|focfjB. ©,ij^8 eb iJtericfj fl± 5;esfl^e eva^f- sxli io eoJtXor^abl' ...,. --- Jb/ii^elBvixi*2:Bo. ee©fy,/^fi, woT>‘’B* *101 adjSQB ecrXorio ' - -Si '">i) ^ %o eolQdo-^Bld b&d^^Bsi -^a^J-Bee 'oxi' ©^edd'- iOBi nl ' # e*td3^DfrRm fgaida^eritf^:-. rco^eaci© s S«-£inc>oai^^ rV-v^ * ef{;^ *10 3 3U:lK«jrfd aaw ^X" '^Xl©X*id ©n;t;;fa iaXrf ben^ytf SP^-- B'r-tf . ,, -i "a ^ It Vi:/-' fled^Xx/p o^xaf/^eiagariBitt e^d 8 j erfd'\o*iX‘i- erlt> ©*isw dl II Xixtb ^seo3 ]&’ ' ' ' " i.^ ® Ti^- K' % 4 . ddlBow arid XXa *ievo^n*iod od bosXXcfo aa^ wai;-© *xo'i*x eiafilBg ©ild ', '* .* * ,,, «. ^’^- >' 7 „ v= _ .. , ©ie?e^ 'eTdffd omoS lX>eIbnl 3{ eeiT 9*rlt ©lid o^o'iad^rio'ii/xfD ©dd od'* ^ 610W 'X8M lo coiXoddaO odd dixcf aEo*iO“&rfd muso od»or£w • 't a’ ' ’• -f® l' '1 , .t^,^ 'y Jf -i»>.' t»' *' . , y ; , modd' bedcfi/f) ’fjerid - 3*xodOB f>od*iovnoo •^Xwa-n ©eorid Io '^law leridja^ 'i*r G •p .1 * * ' d‘jo£iXi> to® ffi*x©w©j/iil,x^^ 9 'i ‘ ' I u , % 1 -tcoqqo rrovoioifw bno levonexlw cd'iovdoo odd no ^qn f>©iToorio o®^ *' »i*' -^s ® ^iidix»id frJr ,oft©v Y®dd noridorlw oo© od, IXoedl £io*i©l^o v-oloo ,n6l3JtXo%i! i{aIw©X. rnro *iXof!d ^Xdai^ori© XXIda ^ewoL denoof^^. ^ "' U.. ; 4- «, .eraodcno bio *iiorid gnloIdoBiq "bxta ^aXovIdaol iXodd snldold ^ n» ^ 0 ri * QftiiTroQilo o^YoXqme od eutooa eva^’Xo ©ononoXcdal eanisoaH framed a© dnoo *i©q I> 6*tbxujfrl ©no xXXaoIdooJ^q a I dodd modete ,edX0ao*i ("ntoq*’ no ci., drtoobs ©jdd>^*^£il 3(edeciBq^bno 5 auolda©Ioa '*.''' ;sr ', ^ ' «' 's‘i '>0 eoL^p.oSonYe ynibnoddo aorroi'uail odd bJinol YXdrt©upq*dl ©dnos® ** I -y '*? 0 >- de*r©OB nl adoo^do ^Xod *iIoiid gnlqooif (onna’ ocf od noen^nnedcfnaiy (YXlBindoxi^^YXd'oInp ^Xori odd snlvrxoatfo;^ ,aooolq '®‘ ^ •« > 5- wolf odd Io BOoIdoBiq ii*iBJb orid^ no j^Ivi*l»o ^'doo^ nl ^bnfl. Christians." Well, naturally, from the Catholic point of view this wasn't a pleasing revelation - it didn’t cause the Church or the Court to view the so-called converts with satis- faction or with a feeling of their permanency in the religious scheme, and, truth to tell the honest, God fearing orthodox Jews weren’t particularly proud of the Marranos either - in fact, Lee Levinger feels that they were "the weaker and less loyal part of the Spanish Jews."(l) The Expulsion Of The Jews Burning at the stake and baptism were not as effective as they might be and around March 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella gave the Jews who would not become Catholics four or five months in which they might dispose of their possessions and seek a new home beyond the borders of Spain. "In vain did they petition, plead, remonstrate. In vain did their spokes- man, Isaac Abarbanel, offer his entire fortune (600,000 ducats) for a revocation of the edict. Their Christian Majesties, Ferdinand and Isabella stood firm. The non-believer must go. The last days in Spain were spent with their dead. The last three days in fasting and mourning. Their legacy to their fatherland was the bequeathal of Jewish cemeteries to the cities of Spain - so that graves should not be desecrated and despoiled. The expulsion transformed the Jews from a people into scattered refugees, nerves shattered, souls (1) Levinger, Lee J. "A History of the Jews in the United States," p. 25. 36 - 1o driiog oiloiid-aO s/li ho-i'i ,IIaV" .ufLel'^Ei^xriO srW oaij/jo d’’nM£> cfi: ~ noid’slsvs'i ^xiICBelq e d-'neBV? aiilcf' ws±v -aldjea ridlw eciiovnoo bsIlBo-oa arid' w©lv od ;tiiroO ©rfd- *io rioixfiiO ejJolslIaT end’ nl 'ixerfd' 'lo prrilse'i b doI:w *io ncidojal xobofldT;o 3ni*iB6x fjoS tdsaaori erfd lied od xlduid ^3^^re^^08 nl - leridle conB'i'iaM exld lo buonq •^I'tsluold^isq d‘’n©»r0w e»» 9T, BseX bnB 195£b 0w sxid” eiow dsild eXoal *t93nlv0j ©eJ ^dosl (I)”.cv70l,' r'nlfiBqS arid lo driisq I31J0J eweT, QjiT 10 ncleluqx2 arfT ©vidoolle CB don ©'few mfeidqflcf hna ©s^Bde odd dB gnlnnirg I , ^ BiXecfBel bruj bnBniX'io‘5 tSG^I bsxi/o^B briB ©d ddgXfii zb evil no nuol eoXXoridBO ©raoood don JbXifow oiiw sv;©L erfd &yb^ bnjB enolEE0Keoq nXerld lo eeoqe lb drlj^Xm doldw nl Eifdixom bib nlBv nl” .nlBqS lo enobnocf ©rfd bnerec' euforf wen b 5f©8e -Rorloqe nlory' bib ninv nl . ©dendenoiaon ^bBeXq tOoldldeq ^©rid edBonb 000,003) ©nijdnol ©nldn© elri nello ilenBcfnecTA obbbI ,nBfc ,colde0f,BM HBldelnriO nleril' .dolbe ©dd lo not^BDOVQr[ a nol ,03 dRjjiJi n©v©lX©d-non SifT .mnll boode bIXsobeI bos bnanlLne'^ .baeb ridlw ©new 9dT , nlen'd dneqa nlaqS nl e^ab deal ©dT od \^0B3©X nl ©riT .riRhx*iuom brtB snldeBl nl s^^ab ©sndd deal od Eolnedemeo rfslwaX. lo XaddBei/pad ©rid sa?/ brtBXnsffdal nledd bedanoeeeb ed don bXnorie aevsig darld oa - iilaqS lo saldlo ©rid a cconl cwoT, ©rd benjnolsriBnd nolelnq^i© ©r'T .boXloqaob bna sXnoe ^boneddBfle Eovnsn ,EO03nl9n bsneddaoa odril sXqooq bsdlnfj odd nl ewet, ©rid lo -^nodelH A'’ .Tj ©©J ,n©3nlv©J (X) .62 .q ".e&dadS lacerated. Uprooted from their soil, wandering east, west- spurned, despised, hated, homeless (1) The final expulsion took place on the second day of August 1492, ’’ColuralDus sailed on his momentous voyage on the day after - the third of August. The boats which were carry- ing away throngs of the expatriated and despairing Jev/s from the country which they loved so well and in which their ances- tors dwelt for more than eight centuries sighted that little fleet of three sailing craft which was destined to open up a new world for the oppressed of many races, where at a later age millions of Jews were to find a free home under the pro- tection of laws which were unthought of in those times, "(2) Was Columbus A Marrano ? And what of Columbus - was he a Marrano as some v;riters have wished to prove or was he a Roman Catholic? Rather a man of mystery was Christopher Columbus, well worth studying for a few pages. History text books used to be quite definite in stating that Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy, but lately scholars and true students of history are finding it difficult to be certain just when Columbus first saw the light of day due to the fact all agree (Jews and Catholics alike) that he was neither specific nor transparent when he took his quill in (1) Lebeson, Anita L. , ” Jewish Pioneers in America,” p, 15. (2) Wiernik, Peter, "History of the Jews in America," p. 13. - 37 - -c(?ew 7yrl*xe>£)a.ew ^XJtos ‘iXorfd’ iao‘t‘i f>s:ioo'fQl' .bectBieofil (I) .3SSl©ffiOf{ ibe:iBrL ^bfftlq&eb .^b^ariuqa lo fJ8f> Ijnoooe erij no ©o£lq iTooct nolBlyqxe Xsni"j ©riT erfct no os^TOV eno;tn©mom eicf no balXea ejifci'MirloD” .29-M d-Ef./jsxjA -^njso ©new rfj;iriw s.Xi?.o(5 ooT erl.i - nsctiB trtonl ew&Ti ?3nl‘ii£qs©b bnn becfBln^Bqx© srict 'lo agnonrij \;jav/B gnl -e.©0X!B 'lieri^ rioXrfw nt bnB £Imi oe .bevol lioirfw ©XXill Verier bactri^^Xs BaXntf^tneo drl^x© anc*ffr nol qXewb snoct qu cioqo beaxieeb esv; rfoXriw .'tlj»no snllX^e aanilJ' “io d^saXl nd^jsl B Sb anarfw ^e6oe*I boaaenqqo erfet nol bXnow wan b -onq orf^ nabm/ emoff aanl s bnXl oJ snaw evyal, lo anoIXXXic agjs f2)”,sanil^ eeoif:t nX lo d-it3norfXnt/ anaw rioMw bwbX lo nol^oa;? ? ofi£*i'~i£l>’> A encftgxrXoO bjb>V ano^Xnw omo& ea onjsnnBM b sri saw - sjjoinif£oO lo ctadw baH r.am b norfcJ.oH XoIXoiiXfiO nBmoH a art saw no ovonq o^ barfeXv ovAd nariqoctaXndCi, eaw *1® nol ^fiX’ibnJ’a riinow XXow 4 Eudiifi;XoC .ca^iBq wal b SnlXacte nX eXXnXlab a^xi/p ad oJ- been Bilood ixa^ Y'^^odsXE enBXoxioc ^Xad'BX iud ^\“XbXI ^aonoO nl nnoci eaw Buc’nujXoO ctBdd ed oo dluol^f-Jlb -J1 Tirrltfixt ©na Y^onaXil lo eJnebn^e ©nnX bna od aifb 1'^ d'xl’iXI ©dx 7/jse clsnXl sjjdrrtaoO nedw ^ent nXjednQO Bxjw ©d djsn'tf (e^iXXa aoXXofli^fiO briB ev/ai;:) 08 *i3b IXb XobI ©riX nX XXinp eX*I t!oo:^ arl nerfw xtnonsqsnBn;? non oXlioeqe narf^tXan .51 .q tB0X*ie£L‘\ nX aneeneXq daXwel,** » . J fid.XnA tnesodaj (I) £X .q '-^soXnamA nr ^woX. add lo /vo;j 9q ,i[XnneXVf' (2) hand - in fact he was pretty indefinite and opaque and there are those who dub him a ’’skillful dodger of facts and a planter of ambiguities.” Be that as it may, Andre", one of his bio- graphers, says: ”It is indeed strange that in regard to a man as famous as he, whose life v/as written by his son and a friend, and based upon documents and notes left by Columbus himself these questions should need to be asked: V/here v/as he born? Cn what date? Who were his parents? And to every ans- wer proffered objections can be raised, ”(1) ij ;! Biographers kindly disposed towards Columbus attempting 1 to imravel the mystery that surrounds his birthplace seem to feel that he was born in Genoa, Italy, went to sea as a lad j! '' learning how to make maps and how to navigate a ship. Later he became convinced (as every school boy knows) that the earth was round and that by sailing west he would eventually reach the east. For years, he endeavored to find a patron who would ’’back” his project (there were Guggenhelms even in those days, as will be noted later) , Finally he turned to Spain and the royal sovereigns listened. !: On the other hand, there are writers who argue that Colura- ii I 1 bus was born in Spain the son of converted Jews, They seek to establish the fact that Columbus’ real name was Cristobal Colon and that he was bom in Pontevedra. According to Otero Sanchez, Cristobal Colon was born in Pontevedra in 1437, His mother, (1) Andre, Marius, ’’Columbus,” p, 35-36, -38 - " 6.ierfd- ' 6iTB eupaqo esw or>' al ~ bripM ^8:^ImIq £ .bf[B aioat lo X£f^£X>iia« b rJr; cTbL ot^v; &eoJ:f . f '. -tij -oXc S 1o 8n0 ^ ” aB St^T « R 8i olt/^X.cfnvB 1o raw oc^ £ ni efp.rra'iia atobrU si :a^ss ^a'ldiira'i^ B 1TB £30 a elrf ijd raoTt^'Tw ser/ o'tXX 03cr&/ ^&r! ejs iioorju^ h"/5 oLfcrttrloC d"leX aocJ-or biTB adrccrtiffoot riocu JbesEc rj/rjs ^bnol'i't ori ami f.'ioxZ' :bo:(cB ac' oaon bXuoi^a &«old-aoop eer»i*^ 'IXdenXri “cTiE Y'jsv'j od fcnA ‘Bdi?s'iEq aXrf snet: o.r^W ? fad ah darir/ rrO i'.if.ocf . (X) boeX3*3 ©rf r BO arroido©(;cfo < < 'ro'i'io'T-i lav,- ' Tnldqrn&ddB Sijut£rfrV.<3(y af.'iEwad boaoraih \;Xbfrl X e'lorfqa'i.noXr, oci eea ooEXqc'd'ilcf eld sljnuo^izsfz darfd '-ladeT^iL ©rfd levBirur od > eX '=iE b EpR od Tr*ev; ^^Xad- ^aorraf'! rrt t*ioc edv; ©ri dBrId Xoo'i *i£dikX .qX'-'S j3 ©da^XvBrr od worl hnjs sqsir ©iLan- od wcri f,frir"iB©X ild^Bo ©rid darld (aroori ^ocf Xoorfoe ’t'io e aja') heon.lvnoo ©£*iBo©cf orf rfoBCi tXXB/xd:Tovs hXxicTr ©rf dao^T -"/iXBa xf^ iib Lrcxoi esv; oXvf noidaq a i.nn od f'eiovBfX r:© .e-E©^ 10 .jsec erfV ,c*:rX: ©aoild nl :QV9 ar?l©fjr£©-i;;^;rC r-:cw OTsrtd ' dofj^O'icr 2 !^; V^foB- orld orrc rttnqS od bomyd erf .(ioobX hadc'; jk XXiv; aa .boredclJ 3i4pi8T;©vc>a XE'-o'i •f>uiXo; .daXd ©xrxtB oXw s'lodlti’.T o'ib oftexid ^h/TBir fcorfdo ©Xd no od' :I©©8 T ,r;r/ez ©fp o&:tievooo Oo noe orfd oIbcS nl rt'roff eaw at/ri rroXoX XacfodeX'xC oow or*mi latvi 'atfoci'.’Xol! djfijrfd doaX orid r^adiXodso jEOfiorfEi ofiodo od -jnXh'tooox* . o^ihavednoX /si 'rrrocf 21??;’ ed djcrUd bna 9 prerfdor. e' ' rti 6*ibe^'©dnoX ni o'foc eew noXrX lBdodB;'iX .OX-aC ,q ” tSircfirrj/Xor:^ tajjxnB:'. ^hnbnk (I) I ,) I 4 Suzanna Fonterosa, was Jewish, as were her father Jacob, and her grandfather Abraham. There were many Jewish Colons in Spain. ’’Recent examinations of Pontevedran records disclose : among its Marrano families the names of Domingo Colon and I- |{ r Suzanna Fonterosa, husband and wife. Among their children j were Bart dome, Diego, and Cristobal. The father was a map ii I! seller well known to the local sailors. His sons were inducted^ into the business and both made and sold maps. In one of his , ! letters to the King of Spain Columbus wrote that his ancestors were always interested in maps and navigation. It is pointed out that the names Columbus gave to newly discovered places in America were similar to land marks in and about Pontevedra. If he were a Genoese, contends the Pontevedran group, why did i I he not fall back on his birthplace for geographic inspiration?” f ( 1 ) The foremost critic of the group who advocates that Colum- bus was both a Spaniard and a Jew was Henry Vignaud. ’’All I those who seek to establish Columbus’ Jewish and Spanish origin,” he claims, ’’have in the course of their ardor included on every page counterfeit assertion, false quotations, illogi- cal deductions and queer conjectures.” Vignaud admits that j • ’’during the fifteenth century there was a Colon family and a ' Fonterosa family established at Pontevedra.” He assumes that (1) Lebeson, Anita, ’’Jewish Pioneers in America,” p. 11. . 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But he finds nothing ex- traordinary in this. ’’The Colons swarmed throughout the Latin countries nor were Jewish Colons wanting in Spain. Three were burned in Taragona in 1489, that is in Columbus' own day, and it was possible for him to have witnessed their suffering. The Colons of Pontevedra were probably Israelites; but in order to see in them the Colons of Genoa it is necessary to distort v/ell-known facts and falsify the evidence of contemporaries.” Vignaud is willing to admit that Columbus became ”so thoroughly Spanish as to lose the use of his mother tongue,” but, he "can- I not find ground for the Hebraic origin of the discoverer,” ^ Hear now a few words from Rabbi Lee Levinger who seems, I after much study, to present the matter of Columbus’ nationa- lity and religion as it really was: "A few students believe that Columbus was of Jewish blood, though he has always been known as a Catholic. They say that no Spanish Jew could ever have expected aid from the king and queen of Spain, so he claimed to be a Christian from Italy. The Italian form of his name was Colombo, a very common name in northern Italy, but its Spanish form was Colon, and there was a family by that i i nsime of Jewish blood. We know neither the exact place nor date of his birth, which some people think shows he had some- thing to hide. A number of Jews were his firm friends and I were believers in his great lifehope, but that is no proof at all that he himself was a Jew. Nor is there proof in other details which bolster up the -xe epan ^ cf.rja .riBlv/oL ^Idjsoo'iq «>‘‘;ew eslIii.tBl 9rid bof»r'XJsv'/a RrroIoO dri?*’ rtx '^‘^snib'soG'id s'lGVY ae^icfl' .---sqS nl 5,nl3rf^:w anoIoC dalwo.T, &‘‘iqw 'ton eo.'*5:d'/-af6o bnB rwo * ei/djrx/JoO nl al dariu nl b/tosbubT ffl befxrnjd' erlT .gni'i<5%li;8 *iierid beaeonolr avBrf rJtri 'rot ©Icfieeoq es7/ odi 'loMo al d'.ucf j earf tlortinl Y-CcJjac^o'iQ' siaw s'lbave^rto'T lo sr:olo0 irLOifaib o:? al il jsoncO to snoIoO add’ icorid’ nl aee ,aa.I/ij&'tocrniadnoo to eonebXvs arid adOBt nvsrorDl-IIe?; ridT^jjo'ioriJ' OG*' ©mar-ocf Ex/dfliLrloO darid ddidLue od .gcillltvf el busn^IV -ijfio” ©ff tdxfd '\,©xr«xiod 'T.aridoin slsi lo eau ©/id ©eoi od bjc dalnsq^ ” .T 0*10700 alb ©rid lo ol£>*ivJoH ©rid 'lol bnrro'ig bnil don ^Efneos orfw *i6:;;ni£voJ ©oj IcfcfaH ?no*il a&'tow wol b v/cn laoH -fifrolda/t • endinnloO lo 'leddsct ©rfd dn^es'rq od ^vb'.dE rfotmt ledlje ovaliad adnebnde wal A” rsaw rIIao*i di ee nolQtIo*i bras '^dil no© *i©v© blnoo woX. rfelnaqS on diiiid '^ns .oIIoddjBb b eb awonjf art OB tHiaqS lo noox/p bfrn ?3nb>l ©rfd mo'il bla bado©qxo ©VBxi clrf lo r.*iol ofliXudl arlT .^Xsdl itro*!l rrBldfil*ixiO b e dird ,'^l3dX r'leridion nl &m£n nommoo ^*i©v b ^odmoXoT bbw ©cnert d«iid yet xXlmal b enw oia/ld bits ,;^oIoD eaw- rniol ilairiBq" edl non ©OBlq dof^x© ©rfd norfdlon vfoivl ®jV .booTcf rIelvx©T, lo ©‘Hen -smoa bfirf ©rf a^vorfe jfnlrfd ©Iqoac ©erroe rfolrfw ^ridnld elrf to ednb , buB cl3nel*rl mil sJ.rf arravr B?reb lo norfxnxTi A .©bln od gxrlrfd dB loonq on et derfd durf ^©qorfalll ' dBong aJri nl e*tev©ll©cf • ©naw .weL B eow lX©emlrf ©rf dnrfd XIb ©rfd qx; nadEXocr riolrfw aliadab nerfdo nl loonq anerf'^ ex noK -Cl- • ; V * //I. •.' I. .. VV theory: that Coliimbus wrote either in Spanish or Latin, not Italian; that he gave Spanish, not Italian names to the places he discovered; that his mother’s name was Fontenarosoa, and that a Jewish family of that name, some of whose members were brought before the Inquisition, lived in Galicia, in northern Spain. The interesting thing is, hov/ever, that not Jews but Spaniards are trying to prove this theory in order to claim the great discoverer was of Spanish birth. A royal commission was appointed to study the subject and its judgment was that 'there is no proof that Don Christopher Columbus was born in Galicia. ' Since that time a Madrid newspaper offered a large prize to anybody who could prove, from documents, the Spanish birth and origin of Columbus. In fact, it has not been proved that Columbus was a Spanish Jew. He, himself, claimed to be an Italian Catholic and certainly very definite proof would be needed to contra- dict this statement. We should be very proud to claim this great explorer and intrepid spirit as a Jew, if the facts warranted it, but it is not possible to do so without real proof, especially against his own statement. At present the claim seems to be without foundation. ” (1) Columbus , An Italian Catholic With Jewi sh Friends After balancing historians' and biographers' statements, it would appear that Columbus was an Italian Catholic and not (1) Levlnger, Lee, "A History of the Jews in the United States," p. 27-29. - 41 - " , d-oxt no rlaZn^qS ni nomiQ od'onw eudirwlot) i^^csrfd eaoBlq srfd' od aejxBn nBlIsdl do« ^riai-itBq2 evss orf dBdd jnsllsdl cns ^BO 8 OT:Bn 0dno '5 saw aman s ’ T: 0r{dofn: slri dfiild :jjD 4)*i©voo 8 lf> oxl i‘ aTcJmcni daojrfw *lo &no& ^acttan dnild *lo TuXiiirsI rlelwaX s darfd fi*TOx:dioa ni \slnils0 nl bevil .noidlalirpnl arid e^olad drfqt/o'i-cf difd swel. dorr darid ^aevewajd gnlxid giiidas^iednl aUT .rt±sq£ sXrid avonq od snl^ind s'la ab'iaiitaqS nrlalo od leb'io ni ^oerfd ; iioXeedrracioo A .rld'iXd rieinaqS lO eaw 'lerteTooBlf) daois add. daxld saw dnemjiJba’f; add bna doata'J^e \:bx/dE od bedr.j’oqqa eew S'larld’ ffi rrrrocf saw atrcidu/XoO T:odcodEiir{0 noC darid ^oo'iq on 8x oy^iaX B bvnbXio lieqaqev^an bI*if>aM a omid darid aonXS » .aXoiXaO nai-naqS arid ^adn&rru-roob fffoil: t©vo*iq fcic/oo orfw x^odxrtB od ©sX'iq .erjcTinirXoD *io nXgXio bna ridilcf a saw siLfdfrtirXoO darid bavo'iq xisocf do/i exiri di ^doa*! nl oXXoridaO naXXadl na ©cf od bsxnXaXo ^IXecmXri ,©H .wot, risXrLeqS -B^Tdnoo od baboon ©cf bXnow locrrq ©dXnlleb v^ev ^Xaladnso bna airid nlaXo od bi/orcq ©d bXx/orie o\V .dnaraadada airi3 doXb aioB'l ©rid IX ^weli a bb itntqe blgoadcrX bna 'laiolqxa dse-iQ Xao*! dworidXw os ob od ©Xrilsaoq don sX dX dx/cf ^dX bednamaw arid daaconq dA .dnsmadadsi nwo eXxl denXa^s vXIaXoeqa© ^'iooiq (I) .noXdabni/ol dx/oridXw ecf od emaoa xoiaXo ebnaXn^ ria ty©X> ddXW oXXoridaO naXXadl ha ^ eudfruloO ^ KdnexTfedadE * e'loriqan^oXd bna 'aneXiodeXri snXonaCacf nedlA don bits oXXoridaO naXXadl ns eaw anrimnloO darid naeqqa bli/ov? di bodXfxrj ©rid xxX rw©L ©rid lo ^lodEXP A” t©sJ ,*i£S^iv©tI (I) .92-V2 .q *^^eedadS -IX- , a Marrano. The fact that he was definitely aided by staunch Marrano friends as will be revealed in the next few pages can- not be offered as even the slightest proof that he was himself of Jewish blood. It is perhaps natural that some Spanish writers have been eager to claim Columbus as their countryman, but, when a royal commission reported, after extended study that "there is no proof that Don Christopher Columbus was born in Galicia (1) it seems entirely futile for any other student of history to attempt to prove that Columbus was a Spaniard, V/hlle doubtless, from time to time there will be writers v/ho will take advantage of the fact that Columbus himself was most indefinite in his writings on his nativity and on his re- ligion and much as they desire to prove his Spanish blood and his Hebraic fervour, they will be obliged to suppress their desire when they come in contact with the clear, cold light of the study of such authoritative sources as a Spanish royal commission and admit that Columbus in all probability, was an Italian by birth and a Roman Catholic, I But no controversy has ever arisen over the statement that Columbus had friends who were Marranos and who were of tremendous value to him. Indeed he needed their support for Ferdinand and Isabella were none too eager to aid him as the cost of outfitting his expedition was no trivial matter and Columbus was no shrinking individual nor did he possess any J ''(1) Levinger, Lee J, "A History of the Jews in the United State s,''p, 29. jj i ^ = ^ : ^oal|©^ ..oxsB-^l^ V ox^'i^flK t^-rrftri^Ea'RBa® !-wd'i*’'^X6n. ©ifcJ *cl fcidsejfttflit ©d >, ^..v -i- ®- * " xr ,^'s S ' >’ 4 I "(k, r i>‘’_r 4* A-frf'o.l' f » . ^s^r-fri nAvot * a •'beva^^Q dCf :• ' 1t ^X^x‘i1 BBV orf' Ttoo-iq dl.s©:trfs^Xe teiM,frev9 ^ ' :' '. - ,,,. ‘t! .. ^ \' •5ooXd?d^JiXw«&. ! ‘-jiij^^fi8lflaq5;^€Sioe^^^u. " rift rr arfS €fffr>» ioAfllB^lriaa 5aBti*i^aeqad'KJiq ^l it (T w iPlaXo^Sd ®vj8ri e'ladiWj >A 1 i'naxfi^djffwoo ea axr^forxioD 'loa*® Mt.*: 'i>oba©^X© is/iB ,Jbe;>*xoq<>i m;j;i’.BXonrtoo Xb^oi b rcariw t^w aXlxl^? e-X6(tX'iw od.-ilJtw oierict ojtrXi o^ " ruf .., £ ^ n ^ 'Si ojjad:nBvX>B a>fsi XiXw c^w 8BW 'IXoe/TT-trf BudrrujXoO ^Bdc> nl. ©l^llobx^ lao« - 0 ^ alii no bru -^fitlvWBn clxl no^ e^lilrrw .alrl bHA booXd d9^f!BqZ alii avo'zq o^ enlcAb Y^xid* 8B*xfomc b/te qolaXX '' ^ . .1 , clrf ‘florid seoHiCriiiB o;> baaildo ad XXXir •\;9rfct ^*iifov*isl oIaio&H noriw o'tlaob lo dffalS bloo.^^'iBeXo 0113 il31w doadnoo «1 omco ^orid lAYOi dclimqB b re B©o*XBoa ovldadlTOddi/B rfoi/o 1o ^bi/da o/id • ^' . .v.dllldBOO'iq nl sc/dnuxIoO do/id dlinbs baa nolo6 iiijr.ipo no 6 BW * * -*j- .,**' .olXo/idoO nanoH a^bna ddaid di;8-^ di^iaodode ©dd i070 noel'iB *iovo cari , abfloi*id Dad aifdmuXoO dadd lo 6*1 w oflw biii* aoiJBTisM o*xow ddw ox/Xbv et/obnersfoid d‘xoqqt/2 ilorid bofcooix ©d boobnl .mid od bnABlbio^f rcld od oXXodael bna odd SB Ma ios«« ' ^ ~ ^ « p f. 5 ^ u galddl'ldf/op^'to d hae *i9ddBi^ "'Xoivlid on a aw noidlbeqxo cXri Xaoblvibra :^l3lnl^ audaulo X«B seoeeoq orf bib ion Mn^ bodinTI ©dd 1X1 evoT»rodd lo ^v^odelH A*? ®oCI ^ ,q“,«ad^8 .. ' • fcf. inferiority complex (or whatever they dubbed a hang-dog his ex- airism in the fifteenth century) for besides wishing ; pedition to be financed by the royal pair, he demanded the title of Admiral and a share in all the profits of any new lands to be discovered. Isabella thought she might pledge the crown jewels (they had been previously pledged to finance the war against the Moors) but Ferdinand was decidedly lukewarm, not to say cold. (It might be well to call to mind at this time that much of Ferdinand’s wealth was in the form of pre- ^ clous metals, gold and silver utensils, jewels, gems and other j objects of value that had been taken from the Jews who were expelled from Spain.) And so, after waiting around for the better part of seven years, Columbus naturally was pretty well discouraged and left to try his luck at the French court, when a m.essenger overtook him telling him evidently that there had been some kind of royal mental somersault, to express it mildly. History text books, rather indirectly to be sure, but pretty deftly have alv/ays indicated that Isabella suddenly i grew big hearted and resummoned Columbus, but, true students of history today state that three Marranos - Gabriel Sanchez, Juan Cabrero, and Luis Santangel were the pleaders who v/on Isabella and Ferdinand over to Coluiribus’ schemes, not by pas- sionate pleading alone but by advancing the necessary money for the expedition. As Eayserling phrases it - ’’Luis de Sant- angel (against whose relatives the Inquisition waged a war of extermination) was the farmer of the royal taxes and head of - 43 - f ' '7Si9m v^, 'k- *gO^'"mjfU84 -® -&^tfcfirb ..TTO/i^ ViQVodFj&j^a^). xo^inoJ ^^rxe. e/ii :r\rrtxle‘w eebiEecf J^o*! xxi nelaj /jiv 0x1^ . bebajaiff&b ©ri ,utBQ laro*! ©ri;t.’WJ fteofTBail ©cf nbI^.Lb©^l ..•.*• -^ • »'',.,^,,Jif:«'.-v-.'*V^ «.> •«»’.3ij 1Ar4VM TT^BI >A.< tt ^ 7 ^vX*4^ r «.% ^ #p' P A A© ^ #M.Pk f AMI a ^ pv a' r • t:'* w&n >(, 1^3 ©flit' - »gb©Xq ©xi'd- 9otLBsil1 oi bdp^belq ^Xei/oivc^q; rreod^bsxi verfl) eX©ir©f (iwo*ta ^ •'•*' ' ' -"“», m trr ^ * ,mswe.{i;fl rlbob’loaib bnsnfbTLQ'? ^wcf (8»iooM ©n'^ ctenissar ‘tjbw . • o. -i i:? -i > elrfx't hnto od" Xlt-o oi XX©w ©d ^xt3lm ctl) .bXoo i5;aA Oo oon' -e*iq lo inrrol ©rii rri saw ddlBcw e 'baflirib'id‘3 lo doim satXd‘] . i*: J '*iarfdo biiB fiiaoA .aXsw©t ,ciI’Cif®dxr 'la vile bxia Jbloa rteiBCfam cdoio? ‘ f» ''i. • • - n ' JSi • * - r i« .’ ©new oxiw aw©L ©d;t Bib'll aaifai »©©d bad dari^ f ei/Xav lo BlcsJ^do* ‘ 1 " % ‘ * ^, ©dd *iol bfUfOia anXdlaw 'le^la *o« briA ( .0lBq2^.KO*x'l b©XXeqx#> V ^XXair x^ydo'iq aaw^ Tfllaoblaa ejjdHrxXy'J *^878©'.:^ naves lo ;fiaq 'led :r nadvf ;d-ii/oo doxiei'i-, a/i? ga ilcnX elx^ bxia Jb^M^xc/ooaW J • ‘ ^ ;' . ’ ... .^ r V « -•;./ barf e'lorfd dsrfd* ^Jgitobtv© isrlri ^nXlIsi^ nXri :Xoo+^evo. ^ aAcre’s eoia a ^ *1 • 1.^ dl aae«i(p:e od ,iXi/H8*iontoa Xadne^i Xb'^oi lo baii oaioa aead dad »e*iue erf od •^^Idos'ilbxU 'leilda'i ^33^bod dxed ^'xodalH .^fbXia<'^ V ^ *a* , c ,T’ tXaebLoe BiXoda#! darfd bedaoXbrrX a^swla ovorf Y^Xdleb '^ddo'iqr: ** ' ' -5 .. 13- B.-rnefcadB eind ,dno ^affdranloO ben-^nartireei bna bediaerf glcr \ve13' • »c ^sorfoaaC^ Xela Ja^ - eona'iiaM aoirfd djadd edade YaJbod ^odeXrf. Iq^ now ojrfw ercobaeXq erid e*i9w lOv^aadaoS alud bna ^onendaO cai/t -eaq ^d don ^earaerioe 'ewcmwXoO od levO; bnanib'io'H feao BXXerfaeXv X'snom ^BEBeoaii erfd ^jiiottavba ^d dud enola anibaelq ddanols ' -i *• »Ti -dfta^ ©b aluj” dl eeafl»rrfq AfrXi^eetaS bA J* .noldxJbeqx© add nol * ^ 2-^Bii < - Ij*. • if-t/- (Q lo law s be’-^aw noXdXaXupcrl ©rid eovIdaXeilOvIdaXei enoriwenorf denfBAa) Xaana a C lo baarf fcnn aoxad Xa^^'**! lo *i©®t£l ©rid, eew (.x idanXflPiedxe-^ • kif ' /V kir a“' 'Mt ^ ^I V* j"* an important commercial house in Valencia and, owing to his being a confidant of King Ferdinand, he became chancellor of i Aragon. Together with a relative, the royal treasurer, Gabriel ' ' Sanchez and his friend the chamberlain, Juan Cabrero who was I ' likewise of Jewish stock, Santangel entered very energetically i i into the far reaching plans of Col-umbus. He loaned without I* interest to the royal treasury for the venture 67,000 ducats . ;j (about $20,000 or £4,000: perhaps equal to ^^160,000 at the i; I present dayV’(l) I I I/Iarranos Accompany Columbus Cn His First Voyage Financed by Jews (money loaned without interest, mind I i youJ) and under the patronage of Catholic sovereigns, Columbus 'i i set forth on his voyage. But Jews also accompanied him - that j is if Marranos can be called Jews. Only Jewish converts to Christianity were permitted to go on the e:?qpedition but gener- I ally speaking all writers refer to the Marranos as Jews in spite j I of the fact that strictly speaking, they were Christians! ”0f the hundred and twenty men on the first voyage of Colujnbus, I five and perhaps six were Jews by birth, although, of course, I only converts to Christianity were taken on the expedition. Among them were Roderigo Sanchez, of Segovia, a relative of Gabriel Sanchez, who was sent as an Inspector at the special request of the queen: Marco, the surgeon; Mastre Bernal, the physician of the party; and Luis de Torres, the interpreter of (1) Kayserllng, M. , ’’The Discovery of America,” In the Jewish Encyclopedia, V. 1, p. 511-512. -44- Biri o;} gnXwo tfens ei:orre.CBy stl &&tjori Bio'isirfirco ^J'rtBd‘'ioqiiix zq lo ‘loIIooirBrff) em&o&J erf iJbfir,nx&i&'‘»I ‘^rttX 1o i^a&brir.Qo b gixiecf C«jTcfsO ,T[e«xxfBBoid- XcroT erfd- b rf^tlr/ »i®iiia3oT .nogB'iA Bsvr orfv7 o'reiceO neuT. ,X£lflX‘2©cfjTiBxfo erfi bnel*!*! airf briB sexrfonjsB ItIXboIc) 9^73ff© xiev XegnBlxTB^ oXfojiX Xw i»ertaoI ©H .aircfrrinXoD lo enxiXq jjfTXrfose*! 'lal erfct o;Jnx a;?soi/b * 000 ^Ve © orf^ :tB OOO^OaXj o:T Xxjifpo eqjsrf-isq tOOO^M *ro 000 ^OSf ^uorfB) dirSBoiq ©SBvpy isTiX'g bIH au x’TtBXoO i^nBqmoooA aorrs'i'io'T bji/m ^deeqe-taX :tiB3rf^Xw bertBoX Yonom) BweL aifc/iTii/XoO ^ Bfc^.te'iovoa oiXori:JB0 lo ejjaao'id'Bq erfl lobruj brie (Ii/ot d’Bil^ - crlxi baXnBqoxoooB osIb sweC. ztxrS .egsYOV slxi no ri;J'iol iee ol e^'ievnoo rfaXvxeX ^^•^’^0 .bt/© 1^ boXXxjo ©rf riao sonan'is’.! li el “T:ene^ nol^lbeqxe ©net ao og oX beidimTioq ©*io» >^Xqa 0.1 avfoL bb sonBinsM erfet oct ‘lelei aaeiinw XIb gnJbIfiaqe 7, 11b icnBlcJalTrfO ©new .^nlXa&qs rUol'iJB ^RdJ iool adl lo ,CxXdw/XoO lo dSTil odd no xieci briB bs'ibfiL^rf erfrf lo^ ^9B1!Joo lo ^ilgaorfJXjB Ytf cwoT. ©lew xle. cqsrf'ieq boB evil .aoXdXbeqx© ©def no ©nDw Y^l^fi-t^cXodO od atnavnoo Y^no lo ©vX:*©!©-! fi ^BXvog^vl lo ^sedoaBS ogX-ioboH ©new m©rfX gnoniA iBXooqa eriX Xa noXoeqsnl na bb ^nea 3bw oriw ,s©do/TB3 leX'ic'sO ®-fX ^larr-iea enx«.eM jnoeanna odX ^oonaM :no®ixp erfX lo Xasx/ps’i lo n&de'TqneXnX edX ,e©moT ab aXuI baa f'dX lo n/iXoXeYrfq rfaXv/5L ©dX nl ”,BoXnowA lo Y'XQvoobIC ©xiT*' . .Y ^gixIIn^aY^^ (-t) .SXd“IX5 ,q ,I .V »BX.b©qoXoY^^^ the fleet. As Columbus had expected to reach Asia, he was ea- ger to have a capable interpreter along, so he took Torres v/ho understood Hebrew, Chaldaic, and some Arabic and could thus converse with some of the people of Asia. V/hen land was sighted, the interpreter, Luis de Torres, was naturally the first man to go ashore,” (1) And here ends "persecution's preface to a new world." 'Twould seem as though Jews had helped discover America from the very beginning and today, when Spain has lost her American possessions (and her royal sovereigns) is it not a kind of poetic justice to note that America is still harboring the Jews - a people whom Spain persecuted and drove forth? (1) Levinger, Lee J. , "A History of the Jews in the United States," p, 35. - 45 - ~B6 gjsw o.rf ,.sip.A rCosei oi berf <^x/ ;rv7X-or> sA orfvV r9i*toT ©£l os tSnolB ‘X©;tO'rq'x&d’£ii ©XcfaOB© a evaxi oS eiiilj blijoo bfiB oids'iX ©laos bits jOlsblBiiv tW©^cf®H boodsidbr^y 33v; brraX n©riW* .aiaA ©Iqoaq ©iX;) 1o eonoR ri:flv ©s'lsvrioo exit 3UW .ae^t'io'?? ©b atoj ^T[ed©«iqiadaX srfcf ^b«cfrf^ie (I)^',©iorfsfi oji od dAm ^\bZ'xow w©n ja od ©cBteiq c ‘/xoliuoaeToq*’ ebne ©Tod JbnA boxt©.itA 'lovooaXb boqlerl bad svrel, ri^uoxid s& cio©8 bli/cwT' HBoX'ieniA lorf daoX ea/l nIaqS rxerfw bas gnccifri£od ^*iov «rii lo babii B do:i iX el (an'^ioievca Ib^ot 'r©rf bfia) enoleabssoQ ©rfd Hide <*il AoInemA ecJou ©oldsi/t old©oq ovoib bna bodaoeaisq nlcq^ modw siqooq b - cw©^ : ' t; , y “,Cf < . > * b©;tlnU &iLtl rtl ewal. >ri:» *lo * ” ^ic-alH , .T. ©«J t*ro^fllv9J (X) .d£ .q I CHAPTER III ii .1 ij THE JEWS IN EARLY AI^IERICA I i Struggle In South America I I ’Where the first Jewish colonists in America to he i i were ! I found? To answer this question a thought must he given to ! I '! ' i; South America. About the middle of the Seventeenth Century, Ii Ij through the years 1645-1654, there took place a struggle he- ; ' il tween the Portuguese and the Dutch for the possession of Brazil, t j were in lot In Recife (Pernsonhuco) many Marranos who cast their | j I ! with the Dutch and fought side hy side vfith them against the . j ! Portuguese. The Dutch government did not offer much real sup- i I ! port and the West India Company offered less with the result | I that on January 23, 1654 Pernambuco, ’’together v/ith some neigh- | I j boring cities and other Hollandish possessions, was ceded to ! j the Portuguese conquerors, with the condition that a general I | i amnesty should be granted. The Jews, as loyal supporters of, ' : the Dutch were promised every consideration; nevertheless the | new Portuguese governor ordered them to quit Brazil at once. I ! j Some v»’ent to Surinam, Cayenne, and Curacao, and it is generally , j assumed that the first Jewish settlers who in that year ar- || rived in New Amsterdam (the - •j future New York) came directly or at least indirectly - Pernambuco. The i| from community of Recife formed, thus, by its dissolution, the nucleus of several - I I : ' of the oldest and most important Jewish communities in the I Ii i hstShd^^.^ #\j1 m r'1> iil " aoihsjw sOT*a«-»i » £i2SH22£',' '£^ 1 ‘4:« ed90 odVw ^O.^j^OniAtioin;oniA niikA *"6;)OwOXi*CnU-vwa iixdXoo delweli^ de'tiX'vie* ^^4», editv'vko aaew s’xexfw ' ' t-i»' " ~^' ' ^ - -- .. ."< *_ . . _. w ?fcrufi^4 od fiovix ©d ;tc«ar diigxjorfd a /loideejjp eirid ^©wana oT . “' ‘>'v.^ 'f* ^ ,.iR .v-^ .5:' - -.tv\ .v-i'W- 'T.' ,^*t.c/da©0 jdiJ’fidadrrtQV&S drf^ to ©XJbfeiia orfd'^xrodA .aoifXoiitA’.rfdooS- <9t ^-^63X-5T"dX 2*iaot^^odd ri3c/d^d^ , -ad &X3?VJWd8 j3 d&aXq'jfodd •' ;•«« !• ^ !9 ^XXsat^ *Xo nolaBOfteoq^adX 'rcl Jfo^ud arid tea acs«8ad*xo^ arid ni iv UoX *ii©xld ai -d<*.BO offw •-;. la^'xsil craw aia^ (ooxrdmBXwa^) otloaE ‘ ‘' ' ,' Vr--.H. ,’ ^ .Xf-V . .. 1 abla a&ia bitA do^uCi odd ddiwi edi dei?;tR3B madd ddiw rd .•'ii ^ /..,- /•-.'/ v; • -qi/e load ^oom^dollo dorr blhXdftaxddOtojg dddaG o/IT Isas^jjjddoT ' .*•: I ‘»l'j dXjJsod ©iid ddlw eBeXIb^dottC) BXbnl4,deo?/ odd< bna dio^m ^ darid -/iyilofi OiTicc ridlw doddesod® fOOifdausnfto^ ^66X *£S y*x atonal., no ^ ^ t - *> I K .H i»J eiaw .anoXaeoaaoa rfaibitaXXoH doddo 6n* eoidlo ^cidod od' JboJboo * - »• . . i' •', B ' Xfldodoa a.dBxld»'no’XdiI»^P odd ddXw ^adodaopnoo aaar.-^xjddo^l, edd ilo sdoddoqqirs XjsyoI sb »swaX adT .XaJflUds ad blooda * • 'i ©rid aseXaridfiovofi {noida'iablanoa y^ov© beeXaiOdq. ©daw doddCI add .©ono do^X/sadS d.tnp od inarid bedabdo dondovo^ © 86 £fBifdd9^.,w©n p H* ® eirro& yCJCa^^sj^ ai ul f>fij3 ,oao^*iiK) &/tB ^ onfid'v;aJ>’ ^ir3nl*ixrS ‘ ^ -• - TldoodXb ofttso (-iidoY wall adtrdtrt ©rid) wabdodeirrA weH rti bavid lo Yd^mraroo odT .ooodBtBfldoi modlc-, Y-tdoedXbnX dad©! da do li'’ adi autld- ^bonrsot ©tioaE 1 Xadaveaatp ' aiioXoi/a ©rid ^polduXcealb Yd , odd fii aoldXrtiiniRioi) ria twoL dfiBddoqBfi dcoai bda daabXo ©rid to - *- .'i;, .’n j -\^r ,^' t ' M 'Xht J New V/orld. *’ (1) The Jews Arrive In New Amsterdam There were twenty-three children of Israel (men, women children) who entered the harbor of New Amsterdam in Sept- and ; ember 1654 on the bark St. Charles. Poor were they, (naturally having lost practically everything in their war with the Port- uguese) and Levinger states that, "the first we hear of them is that they were unable to pay the full amount of their pas- ^ sage money, that their little household goods were sold at i auction to pay part of it, and that two of the men were impri- soned as surety for the rest. "(2) Poverty is one thing, but an irascible, truculent, bi- goted governor is quite another, and Peter Stuyvesant was all this. He stamped about considerably (with his silver banded wooden leg) and cursed more graphically and completely than usual for he did not wish the Jews to enter his town. He com- municated with Amsterdam (a long process) complaining to his directors, the heads of the Dutch West India Company. Of course, the Jews in New Amsterdam were not idle - they ’jvrote to their brethren who were some of the principal shareholders in the Company, The Company’s reply was a prickly morsel for Peter Stuyvesant to roll under his tongue and eventually swal- low: they stated that their sympathies were with him but. (1) Wiernik, Peter, "History of the Jews in America," p.39,40. (2) Levinger, Lee J. , "A History of the Jews in the United States," p. 59,60. - 47 - (I) ” ,£)IioF w©?I OT.ab-iad’aniA. w©>I nl evln.nA r.woT» ©rfT aeniow ^ffsci) IoB»i 2 l Tto fteiblirCo ©©‘idd'-'^^nev/^ ©rr©w ©larl'P -^qe^ xi.t rKHb'ieiatnA weM lo 'icci‘'T:jBri ©rf;t b©is;tno oriw (ns'ibllrfo bru? ^Il£*ix/ctfln) ei0V7 *100^1 .soIiadO .:tS iliacf eriJ^ iio isome -vt'io*? erliJ cfai'7 ibw 'ilerfi ni gnJLri^tYlsve yllBOx^oBiq ;t£oI gnivari flfexlct lo 'iBeii Qw J'E'iil ©rfd” as^tad’s 'lagalvaj ban (©3©krau -ssq 'ixortd' lo :tmroniB ri-/l eilcJ’ ^csq o:f eUani/ aiow ^ad:i &l eta blo?‘ ©TOW sbcog blorfoa//orf liodct darid- .^ononr ©gsa -Irtqmi a*iow now ©drf lo ow;t bne ^d't lo ct'isq oX nol^oxrs (2)’'.d’B©*i odd 'lol '^d-©i;/E eb benoe ctjtid -Xcf < :ta©IiJOij'i^ ,sXcXoBjB*il na ^gnidd ©no eX jd'io-70^ XXb 6 BW dnaaov^ndS *isd©q boa ^'leddoas odlup st 'roxxiovog badog bebriBc 'lovlie aid ifdXw) duodn beqnucde oH .aXJd nxiiXd '^Iddolcmoo bna '^tlBoXrfqang o'ron. baaitjo bna (jaX.nabooir -.noo ©H .rewod aXrf *i 9 drte od swoX ejrfd rfaXw don bib ©rt *iol Xsoeu aXii od gniniBXqmoo {aaBoonq gnol b) iTiBbTodamA ridXw belBolnjjni 10 .Ti^nsq^oO albiil da©?/ dodwCi ©rid lo abBori ©rid ^anodos'iXb ©dow Tjarid - ©Xbl dorr oiow oiB&iedamA w©T! nl awoT. erfd ^©8*1000 snablofidiBriB XBqlonlrrq ©rid lo ©raoe ©^aw oriw n©nrid©*iri *iX©rid od •lol loanom ^X^foiiq b bbw ^Xqen B’YflJBqmoO ©riT .YriBqaoO ©rid ni -X«wa ofiB ou7}iiod airi nabrin IXo*i od dnjBB ^^r^:;/d 2 ‘isde'i ^dud raXri ridiw ©*i©w aatrfdBqnTYa nlorid darid bodada ^©rfd :woX . 0^^'^o.q ”^BoXionA nl s?/oX. ©rid lo ’^lOdalH" ^nod©*! (I) bodXnd ©rid ai aw&L odd lo Y*iod 3 XH A" , .L s©J t'legnivdj (S) . 0a,Co .q ’\a©:Bd3 "it was e:q)ed.ient for economic reasons to grant the request of their Jewish stockholders (1) Thus the prejudiced governor had to bow to the will of his superiors, and the Jews remained in New Amsterdam. Asser Levy And The Burgher Guard I I At this time, the city was open to assaults from unfriend- ly Indians, and all male inhabitants, capable of bearing arms, were enrolled in the S^rgher Guard. Different members of this guard kept watch day and night for attacks from hostile Indians. 1 A few months after the arrival of the Jews a grave question | arose: should they be allowed (the adult males) to serve in I the Burgher Guard? The matter was submitted to the governor i and his Council for a decision. In August, 1655, this body declared that the Jews should be exempt from that military service and for such exemption each male person betv/een the ages of sixteen and sixty should pay a monthly contribution of sixty-five stivers. Among those twenty-three Jews in New Amsterdam was one Asser Levy who petitioned to be allowed to stand guard like other burghers or to be relieved of the tax (the idea of taxa- tion without representation evidently rankled then as well as in 1775). The governor and the Council refused the petition even when Levy exhibited his certificate to show that he had been a burgher in Amsterdam and also a citizen. But, here (1) Lebeson, Anita L. , "Jewish Pioneers in America," p. 49. - 48 - I i \ again, the Dutch West India Company was called upon to take a hand, and the Jews were admitted to the Burgher Guard and cit- i izenship granted to them. This was the first evidence of pre- li judice towards the Jews in the New World. l! The Jews in Newport li The second Jewish settlement was in NeV(?port, Rhode Island, when, in 1658, fifteen Jewish families arrived from Holland. I I Lebeson states that, "it is interesting to make an occtipational I survey of that pioneer group. There were among them two soap boilers; two workers in brass; four merchants and traders; one money broker. The others are not classified. They were, as ) a group, in good circumstances. Most of them were merchants of experience and education. " (1) Newport offered many advan- tages to the Jews (and indeed to the Christians). Its harbor li ii I was safe; its climate, excellent; and it was supposed to offer i| complete religious toleration. This first little band carried on a modest trade with New Amsterdam and the West Indies. In I the eighteenth century, Newport became a more important port I I than New York, third only to Boston and Philadelphia. During the fifty years preceding the American Revolution, the Nevfport Jews were among the leading merchants of their day. One of these was Jacob Rivera who introduced the sperm oil Industry into America as early as 1705 so that "Newport soon had seven- teen manufacturies of oil and candles, enjoying a monopoly of (1) Lebeson, Anita L. , "Jewish Pioneers in America," p. 70. -49- i ' . . T.<: ^ if 'VP.rry t' stri^ ?*^.. ,3’ 6i aoqsj bfiil&o ebw tfesV? no^tiJ^' ^ ' ' :*» - vr' i^kS^. ’ Cvv' _ f- ^ Ml ?4l ' *' ^ . ,1 .••s4'-\i'' »i*--*-i,-. yr ,* »sl- . ^* dfra-^ ,B6'Aa H -lio hns exfe* dif ewat arf^ J[;« M. t. T I'?. *> . 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J . , the trade in America. ” (1) The Lopez "brothers (or rather half brothers) were leading merchants - Moses manufactured potash by a secret process and Aaron took an active interest in whale fisheries. Jewish merchants, like their Christian confreres, were also engaged in the "triangle trade", and the Lopez bro- thers imported molasses which they converted into rum and shipped to Africa from whence came ships bringing slaves to the West Indies. "It was the infamous colonial triple play 'molas- ses - rum - slaves.* "(2) In March 1762, Aaron Lopez applied for naturalization (the Navigation Act made it unlawful for aliens to trade in the English colonies) and was refused by the court of Newport. He had carried on considerable trade with Boston and so naturally turned to Massachusetts when Rhode Island refused him. He removed to Swansea, Massachusetts in September and in October petitioned the Superior Court of Judicature of Taunton to be made a citizen of Massachusetts. In the same month he was allowed to take the oath of naturalization and when he inti- mated that he v;as of the Jewish faith, the words "upon the true faith of a Christian" were stricken from the oath. Thus, Aaron Lopez became the first Jewish citizen in the state of Massachu- setts. Just treatment at the hands of Massachusetts, to be sure, but vdiat of Rhode Island, that haven of tolerance and (1) Huhner, Leon, "The Jews in Newport," p. 5. (2) Lebeson, Anita L. "Jewish Pioneers in America," p. 87. ' rfp.a^toq La'xxrdos’tyntpfn aoso, - 0*^613 2‘X9r{rto*i f s.Iarfv!' ai deQ'TodnX ovlXo^ n& j/ood no'xi?A aacooia jsioaa b ifd ./'loiAiroo XTBxdei/iDO ‘ilor'j <^:-I.'i taJnf.uiiom rielv oT. , • ‘A ' :) '' 0 i ’ e c oA ori b r:, c ibp id" 3l /‘lii't oji'f CTx be-^}-y-;>r-. s i9;y biy: OiXfl od-ni I'ddXOV/TOO v:^^:*j r(.D.’;r’:vV 39c-£.oicn t0o'X0V'‘il S'xerll .•^nd od aovpie Bq'.'.iz, emBo oon^iiv; aio'i": r.oi^rlA tsqqLrus. -exilon’ \cs.Cq eloi'xA labnoloo Bfj'^rrs'lal Qf^'* a£V! il’’ . - af - ; - Tj'. (2) Jj, ’sa &fi ‘I-, i hsilq^fi zoooX rtoisA t^dVI :iv*z: 'u a' :xi i'JDB'irf r.J aifyllB i:vl Cc/'r.vein:.^ XI Gbr.v: ioA itv?Ao i:-ilvx>r yr;i) ' a;l .- . Ac X*suoc •; . -=>ais'l»i Afijc fasjtxioXoo Aa ' /*. . 1 . an 03 t:n£ rto^aoR r i:w f^: p.-'X '^S.Xz'iobl§.aoo cso X:yi ;ip' cb_X ''' ' 0 . . ‘/i hsaj.r'ia'i crraXt er-o-fA r o.'fw t. jd eur. .Xr,PE#Ait: oa Acn/'ij-d- 1 ' '•d.f' 'I'l : -i .1 >3 ; f lacody ) ul bn 6 1 I X iofic a a , s 3 Pm',Yo Ost bOV'C.T.0'1 ' .• ; od od nod. i'ai' lo f'- r.- Av:rT, "to tic/cA arid X-snoidi;' ©a a.-cvv di- fAirroLr o>vqb ixU nl . i. :‘'d 9a*/i('>r.aapM lo ae.'iidic js eban .''rij:'. i “id.'iX eii r'j'.v.' ito lo rid" bo erfd S'ABd’ od v'X'v/o/Ib ixr'ij oAd efc'iov/ ^ndXr.i fa.’v/of, orld Ao apvv yri daifd t'eAy^r itoi.b;., .ciiiiT .AAbo «iiJ i'O'i'’ -Yiew "nsAdEiirib p Ao r;dj’ el -fiiioPCc-oY. lo odpda ixA ne.i.’^dxr A-'./v^rT, dai',- ''. =}^^eoocf soqoa ' cT/'.:-:ri.df,D'T cv' od , 3ddt>e:.':i'>rtf4ea.V. io abriax: xf da j j arjL . adjae bfTp eoiiaiilod ic x'evi:;i darid ^AnaleX ©LodH ly Aarlw d^rJ .A ,: '\jioo?far{ 0-2 - 1> ©ii'” ^ 'i-ifuliJli (I) r- . n.‘ sioenol'l liaiT/sL* < odXiiA ^^^3ed*J (2) freedom J Just another link in the chain of prejudice, Judah Monis And Harvard College . While Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Colony v/ere ram- pant theocracies, offering hut little hospitality to settlers I who did not embrace the dominant Christian faith, "the Puritans had at all times a very real and intense interest in everything | Jewish, "(1) Harvard College undertook from its earliest days j to provide instruction in Hebrew, The \mdergraduates » interest | I in this subject was pretty slim in spite of the fact that in j i 1653 the College tutor in this subject, one Michael Wiggles- j worth, prayed to God "to incline the spirit of my pupils to j the study of Hebrew," The Lord's help was apparently only j temporary for a little later, resigning his position to become a clergyman, he was still exercised over the Indifference of his students for instruction in Hebrew, Doubtless, the author- . Ities at Harvard were also puzzled for some years over this lack of enthusiasm, but in April 1722 some of them added vision to prayer and engaged Judah Monis as an Instructor particularly well qualified to teach Hebrew. (In 1720, the College had given him the degree the degree conferred on a of M.A. , only Jew by Harvard before 1800) . (1) Monis was an Italian Jew by birth but had embraced Christianity in March 1722, just before he was chosen as an instructor at Harvard. He, himself, stated that he v/as fully persuaded it was the only religion (1) Friedman, Lee M. , "Early American Jews," p.3; p.25. -51- i5oston Univeri^l-t-y School of EducatAo£ Library, ' - — iT- -T-> — . V >(T' p._. jr , soib.rr’^C'i T 'lo rrxBcIo :Ti: *i0rjcfonB .tELfX, imobsslx . !^’i9XIoO vt.£H DfsI. aiitoM oiev ''aoXoT s J'J 9a;.moJC^e£^^ ©.ict f'fiE el.MV' r BioXoCtoe o.’t Xqeoil o .uc qaxie'^'io ^e© t03*ioO9f{^ driaq srlcf’* ,rf;JlBl iXBl^aX'xdC ^aBa’c-iof) orl.T '30B'icfr.f© ^on 5Xb oilw 5^nXi{c?\;'i3V9 xi i ©Ra9cfni ba.B Xs9t v’lov £ IIb je bpA ” aXBb •l3sXI'i£9 e:ti nio*il .:/ooj*i©bn:f sasJIoO £?‘i'’7tsH ( I ) . :id iv/oX Is sed'j3ijb!^T;.q'“isbfii; yrfj. aretnori nX noi:to;j*i:t snX aXlvo'ic oX j " :rl oBiirt &Lz'i Qdz j oi iqs; nl nflla ejev/ ;u- -eeli^SXW lOBflolM ©no ,Xo 0 f.(Iae ; ni 'loiud' ©j»9l.IoO arlo 'liooX oJ aXXqrrq "io ctliiqa orii eniXoaX bov bei^Biq en.i'io.v •>^Xx£0 Yl;}n9‘iaqqB a:r.v qlorl e’b'ioJ onx "./ye'iq©!! lo oiiTOoeb 0 ^ xioXiiaoq a tii ^riirq'.iae'i ^'ioJbI elX^Il a rro'5 ijTS'ioqmei lo J)ons‘i0ll 'cbni or.M lovn boeXo*i3.-LS XXIcte eewi eiX iii£iir\:r-,'i9io b | .v'b'ic'oK p '< noidc'/'i^er X ^o'i arfaef vx^s alx: -'iori;t>rB Sitd , sp.eljdL'or: j 'f©vo sisoY ^c-oo 'to'i o«Xb aiow vtbv’ib-^ oB actii i xcXsxV babLa raad:) lo '^m^e %9VX 11‘iqA r*X qud ^I'XfBfiiai.rddn:© lo jloB X YlTLsI;.fO±cf'XBq an ^ bb 3i.noM bBbcrl, benflgrrs baa rrov.B'iq oi arfct '-S’VX .?.v3n':f9H rioBoq o.t bsXlIXoop How tBb aoeXIoO , nT) £ no t'Q^/ 7 olaoo otT^eo y tno ©riq ,.A. lo 96*1,' ©b e-Ai rAn iidv Ln Yd vvoL aBl'XBdl na 2 BW aXnoM (I).(008I *s':,ol9d bifiviBH woL enolo;' .tacf;, doas’** XnaidaXidO be-jp^iAme bar! iud n^'xXJ .IXaerTTln ^C}’! .bnovnuH Xb noXorni'Isn- . ob, nsacfio aow 9d on ..rarfX bs iaXe . beb/ioc'ioq yJS.uI 2BW noi^liea 3bX iiRV/ Xi ( • ,".^ ro^'iA yliB':*” .M ooJ '.Bir-b9i'iY (I) .q •€.- naoX , ^ 1, -X?- *’'0 V . Ci'l • 1 K’ T;- f>. If. ..V * i I wherein he could be saved and not because he had ’’self ends”, Many there were, though, who thought his conversion was has- 1 tened by the hope of a Harvard appointment. V\/hether a schem- ing or a sincere convert, the Corporation was "greatly satis- fied” with his teaching ability, and the next year increased his salary. For forty years he continued his teaching at Harvard with the varying degrees of success experienced by all instructors. The Sephardim Versus The Ashkenazim Just a glance at the Jews in one or two other colonies I I I before record in the War Independence is presented. |! their for Early in the eighteenth century, Jewish groups established themselves in Pennsylvania, mostly in Lancaster, Easton, and ' Philadelphia, Some were of German lineage, but more were I : Sephardic (Spanish and Portuguese) Jews. It might be well to pause here to mention the class distinctions that ran riot j I within Jewry Itself, A chasm of considerable width yawned between the Sephardim and the Ashkenazim (the German element), j I The Sephardim were generally conceded to be of a higher line- j age with gracious manners inherited from aristocratic ancestors' who had been received at courts. The Ashkenazim were consid- ered to be less polished as to manners, fairly uncouth, lowly, with forefathers who had never been entertained in high places, I and the Sephardic Jews regarded them as rather too pushing (and doubtless too thriving]) But the snobbiest of them were bound to admit that the Ashkenazim brethren possessed ”a strict - 52 - I I M ."gbfl9 '1I9 r” eri eairjasodcr ^oii bns X)OVBa ed hlvoo eri rrle^orfw -aerf SBW rcolanovnoo e±r£ oriw ,919?/ eiorfu -rtrerfoa b Tiodct’aff// .d’nemdnJtoqqB &T;av:'iBiJ b lo ©qorf srlrf bsnsd -Bi:ij32 ^IdcQTg" bbw noJEd.Bioq'roO srid ^^*i9vnoo oieoxiie b io gai; i^esBO'ioai ib 9-^ dxsfi Oiid bnB gnlfioBsct aid ddlw ’’boi'l l£i ^,nidDBO;j aid beunllnoo ed s^ibs^ to*? ,vislBa sld XXb Ycf b&o/Toii©qxa asoooua *io ese'igab ^nl'z'iav edl rlJJrw bueviBH .e'lO^ox/'idanX iTf XsgnaTfilaA erTT axJSioV aiXbTifiriqaa 9iiT EolnoXoo Tdddo owd io oao nX sivaX, Qdl is eoffBXs a JexrX, ,Jb0dn989'iq q 1 eott&bn9q&bal 'lol ^a'rt ©rf;t rtX b'tood'i nierii arroled borlelldBcfaB aquoag nalwob ,y;ii/^n©o rldnoeirlj^Xo 9d^ xxX ^X‘ib3 bno 4^10:55^!? tiadaGortBj nl \jXd’ 80 fl; ^si^BvX^8Ja^[eq nl aavIeatcQdl ©19W s)'ioii! di/d j9gB9nIX HB/rfr^eO lo s^ow ©inoS .slrlqXobfllidq od XX©w ed ^rigliL' dl .8?xeL (eceugudio^I bna delnaqS) oXbd£dc93 doll (18*1 dadrf enoXdoaldalb aaaXo sdd nol^nem e'lod eairjsq benway; ridbiv/ eXdB'ieblenoo Io mcado A .IXeo^JX ^'tveZ nidi Ir: , (ladf'^sle ncBinieO edi) mt.iBfiejidaA edl bna mXb*i£dqo3 odl nosw^ed -oriXX *i9dgiri B lo 9d od bsbeonoo '^XXfiieneg 9*i8',v acLtbiBdqeS 9dT aiodesona oictsioods b noil bodiiadni eienriBfli ai/oioBig n'.'tb.y ©33 -bXaacD 010W nXsanosfdsA ecfi. .edic/oo ds bevXsoai naocf bad odw ,f^Xv/oX ^ddtfooxur rXilBl jBiSiiaaiii od ea boriBXXoq eeoX 9d od boia ^aeoBlq risld rxl boflisdiadne noed iov9n baii odw eieddBloiol dllw 3 niriax/q ood lOddBi ass m&dl bebisgoi bwoT, olfcisriqeS exi'd briB 919W modd lo daoXddoxie odd dx/8 ('.snlvXirid ood eaeXddiJob bnn) doXida b” boesescoCT ncoirido'id nrXsBns^riEA ©di dadd difflbB od brurod . " t frugality, unceasing activity, indomitable energy, push and innate ability,” (Does this sound at all like the criticism of some Christians today against the Israelites?) But as Lebeson puts it: "Much as the older looked down their Sephar- dic noses upon the newer arrivals from Eastern Europe, they v/ere compelled to make room for them on the synagogal benches. For from the first they worshipped under the same roof . Evidently, "The Colonel’s lady and Mrs, O’Grady V/ere sisters xmder the skin" v;hen they publicly worshipped GodJ So like their Pihode Island brethren, the Pennsylvania Jev/s were concerned with commercial ventures - they began as shop keepers, graduating into prominent traders and merchants carrying on active trade with the Indians in peltry, sending cargoes dov/n waterways to the west, and helping to boost American as well as foreign trade. CormTiercial Importance Of The Jews The Carolinas had Jewish merchants among their colonists from earliest days, dealing largely in rice and indigo, and it was Moses Lindo (originally a London Jev;) who was the prime mover in making South Carolina aware of the importance of indigo as a product. In 1754, Charleston exported more than 200,000 pounds of indigo, a product ranking second only to rice V/hen Georgia was first settled there came twelve families -53- b/XB rieuq oldscticcobni: ^'^dlvldoB 3Xii;e£©oacf *• ©dBrml m 3.iol:!ttno ori:i e:^il XIb ds bauos Eldd bsoiI) lo GB ct/j-g (?a9d-±l0B‘xeX efP d-aniB^B vrsbod eitBWaX'iriO smoe -*isflq©2 ‘iJborfd’ fTfifob i?Q')iooX Teblo Qxld bb rloyM^’ :di aduq Goasd&J ,oqo‘ix45 itTsdcB^ more A alsv^i^xB rcowen sett noqi/ a eaoet olb ,e©fto ".loon emBs erid *i©bca; boqqXiisnov; 7,od:i danil sxid mon'i no'^ ^YXdftsbxva erf?” Yf’B'iO’O .enM bnjs s'l^noIoC , aOvir/ erfd nobm/ sn^isis eneV/ ’.IxjD becqXdBnow Y®dd rlH e>fil o3 E J frsx? lYBrrci©*? ©dd .nanrldond bnElel abo niadd anev; av/al, &B nj-x^ad Ysdd - aanudnov laXoaonapo ridlw banneonoo ^enoaeaif qoxia adfiBxfo'ioni briB cnabend drrandrdonq odnX ;=>nXdBifbBn>i ^j/tdbrTOB ,Y^^Xaq ni enBXbnl ©dd ridiw obBnd ©vidoB no daood od ^nlqldft bne ^d'aaw oxid od e^Bv-nddfiv/ nwob EaognBO f' .©••and rrjjlanol bb IX©if.’ bb naoXnorrtA. gyeL ^0 sofxfidnoqirj iBlonagm^oO edalrfpXob nXaild ;^noiio ad^xBrionaxr* daXwaL f'flxt 8Bn*XoT.BvJ ©f2T monx di boB biia soil ni ^niXaso dBolInno sew sfTiXnq odd bev/ on» (v/©Ti nobnoj a YXJBfTx^ino) obniJ aaeoM N p^nliiexH nX ‘xavotn *lo aoiiBdnccmX ©rid lo o*ibwb BfrdXcuBO ridx/oci opAbnl nsrid anort b&d*Toqx© nodGalnarfO ^X6VX al .donbonq a as od bncoas ^ni^fnan d'oi/bo'iq js ^o^Xbni 'to ar^nwoq 000^002 .aoln / adiXXjDa'i ©vXawd atiBO anarid boXddoc danXl aav/ Bignoo-O nariY/ I of poor German Jews as well as forty Portuguese Jews of con- siderable means, llhey were not enthusiastically received by the Christian settlers but Oglethorps welcomed them, if not i I with open arms at least with an open mind. The Portuguese | Jev/s were allowed to buy land, but the German Jews received none, due to the fact that their pocket books were too slender to permit such ownership. The Portuguese Jews soon proved their expertness in the occupations of silk raising and wine producing. Here again, as in Pennsylvania, the Sephardic and I the Ashkenazim clashed. The Sephardic suffered from a superi- | orlty complex based on the possession of money, land, and their aristocratic origin, while the humble Ashkenazim were regarded as almost objects of charity. Enough has been said of the Jews in the original colonies to indicate their importance. International trade was then in sv/addling clothes; means of communication were slow, differences in language, conditions of continuous warfare all helped to restrict extensive international commerce. But here is where the Jews came into their own. They were naturally united through language and customs, living in all the large commer- cial centres and possessing a real trade instinct, "The Jew in New York had relatives in Amsterdam, Brazil, and London, The Jew of Newport was acquainted with the Jews of Barbados, Constantinople or Italy. Most of these Jews were of Spanish origin or descent and members of the same family found them- selves, after the expulsion, in all parts of the world. It was - 54- -noo lo ST/ar, as Ilstv as 8WoT» rcsis*iaC 'looq lo j ^d bovjbooa*!' ^Xls^jldaslexfdd^xto ;fon etev/ *enB9in eXdeiabla doii 'It ,_mafl3 Jbomo&Xevr eq'ioadoXaO «ioI3.j©s r.xld’aiTiiD noqo. fXxw csexf3JL'd'io‘S ©nT .baXia naqo ob d;Hw :J3 b©J 3f adiG bs’/iooe'i sweT, ,9/13 3iJd ^t/d od- boisroXIr. ©*X3W e\;eT. labxfala ooX ©"row ajfoocf ;t©^coq ilodo 3Bxi3 Josl arict od ©wb ^oiioxt L ovoiq rrooa os©t;sx''d-'ioq ©XfT ^glde-ronwo riowe dXi’nsq od ; 'Alla lo anoidsqi/ooo erid al seend'ioqxo qteffd onXw bna j bne otbiBdqsS orid jSlaBvItsrixieq iii au ©toK .’©n tocbonq i arid -x'roqqa a niO"il bsiollua oXb^arfqoS ©rfT .bsxlEalo mXifixi©jblsA ! nolaeoeeoq add no boaacf xolqmoo \-diT;o bits ^bfial j o*r9\Y misanajfdaA ©Xclnrxni ©xld oXXrlw ^rtxf‘i‘io oxda‘ioodei'’ia •ixaifd I .•irdinado Ic adoot'.'o daoirla ea bobfra^ei i eadnoXoc XjbdXj.X'io arid nJ awot. ©iid lo blae near earf rbiuon?' "liand oiaoibnX od nX noudd aaw ersn:/ X/jnoXdBr«rftdnT . ©ortBi'ioqfri ttnac-m 3 ©rldoXo fiX-!faX>£we soon6*rdllXb ,woXa orrow nolds.oinjjciixoo lo ; 3 od baqXod IXa e'lel'iBW anoi/nidnoo Ic snoXdIbnoo ^ogai/griBl nX , dDX'idEO'i ©*; oiXw fiX ©'lari dxxfl . ©o'lBifitiioo Xano Idamsdni ©vXsnddx© bQdXnif ^XXB'ixrdan Q't jw ^©flT .nwo TX©i1d odnX ©i«ao ew&L ©rid -loanyco ©rid XXa nl ;^nXvXI ,einodsuo bna oi^auanaX rij^nonrid wax. ©xfT" .donXdcnX ebonj Is©"r b s^Xsasaeoq bna sandnoo laXo .nobnOtT bna ^IXsbi? ^inaX'^iedamA nX ©©vldalen beri AioY vrePt nX ^eobdrircB^' lo aweL ©rid ildXw bedoXsirpoa ©jbw d*ioqw©iI lo weT, eriT rieXrjsqt; lo ©t:©w ew©T. ©aorid* lo daoM .rfBdj *io olqonXdnBdanoO -modd bAiiol E-rocfraerr bn£ dreoesb no nX^ino ^E©vX©a esw dl .bXnov; ©rid lo ednaq I Is ni ^noXaXnqi© ©xid nsdla this peculiar situation which v/as of great commercial import- ance and redounded ultimately to the great benefit of the American colonies. Because of this, the Jew rendered a unique and unparalled service to the upbuilding of the colonies. ’’ (1) I (1) Cohen, George, "The Jev/s in the Making of America," p. 70. -J'loqral Is.'T-^9r!iaroo Ic asv/ rialriv/ noi.jBud’.ie. T8.tI;rooq eiild’ ariti lo j^erc;?, 9ii:l oct ’^lGd-fijrrl:tIir i''9brL(j-oJbe'2 bna ©one ©jjpirrjLT B £)o»x&t'iisi a-©T. silt lo &sjj£oe^I .aeinoloo n^o-r'isfriA I ,0V '\j8nJ'i6n/i lo pn Oilct ai rw©L ©nT*‘ ^oj^ioof ,n&rfoC {!) CHAPTER IV ! JEvYS IN THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE i Were They Patriotic ? Were the Jews Whigs or Tories? Did they take an active part as soldiers and officers, serving their country with conspicuous bravery and ardent in the cause of liberty, or v/ere they laggards and lukewarm, a criticism sometimes made of them? Like the Christians in the thirteen colonies, they I were concerned and active - there were many natriots and a few I Tories - but history reveals no traitors. "There were only about two thousand Jews in the colonies ^ at the time when the war broke out, mostly well-to-do merchants; i I of Spanish and Portuguese descent, of v/hom a considerable num- I ber had formerly lived in England or had trade connections with' I the mother country and with its various dependencies. Class i Interest and personal predilection for old associations were, I therefore, in favor of their being in sympathy with the ruling power over the sea; still, the number of Jewish loyalists was j small. "(1) These two thousand Jews made various contributions to the cause of liberty: Not only did they serve as soldiers and officers in the Continental Army, but, like the other patriots,. (1) Wiernik, Peter, "History of the Jews in America," p. 87. - 56 - VI HaT^IAIIO hht ;ii avriru * ?oioO '-^£5 ,2^££!- sv.r:o5 riB sj^Bd ?e 92 ioT io erJ.iiv: avfoL odd enev: 'idlv/ ^-'I'Jrruoo zlodd r>rlv*i'>r. ^e'looll'io ^>r.B sTcsIMoe. ee ^0 ©:-r30 orL-^ r.I bnja ^'lOVB'id GJiouolqRr.oo e.t-QGi eomlife'r\:oe rr.eloldl'io b jiTiswOT-ffil brw aibrce'^^Bl :"t>v; ^aoinoloo n0£>d’'i-^.rldj xil ansl^ slrtnr: ori.f e>(i:J ^rr^cil lo - wol xi ban adol'xdaq xixBr., onew O'leiii evl^oB briB fcoii^/e-orioc fx©v/ on sIb£;vqi Y'^o^^lrf ir.fC •' roi»ioT ' aelnoloo oxict n.l bwoT. bnrGrxorlJ owd .Ytjc'b Yino ortow R'^r:n '{orterfr ob-o:t-Il 9w 7 I.: goct ^tuc fjioTc' *ibv.' ""'d reiiw nn ocdir; trijj -man t> C'.in'iojbianoo n ':‘'.'i''^' lo ^rtneoeob . rieineqa lo rid'iv’ anolxloormoo obsTi r i!-; no fnBl^nS ni bov.^I aanlr . - 3j.oft9£:fioqoI) auoi'ipv a;ll rWxv: na Y*i^ru/co 'lerixton oiU ^3*iwv/ z'tof.J€.loo 8 e& bio 'ic’l noiJ o«X bo'iq iBnosidq b ".e .tea'iectni: 'jrttJ.'jT Of^c^ n'lir ‘.rii:©d niord lo 'XovbI rri , e'lclo'iorld' stjw LoelljcTOI dfilnoTj lo 'L^^dcuiff dii? ;j3es odd lovc *iowjq ” (I ; . iIbc:& ©d:t od ano id ^cl*id n o P''foI'iBV abem ewo'C. bnset/oa'i ':^w.. ©aoifl b/»^j5 a'ts-.iblos SJ3 ev'^oe xodd bib Ylt^o lo eeuBC ’^r.r^oi«i:j3q Tiorilo erf.l oxiil ^do " .’sb , v . noi;*i9;iu. ni awsl oriq lo vTo.iBiH'’ .'isio'i (1^ they were useful in supplying munitions, clothing, and money to the army. And like their Christian confreres they suffered. The Fate Of Newport Newport, that thriving seaport, fared sorely at the hands of the British - it was captured and occupied by the British and the Hessians, some 8,000 in numbers. They destroyed many houses (about 480) and carried on the usual brand of burning and pillaging that has characterized invading armies since time began (and which will continue until time ends, evidently) with the result the Christians and Jews fled to other places. Over 200 Jewish families left Newport seeking homes elsewhere and never resumed again their pleasantly active life in that attractive town. Among the heaviest losers at this time was Aaron Lopez whom, you remember, Rhode Island refused to natura- lize and who eventually became a citizen of Massachusetts. A number of his ships were destroyed and his goods confiscated. In after years one wonders what memories the name Rhode Is- j I land conjured up to Aaron Lopez’s mind. j Jews As Privateers | i But, endeavoring to be just, it must be admitted that | Congress in the beginning of the war legalized the capture of i enemy vessels and if the British burned and pillaged Newport so did the Americans seize and destroy at least 733 British | ships carrying cargoes worth over ten million dollars. And with what amazement must the British naval authorities have observed this phase of colonial warfare] England, the - 57 - ':enoD Lhb jenoi;fjtmrrr ^xxiTjIqqua rrJ- Ij:f‘i©au eiow ,f)e.'£s1'ijj-e qq'iqiJcioo njoI:tsi‘idO niod^ ax^lX £>xxA .^moB 9ri;t Oo :t *ioqv>'9tl Jo w££5 sbrisn s;*cf vls'ioe be'xs't ^»^*ioq£;9e gnivl*xrf;f d’Bxl.f tu*soc%Y 9K rfeidiTcS erf.1 -^cf boiquooo .brtB be'iBd’qBO eew cti - rfeJ:«iI*i3 ©d:f Jo Xrtsm bexorcd-eeb Y©f^T .e'locJnJi/rr al 000^8 acroe lanBiaeeE ©rf^ brua ^r.Xit^/rcf Jo JbnB'fcf lauaf/ eciJ no ael't'iBo bna (OSi^ (tuods) saeuori ©onXe eeXmis sniJbjsvnX besliowosusdo esri ifiri? sfriaalliq bns ('^Itrfob.l'vs ^efone aoil^ £l:fni/ aimlc^fToo Iliw n'oxdw 5rra) nasad .aoo£lq ‘larilo od boll p.wet bfia efiBldaXtrdt) &d:i' odd d&£v/ ortei-fv.oelo secion jvcri^fQoe dnoqwoR d'lol eelllriBJ ifefwoX 002 lovO .tadd nl ©'ll! ovddoB nljeaa bexauBen 'loven bne amv enrid exrfd da otoaoX dEolvaori odd ^fiomA .nwod ovidos'idda -fiiudaxi od boBiils'i bnaXel obor0I ^lodmeino'r wor ^niojrfw soqcxl ao^jjA A . ed jesx/xioBeesM To no5:ddXo a oxttaooJ ^J.Iri.’’daovo cdw bris ©siX .bsdBociljaoo efvoo'^ aid bna bo^oidaob eiow aqlda alri Jo iQdmuci -al ©boflE Oflicn orfd B6l*Toin©in dadv/ b'i iLfrow m:o bisoy ‘isd'le nj .Xiilif e'so r>j rroix;/; od qx; X»6*ijj(;noo oneX e*ioedavl*iq eA avyoT. darid beddiiizba od dax/a dl ^datii, od od snI*iovs©bfro ^dn8 lo ©Tt/dqar odd boalXasoX 'tavr arid lo gxilrniisod odd nJT eacn^noO d'xoqwsK bejiaXXlq 6na bortix^d naddliP oxid dl brra eXesasv ^mono I rialdliQ £oV daaoX da '^oidaob bxta osiec anaoliorjiA odd btb oe bctA ,8iaXXob rtolXllm nod novo rid now aeognao 3rrl^nnao aaliic I I ovBd adidX'ioddxra odd , bnaX^xt^t mistress of the seas, hoist on her own petard J Jews there were who had a hand in this privateering. '’Among the Jews who were owners or part owners of ships manned with guns were M. M. Hags of Boston; Isaac Moses and Benjamin Seixas of Phil- adelphia; Ahrahara Sasportas of Philadelphia. Moses Levy of Philadelphia in partnership v/ith Robert Morris (famous finan- cier of the Revolution and a non- Jew) owned the Havannah and Black Prince . Isaac Moses and Matthew Clarkson owned the Cornelia , the Marbois , and the Mayflower . Isaac Moses and Company owned the Chance and the Fox and for the fifty-four guns carried on the ships owned by him and his associates, Mr. Moses asked Congress that gunpowder be furnished. So it is safe to assume the Congressional encouragement spurred these privateers ." (1) Jews In The Continental Army And how did the Jev/s conduct themselves in the army? The books dealing with this subject are numerous and detailed accounts of Jewish activities are not difficult to obtain. Writers like Samuel W. McCall, Simon Wolf, Madison Peters, Peter Wiernik, and Lee Friedman offer extensive and discrimin- ating material on the Jews in the Revolution and one has but to peruse it to be convinced that the criticism sometimes / heard that Jews are lukewarm patriots is unjust and indefens- ible. It is not necessary in this thesis to devote undue (1) Lebeson, Anita L. , "Jewish Pioneers in America," p. 210. - 58 - . 3W9T. ;b»ij3:i0q r;wo 'isd ao ^ 2 i;orf ^efioe ©nd lo c&o‘y:taim OfIvT 3W9T, 0ii;J i^nornA^- .*’>nI'X9©c^£vl»rq rri bxififi b bad orfw err©*' arrov? sni/5 rlctiT/ Jbenne/r aql/is lo e/iomo ^isq *10 a*iemFO ©‘xav; ' -IbrlT lo eaxiaS n/j7ris(.n©r 5rrr- eeeoK orce'' rnousob lo .U lo \fvOiI aap.oM , aidqXabjBlJ:!!'?. 'lu -TsJ'tcqnpS maxiaicfA ieirTqlabs -nenM stroiiiSl) aX'X'ioM doiodoH qiifs'ian^'ycq r-i eXriqlcbBllrf? bn/i fi fcdfrBVfl H ad^ bonrro fweT,-nort a bca nci'iiJlovaH ©rid lo *X8lo od:J bGXTV7o xiosif'iBlC wadd^sM bna eaaoM oaeal aociiq I bfiB eeeoM gbcbI .*xenoXlys&; adj bna t elotfnaM ©ilu 'ii/ol-r^lXl ©rl^ 10I bna aii^t bx-a oorsdO ©dd benwo ’^rfBonoO t39rfaic»ccaa eirf bna mixl ^cf bam.’o eoirie ecfts xio bet^^iBO entr& cJI o2 .badalmrrl ed 'i8bwoqarx& darid auci^noO badsa eaaoK . 1I' beircx/qs :irtonosa*TJLroDn© Janolee&'XT.aot) add oirujeea od elae &1. ’ (X) Baeadaviiq ©2©rid \;a.TA Xadncrri:tnor^ a/iY rrl sv/aT. oxlT ?txr*iB arid rrl e©vXo2''©rid doi/broo awoT. arid bxi' wod bnA 1 balicdab bna Br/oitcrrim ©qa doo'^rfrx© aln'd ridliv ^n^Iaat) ajicod .nXDdcfo oit dlixoXllib don oie aeddivldo/j daiwi ^ lo ednijoooa ^e^radfi^ noe fbo>: ^lIoW notr.18 ^IXaOoM .T Xax/frreS adll ane;ii*xV/ -ninrXioalb bns ov'lexiadx© *i3llo rusmbeiiS. eaJ bncL ^Ula*ierfi ledol dtfd and ©no bna rroidjyXovoH ©iid nl ewaL axid no XaXiadain safn.tdOiTioa aiei.ofdino ©rid dadd boorjivnoo ed od di ©arr-ioq od -E/iplobnX bna dsxxfrn-f ai sdoiridaq fniBA'©:!:;! ©*xb ewoL darld ±.*ra©xi arxbfoj adovab od aieoxid eirld nJt Tnaaeseon don ei di ,©Idi .0X2 ,q ’\aoineciA nX eneanoJt*! riaxweL’’ ^ .1 adXnA ,,noB©daJ (I) -8d- X,.!' . m t - > I space to the Jews of the Continental Army for it is the role I of the Jew in America’s making (not just her wars) that is the subject under consideration, but, it might be well to pause | 1 for a moment to touch upon a few typical cases of Jewish offi- cers who served ably and well in the army and about whom Peter , Wiernik thus comments: ’’The names of more than forty Jews who | served in the continental armies of the Revolution have been | preserved. As they almost all belonged to the wealthier class, it is but natural that the number of officers is dispropor- ' tionately large in this small band. Pour of them reached the ; 1 rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, three became Majors and there were at least half a dozen Captains, I Two members of the ^^ranks family served creditably in the ' Continental army, while a third (they were probably cousins) became known through his sympathy for England. David Salis- bury Pranks, who is described as a ’young English merchant’, settled in Montreal, Canada, in 1774, and was active both in | business and in the affairs of the Jewish community. On May i 3, 1775, he was arrested for speaking disrespectfully of the I king, but was discharged six days later. In 1776 General ! Worster appointed him paymaster to the Xmerican garrison at Montreal, and when the army retreated from Canada, he enlisted as a volunteer and later joined a Massachusetts regiment. In 1778 he was ordered to serve under Count d’Sstalng, then com- manding the sea forces of the United States; upon the failure of this expedition he went to Philadelphia, becoming a member - 59 - olo*! srf;t si ix 'lo'i iB-laerticf/roO sfid" lo ew©L ol soBqe 6jril si :f&d^ (s*ii3w led d’sxri; Ion) s^IjTbct alBoirromA tii v/oT. ©rid lo ©sjjBQ ol Ilew od liljjljir dl ,d0(f jnoilBTiefjIenoo ^ebcm ^ioolduQ -lllo rfeivret. lo 8©eoo wsil o noqi; dot/ol cl Insmora b lol idlaq flrodv/ Ir/ocfe IfLB ^ana ©rl:* ni Xlew bna ^Jcfs bovnee odw B*iao odw swoL Tjl'xol narfl e*rofTT lo Beman sdT" : slnemmoo auril irflmolV; tieod oved nolluIovoH erfl lo aeloi-is Xalosnllnoo oxTl nl bsviec ,sbbXo T:&ldllfl6w oril ol bej^noled XIb IboikXb y.&d:i eA .bovieasic -'loqo'iqalb bI e^oolllo lo 'lodmcrrr odd Isr’l iBawlan li/cT si 11 odl b©dofio*i inedl lo *ii/o’7 .b:iBO' XXcns slnl ill oj'IbI x^Ielanoll oiov; 0*10x11 bfiB 6 *10 (.bM sciBOOd oo'idl ^XonoXoO-lrBxtsli/oiJ lo 'Au&^i .enlfilcBC nesob a IXari leas! la ©rLl nl '^XoBlibo*xo bovnoa '^Ilnal Bdiisn^ odl lo enocfnera owT (enleifoo ^IcfBCfonq a*i©w ’^©dl) bnlrll a fllrfw ,^ma XrlnenllnoO' -slXaE blvaCT .bxisl-qna nol xdi&qtdxs slr£ rl^x/onnl ffworoi oinaoa'c' ’ Ifiarfonorr: rfalX^n? aixao'^’ a sa bodlnoaob el orir ^eiTna'i'? nl rfl’od ©vlloa saw bna nl ^afcanaO ^XaanlnoM nl bslilss iiO .Y^HnnfTProo fielweb ©dl lo e*i1b11b ©xll nl bna eeanlaijcf ©ril lo YXXnllooqe&nalb snl^iBsqa *iol bolasnna eaw eri ,CVVX lanexioO b?VX nl .nelaX e'^ab xls bo^nadosib eaw li/d »siiljf la noelnnas naol'xsrrii ©ill ol nalBoxf^aq mlfi b&:iritoc,qB nelsnoW belaiXn© ^d ^abanaC cio*il b6lB©*il6*i ©ril neffw bha 4 Xse'ilnoM nl .Inoflrl^o*! ell9eurioB38a2rJ a benlot nelsX boa idslnuXov a rb I -moo nsril ^gnlale^’b InnoD *x©bflxj ov*i©s ol b©*iob*io saw ori 8VVX ©‘inXlal ©ril noqjLf ;e©lall ballnU oril lo eeonol b©e ©lil j^ftlbnam nodmocr a gnliirooad ^alriqXoDaXlrl' ol lnew ©ri nolllb©qx© slril lo i of General Benedict Arnold's military family. In 1779, he | went as a volunteer to Charleston, serving as aide-de-camp to ' i General Lincoln, and was later recalled to attend the trial of I General Arnold for Improper conduct while in command of Phila- j delphia, in which trial Franks was himself implicated. He was aide-de-camp to Arnold at the time of the latter’s treason, in September, 1780; on October 2 he was arrested, but when the case was tried the next day, he was honorably acquitted. Not satisfied with this. Pranks wrote to General Washington asking for a court of inquiry; on November 2, 1780, the court met at West Point and completely exonerated him. In 1781, he was sent by Robert Morris to Europe as bearer of dispatches to Jay at Madrid and to Franklin in Paris. On his return. Congress reinstated him into the army with the rank of Major. On Janu- ary 15, 1784, Congress resolved 'that a triplicate of the definitive treaty (of peace) be sent out to the ministers I plenipotentiary by Lieutenant-Colonel David L. Franks and he i I again left for Europe. The next year he was appointed Vice- | I I Consul at Marseilles; in 1786 he served in a confidential capacity in the negotiations connected with the treaty of peace and commerce made with Morocco, and on his return to New York in 1787 brought the treaty with him. On January 28, 1789, | he was granted four hundred acres of land in recognition of | his services during the Revolutionary War. 1 His relative, Isaac Franks, was only seventeen years old ‘ when he enlisted in Colonel Lesher’s regiment. New York volun- I ' O , ;VS'I nl .vllait’.'x Y'lGd’lxi.'r; s'i^IoxiiA ^olbeiioE: iB-ifixisD lo Oo qafeo-ob-^Mfi Sift ^/dviSc: ^^oo soIrTBi:’'.. oct 'i»3J‘xii/Xov o gb ^nsvr I'o £.Bl'r.:t 0 rfc jbnoxtcJij oi b-aXIiiOO*! roYftl 3c.v nxijs ^\IoonlJ. iBiaxieO -jsI L'f-: Tto 'o/rft^anoo xiX olixiw anobnoo ‘isqairici 'lo'i Ic-iansO Ci.’f al-i .T:oXftoi.Iqcir 'ilSBirli''' eftw eMxiii'r'I '. Xsi'iX xfoXiiw nl ^ dab . ft'occerf :-;i •r^' dxsl exit Ic or.'X sifX jft tloifrA oX qmr ';~db~obl .'3 ct’ur'' suX r'orfv/ ,bod eaiix? bbiv oxi S •roo'oXo'? xio :O^VI ^ nl tfoM . 7l X’ no XT ' 3 ftV. Ib'’ iteO c-1 od'c'rr; ailnr'nS! ilX.’v; iJue Xb d’em d'lt/oo ofl.' ' .d .t no jY'^Xnpxxt Jo J^uoo b nol ::i3vx o:. ,’i . .LX o&-:» 'i^aox^ ^laXoIoroo bnx oxii'^p Xaeti' vbT, oX eor'oXu rj-. i.f 'j.u bc cq^ n r-J BJn*rc.-. d'ri>do>; Xnoa ftGCT'^jfio.' .nncxctan nlrf x:i . *il \/ oX Oxlc Xb "XrxiftL n* lo >Jncn . u xl^tlv/ t' *: n oXnX rrxld fcac jDv'‘?ni:on o:'7 '..o o^lBC-XiriT? r. • Xovl'.aen xiscxYno' ,XL?I , n£ i-na etn xr^ oriX oX iJJO *r:!jG ad fftonoc '.lo) rJii-.no avlJIr^'^afc I J’'’.' 6x1 X. .7 o'vr’ i art' -:Jxxf;n9:''x/ftlLl Jnftdoq 'n0lx» -ool’ ba^nloqqft eBW er near Ixar! a " nol dial n?.Br>B '.’! ‘ dnaidlnoo b nl Jbe’/nae or: d:- :I ; f al I teannl*^ .'B lixenoC: lo 6xld ndLw bojosnr'r o - no ^ * fl/dc>*'s6XT axi':J r:i rdloBOBJ ' W'H- od n'TOoon a.li no bne ,cooo'rc\ r-diw f ' acr oonainfrcG on ooftoq ^90VX ,1'J r .n trl Iw rdaonr) and driYuond VGVI nJ ^.'loY Jr. r.old In.Y''' ion ni Jo oonon bonbru/d 'tixoI bsdxxii'X', rev.' axi . • Y ',:ncnoJ.‘ vlovs.' and booXvi.'^ a.’r? bXc Lno.MY neadnPvoG ftftv/ ^ednrn:'- objeeI ^avldalen elY ’ -r.nlov ‘inoY waTl .InocTjnon =. 'it’X'.aesj lercnlco :ii bod.Gilne vii xianw teers, and served with it in the battle of Long Island. On 1 same at the September 15 of the year, he was taken prisoner : I capture of New York, but effected his escape after three months detention. In 1777 he was appointed to quartermaster's ! department and in January, 1778, he was made f oragemaster, be- ing stationed at West Point until February 22, 1781, when he v/as appointed by Congress ensign in the Seventh Massachusetts ! Regiment. He continued in that capacity until July, 1782, when he resigned on account of ill health. He settled in Philadelphia, where he later held various civil offices, and j was in 1794 appointed by Governor Mifflin, Lieutenant-Colonel I of the Second Regiment of Philadelphia County Brigade of the , Militia of the Commonwealth. It was at his house at German- | town that President Washington resided during the prevalence ! of yellow fever in 1793, when the seat of government was re- moved to that suburb of Philadelphia. " (1) I With characteristic justice and a sense of balance, Wiernlk goes on to state that: "The third and loyalist member of the family, David Franks, settled in Philadelphia early in life and was elected a member of the provincial Assembly in 1748. He supplied the army with provisions during the French I I and Indian War, and in 1755 he assisted to raise a fund for | the defense of the colony. On November 7, 1765, he signed the Non- Importation Resolution; his name is also appended to an (1) Wlernik, Peter, "History of the Jews In America," p. 88,90. - 61 - " no .bnfllBl 3noJ xo oid^jBO lid’lvr Lsvisb bna 9rl»t n.enoQl'iq ne>(s;t £jsw arl 1o 61 i©dni©:tq3 cl 30‘ixf:f 'xsi'ls oqjBoe© exrl fas:!©©!!;©^ ifwcf ,?(icY v7oK lo ©‘II;^^cpo * e *rad‘BBfli'ie;t*rsjjp oct tio;^nJI:oqci? bbw ©ri ?VVI nl . no id’ no :t©b sxionoic -O'i t'i9:tt5J3ffl©3B*io'i ©bB.^' BBV/ ©ff ^ 111 -bnfi ^nocrrt'TBqob 0x1 aarfw ^I8VI .SS iriflExndo'^i li^xiu :*nloH :^eo\V c^b benoi.-tBde 30! EcfwoenxlO-eeBBM rldnovea ericJ- ni nglen© oeen^aoC bo:JnJloqqB eav/ itl noXct^ea ©II .rl^Iuftri XXX “Jo insfoooo no bert^ieo*! orf no/fw fcna ^seoX'i'lo IXvJo atsolrrav bXoiI -lecfaX ©rf orrom ,.BldqXei>BXXdq IonoXoO-;InBno;tu©iJ »iom.oV‘ -j y;d‘ boi-xrXoqqe I'5VI oi a&w ori^ ’lo obBalia Y'^^nJ^oO BldcXabaliiiq lo dneaii^©^ bnooo3 oni lo -nafirtsb d’e ©.xuorf ©Li Jb ©f..v d’l ./l:tXBorfncarrfoO ©del lo BXdiXX? ©onoXBve'Tq ©dd’ ynXinb boJbXso'i nod^nl '^aaW ^rnobiE©*!*! d'Brid nwod “31 3BVT u/T©uin'isvo3 lo dB©5 9d;J n&r'v ,C6VI nX »i©v©l woXIsy "Xo (X) .BXdqXobBlIdH lo dnirox/e dedd od bevom . oonjolBd lo ©anoa a bcut ©oXdei;^ oldcX^iodoBnado ddXW 'r&dffrora dsXXfl^oI bn© b*iXdd ©rm”' rdBril ©dade od no a 003 :siin't©iV/ nl BidqlobBiXrfq nl bolddoa ,c;{nc'i'i Lived odd lo ^^ Y^dnoaeA Xalonivoiq odd lo 'loc/tnooi b bodooXo eav bfiB ©IIX dono'i '5 ©nd ^nX'iub enoXeXvonq ridiisr ®dd bsIIqqirE ©H .St^VX 10I bnnl B ©alai od bodeXeaB od SSVX nX bn© .naV' naibnl bns ©dd X^engXa ©d ,? *i©dmo\’'oH nO .rjicloo ©dd lo oenalob odd :TB od bobnoqq© oeIb sX omen eld jnoXdi/Xoeoil noXdBdioqciT-ncK 0C',B'0, .q ’'^BOinoinA nl swot, add lo tnedol (X) -xa- agreement to take the King’s paper money in lieu of gold or silver. During the Revolution, he was an intermediary in the exchange of prisoners, as well as an agent to the contractors for victualling the troops of the King of Great Britain. He was twice imprisoned by the Colonial Government as an enemy of the American cause, and after his second release, in 1780, he left for England. He returned in 1783 and lived the last ten years of his life in Philadelphia.” (1) Now Wiernik’s account of these three Israelites is really a cross section of Jewry as it functioned in the War for Independence via the Continental Army but it might be well to continue and narrate briefly the records of some of the Jews in Connecticut and in the Southern states in order to outline this cross section a bit more clearly. For instance take the Pinto brothers - students of Yale and fire brands if ever there were anyj They served valiantly throughout the war and Solomon Pinto was one of the original members in his State of the Society of the Cincinnati, a society that at its inception included only meritorious officers of the Revolutionary army. The Jews were quite as active in the Southern states as in New England and in Pennsylvania. In South Carolina every male adult betv/een the ages of sixteen and sixty was required to enroll in the militia and consequently the Jews became mem- bers as well as the Christians. (How v/ould truculent old (1) Wiernlk, Peter, ’’History of the Jews in America,” p. 90. ? • ....I *10 bl03 u&II nl Tjafi'ora ^oq^q 3 »,",n:-l eri:i o& c^nsni9e.i3J3 ni; vr^ibswTsrn-t ffi? d£v/ 3ii .rrcl^^r/lovef: srij .*i 9 vl±s «*ioc‘' 0 £‘i':t'ncc erfj oct dns"/; xui as IIov; es .ETsnoeiTq lo s nsrloxe 5». . -1 lUo 3^£o*iO *io 0£l^ *^.o aqoo'io oxii ’n.i:.£l£r/:foi;v ‘lo'l lo vr^eae riA bb dnamn'isvo-D l&lnoLoO ^cf benoe solwi sbv/ »08T;. r:^ t©r-i?eIo'i brxooea bM locris bne .obubo xiBoJtienL^ ©rid dBBi ©i'ld iovll fcnB G8^’X r.-I bnri'ri/.ta'i aH .bnBlsri:- 'lol JlsI arf ’ (X . ; /iXrfqXobBXXXi*'. rfi 9‘1I£ cicf lo e*iB&Y nod ^XiBo-i al BOdI r:;:^,el ©o-iilj aaoxld lo drn/ocoB a'AL\zt-l„ v/oll /lOx TB.. o/;d nx bonoi.i;-. irl d i p.e 7 *s’iyi>L lo r'cXdooa £ od i.ior,' otf drXjin: dT dx/d j;b 1 r -.^frdd.To:' orfd bXv brroq&bnX ev;el. and lo o. rce "to ab'iooe^i ond ' ad.v-.B;^ . n.-': f^orridnoo onxiduo od iob*io al nTo., MroS ond ::f ^rB ix;oidofxu.or. xil ©idd 9 >lfid ^or/ jenX nc^ . oi.,,- dXo^ a noidooe esoio aixld tavo 'll cniB^d o'in hnB oXaY "lo - ejioo'do'io odnl^ bnn 'TBw arid djorf^aoirid ;,li({j:ilLp.v bovTse rsrfr oqow f^iorid lo ©dSvT'/ Bd:f nl- rexecffnorr. Xan.^al^io o;1d *io eno aew odnil noaia loZ noidGooi"'’ :u-tX da d fir'd •? vdelooc . fda.Trrlonir' a/{d 'do \'dajooc ©rfd . ;rr*ic c'^ancld./lovo/. ond lo e'lood'ilc ex/olncd '^[r.c boX.jJor.-l L’B JOdodB .''i*xo/tdf/o 8 or.d " nX ov’dojD eb ©d Xirp einGiy ew©T. j. ro-vt. ondlo-iftO aduoC ' nr .a rravX*, 2 n -'e^I ni biia bruBl^nS. r uA nl boTixfpon bbw ^dxXp. bns noodxXe 1: orf^f neewdorf dXaba ©Xbx -j’or. orj3ooo ewof. erid ’^X.-Jneifo': bhoo b:ta a Ldiliot orid nl XXonno od bXo daoX; cjxij '-.lijow t.-c*', .en X.cin:.- •.-n'd ea IXo-v ea .Ok^ . : '\Qo2notiu\ nl ewoL odd lo T'lodsib" ,*iado^ -Aiiyi^l’:: (X^ -i Peter Stuyvesant have regarded this equality of opportunity - or would the demands of war have made him see the situation a little more clearly and justly than he viewed burgher service in New Amsterdam?) That the Jews fought soldier to soldier themselves for valor is a with the Christians distinguishing , matter of record. At the beginning of the hevolution there were few Jews in Georgia (about forty families) and they were divided in two j definite factions - the Patriots and the Tories but the Pa- triots outnumbered the King’s supporters. Admiration for these Tories cannot be felt but a statement of their point of i view should be given - they were generally men of property with commercial interests which influenced their allegiance ^ to the King and made them loath to throw in their lot with j i what seemed to them to be a rebellious group. j I Jews Render Financial Assistance i Besides serving in the Army there were many Jews who con- tributed large sums to the cause of the Revolution, There v/ere six men who stand out pre-eminently as rendering financial assistance: Isaac Moses, Benjamin Jacobs, Benjamin Levy, Hyman Levy, Samuel Lyons, and Haym Salomon but the Abou Ben I I Adhem of this group was Eaym Salomon according to such writers as Samuel W, Madison Peters, Anita Lebeson, Peter McCall, ; i Wiernik, and Lee Levlnger as well as countless others. It remained for one Max Kohler in an open letter to Congressman Celler in 1931 to attempt to dull the handwriting of the angel I j I - -TCTLffr/c^'ioqqo *io baL-iB^O'i avBrI leja? B odi eei mlil ar/uri ovsn lO sbnuneb oxi^ bli/o'A ’io ac.lv'ia;: •'itiiigii/cf bawobv an ns/fd ’^I*TB©io ©*10111 sXiJil 'lalf I:b 'leibloa ctrl^irox >^vv9L aaa (?nBb'i8jetf[/i r;el^ ;rX B 8i lol sovI8eL:9I^7 giTX.-f8Xu3nX:tE ib snjBidei'irlO eri-: rid Xw . ', TO r. o'f i o T ad ^ an ‘ic- ^>fi3 rt i av/o"^, Y/.;)? ©Torld o'oi.C' i-n'©>i db-' j,:xlj.TiiX'^9C d/> owd nl Lolivib oto’?; voxid br.e (ee-flimal Tfdio't duoba} el-i'Toob - -a-i a-rid itrd aalioT an'J b^'i.- edox'ida'i arid Bficddoal adlnixeb Tol no *dGTi f.ib A .oTodToqt^rs a’^rrlri orld co'iacmjjndLfo adoiid *>o dnioci Ti.^:-rid lo dnarr.edade a dx/ri dial ari donnao soKoT oe>?rid - v’olv VdT-qoTq riorr O'lo^ v;erL* tovIjj ©o' blworie. /.di'v f^ocic.t, oil". Tiarid bacr^xlu*! i.i Xri'.v b j^oXirl Xa iioTSitiiiioo x-.oi.d ©I' baa ©Bd od : : am rfdiw do I : . Oi o.X v^ t-iu od ridx. X .q/OT'i 'Mfi-i 1 Lr-'-'f'T .3 od nerid :.d boinoeo daiiv/ . 1 T a^: k v; el . d ft ^ c m. . c 1 c L. A Xi. 0 o X aon -.TOO oriw .;V;oT. pdT*‘ gnivToe e able ©8 /lodik/d iTd o'loriT . aoXd.iiovo-'. o;i.d oiic-BO ©ltd od uithTE OS'!''! i;ii:*X’-.IneT \,IdfI0nl*T©-9T'T d.oo tiiada orivi r:r^: :clu o'isw lolonarifi , ac rix...atn©X ,b©&o'! osaci : GO'ra.ie lasB j v;v©.I nimaf.-io? tnoooBL iroriA ©rid dari ao.-froXaX tu^sH bna ^sno'cJ XaariB'. Ta*r.\.-H siiid 'io moribA BTe .1 t*nv i’”5'/8 od galbToooa noacXa2 rrr;/3 ll eaw qaoTTj Isn^ioX sa TodoX ^\03©ri©J a:i iiiA tETad':'! aoelbaK , X£aOoM .8 i©i^do se©Xdat/oo ob IXo-j? aa oognlvaj ©aJ br.a /.oir 'oaniarnf-T .TaTE-3i',.- BoC jj aad ’cl caqo iia r?X TeXrioX ral'; ono 'lol r.Xb^X 'loXIoC* X©on.^ o-o'd 'do 3nXdX*i^baarI ©rid rii/b od dqs.adda od ni in the book of gold, in fact, to make him almost use an ink eradicator. But balance the two sides of the story as it un- folds and hold your opinion in abeyance for the nonce. Haym Salomon An intriguing figure was Haym Salomon.’ Born in Lissa, Poland, in the middle of the eighteenth century he remained there imtil early manhood when a kind of wanderlust seized him and he trekked about considerably acquiring evidently at the same time a number of languages for when he came to New York, probably aroimd 1770, besides Russian and Polish he could speak German, French, and Italian. He settled in New York, married Rachel Franks (a connection of that family that fur- nished such sinews for the Continental Army) and soon after the beginning of the •‘^evolution (in September 1776 when the British occupied New York) was arrested by them as an American spy. His knov/ledge of different languages stood him in good stead for when his linguistic ability became known the British turned him over to the Hessian General, Heister, who promptly placed him in the commissariat department. Here he was able to assist a number of French and American prisoners to escape as well as to influence some Hessian officers "as v/ere in- clined to resign." (1) Naturally such proselytizing on Salo- mon’s part did not make him an ideal prisoner for the British; in fact it rendered him so obnoxious to them that he deemed it (1) Lebeson, Anita L. , "Pioneers in America," p, 217. - 64 - rtx .'" 10 -*o jfoocf ni >{frx its !'>ca ^aoialB nriii .;^ cv/:5 efiu •.•»*; ':£=J ad XivV- , 'io:tsoi:£B‘l!:) -.'r:r -J i 3=*> v/iod’a c-r{:j 'lo rr<: .tnl-qo dXori >^na eblo'i .ooncn s:f-‘ lo't ai -aov ms- . r f\C i'Tn * t* , , i**'» lI . -w X to. grrj.a-ji^'Xunx r*A ,f?ea.tl nJ; mod '. .icniOiG^ raYB'-i ,L> c, . ni cio-; baa’siro'i od \c'ryjfteo rfuxtsoo o/'.t “io l;. iK ~I*i-39 xxoiiJ a'ii»rf.:^ : £ nbdv/ ^ocdfia'.’ ,lx} b0^.u‘j'i ^a.fl'iodnc'ft' *i'. ':' '£»L'^'w'^j bna l.'i o tc/cdfi / ;. . CuXtcbiv? Lup ^ri ' aiT-Ba jIviV'' 'I'/l assBir^uiB f. -X 'loc.T.rm b t ). Wull or-iP.o oa ^ i aei' ,0V?r b-iuo'iB v, r.dB'oiq filtj.-'; JJl dBlXol x:riji aaiaeaH 'e-c \s3q« - . '.c le'tY xn*!?.. v;bTI -'ll beXJjBC ex: .rxnlXall ^ r-^oannor b) aXaBi'i I '•.’*•• bel'i'^cra -la' J -r:, ^^XiixQ’: d- dJ- V) rx sv. rriia ..i-.'a bsaat: Ib nco« t-iB fvm/. XBaiTOfil^no’; v;d 'to" r*dl Y .-!Xx:Ugec a-Tr ddi neif-.v OVVI TCBdcrredcrec r.l) ;'OiXyXov..^'‘ " : ''aioY r . -.x./nor tp.o'^C'dTiA iifc 6(? xo .':; '•.-lao'i'ia a/iw ’o 3.\L;''Ir .:n% six -X'4.^ bocx; r. rnii. boo-tc aBqcv x a. J.io f'^-dv 'xoi bcsl : dell^i.'id &iii awom j- >' vi/Ildi. oUsLa-rll aid • . : XX. -r r rt - 3'T S?v llsleSOh BllCJ od *I0^‘C j ^ 3 , j. . j.*.q * ’ xt i-X'xbgx' oxiiJ' iii itju aa '-.£vr Oft xx‘> . . Oi 'X.'qeb r tsiSBB v.iBoax oJ a^ertael^q o ’'IXJ.A brrx rir .X'fx Xr ‘i© :x a ilrri o:J so How :: 3 -.T‘. Xiovf CB*' ..-rx'' do HB at'* C'ao -X' ".nAiee'i x,-* -oleV. fic '••n t.'jJ jv CoBo*iq iicm yiXxxxraX ' ^''.b:j r. t.'felwt'tY oii^ *1' i 'lonoaitq XaeoX r.o fir e/Enrt jCo dLb Iill:. b S'^ISbflO'X ^ ^ ^ "t I bdiZOOd on XlO;'Xt .xt r:ff'’'ixortCO as ^ ?-cr«f ‘ :• ^ * IjtA <. B u ©d I .'^Xx . ,ar J'X On-A nl a'loxnol'J \ ^ . wise to attempt to escape v;hich he did in August 1778 settling in Philadelphia (he left in New York his devoted wife and an infant who joined him later) Just how he managed to become a prominent exchange broker is not revealed in any of the accounts about him but sufficeth to say the patriot who escaped from New York with practically no funds soon became one of the leading financiers of Philadel- phia. (This ability of some Jews to become financiers in a magically short space of time seems to rankle within the hearts and minds of many Christians - but it is not alone Jews who accomplished this feat - compare Herbert Hoover or Joseph Kennedy v/ith Haym Salomon - surely a similarity exists but Christians are loath to admit it. Can there be any jealousy at the root of this rancor?) He carried on much business with Robert Morris v/ho has always been known as the financier of the American Revolution and became broker to the French consul and the treasurer of the French army vifeen it came to Washing- ton's aid. Naturally, holding these positions, much money passed through his hands and he became the foremost individual depositor of the Bank of North America which v/as founded by Robert Morris. "The latter, who kept a diary, mentions in it nearly seventy-five separate transactions in which Salomon’s name figures in the negotiations of bills of exchange by which means the credit of the government was maintained in this period; Salomon practically being the sole agent employed by Morris for this purpose. Most of the money advanced by - 65 - 9 I, SJTiiJrf oa o?*?! d’es'^^jirA iil f. .':b o.K doXj'W oqcoaa o1 .^:liro^d£l o ; oaiv/ n.6 5riB b0'J-r>v.-3b e.^r' t^ioY ni: cHel &r!) /iJ-; cltJbBlirM ni- . (leiBl r.-.^rf r. oilier, ociw ^n;i5'i**rx 'le'Io'id o,V'-.^-rfox0 d’aoax.T:o‘'ic b ©rcooocf oi b©;. ,jji'u;r: wod iRtrL d-'tsom.c/B d'x^' mli£ .'IrroCjB s^rt/;oooB ©n'd’ to xne. r.l ‘j^Z.Dcve^f al YIIbO tiOBICf rictiw dloY IVQd tlO‘l'1 L-3qB03 0 OjIw JO-’--1.7£jq or/cj '’B3 OJ 'Iebr,X */l'j io 5 *19 x 0 itBa * I j.nli'B©! '.'dt ano OMXixe ' nocc ab -u/l on * - '^ ' B rii 1 .t on-fin o. toood ui 3 L ^moe 0 a :'dT .fiirfq 8^n.ne.ri ©dd’ nl.i^ivr 9.WnB*i - j umi 'mXj l.*> ao.sqa X*iorIe V-IItolr b.tc oriw QwoT, f-nolB d’on ai dX - ;iaB tdfii'ia'O lo si‘nX*'n .&ns iiqacou *10 no'/oryf r-'iaqinoo - Juo'l a I'.7 o^daiXrrmo-jOB dU'i ejGi;:o y ' X'lfil.'frr/E b y i •*^ jb - fiGitioCcS suv- pH 'I7J~>7 f/Donrift'!! ‘ ‘ t'anoi-Bof, yr.B 9c/ 9*1 ©.dd- ntO . . :mo3 od dd/ioX ©‘£b enRiJ-lvriO ' ri:i iw aeenJ.Cijd Joi/j'. no Xoi'iTso tK ’*tooita*i eldd 'Xo doo*i t>nd’ dR. 'loxoncnX'i oda .sv .n;' n^od o ,;nnXB' rad :;f.V/ eX'i'ic’'' laan'i'T/ dof.ftT'i and od n©Ax*id euwoiad brtB no 1 fi'£z.vn. ~,jol*t‘3a.X and --iriXdcjC’ .©iTTao dl n.'vw n'onen'i arid lo TonneBcnd a.ij i'n-y f .;: . : Vien^'na rlonn: ^aaoX.-t 0 ' 3f. d j^nXbXorl ^yllanudB?*. ,X>1 b e'nod ^ Xanb f.vXbni- daomenol 9dd o. ^oac. r:l Lab aaned nXd rfy LTr" ifid boaesq " v.c; .33>':vjo l a -vv n -'..'v, n:.d*ie>mA nJ'iol'f lo erfd nodisoqab , dX nX axtoidneirr 3 dq©j( edw ^ adT’ .''frroM d'xadofl G'nOTroiBS rio.tdw ni onoldox- anoid 9v'r£*iBq©e ovX i- ' i;'*vor- 'I'inerx AoXriTf yd OdjAtiioxo *1'' ixlld 7..' p'roidf'.Jd..- an s^’J nl aeAL"'! jtnen c rrid nX dcirV dnJftj pbw taenniavog add *lo u Xb^no nr onB'or? y.- n n;oXj,tT6 dnopB eXoe edd gnlad ^"r?oxdOa*xy nonif'Iab jboXnaq yd baoABroB yanorr arid lo deoY .eaoqi/q aXrfj no'j sdan.'-’! j- Louis XVI to the cause of the Revolution and the proceeds of passed through his hands. I the loans negotiated in Holland ”(1) To Robert Morris, large amounts were advanced at various times and such men as Jefferson and Madison borrowed from him, ”In 1782 Madison v/rote to Sdmtind Randolph 'I have for some time been the pensioner on the favor of Haym Salomon, a Jew broker. ’ A month later he again tells Randolph: »The kind- ness of our little friend in Front Street, near the coffee- house, is a fund that will preserve me from extremities, but I never resort to it without great mortification, as he obstin- ately rejects all recompense. The price of money is so usur- ious that he thinks it ought to be extorted from none but those who aim at profitable speculations. To a necessitous delegate, he gratuitously spares a supply out of his private stock. ” (2) ’’\Vhen Salomon died he left a widow and two infant child- ren. Various attempts were made between 1848 and 1864 to pro- cure from the government a settlement of Haym Salomon’s claims for sums advanced during the Revolution but though sev- eral committees of both houses of Congress made favorable re- ports, no appropriation has ever been made. In 1893 an attempt was made to have Congress order a gold medal struck in recog- nition of Salomon's services, the heirs agreeing for this (1) Wiernik, Peter, "History of the Jews in America," p. 96. (2) Lebeson, Anita L. , "Jewish Pioneers in America," p. 219. - 66 - “lo aLo0oorcq boB crol^SirlovaF. od:t lo oenso and od IVX eluod (I) eid ri5{/o'in\t besesq bfcsXIoH ni f)9:^£i^o2ari sfieol add saaiid auoi'isv ds boonavb.^ o'zaw eomrorrjs 03‘ieX ^al'i’rcV. diadoh oT .raXii iflo'i ‘1 fcov/oiTod uccXJbfiM bn£ rtoc'ie'ilsL ae nam riotsa bciB ' onros 10 I ovad I’ rigXobnsR Xtmnafc'^r od adoTff rroe X5b1*» 28VX rrl*' 'vaXf a 4aonioXj3?! ct^bH lo iovbJ. add .to aanoianaq eriX noed ©iUX.*? -fjnXil ©fiT * :rfgIobfiBP tLlad nla^^a ad ts^bX ddnom A ’ .'isifo'icf odl *ia©n dnoa.^. ctl baaiiH elidiX 'lao lo eaan I tesX;l’Xxn©'’x^.x© ; noil am ©v^eea^rq XXXw ;tcdi batl* « ^^X ^a^^soIi -(Ttdcdo ed 8B ^no.tJfloXlXtf'ioni :tB6a’^ dr/oxiXIw dl od d'loaa^ ‘lavan I -T./eu oa ai ranon lo ©oXiq ©xfT .aanftqmoosi XXa ac^oatOT ^Xoc*b djjd 'anoa moi't badiod^a ed od dt a:^irtldd ad dadd ei/oX J ’ 1 avodlaaeoan b oT . cr:oX;lBXx;ooqe eIJB^ilo^q da mla odv/ aeodX aXd Ic cfi/o ^Xqqoe e eaisqa vlatiodXi/dB^g od ,o:J 63 aX©b ( (2)”.jioo;JB I -bXXxIo ,'trcjB'lnX owd beta vroblrr e dlol ad boXJb nomoXsr^ narfd” [ -o«tq ^c8X bflf 8j^9X noevr^ad obam anrow a^JqrrfagdB auolrta. . :e'i 8’noCTolB'. ot^bH lo c^rxearaXet;? oe b afrarrri'savoji ed;J mo'rJ tz'jo -voe rigi/onX Jr;d notdtrXovaH arid 5 rti*u/b beonftvbs emua 10I emXcXo -az aXds'xovjBl abam aaa'i^.noO lo aeaaod tided lo ea©v :flaitnoo Icza dqma:>..iB aa S88X ni .abfiiTi naod tovo cad rioXil.Gi'iqonqqB rn ^e^rroq -30 0 3*1 nl doxnda Xebam bXo^ a ‘lebTo aea'i^noO avfid oi ebai.T aaw aXriX *iol 3n!a»»i:3£ n*i2ad add ^eaolvzoa. a’fxonoraS lo noXXXff .^9 ,q '\aoXiaiaA trl a^.aC# edtf lo' x;'io.‘tg tH” ^rri?qaq ^jiXn^aXvr (X) .9X2 " .q . charge ” (1) Max Kohler « s Open Letter And now for the debimking by Max Kohler in an open letter to Congressman Celler in 1931 when he endeavored to comment on the real achievements of Haym Salomon and their exaggera- tion. He secured his facts from the late Samuel Oppenheim of New York ”an able and untiring American and American Jewish historian, lately Recording Secretary of the American Jewish Historical Society.” These are the discoveries made by Mr. Oppenheim and set forth by Mr. Kohler: ”1. Haym Salomon never lent the Government a substantial sum, probably not even one cent, despite the claims to the contrary advanced by certain of his descendants, in their own interest, - though latterly at least, honestly entertained by them, - which have had repeated sanction in a number of favor- able reports of the U. S. Claim.s Committees of both Houses of Congress between 1845 and 1864, who were misled, - not to say deceived - as to the real facts, 2. If any valid substantial pecuniary claims at any time existed, they were assigned nearly 150 years ago by the insol- vent estate of Haym Salomon to the Philadelphia "Bank of North (1) Haym Salomon (in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, p. 654, 655.) - 67 - America,” which doubtless collected the same, though it took • Mr, Oppenheim’s patience and skill as an Investigator to un- earth the fact for the first time in approximately a century. 3. Ihe favorable reports of Committees of Congress have - I I regret to say - rested on misinformation, and I fear delib- 1 erate concealment, if not worse, on the part of Haym M. Salo- ' mon (a son of Haym Salomon), or his agents, who misled Con- , gressional Committees, and since then, historians and publi- cists (including myself) until the real facts have now been i broiight to light. 4. That »Haym Salomon negotiated for Robert Morris all j the loans raised in France and Holland’ is nonsense. The fact is that Haym Salomon as broker negotiated the drafts repre- senting a fraction of these loans which came to America, and someone cleverly confused the words ’loans’ and ’drafts’, in one of the congressional reports in question, in order to give an entirely erroneous and exaggerated impression of what Haym j Salomon actually did, Haym Salomon himself advertised the j fact extensively (for instance, in the ’Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser’ of January 1, 1785) that ’By being broker to the Office of Finance, and honored with its confid- ence, all those sums have passed through his hands which the generosity of the French Monarch and the affection of the mer- chants of the United Provinces, prompted them to furnish us I with, to enable us to support the expense of the war< Of cours< this clearly shows that he claimed merely to have negotiated - 68 - n . dnfftlBV; a^pd- ^oV , . r^-'' Sr-'- ' K s’ mldrlrtoqqD ,-ii! ^aij %4 bas:*''dOfiel:^Bq “A. ,^s:j d^^BQ , ffe^.r^Udnao a xXMBiitha:o‘iqqa ' ^ *^' ' •^' ’’ ''• ^ ’ '’^ ^ »- e. 9 ^dB'xovfit B&e^^a6 r>Kto seec^diomroO *io €krtoqa^ -fAf^ * w!=i.Vi £ix;^a'^fiqit^ata*rolni 6 ii5^ ijedae*!, ^BBiO^ d 9*150;^9 150;^ -.I ^ " ./'>;. .• -V a* •_ H- il vdndmlaaoftop^^edB'is A. (^, p. M^tttrBilfi'tQ^^*iBc «rfd HO , ^8^ow dou • ' .' -'•’ -‘- • ‘ .. "XO (nonoXaS onjaK^’Xo a) n:ow ^, f-t' *0oO''Xi®Iaiaxaocfw*^iBdfi©8e airf v, .'^ ' !r*. .,;' v_. » . ;, t-. . , o , ' ^ ' £** U . ^ - . . « * - . ^ ^ ^ CL MA M .Ck XranioO Xanqr A ttAt XBasesP A*T^ I. -^Xffx;cr Lera Bite X*iodeirf .uoiid aontB f>ii8 e a add • • V rui;'-’ .dffa\ix od- diifeqcid .« * •« i{» 3 . ’ ' - ' i w - - JoadaXdo^on rtojaoIn3 nr^»H’ dscCP .X* XXs aXu^oM diaooH 'lol V^’-v aoaa'i'x qX b'aaXs*! anaoX add doal* oxfr .oenoeribci ei *i3aaIXo ' .*^ ' ’ * d r o .pXb YXXBirdos nojnoXac arid baeldaavbs IXaexnXxl ;«otaoXB3 mvaH ^eoa*xBdBlii 10I) TXavXeaadxa daal IcmaoL aXfXBvX'icnnaq * add nl 'leEXJnavbA ga ‘ saieb'xS'. i^ ''^ riaw’i ^0 W naato'KJ -bilnoo bJX rfiXw benonorf bna .aanfinJ'? lo eaXllO art# *oX avad^cniB aeodd XXb* ^ 30^Ia^ add flb^hlw ebitecl aX;f d3qo*irid besBaq '* ' '• > • , noidoalljs add brra rioifldoM ribria^’^ add to Y^^Xepiaaas -'leiir add lo ^ "* ’ ' ' >X' ’' --/* V .. -a arid to cdrtaHo deJldi?ut^od nier.d todqcaortq ^BaonXyt-‘t*X- bedinU t ^ i; dqcqqi;a; Ctd aXdfioco ^ddiw a*iiioa k isw add XshL&, .oarrsqxa arid ItP * •' ^ - '* .> Tiri . ^ # lT ^ ^iTaa^Xo' a idd bad aXd'ostoc avari od '^Xariaffi bahriBXa fed dadd?f awode kX> I I I the drafts not the loans themselves. Even this statement, however, is partially erroneous, because the great bulk of the money, loaned to us by France, Holland, and Spain, through the ^ invaluable efforts of Franklin, John Adams, and Jay, and | I Arthur Lee and Deane incidentally was spent abroad at once for | j ammunition and other supplies, and never came as drafts or j cash to this country at all. It is probable that Haym Salomon did not know the fact that almost all this money was expended j abroad and hence could not have passed through his hands, but, j I even if, he did, a moderate amount of ’puffing’ and ’exaggera- ' tion’ is not unknown even in our own day, when ethical business) I standards are much higher than they were in 1785, and if it was intentionally exaggerated, it is the only questionable statement by him I have been able to discover, after thorough investigation. I think all his other statements were truth- ful and absolutely accurate. However, he Imew the value of j I advertising, and was probably the most extensive advertiser in | the country between 1781 and the date of his death in 1785. ' I 5. Haym Salomon himself never advanced any such claims, I nor do I believe that his descendants of the last few decades I I I knew or even suspected the falsity of the claims advanced. On 1 I the contrary, Haym Salomon was a true and self-sacrificing patriotic citizen of our country, who rendered it valuable and 'l ; ' !i ij important service 'in the times that tried men’s souls’ of the i American Revolution, though nothing seems to have been due his |i I t . seviaeniodj BCifloJ drfct cfon ectlBib oii^ drf;t: lo '(li/cf d'Bd'is 9iid- eCiJjBOecf ^ ei/oono'f’ie ai ^«I^ve 7iO^^ a-1^ .ntjsqS bnjG ^bfrsIIoH .aorLsi*! ^16 ?.ij oi bsasol ^^eaoiii bnB ,3aaebA nxioT* ^nllxaBa'!! ‘io e^aoTtla olbexiljeval aol aono ;}» JbBoicfB :Jn6qe ssw if£XB;ifi^bionl sneaG ba« saJ ‘mrfX'aA ao ailaib eu ortao a 3%' ©a bna ^aallqqj^/B aarx^o brLs ncXXIacji'iuiB norrjolBS n^aK d’arid oldtidcac ei XI .IXa Xb \^aXfuroo alilX oX rlsBO Jbobnaqxi' bjsw yacott: eirrx IIb Xeomic XartX XcbI erfX wof»i Xoix bib ^Xud ,cbiuer{ aid rf^trorrbX baceaq av.^d Xon bluoo soned bna bso'icfa ’ bna ’gxillli/q' *10 X.nrortB aXa^iebonr b ,Mb ari .11 nevo eanlaud leoiiija rxarfw rrwo rttro nl aav© nwonx'nu Xoa al ».aolX XI II baa ,68VX^nI ©law yorfX iierlX 'i9ri3lri rioum e*iB sb'rabaaXa ' .- .V ©IcTanoiXseifp yXxio orfX el XI ^boXaiaggexo 'ylXunoIXaeXnl qbvi d^rjo'rorfX 'xsXIb ^lavooe Ib oX sXJb rteocf ©vari I nilri -yd XrraoidXsXa “dXuiX a*t8w cXnentaXaXc leriXo alif IIs Anldi I .noIXs^XXaavril lo ot/Xev o;tX V7©rrf ori ^TcavowoE ,oiu'iuQos rloXoIoacfn bos Ivl .'ll 'loalXiavbB ©vIenoXx© Xeoin ©rlX ^IcTacfoiQ eaw bna tSnlel-^'iovba .C8VI rtJt rfXB9b aW lo ©Xab edX bna IfiVI naav^Xoc yiXri/oo o tX tOnlaXo iloire ^ob bacrtBv&B laven lldsoilrf noaoXaS ic^bH .8 eshsoab :7ol XeaX arlX lo aXoabnooneb aid XflriX ©vsIXod I ob ion aO .leonav-bB einljsXo erlX lo ®dX baXoageua nova *10 wem( gnloJlI'ioBE-lIoe bna ©;jiX a taw crocrroXfiS iriyB;' tT.iBgdrjoo axil bafl eXdat/lBv XI ba-iobna'i oau »viX/7i/oo 'itro lo nesiXio oIXoI*iXBq - z ^ » • orlX lo ’alx;06 c'rtec: bolix XarU- ©dX uX* ©clv*i©e XriEX'ioqml ' • ' s ?:ii &ub flood ovad cd ai-^eoe ^nirlXo-i dsiCfodX ,r:olii/lov©;7 xiBoIfrofiiA descendants from our Government in dollars and cents, and I seriously doubt it he deserves a monument more than hundreds of other patriots, bo whom none was ever erected. "(1) It is indeed, a difficult task to balance all the count- less reports of many writers in regard to Haym Salomon’s enor- ^ mous services to his country with this seemingly honest endea- | vor of Max Kohler to prove that Salomon acted as a negotiator j of drafts and not as a dispenser of private funds. Samuel W. McCall’s Tribute To Haym Salomon Samuel W. McCall in his widely read book "Patriotism of i the American Jew" pays this tribute to Haym Salomon: "One of the finest touches in the history of that heroic time is seen in the spectacle of this Jew extending without recompense the helping hand to the Revolutionary generals and statesman in the time of their sore distress, Haym Salomon offsets the re- I proach of Shylock, with the difference that Haym Salomon was a Jew in the flesh while Shylock was a stage Jew, offspring of the imagination of a great poet. Nor were the services of Salomon by any means confined to private munificence, if pri- vate munificence it can be called, which so vitally affected I the means of living of the men who were directing the revolu- | I tion. His account at the Bank of North America, which was * far larger during that period than that of any other customer, . (1) Kohler, Max, "An Open Letter to Congressman Celler on Haym Salomon," p. 4, 5. - 70 - . . r I i>au siBlSlob nt d’fidma'XovoO *11/0 010*11 e.’irtJSbuooEO.b sbo^bmsd ne/lct s'loic ^tndrrrirrtom b 3 t)v*ifiaeJb eti irfuo^i v:Xex;oi*i93 (X) '^£)oloo -aons 8 ‘fioitrolfio ancsH o.t bis^ei nl s'x^dircw '{crr>m lo acJicqa*! aaaX B 9bns 1 -anoil Y'XsniGiass alxfl xillsv b fri ol saoIvtcaB snojr lolallo^ion B an l)0lofi 2 nomIc Isrll ovc*jq loIrloX xbM lo *iov .abm/l alcvinq lo *ia 8 rteqa'ib n cu ion brtn atlanX) lo 8l fjcfli*]' e'XX-90oM .?t‘ XsjLrnijeS lo ma llolnl^q” ^food X>Be*i xleblTf zld nl XIaCoM .r Iouras2 lo saO»' :rroriol62 dtybH ol alucfinl alal s^eq «waT. asoI*ieti.\ edl aaae al omM olotori Inril lo ^nolalri adl nJt een'onol laenll ©rfi oril oenaqAicoon luofflljy gnlLnol^t© v/aL airfi lo ©Xoflloeqe aril nl ni neraelBla brm slnnanag V'lsnollnlovaH add od nnnrl aniqiad 6*1 ©rid edeeVio ncrroXaS irr^BH . eandeiX anoe *ii:ar(d lo ©w±d an'i B RBvr fiornoXna ni^sH dsdd ©ona*xolliJb and ddiw ^rfoolTdfi lo rioflonc lo snl*xqEllo ^.reL 039 j a b amv ^fooXtriC eXldw ris all add nl waG lo aaolv*iae add a*i©w *xoW .daoq dBa*i% a lo noXdExrX^Brnl add -l*rq li . ioneoill.mrrT odBvJtnq od tonXlnco Rfiaarfr vrue ^d norfiol.52 badoollo ^rXadJv oe doldw .baXIao ad nuo li eonaomnuni adav -*/lov‘ji axil snidoe*ilb a*i»w odw nacn ©xfd lo anXvil lo Bnaera add enw noldw ^EolnsmA dd*ioU lo 'AnjoS arid dc drrnooos eXH .xiold ,nariodotro noddo lo dorid rradd boinaq dadd .^.tln/xf: aos‘i-®X *ib 1 no 'lelloC narreeangnoO od naddaj norO nA** .xeM j*ieIx{oH (X) .5 ,q *\xioiooIjcC nn^aK J shows that there was charged to him as paid to Robert Morris, the Public Financier, more than two hundred thousand dollars, I The net indebtedness of the country to Haym Salomon appears I I ' to have been about four hundred thousand dollars, j would i If Haym Salomon were not a Jew who is there who I deny him the title of patriot? The services of this man make li !j today his debtors. It would be the better part to I all of us I this who came to us from Poland, than to be I do justice to Jew j i crying out for the persecution of his race.'^(l) I Although Max Kohler’s historical research seems to reveal I i ji that Haym Salomon never lent the Government his own money and ij only acted as a broker in selling drafts for the accoimt of the || ') Government yet it must be admitted that he was a sincere, il II generous minded, devoted patriot who rendered real and valuable l| service the ii to his country during Revolution. Reduced to j! ll lowest terms, it is Haym M. Salomon (the son) whom Max Kohler Ij has debunked not Salomon and surely the sins of the son ; Haym I should not be visited upon the father j i! Sven in this brief chapter enough has been set forth to j i| prove that the Israelites contributed proportionally, quite as ]! !l much of military service, munitions, clothing, and money to ![ their country for the cause of liberty as did the Christians and it would seem as though the oft heard remark that the Jew I i is lacking in patriotism has been refuted. I (1) McCall, Samuel W. , ’’Patriotism of the American Jew,” p. 92, 93, -71- '— * ^ «i fc ' Ti^F^ * • - - • • w^ A 7%.^ M' " ' ’•; # Vi ^*i&cf6(S o^ bla.^i6J% ttiixi oi tstdS BVodB, ’ '^ • "< ’“ . -®^.’ -- . -V* ‘ a 0 V ./ . , ,<%*i.a|£ol) bmae:jfori{f f ji>&^iJb«AKl ^£:r^;^ dioflr ^. Talon anX'^/.oiXcfif^ efi^ *1* ' «vwcm.4. ^ '*-'r . , - J»' / aTBsqqij aoiOolBei (inraH-.o^ '^Titturoo ©di^'iotsaojaj&d^cFaljCi ©dl* 'rtp-, jSfeigjr ^ : ^ij^ V"^- ***' rT^^fTila ^*tij- ^ii« II r rt r r r> H hfTr»A??rtK:+ •trWv'T •tffr^ria Axrttrf r> . BTsIIois bnBa;ioxll bsTbxaSflEt’ tia>1 Iwoda need' avari od »•.!-; i*-’- lO- •,. .- ’' e .». ---®' bluov ofiB ©Taxld el Oiiw woT» a ^oa e*i©w rroxrroXaS m^dH '< ©>fflm njam eiitt. to'‘ aaolvTae ©tfr ‘^dolTdjS^ 1o sXdld- ©ri;l alii Yoab'-' ^ ,-'J^ 'O" . . / ql iTjeq n©i;^’©cf#©/!;> ©tf bii/oir ll .aTo^trfeb eld T.sJbo^ ex; ^ 'XIb ' * ‘ ^ '.' ' ^ r '^• ©d oct aori^ ’Jbaalo^ wot'1 su o,d bobo oriw w©I»,?8irid -o:t ©dldaxft c>Jb -a V ^ Af ,i" W! ' (I)” .©3 J3 T ^Iri 'ia nolSifoadrceq ©rid To^fdBO •H •'' ' ’ •• faevei od em©98 lioTsaseT X©f.l‘iod 8 lri’^‘e ‘TeXrloX xjaM rfstroridXA t • D ’ ^ -Vj (WO aiii dneanridvoO ©rid dasXj^iaveri^ noaroXBB iirvrriE djkifi| ltd lo diiqoooa ©rid iol ©dlBib sclIXoe x^l T©3ioTd b bb Jbddoe ^Ino , 5T0©ni 8 jB 8 BW ©ri dBitd/boddlflibfl ©ri daimi dl dar dcoaLne^ot)' • '' .to • • - J^rt , iy ©XdaylBY bxsa Xb©t bOTobn©T odw dolTdaq b©doy»b jbabalw eiioTaaa^-:: od b©o;x6efl .XToldifIqv©E ©rid ^nlTtfb ^diiijo© elri od ©alVT©©^ TB^IrioX xbM ffiorfw (flOB erid ' ^flOiB0XB2 .M“ irnfBH el dl ,e«*i©d daowo’. . qi j, ^. , gQg ©rid^lo anie ©rid ^X©gge baa aocEtoIaS £ry;fiH dofl ' oiinx/deb eari >i»i < .j v^. ITBridat erid aoqii b©dl8lv .©d don bXtrorfo od rid*xol doa ’’gBed aari cquoa© nadqario talTd elrid'^flJt rx©va ^ p ^ . aa e:tlup ^TXIanoldToqoic badifrflTdno© ae^lX©a•teI ©rid darid evo^q ' *' • - a £ :.d od ^©nodf bfta ^snlridoXo ^&aol^lauJm ^ootviae '^o do>£m •»* . p>- « RfialdalTriO ©rid bib aa ^d*i©dlX to ©^ao ©rid got vt^^^Jdo© Tlarid If" " (P fi . V P- ^ ©rid wot darid >[Tac!dT b*xa©ri dlo ©rid ri^xoild ©a cidaa blnow dl X^ne^ 'r; a ^ ll” ^ 'SWrsjlrJ’ ;i^ . .bodtrlei aaad aari areldolrtdaq «1 ^nlsioaX al o,-. ‘V. fllBgt' “,wou oaol'tdnA orid^ld f'^tdoMda*^'* loumaS ,XIaDoM (I) '^l ' ^'- ^ ^ - CHAPTER V LATER EVIDENCE OF JEWISH PATRIOTISM ” Jimmy Madison * s War” It might be well to outline two figures in ” Jimmy Madi- son's W'ar” who were particularly outstanding not only as patriots but as constructive forces for good. Uriah Levy Uriah Levy of Philadelphia was only a young lad when the war broke out but he secured a little schooner, fastened upon its deck a naval g\m, and attacked the first ship he saw fly- ing the British flag. Naturally he was captured and taken to England where he was allowed considerable liberty. He seems to have been quite as courageous and aggressive on land as on sea for one day upon hearing Andrew Jackson (one of his most t>e loved heroes) severely criticized by a British acquaintance Levy fell upon him and knocked him down. Evidently this bout had no disastrous effects upon Levy for soon afterwards he re- turned to America, secured another ship and distinguished him- self by capturing enemy ships and winning the recognition of the national navy. But, as usual, when peace returned there was a maximum number of naval officers and minumum number of places to be filled and so, for av/hile. Levy, because he lacked the necessary influential advocates, was passed over, but later he was made a Captain and finally received the title - 72 - : ^Ovaotisaiv^'HaTAJ ^ , •., 'il' ^ . * ^..., ^.-V.v ”tBW E‘n08if)BJ5~ -^rnifiilL** ‘-- . ^ -if)BM ill owd ^alLiao-o;i XIsv/ ©d dds-tni riv. .u ’^1*. BB ^Ino ,don 3nlJbrfBd8^x/o ^X'lBlualct'iBq ©*:;9w orfw ”ifi?/ s'noe .- u . ^ .iioo3 .*iol aooiol evt:tou*iieaoo ss iud adol^iaq ">’ »' i- .t •*: rvBj rialiTJ i 5»- Q 3 6/ld xioriw i>Bl %asjo\ b jLno eaw s>riqI©6BlXxl no2£ad bna bo'ii/dqao bbw ©rf jlXi'ijinVQ ..^bU rialdiiFI ecU 31TI * . V , :3flio ©8 ©H •Y^’tocfllj^oXd^'iOJblB/iod Jbev^XlB.Bsw ©rf e^sdw bnBXgfffl ^ '" ' ' **' Xk u '*' “Jf' no 8 B Dxtcl no ovXeeeiss^ eLro©gflii/oo ea ©diwp n©od ©vail od ieonr elrl '^o ©no) noetifoal, we*ibnA ^iiaorf noqi/ -^rab ©no^ *101 ^a©a ©onadniaupoB deldXiQ a bosloiiXio ^XoTevae (asoiad; bavoX «0Od 3 ldd ^Xd'i'jebXva .nwob aid boifoorni bxia mid noqu XX©1 jjvaJ ' "" JH f K -$i^©d ab^xawioJ'ia nooa nol ^voj rxoatr B^Joe'tlo scroideaeib on barf -m±rf boxfeln^nxr^aXb.bna qXrfa ’lorfdona b^ii/ooe ^aoiieniA^ od bartend - . I ff , xo noidln^oost ©rfd- ;p,n-tn0iw bna eqXrfa snXoijdqao ^Xob oiarfd bstrai/dei soaeq narfw ^XaiJ^n aa »da?J .vvan Xanoidsn orfd " " " '' i > I0 ladirtt/n mamunba bna eneoXllc^Xsvan "io isdanrn' mumlksm a aaw * * ' on ©ax^aoeo' ,T'^©J ^©XXrfwa rfol 'Jos bna beiXll od od eacaXq ” ' '' 'V , ,*tovo bOBBaq aaw ^adda'oovba XaldiianX'lnJi t*JS8 eeo© f vr-. of Commodore* '’He v^as then incautious enough to venture upon a reform. He v/as one of the first to challenge a sacred naval shoiild the 1 tradition. He denied that the Ship's Master have I power to string up his sailors and lash them as he saw fit. He suffered the lot of many other reformers, was caricatured ( and lampooned, and finally was ordered by superior authority to keep quiet. He refused obedience and was punished. But 1 when Andrew Jackson became President (he had learned of the , fight in which Levy had taken part when he himself had been denounced in London) he became a strong partisan of Levy. He took up the cause for which Levy had been degraded and, as a result of his intervention, flogging was banished from the navy. It must be set dovm to the credit of the Jew and his readiness to fight that the agitation against flogging secured 1 headway and that it finally prevailed. " (1) 1 1 Judah Touro 1 There is another Jew v/ho merits much attention and admira- ! tion. Judah Touro was born in New England but went to Louisi- ana as a young man where he made an Immense fortune. \Vhen the war of 1812 was being fought in the South he was with General Jackson and almost lost his life at the battle of Nev/ Orleans. In 1320 it was thought that the first real battle of the Revolu tion should be commemorated by erecting a monument on Bunker Hill to be paid for by popular subscription. At first all went 1 1 ! 1 1 i (1) McCall, Samuel W., "Patriotism of the Jew," p. 110, 111. -73- " noqif e'l.uixiev ci rfsi/one aoj^t c^r/ aH” , aiobor-aroO lo Ijsven te^zo^Ba & osnoIlBrio od- da'll- :t arid lo eno ajew aH .n'lolei q odd evBd bluoria isdeBr^T a^qlciZ arid daiid ijolnat^ ell . aoldltsid .di:! wue ed ee merfd rleal J^dq E*ioIii:.a airi qtr ^nlid-s o-d *iawoq teic/dflaX'iBO 83*v ^a'lon-io'ie'i 'laxido *^0 dol erf- taiS'l'iwe ali ^dl'to/tdjj'ii loiiaqi/e te^el'ic bbw Ijajs .fisnooqn'jeX 2>ifr du5 .ban’s im/q bne aortsibedo basirTerc alf .daiup qosTl od a/ld bafi*7£sX bad oii) dnablsa'iS! a^iEoad ncsdosT* wotbixA non'v/ i'T&ed bed Jle-c.mtd e:i nedw d'req noj/sd r^d ’.rvaj doiriw- ni dff^i*! 9F .'^^vaj io rtna'dajBq ^ito'ida « oniBOod ad (ffobnr-J ni baonrjcnob £ B& .beta bobjS''?.>ab naod barf yv 9 *I ftoXn'r '20I osi/ao 9ifd ifqod arid- mod*! borfelrrjBd e/iw ^noidnavTadiii aid lo dli/e&T p.lri bre vveL arid lo d.tbe'io ©rid od nwob dee ed dei;oi dl .rvatt baa;roee gnl^soXl dsnln^B rroIdBd-jjfi end dedd d-ilgil od eaarrlbss*: (X) .bsXlevd'iq 'IXanll di darid bris ^Ev.laori o'lfJoT rfoD/JT. “ti'iJcibB bnn noldnedds deum edi'^er: od\t vfot. leridons el siarl'^' * -leiifoj od dnew d^rd bnaX’^nil we/ nl n'lccf aBv, ozuoT dabur, .nold en'd nodw .ar..jd*io1 ar:n©:.-T.il ne obam en oisdv/ ^otroY a sn bixo I jj^oiTsa xidlv/ eav.- ©rf rfdi^oP add nl dn'^uol gnlod aaw 2X31 lo *rniv .anaoIcO waTT 'io aid dad add da elll alii deol deorrla bca noejfoaX, j:£ovti. an’d lo ©Xddad XaeT de'il't arid dadd drlgnorld saw dl 0231 ril ‘leilmfS no d/toicfrnoii. a :;nldosne b.&da'ionra.iTinoo od bXnon'e nold dnov/ XXc danl'i l.A .rroldqiioedifs ‘lainqoc xd *iol blaq oc od XXiH. .1X1 ^OXX ,q "j’.ToTr o.Xd to tneld-olndaq” X©i;cls£ ^XXbOoF (X) well and then, like so many ambitious undertakings, the dona- tions became fewer and the work lagged behind, "Nothing of such magnitude had ever before been attempted in the country. In our day, when government is exalted into a great paternal ; institution, the thing would be handled in more simple fashion. The public treasury is expected to do everything. The people I are accustomed to go to Congress and get an appropriation when j I they desire to gratify their patriotism by erecting a monument, j but in 1820 public opinion was not so far advanced upon such j lines. "(1) After twenty long years of struggle there was still | a deficit of twenty thousand dollars and the outcome looked j pretty dubious. Then came forward Amos Lawrence, a prominent • i Boston merchant, who offered to give ten thousand dollars if I another would give an equal amount, "This offer was princely j received in cold silence in the financial sections of the ! neighborhood such as Boston and New York, from virhich a favor- | able response might have been expected. But there came a re- mittance of ten thousand dollars from a remote part of the country, from Judah Touro, a Jew, of New Orleans, and the com- ' 1 the pletion of monument was assured. The event was commemor- i j ated by a dinner in Faneuil Hall. Amid the eloquent speeches that were made, a toast was proposed in lines v/hich recognized the generosity of the two patriots, but hardly recalls the literary glories of Boston’s golden age; W, (1) McCall, Samuel , "Patriotism of the Jev/," p. 111. - 74 - - > - .... -orroD arict ei/olctl:dxtri» ^nsrr: ce a?{il ^nancf bciB Ilew ‘io gninctot'i” ,bnMod jlrrow brtB ‘lowal ern/ioacf snoict • r't^n/joo enjJ cri be:iqizo&ctQ need .'io'ioo'-:9va 5xj/f aJbxrctin^Biii rioue I Is/J^siaq Jesis b otat bBilBxa si ironrriovog asiiv ,'^e£) ^;ro jjl* • noirisaT: eXqmla stoh ni balbUBCi scf 6X«o» gniriJ erfd .noUuiltsaP eX(|osq 9ffx .gniiaviova ob ot baiaaqxs si r,itJES6-yi oiXdaq arfX n.d£f» npXlaX^qodqqa ns dsg baa esai^ctob pi og oS BanoJauoos s-ia j.ineaitjaofi: a snXdoeqa xd mslioliisq iladi xJUbis oi s'lleob rioue mqi/ baonevtn Biel os ion saw rtoXnXqo oXXcftjq 0S8X ni iirp jXXXJe CBW STorfj oXss«':iE lo sobbx 3noX leilA {X)".aenXX bojfooX smoouuo atii bna STelXob bnasuctli xinani lo di.oXlsb 3 inoaXitio'tq c ,sorr9WEj eon/, bnerrqol aa-j>o r.sriT .esioldub xdianq IX eiaXXoL bosowoiid nai ovig oi bsdsllc oi!a ,tnjsdooam r.cisoS saw dollo ^Xoocnq .irsicr^ lavoa ria avXg bXaow dariipaa o^i lo anolioos LBlonurl^ arii ui oonaXXe hXoo al bovlaoai -doval a rfo trta tioil ,3idoY weir bac aoJaoC aa dona fcooilao-risXon -Sd a oBiao sTeriJ iaP .Beioeqxa risoo avad irigXic aetroqeoi sXcfa 9rii lo i^aq aioman a nodl eiaXXob inaEooiii nai lo aonaiite -moo odi bna .eoaaXdO wall lo ,web s .o^moT /'abat. «oH ,x-iJanoo -'lOROMStoo eaw inovo atcr .ionuBaa aaw inomanon orfi lo noXisXq Barioaeqs inaapoXa orii bhnf. .XXaH Xiqana'X nX lannXb a xd beia bosXiisooan: iloinw saniX ni boaoqodq aa» iaaoi a .abarn eqow iarli aril aXXaoet xXbiarf dad .alotiiaq owl ar.l lo rlXeodanag aril : 02 fl ftobloa ^ 3’rro:JeoP lo ealiola ^'reie^tlX .111 .q oiict lo nraXcfoi'i^JBq:" .Vx , XIbDo.^ (X) ! J I ’Amos and Judah, venerated names. Patriarch and Prophet press their equal claims: Like generous coursers running neck and neck. Each aids the cause by giving it a check; Christian and Jew, they carry out one plan-- For though of different faith, each is in heart a maru’” ( 1 ) Slavery , The Civil War , And The Jews Like the Christians, there were Jewish slave holders and dealers in various parts of America. The economic conditions in the north did not foster slavery and it gradually ended there early in the nineteenth century, but in the south, slav- ery constituted one of the bases of its prosperity and it was defended, naturally, at every opportunity by all slave owners. Practically all the southern Jews of prominence and means like their non-Jewish neighbors were strongly in favor of slavery although there were some wealthy individual Jews who freed their slaves and Max Kohler says of the philanthropist Judah Truro "the negroes who waited upon him in the house of the Shepards - with whom he lived for forty years- were all emancipated by his aid and supplied with the means of establishing themselves; and the only slave he personally possessed he trained to busi- ness, then emancipated, furnishing him with money and valuable advice.” (2) (1) McCall, Samuel W., "Patriotism of the Jew," p. 112. (2) Kohler, Max H., "Anti-Slavery Movement in America," In the Jewish Encyclopedia, V. 1, p. 149. - 75 - ''.fiBOi B ^'ijsorl r!i:‘>:5l: rl.oao lo f:5i/ori;t *io'^ (X) cw^X» ariT bnA CXvXC erg t.nJ3 B^Loblod 9VEle rfejwsT, s'lew eierlct ,snBi;fex‘iiiO eri^ ©3f.tJ enoXJlhnoo oimonooe ooT .BOlioiriA to 8a*iJ3q Bi/olnsv ai ETsIaeb L©f>n© iX brs isieol :Jon ftXb nct'ioa ©rtX iiX -vela tCicfx/os od:i nX ;fx;d ^^n/rdnoo xldarttdonXn orfJ rtX ^I'Xb© ©'tericf «n;? dX bna \vXnsQEo*3q a^X lo fceaad ©rid lo eno 6edi/X Xdenoo v'x© .B»tPf*wo ovnie IXfl x djfXI e.ruBeif/ brte ©or ©nXrao'iq 1o cti©X» fl'f©rld;j08 o.''- TIb vXlHoXdOB'i? Y'lovBle to oovel YXsfiO'rd e o'raw a'^tocfrisiXeri deIwoT,-r'on niaxid iXsiid bodil odv/ eweX. XBUbXvlJbrrX '^ridXEjr ©mot a'low ©norld rI;-iraridXiJ orctrH’ n'Bbtfl, tfeXqo'ifidf'.aXXrfq odd Ic u;:bs 'lelrfoX xbM br:i: eo.vsXe - Bb'inqoriS ©rid *10 eeucd ©rfd rJ nilri aoqX/ ted Jew oxlw aeo'T^en erfd^ ' r.Xii *v:cf bederloniici© XXa ©*iovy -o'xboy *io'l bovXI ©d aiorlvj ddXit ; eevIoEL^erfd .^nXnaXXcfcdae lo enBein add ddX'j? beXXqquc bne ^ Xu -Xtud od bonXjB*id ori becsaeeoq yllanceoaq arT evBla ylrto add bns ^ oXdsiflBv XiiiB yenom fidiw nXd ^rrirfaXaiot LaioqXcnBCis rtsnd ^seeii .*2i ’’.eoXvtij . d,JM. (2) , .SIX .q ”tWeL edd 1o me Xdolide'i” t, V7 larrmaS V/hen the religious controversies connected with the ques- tion of slavery engrossed the attention of the people, it fol- lowed (as would be expected) that the Jews took part on both sides. Some southern Rabbis like Dr, Einhom of Baltimore, Rabbi Sabato Morais and Liebman Adler took such a strong stand against slavery that they found it expedient to transfer them- selves from the seat of slavery to cities like Chicago and Nev/ York where they could expound their views ab imp pectore amid more sympathetic and understanding listeners. On the other hand. Rabbi Morris J, Raphall of New York delivered a sermon in January 1861 (published later in pamphlet form) en- titled "Bible View on Slavery" in which he endeavored to prove that slavery was sanctioned in the Bible and therefore its existence was justifiable. Naturally this opinion brought forth all manner of replies but the one which attracted the greatest attention came from Michael Heilprin of Brooklyn, a writer and an editor of unusual ability. On January 16, 1861 he contributed to the New York Tribune an impassioned, emphati and masterly refutation of Raphall ’s views and through his vehement denunciation he aroused the public to a higher degree of anti-slavery feeling than any other Jewish writer. He showed that "slavery had not been a part of Jewish life for hundreds of years and that the humane teachings of the Bible v;ere directly against the modern form of negro slavery, as 76 “ K 0/ fp jiid x-(d r./ fa bednertnoc el o 'xevo'io o e. '. j'x Si'rt aor*. :v -lo'i c ,9lqoec orlct *ao no Idvte ;?;}£; c):;'! "!C ' .oli r'.iruj no lasc; -jiCJOl zviiit ctBilJ (f>erfe^q::e do t-Ii/ow aji) HbH 'I .'TQ e:fil clc'cfB/I n'lan^fi/Oii oc:Or: ,0 0*^16 i;nBcra vno-i-^B s Diced 'lelbA ocKec'-j ^hb a laLTo’/ oJbcIbp 1: '“’s:-; -neAo 'leleri^^cT od ;JneJ±;aq::c dl l>mro*i dnnd T-icvBie daclsgig.; hne op.Bojido o>fIX aei-djo od v'iovbLz lo .fBce add nro'r'l ewIds; .* far'elv f -.'j -/y i’£Lf- T?©dd brtnoqxe q: .'id'," r/c-;. . odj i'". p.-'r .i."?enedfaii; ' L'lra.'tfa'-iabr c '.nt-. o/do;. j /v vvd S'S’c® c,’.,.- B boiaviXob >iooY -.vod lo XXBxlqB ; .;. Ei/ri.;!,! •dffxjH ":0r:do ".no 'orncl lo-.'p,:. ' n' 'ledBX X' j nBt/ruBL n ' jymoe ‘ ©vo*iq od bs'iovr eXi:e o;' .'dIjI?; : ** -o v/oiV 0X: .: ;^dtj sJI i-i;) LOTodd ; OB oXclrl O'.d ni '.d. - dercefa e^w r'rovt'X- l;pv''ic {-'If'.jrfc Bind - ..-''tfdex;^ b»:v.' ©ro*'dr. 'xo e.ij bococ'.: ,'o ihlrin ono er'd dird e^lXi rn lo 'reonsrf lie ;.d*iol B , rtvI-HOCi' :o iLTrXloH XoBaeJ. .; ok"'!! i nc; eddr. d^ct/io'rp XdSI ,.,I vq., .^:•^dXI B iBkjyrfcj lo TodJbo riB ^rii 'lo l‘T7; o’ltnnqoro ^::v4*o; a . ,.i 1 ;dq Of k k'loV odd o;; ednelidn 0 ©i^f ’d r%'/ciPd r, 'jkB ev olv ' X.; Ic ncllBlifloi viz hne ^' A.D.*. -:.d B o d Oj.j-d.jq f- and boE-fo're nnldRlonc^no ^ drier'anav oil .lojJvrrv lid lti€>L 'Xf-dde yns "B-id ••.kLXee'l v*i"’VBln - lo •xol yllE ‘’el>roL lo dine 3 need dor l^d yne\Ble'' dedd bov/orfE ^1^1 E.vn^fioBod SimxTtjjfl odd dnoj cttb Qn3i.>7 Ic fai o^bm/d a.'. ;‘revBXE O'lv-k'i ^ j.o rii'icl n'ler' iit Df(d daxilvkjs v.rdo©'ilb e*is'7 . , practised in America. ’* (1) at Republican Convention In 1860 Jev/ish Delegates | As practically all the northern Jews espoused the cause of the Union it is not strange that they v/ere advocates of | I Abraham Lincoln. Three Jews were delgates present at the 1860 i Republican convention which nominated him; two of them voted for Lincoln but the third did not because his delegation (from Missouri) had been instructed to vote for another candidate. One of the two who did vote for Lincoln was Lewis N. Dembitz, a lawyer of Louisville, Kentucky, whose nephew, Louis Dembitz Brandeis, is now a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Jews in the Civil War conducted themselves with the same degree of patriotism and courage as did their ancestors in the Revolution. There were, quite naturally, more Je?;s in the Union army because most of the German immigrants lived in the North, Rabbis Side By Side With Chaplains For the first time in America, rabbis were appointed to serve the soldiers in the field and in the hospitals side by side with the chaplains of other faiths. ’’President Lincoln was willing to appoint them as soon as the need was pointed out to him, but he was limited by the law which said that ministers of Christian denominations should serve as chaplains in the (1) Levinger, Lee J. ”A History of the Jews in the United States,” p. 194. - 77 - I (I) ” .BoI'ieizA rri tee.toOJEJiq 5l _^o tonovnoO ftaoildx/c &H g ej-BgoIeq’ risir/eL &eL'£o ©do deaijoqe© awaL n'lori^'ion: ©rtt XIb YJ^Xj3oioO£iq eA lo seiBoovb© ©‘tow ogmj'itfE si ctl nolnij ©d^ lo 0S8I odd dB dnoEoaq aadaslet ©‘lev/ av;©r^ ooiriT .xrXooaiJ inBdBicfA bodov nrorid *lo owd ;mid bsdarrifrioa doidw noldnovnoo rxjBoildi/qo}! tuo‘1'}) xioXdBgoIsb eld osi/Bood don bib bildd odd dad nIocnJJ iol .odBblbrfxso loridonB lol ©dov od bodoaideal noed bad • (liaoasiil ,scirfm©C ./! eiweJ sbw rrlooni,: 'lol odov bxb odw owd odd lo ©nO sdlofiio'T elao.I .woriqoxi eeorin .^oadrroH .elllvcltroJ lo ‘lO'^vsX b b&:flnj odd lo dix'oO ©ino*iqa3 odd lo ooideaX b von el ^Elobna*!^ .aodedS ecixjs odd rfdlw eoyXoem&dd fcedoa'brroo 'ijiy; XlvlO oda al awoT, odd nl aiodaeofxB 'ilodd bib ae s^B-inoo bne msldol'idsq lo 00159b odd nl Bwol. 910CI ^yXImadjon odXap ,eiow oiOifT .noldaXovoH odd nl bovli adrrBiglrwil ncanoO odd lo daom osaBood yriue noJLrj ,dSiolf s nlfllc criP dlY; abl2 ^ obl3 eldcnH Od ^'©dnloqqa oiaw al 'dai ,£oliomA nl ortld daitl ©di lo'il yd ol;la elBdlqeod odd nl bna bXoll odd nl eielbXcs odd ovioe nXoonlJ dnobles'tq” .addlal leddo lo eclftXq«dc end ddiw oble dao bodnloq enw boon odd bb nooe as morfd dnicqqa od gnllXiw bbw eiodelnitn dadd blea doldw wbX odd yd bodln-lX eew od dad ^mlri od odd nl BfllcXofltio as ©v'ioe bXxrode encldjsnljiiooob aBl:>Bl'id ’0 lo b©dlm; odd nl swoL oxld lo yiodelH A” » .L ©oJ .‘togn.'voa (X). ^ /*v r _ ft _ . A . ^ army. Rabbi Arnold Flschel of Congregation Shearith Israel of New York went to Washington backed by the authority of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites; the law was changed and Fischel was the first Jewish chaplain appointed, being followed by three others during the Civil War.”(l) Judah P, Ben jamin Many there are who feel that Haym Salomon, the financier, i was the outstanding figure in Jewry during the Revolutionary War; during the Civil War it was not a financier but a states- man, Judah P. Benjamin, who was the leading Jew. An intrigu- ing figure was Judah Philip. ^ Benjamin. He came of an old Sephardic family in British territory in the West Indies being born there in 1811 but brought to Charleston, South Carolina, v#ith his parents when he v/as seven years old. Later he at- tended Yale and became one of her distinguished students (al- though he never graduated) . At seventeen he went to New Or- leans, studied law, and at twenty-one was admitted to the bar. The next year he married a young lady of the Catholic persua- sion. He was elected to the United State Senate by Louisiana in 1852, and six years later was reelected to it. He was an ora- tor of unusual ability ranking with Daniel Wester and John Calhoun. Charles Sumner considered him "the most brilliant orator in the United States," but he employed this great gift (1) Levinger, Lee J, , "History of the Jews in the United States," p. 202, 20.3. . D^Ji-'iBsriS 1o Isnoal?; bloaiA IcJ^Bn \ ^Y9^^ xo 9^^d lo o/i^ beifoacf oct oXifiv? aaw v/el edd ^asd-XIee'nil ctsoiiefnA 'Xo ascts^elea lo .fc'!.so-3 o*M &bv/ XbricBl*^ £>rrB bs^nsrfo , bocJnXoctiJB nfaXoB-do riaXwoG, gnted IlviO or;d- /raX'Ttrb r.^or^^o ao'iifcf ref bowollol jTfxP.ia f^iiO oLfsr q*ib o'rari^ vreaM t'laXoffi’nX'i e(f:T ^nomclaa iittix B Xo0*i off;? saw Tr*iBficl^r/Xov0fi orf^ ^nxrtjjJb ’^ivfe’G nX ©lur-XI gnif;r:Bia:f ^Kl*i.^h ^*1<3V B oifcT noXortijn ^'l b iJoxi 3 bw ^X 'IsV. XiviO ftnd' ."' ^naw aA .woT, gribai'I on'X bbw oriw ^nlraat,n©r r^aouL 5-^XXcffi rlabuT/ e-’.-’ sell T'Xo rtx; xo ©xffBO oH ^Ilne't oJ;3-iBnqB2- gnlof/ aelbnl otfd nl I'J'ioet ni eo:3£fd niod ^liiilXo'iaO ^firodcBl'tBf'v. oi isjo XI8X nl nBVi'.-a eav/ ori n©i.w E^fC9*iBq elrf rf^lw -Xjd orf *i 0daJ .bXo atiao': b©bnol -l£) aln^bu^B eniaoscf briB slaY flidwBx/bB*!;^. 'tovon ©iv rfsuoiii -*i0 v/ftif oi dxi0w 9f* n3s^n6v©E dA . balbixda ^erfBoX ,*TBd od becid-tiabB aavr sno-^dnow^ da urtB tWflX eri ^Bo\ dxen ©xf: -jRjjB'ioq cIXoxfdB'^' odd Jo rhjzl grtuo^c b bell- am .xrola od beXoeXo eaw ei^ xti ecfllsliroj ec^aneo eladS badlii*' lertal eTBoy xlc bx:iB ,ix‘eeX -a Xfii/euruj Yo aol rtffoL boa 'l-a^Jaer/ XolnaG fWl^* snl^r: Y^lXlds tiefieriO .nudriXaO dftalJIlacf lt--OT. ©rid” .niri bo'iehlanoo 'leonujC bedlxi’^J ©rid xiX xodcao ' oxi di/cf ”,B©dBdS d*tly dB 9 'i. alxfd fj©Y^Xcjnie ^ao^nlvrj (Xy ^odlriTJ erid al evoL ©fid *lo ,;'iodelH*’ , .A .dC: jS02 ‘\EOdadE fipy-r.^ar-, , a~ in defending the institution of slavery. (A northern preacher characterized him as **an Israelite with an Egyptian heart.") ViThen Benjamin was fifty years old, Louisiana seceded from the Union; he resigned from the Senate and returned to his home to devote his ability and leadership to the Confederate cause. By Jefferson Davis, he v/as first appointed Attorney-General, next Secretary of Y/ar, and later Secretary of State. Numerous historians feel that he was "the brains of the Confederacy" and as Secretary of State he came very near to having England recognize the Confederate cause (the people of Great Britain were concerned about the moral question of slavery and the financial problem of cotton) . On the day the Union troops entered Richmond, he burned all his official papers and fled from the city with Jefferson Davis. Benjamin could not take the oath of allegiance to the United States but went to England, resumed his British citizen- ship, and became one of the greatest barristers of his time. For some years his income from his law practice was as high as Bl5,000 annually. In 1872 he received a "patent of precedence" which gave him rank above all other Queen’s Counsels. Diabetes caused him to retire from the English bar in 1883 and he died in 1884 in Paris in a mansion which he had built some few years before. His wife buried him according to the rites of the Roman Catholic Church but it is not believed that he was con- verted to Christianity. Says Lee Levinger: "Benjamin was a great man and a great - 79 - n^Qri^Ton A) .y^ovjsXs lo rro id ^ctl^sni. orid sirlijns'tot ai (”.d*i^ad n.ftidqYS^^ na cfdlw adilec'iRl nni^ sa inixi iiesi'iadoB'isdo arid mo*ii Xoi)eo©B BctFiaiuoJ »bXo s*i3©'^ cer. nimBta^a neriW od ©mori aid od bart'ijj'da'i Lcl3 odar^er arid mc'i'i bangle ai ori *noI/tU .atijBo adB'iabol;r*oO ©i'ld pi bre ’^dilXds ejtri adoveb . I.3'iaiia-0-Yf'*^’ic»ddA bednioqqa dr/iii e£w ori ^aivart noeialxaL euD'ramc/VI .adadS lo' Y'^-odaioaS *i&dBX bne .'laVi lo v'isdoiooS dxon ^'voit'teb&'laoO arid lo criisnri arid" eaw ori dprid Xool anBi*xodBiri .^xiivsri od laan v/iav omAo ©rl sdjadS lo ';;^cdo'ioec aa biLs jCiXadl'i^ dep'itj lo aXqoaq arid) ©eyao odB-iabalnoC' arid a:?Insoo&'r arid brte ^lovsle lo rroideei/p Xb^obx arid dyooB foam:ao/Too a*iaw aqocid noinU ©rid .(noddoo lo caoXdoiq XaionBUil LoXl bflu c'j -^qBq XfiXolllo elri XXb £>o*rrud ari tbnomricXH beiadna .EivBCI aoeio'llor. lidir/ mo'll a-fd od aonj3 l?;aIl 8 lo ridao add aitod don bXooo friiir£tn9'l “/tersidXo siri baa:y86': ^riftcXanS od dnaw dyri c©dx5d^ bedXrrU .omid alri lo e*:adD t'l'iad deadflana arid lo eno amjaoacJ brm ^qi-rie es /b^xri BB aevf ooldoB'iq wbX aXri mo'll anooni ©Xrf e'iboy amoe lo? ’’oonobaoa'iq lo daadBq" b bovXaoe'i ari SiVoX nl .YXlBwnnB 000^5X.5 aadooeXri .sXoenn'oC B’naauj,'^ 'lorido XXjO ovon's nrXri ovja:u rioXrivr joftib ori bn£ £63X ni 'iBCf rIaXXryiS arid mo'll s'lida'i od mXri boayBD anj& 3X wal onoa dIJyd X>jari ari rioirivv noienjara b nl elns^ nl ^6PX nl ©rid lo aedi'i ©rid od .^ncii'toooB mXri bei'iocf ©IJhsf alH .©'lolsd “iioo Efiw 9ri divrid bovaXXari dorr b 1 di dyri rio'iy.riO oiXbride’i mjoroJJ •YdinBidaXiriO od bediev d£©'T,Y B brta n£m dBS'i^ b bbw til.rjilnea" I'to^uivaJ aej CYSb American, b-ut he was not a great Jew. Rabbi Isaac M. Y/lse met him in Washington while on a visit to Daniel Webster there; they discussed religion and Wise found himself largely in agreement with Webster who was a Unitarian of Puritan ancestry and could quote the Bible for every point he made. But Benja- min opposed them and had little proof for his assertions; Rabbi Wise was a bit ashamed that the Christian statesman knew the Bible so well while the Jewish statesman knew it so badly. Benjamin, being a cultured man, quoted Shakespeare in his speeches, but he could not quote the Bible. Benjamin v/as hot-headed and quick to resent an Insult, whether delivered against him or his people. When a Senator in debate called him 'that Jew from Louisiana' he replied at once: 'It is true that I am a Jew, and when my ancestors were receiving their Ten Commandments from the immediate hand of the Deity, amidst the thunderings and lightnings of Mt. Sinai, the ancestors of my opponent were herding swine in the forests of Great Britain'. A similar reply was made in Parliament by Benjamin Disraeli, the great Prime Minister of England, who was born a Jew and to whom Judah P, Benjamin has often been compared. It was a brave and true reply, but just as superfi- cial as the attack, for both of these men thought more of the achievements of their ancestors than they did of serving their . people " (1) (1) Levinger, Lee J. , "History of the Jews in the United States," p. 207, 208. - 80 - r.‘ o'*X£ia . b !'w.n t Jam oel.. or^na L . vjL <»» b no fii.*v' -'•vrlxir' .. 2 j 0*3:0x10 'lOoade''.' XoI;tx3G od dialv I •n;. r . -O : oaaf:o8iJr rti. llaetn'r- i' jo'i ©ci;'-< " ...i- .ot :d v \2‘ide©or»:B lo nBlOBL’i jL' b . rv. orl.v ' odct.rr. lore &B -p.lnsK‘. . ori dnxoq i . r- : i Bi io.*d : j jii'oiortop.eB alrf loi -oono ,..0^ '' ' won'^r nHit:e0d3v1a n'BX-7 81*1x10 and dFnd : '.n.-ii tf; b li - • U ^ 1 r 08 •I’l v/oir: rL3xnc.©dj8d8 da '7.'“^. ol’riw ilew xa I od f.-x’^aa aJil rtl. enaocrae^'-.-rfS ^elox/p be*^u*£^.‘V a o , ' . .Xdl' arid a:*o.;r dorr .1 . j !sa o .aa^^aq ’' r.i> ': , :;Ioant xib ditoe©*! od :r'i:/p snv; nlnaj/ rra^ locanoc; b rrarlVV .Iq.'or j.* n- ...'n oar.», r- o'~e7?roi> i ‘ ’ r •; .' ' dfi holXq&'I Ofl Bns ; cl '.r.' i. *nn1' ilfno fl • ' '» orrow e^iodceofte noruv ,-...0 a re d*; ' ci :aaj| - • lo X>nBxi Oo Blbox-cni or.'j r.oil ' i o o’ ^ ' , . o’.i ’ani;'. lo 8^ nlndf. r-a /.'.o "o o* nxnfd oal d . di' ad adso'iol 6t{d nl ©xiiwo o’:.‘iorf a-i'w dxiar.o . i. Y •' drrorajali*xxi*i ni Oi ec;v YXq«*T .' ’! o:> ,L'x:BlAnr. 'lol^ rj** f or d .feaef ii&dlo 8j2d oix, Br.tjb , s -i/f nca*" o.-» aa xe^j^, ^o.' ^ >’."* . •• oxld *lo >rr 'fr;: lo ; ; j.-n ofeant to '» 70*1 ntoxid- YnlvToe lo 11: i ' ni-’di ciodsaoPB . a)’‘.vX'?o« fcedlnU arid x!l ero[, e lo Y^udeti-:* , "'vaj ^ ’ ,0 Rather an unjustly severe criticism of Judah ?. Benjamin j is this last statement of Levinger's. It is true that Benja- min was a loyal supporter of the Confederate cause but in his capacity as Secretary of State he served the Confederacy with I ! remarkable energy, efficiency, brilliancy, and sincerity. It i is related that he worked habitually from 8 A.M. until 2 A.M. each day and only ceased his labors for that cause when Lee surrendered at Appomattox although for some time before that I Benjamin had been convinced that the cause was lost. Such wholehearted and unselfish devotion v/ould seem to point to a definite and positive serving of his people rather than to an | overconcern with the achievements of his ancestors. -- The World War And The Patriotism Of The Jews Jewish Volunteers I A brief study of the number of Jews who served in the World War is worth while considering. Authentic records dis- close the fact that they contributed four per cent to the soldiery of the country--a third beyond their share reckoned by the proportion of popular measurement which was three per cent. Samuel McCall dravj-s attention to the fact that "the i selective system operated more effectively in the North and East than in the South and in portions of the West, and in urban than in rural districts - that is, in the larger centers , of population, which happen also to be the centers of Jewish population. Moreover the number of industrial exemptions was greatest in agriculture, mining and the metal industries, v/here Jews are least extensively employed. It was, therefore, an dBbuT* to tneloiii’iD oiavDs ^Id-aif^ru; rm si ctT .e • le^ivsivl Ic ^rreni«^Ble iaal sirfcf zt eld rrJt ^ircf obiltbo &u/t'tob(>JxioO orl^ 'io zo:fnoc,cri8 Xb^oI a bow nlm d'Jiw xoBZf^boJnoO orf#, bcvioe eii 'io 'i'XB:J'oioo8 sa d’.I .-^jd'.c'iBonXe baa ^Tfr.nallli'icf ^^orcfeloXli© ^r^zone ®Id£v<*iama‘i ..'T. \ s XiJnrr .!' .A 8 iaoil X Jbi£ bo:I'iow arl baosla*! ai 9oJ nerlvr acufio d'Bxfct 'lo'l b‘io<:'bJ sXxl beR£eo ’^Irxo bna vbd doBO 9'xoleo onXS »n:os lol xoffdaoroqtA ds Lo'ieba&'iuj-e do£f2 .dnoi Bcw ocaBo erld dejXvd bron^vnoo need bmi nX ^jaf^nac a od dnloq od araee JbXaojv. noidovab ^eX iXanna bna bod'iBOboXorfw rrs od ftarid -iarfdB/i aXqoaq e-W *io gnXvioi evldleoq bna adiaXteb . 2 'iodEaonfi eld Io sdnafliavoIdoB arid iidiw xnacnoDiovo -’^ *10 azoqj cwIqV de L weL twot or>T rra xdo' *xdg'I arff boA ZBf • Izo?,' eril and xrl bavias oaw ev/aT^ lo lacfnurn arfd “io "^bade loi'xcf A -eXb eb'toooz oldf abdaA .- nlzebJ znoo eSidv ridzov at zg\“ blzo'fl arfd cd diiso Tteq *i ro'i bodi/f ?'idrroo 74>od darid doc'l arfd oacln borroico»x Solaris iXoxid bnovac.’ bzlsit c--' id«Boo orid *lo Y^*iaibIofc. 10C aa'ifld aew rfoXriw dnaaioiacB^c: isXi/qoq 'io noid'ioqo'iq arid arfd’’ dar'd doBl erfd od noxd'iaadB awa-ib IIbOoM XaaxrjBa .daoo bna jrfd'ioll arid nl ©‘loxn. badaTeqo luadB^F avijoalas nt boe ^3^9\' arid aO eroddrfoq nl bm rfd;ro8 ©xfd -X natld dcoa aT.9C'nao ‘Xo^'iisX arid nX dadd - adoiidoib Xsib*! nX njBiid nadix; ;jBt*'aT» ‘io e'rodroo aid ed od o«Xb ffoqnsd cioldrr ^no^:}GllJaoq lo 2 BV/ eno'dqorexe XBX*l^• sff; rti 'io *i9dmifn arid •lavoe'ioM .fioidBXx/qoq ©•X"*i> , f.eI*ijaifbnX Xadoia aoJ bnB v^Xnifi; ^ 6ftjjdJX/oX*i3B flX dEadasia r.B . ozolezeiiit ,eaw dl .ba\:oXgii;TO ylovXftrrai'xe daeaX s*re bt oL unavoidable feature of the draft system, that the Jewish ele- ments of the population were drawn upon more heavily, in pro- portion to their numbers, than the average of the other ele- ments. But the principal reason for the high percentage of Jews in the service seems to rest elsev/here, as is pointed out by Mr, Julian Leavitt, Director of the Board of Jewish War Records. It is to be found in the large number of Jewish vol- unteers. The record according to Mr. Leavitt, indicates that there v/ere approximately 40,000 Jewish volunteers in the ser- vice, In other words, the normal Jev/ish quota of three per 1 cent seems to have been contributed through the draft, and the excess of the quota to have been supplied by volunteers (1) Honors For Valor Ssimuel McCall further adds that ’’the Jev/ish War Record I , Board shows that honors conferred upon Jev/ish soldiers for valor in action included no less than 1,100 citations. Of these there were 723 conferred by the American command, 287 by the ^'rench, 33 by the British, and 46 by various other allied commands. Of the most valued Congressional Medal of Honor three were av/arded to Jewish soldiers. The Distinguished Ser- vice Cross is worn by 150 American Jews, the rare French Medaille Militaire by 4 American Jews, and the Croix de Guerre by 174; and also it is shovim that nearly 10,000 Jewish commis- sioned officers were in the several branches of the service. (1) McCall, Samuel W. , ’’Patriotism of the American Jew,” p. 128, 129 I -82- In the Army there were more than 100 colonels and lieutenant- colonels, more than 500 majors, 1,500 captains, and over 6,000 lieutenants. In the Navy, there were over 900 Jewish officers, the highest rank reached being that of i commissioned i Rear-Admiral by Jacob Strauss v/ho was in command of the mine j laying squadron in the North Sea. In the Marine Corps there v/ere over 100 Jewish commissioned officers, including one 1 I ' I Brigadier-General, Charles H. Laucheimer. I The total of Jewish casualties was from 15,000 to 14,000 - ' I ; i including about 2,800 who made the supreme sacrifice. ; In view of this record of the Jevfs in the Army and Navy, it is clear that they did full share for their country. They j 1 well deserve a place among their heroic comrades in arms. That | is conclusive proof of their patriotism. ( 1) During the World War, the Jews formed a Welfare Board as did many other relig- ious groups. Its first announcement read: "Primarily the pur- pose of the Jewish Welfare Board is to help America win the war." Here, as well as in the field of battle, the Jew proved i to be no second rate patriot. Impregnable Patriotism Anyone now maintaining that the American Jews are unpatri- otic leaves himself open to the pertinent criticism that he is the spokesman of "airy assumptions" and not the possessor of statistical truths, for just a brief study of the Jews’ military (1) McCall, Samuel W. , "Patriotism of the American Jew," p. 129, 130. - 83 - . ^ ' ' ‘ .* • V, >-'T. ^ • '. -nj 1' t.~ '7> >; ‘ ' ?>v 'N . ' . :i, ^rrX/aX.-fTQ^cfi ‘ 00 v /ie.Af ' v\v . ;/• V ' fc' V.’ ^ t C .> '-. •« , X;:- !;»'vx 'j ::.i V'vXj- pjrf^ >/ -‘ ;• • , * r ' »• 'y- V j^-iscrz'T'^ :> ."r. .'• ^ .-.tifcl:: *;;roc‘i> .V^v'S ri'r^ui V-V^.7 ' ' 'JfXti i.' /. >.V/1 •* ' '•. •'. J : 0“. i 'tc V. O J V. . :7.;-.>wi). 'ri.-iH ^,V, .,;,. :x, • V ,j Jaf{ a» ii,-.;. .*':'*'*'*' -> •. ''A-i . '•. 'lu , .tv'T o."? f ' CC; o, . ^ s tji'* /.;Iv'V o-tU -v ' . t • -• 'i -ir;.' ' ^ 7a.l'fv/. '•*:;7.r!5-:' ,<;.• '* ‘ruvX;o r;'«ia < '"r.r ' ^.•:J.<>, 4 r. X a :: eX» . Cto'j , '/ C(i' w-/‘Tr i'i :-. i - . 3crf,%-‘i;. « ::ro^ ‘ • ;?£ • I v; ' . ;i 30 irrf ‘;/A I r- ,p,2 ^'.$0 ‘‘t; '>o 3 ^•y >*Aii •3.7.'* .-ij' f.t ,' •i'lo.r ". • , . * • ' r% » * ' .,- • / lV0C?’. 1 r-'i ' • ;-V’ , '.-*- ‘- ....',* i . ft'* • • • V » . .jr. .; '.)n 7. i\'i ’ 3 m 3x -i f Oc^tii V: 'i'ov/u'i! 1 ' 7 o '• *i 1 It:atif.'- ^•;_;•^•»•;• >^-r v:fV-:f3'* .- ’ roJtnto Iffe**'-' nil .istiitfi. ! • r7 -id -• .«-.. ..•.*,> V' Ve*. r ' ' {/' i';iV ‘ s: •' 7>. X' , , '( .'.Cj ai; r V ', • ,.\f- ' , '. ;•; .. . . ; v. --'•'r'. ' .'.- ^ A''. ' .• • !qm X-h- and civic relationship during the Revolution, the War of 1812, the Civil War, and the World War, as outlined in the preceding pages should certainly leave no doubt as to their impregnable patriotism. Kw" mSfsrr ^ tvjfdf brtie?^ C -* - » T f < ^^1 ^ *^r i-WS K< ;Vtiii-bdoe4:q bSfs^X^uo «» ;fj*ri^, bX^o^^jailJ ’ t *!*r •• ^ •\'!^'<’"*Z^ ., .-» i/ v'/:, ‘ «< •' -' ' «. .ity.5t?, If ' -jy •, r-r U5T. . M. »*S r-'r... 0-. . j .7. ' , / CHAPTER VI THE JEW IN BUSINESS AND PHILANTHROPY A study of the European Jews reveals that for generations they v;ere business men largely because they v/ere not permitted i: to be anything else. In many countries they were not allowed to enter any of the professions nor to own or work on land; they were not considered as citizens in some countries and so could not enter military service. Some were engaged in man- aging the estates of the nobility, but, for the most part, they were concerned with the buying and the selling of mer- j chandise. Earlier in this study, it vas pointed out that the 'I Sephardic Jews v/ho immigrated to this country v^ere considered |: to be of a the higher lineage than Ashkenazic and naturally ; ii :i they entered business in America with different interests due | to their business connections in many of the European countries !l They became interested in international trading and often v/ere j| the |1 leading exporters and importers in many of the larger i; cities. Jewi sh Immigration From Germany j "When the second tide of Jewish immigration came from i Germany in 1848, it brought small merchants who started with packs on their backs to sell trinkets and notions to villagers. Many of these peddlers opened stores which by sober thrift and - 85 - ’ IV H:::r:iAno *. <;'''.. Yqo.*':>T;iAJi:i - anoxtfjs'^iefio," 'io'~ :^b- ct sIbsvotl oV/©t. ruii^ ro*iri" oftt lo Tro.i/d’e A :Jorr 'j'lovt ;0'i.t oc.'rrooo ':Io2;'tbI risra aceniauc o^io\i rorld i-'0VKv^Ii5 .toi 0 *". o\v c.di":! . 700 ‘-jna nl .oeXa od od jXnuI no 7l'iov»* *io nv/o o:f •ion eaoli-ae'io'xq ooM lo ^s^rro oa Ar.a sG^rjjca/oo 3«oa ariosi.*) !o so iirjioManoo iofi oaovj rsxii ~ ni I) 0303."T© ©‘.e*.? oaio3 .ooi/' sa '^lOJilini nsjJrra ion hLuoo ' " '! isow 0 ^iircf < 'iiliffori orfi lo soioisa odj •*i 0 in lo *^niIXec adJ orto 3,n:Yi^^ rfoiv? bo.i'ieorteo ©tow 'jorfi . OS t^jfiodo f '''-rie orli iuni ino bainioc; sbt/ j/ ^ oia'i ni 'xailaisr: boiabisnoo v/i&rjsoo sirii oi boiBnylivt i od./ ewoT» oionodqoS •^Ilo'i'jijsrr b.’^s d iSorio^iiiyA oxli rtnrii ©gBortlX lodai.: s lo oc oi o:jb aiso'ioifiX i fto^rol'iiib riiit? Boinoisoi nl saonisr/d boasino rod! ^oi'i-^rfcroo nooqo'rij?. srii lo X',mm ni srtoiioonnoo ^.zonlz'jd nioni oi -z’ZQvf '^oilo i-:’j3 Xarrj iian'iaini ni bodso'roini OiaaoocJ Yo.dP lO.i'iuX edi lo xnzr. nl s*io3*xoqr3i bnn ii'iodioqxo aol ©t.i .C0l'2o Kcn’'^ no l^B'i ismil ds ^/roL i . r,0 ‘xl o .\ao :ui dciweT. lo ©j. ii rnoosa oiii noriW" dii'.v .. oriw airtsrioior'i Zlzmz in jond ii nx ^rnou-.’^oC . a"u-* sXXiv ol Gnoiion Lao s;‘&?Inxni lion oi ai’-oad niodr no sdosq 'I I bn; oliir i m 'oo noid'-r a 0*roio tronaqo s'loIoLoq oaedi lo assiduous attention they continually expanded until they be- came great emporiums of trade. Behind the vast institutions of Stern's, Gimbel's, Altman's and Blooraingdale ' s of New York, and scores of similar stores in other cities, there is the humble beginning of a German- Jewish immigrant trying to sell an alarm clock to a housewife. " (1) Russian Jews The third wave of Jewish immigration came from Russia and many of these Russian born Jews became members of the clothing trades. Naturally, in due time, many of the workers became managers and then shop owners. Concerning the popular charge that the Jews have "taken over" the industry of the making of clothing Ada Sterling in her illuminative contribution "The Jew and Civilization" offers this statement: "People manu- factured clothing here, we are told, in 1850, before the East- ern Jews came, but it was not of a kind to raise the general standard of dressing here, or to Increase our industrial stand- ing or output. It in no way approached the standard of pro- duct offered by Vienna, Paris, or London. Hence great fortunes were spent in those centers by fashionable Americans. American men were not interested in making women's clothing as Jewish men today are doing. In fact, the facetious aphorism 'it takes nine tailors to make a man', though many centuries old. (1) Dubois, Rachel Davis, and Schweppe, Emma, "The Jews In American Life," p. 81. - 86 - zo\l:r lld 'tj hatriBqxe verlc aoiir actis ’i rojbizz^ Cr-93 Di rilt'id- i.^e^3 ±nirnl rie ^7Gu-xtx::n*xsD js to j;niiini:sdc/ aldsusd (i) •. at.tr/0 3c o£l B od >foolo r.B bkoG oataanH bcw qxv E;/:': ©rrrBO ciont aoIijS'i - xr.r.l rf3ivv&G to qvbv bildd axlT ori:t to G'xoo/iiar. oiiLSoad ctvoL rr«io'/ riBlssjxH oaarfj to qnn.n ©fniioo^f o'xd.'jioY/ arid , to 'iojain , arrid 6i/b nl •jIT.js'ijxdsK .r.orc^i •! s^'Leiio iLjqoq odd qal izoortoO .aiarv/o qoAa rrorid briB 3’i jaaairx to o-.d to ni r.cIJ ”-:ovo ao::«d^’ ovjsrf awoT. orfd Jsrfd oifr'- aoldt/di-idnoc ovidArriim/XIt rtarl n.' : riiiiodo c^A alridolo - rn/i*. olgoQi” :dno,,:ojBdc aJtn’d CTotto "aoldus : vto b/iB roT. -dCB.- orfd ©'t,-tor- »t2 ertii 'X:,';'. ^0o"I /lot w ^ al/dolo bonirdoBi iB'iono , ©4d oaiB'i od bn >» e to dort a/jw dl ‘rrc ^err.BO cwol, n*rs -bnBde iBi'X'tairr-ni: 'rrxo ocreicnJ od 'lo "atzeeit to b^ijabncda -O'!*! - o jrrn^ itjcda odd boroBCVqqB yb’.v on ni dl .-‘xjqJrjo 10 d?* re iiofiOB acotdooBt rdd «doflt nl ,^0X00 r>*xB 'obod :.o.u ^'.-io aol'inSnoo y/TBr .£;:,f/oxlj ,'n6m b o>:Br o' aiolljad oitirr Bs-jind ' 111 3W 0L OlTi ‘^qqowiioe fine XOi.'rB' (I) ^ ' , F.\ . , '\ottJ ncoticstA' !fe never lost its power over the imagination of the average man of Anglo-Saxon race. The tailor was in the beginning and ever has been a source of ridicule among the comic writers notwith- standing his usefulness. In an often quoted line of Percy's Reliques, the ’tailor lown’ is referred to with good natured contempt. This ridicule had no reference to the Jews, who at that time v/ere not in England; nor was such reproach as v;as attached to the calling brought upon the trade by reason of the Jews’ association with it. Quite contrariwise, it was be- cause of its supposed absurdity that it was one of the avenues .left open that the Jew might enter, when other trades and oc- cupations were closed to them."(l) Ada Sterling continues to explain that "nearly fifty per cent of the Jews in the Pole of the Settlement in Russia earned their living in the manufacture of clothing. It was and is the most natural thing in the world for them upon arriv ing in America, since the majority have brought their trade knowledge v/ith them (this notwithstanding much that has been vn?itten to prove the contrary) to seek v/ork in the lines in which they were familiar. The transference of these-clothing- makers from European clothing centers is responsible, without question, for the fact that today New York has taken its place with Paris as a fashion center, and that the standard of Amer- ican dressing has risen immeasurably beyond what it was even (1) Sterling, Ada, "The Jew and Civilization," p, 67, 68. - 87 - fiija 'iQ noldcrii^ru-i or’J ^lovc 'i 3\voq e:tJ: ^aoX *i9Vdn is-zs Drriu .:;ffi'!-.I ;0tf e>,icf nl jjbv; ‘toXX^c? ur:^ .oor>*x 110x^3-0X30A lo -nilwiion 3 ‘Toii'in^ oXmo orfct gnoirjs oXtioIbX'x lo oo'rtjoa js .tQ&a aarL a ' .,00:0: io ewii bo^ox/p iiezllo . cub nl -.sonXj^/leejj eirf ^.fax^ned-.j 0003 oc?- be-^otei a I Mwoi ioXXa;t‘ orio' ^eoi/plld;: uc or'T/ ,av.-0r, erid ocf oojCi,:;-e.'ie.'i on i^^rf cXiro cXx'x a.xf]* .JcTLxednoo ar^ i:o-a acr -on nX :‘on omU dnrid lo iioa-.o- 7'f ebBid •dh.I noqir d-^-zonc 3n;iXBO od Jburfood;iB -00 GBv; dX ,eaXwXn>.^idnoo d.> -- .Ji rtdXv; > -diilor.eefi av»eo • orld aannova ©:Id lo ©no cnv/ dnn'd di . d tb'ULre^^a b-30o<:ja aJi lo &\,uao -00 Di- a^bc-. norfio nor!^' d;i :. . 1 wdu and dflifd ,xeqo dial. (X)". i.'-M cd baaolo *}^se>^ enolJaqjjo nc T^I‘icin“ d;ic-" nXaXqxv od eennXdrtoo 'tn.tXnadS ijbA /iX .enh ci dncneldd©:: -r^d -q oXo‘; of.'d nX av ©rfcJ Xo da©o axjv; dl . xiiridoXo 7 o oir:fijalur:xi!ri ocfd ni nnXvdl 'iXerld bannno '"Iv-B njqif .'jd.id nol '-In'.ivr or! nl alxld Irm-disn deoc ©rid al b.in , ©fcan-d n/orfd drinnund ©v©a diioLa.; ©.id scale .ncsascrh nl -al nood &Qti diadd ^' rfonra 3 ^‘^‘'Ti^d'Xidd I?/don :irld) r-md ddlw o^boXv/onii nl aonXj. ond ni y*iow -:©«© od ( ,T di/nddX>- ,-.*>j.ianocrua‘x ©i a< ©dcroo arrixidolo ftjsaqonrrii nrciX c'lox'iiin aonXq 3 dJ> no '^d hbxI i-oY wd’r ijafaod darld dcnX odl ';ol .noXdaoap lo anabncde t 'd d^:Id I'no .nodnoo noIriRBl n.an aiia'i ddXw nov') 3 VA' dX dRz-fw bno^ed tJ-cfa'incnounnl cr.aXn sbiI ^nXaeont nBoX .VO .0, "^fioXdBsJXXviO v/oT, bw3 ©:?i » ^b 5A ^^ntlnod?. (I) *>" '*?? . thirty years ago."(l) The Gugg^nhelms In 1847, a Swiss emigrant arrived in New York and began his career as a travelling peddler, selling stove-polish and glue* Later he found a way of making his own stock and natur- ally his income increased so that he ventured to import and sell Swiss embroideries. About 1881 he found himself so pros- perous that he was able to turn the embroidery business over to his sons and enter into another career for himself. This time he invested in a silver mine and a smelting plant, later inducing his sons to give up the embroidery business and join v/ith him. This father and his sons were the original American Gug- genheims and today the smelting properties of this family known under the title of ’’The American Smelting and Refining Company” are worth ir;500,000,000* But apparently just amassing money is not the Guggenheims goal for who is there who does ’ not recall that it was John Simon Guggenheim who established the Guggenheim Foundation in 1925, an institution which holds a highly important place in the creative and Intellectual life of the United States, ’?The Foundation makes it possible for a large number of students, teachers, and creative artists to pursue their studies abroad in whatever country they feel they can best create.” (2) Can any one forget that it was Daniel (1) Sterling, Ada, ’’The Jew and Civilization,” p. 67, 69 (2) Dubois, Rachel Davis and Schweppe, Emma, ’’The Jews in ” America , p. 91 - 88 - . v.w (X}’'.0£B y^*iXnd- a.rt.ter:T&-^gxil) &cfT weT' fae\ x'x^il claai'jXfli® asiv/S c rrl nn;'3 o:i fjfie -InoY ril J3xijj ffallot-ovoda rniXXea .loXIpf. oq ?jniXIeyj:,T:t bg ^ooi'^o a tri -'t^uSiLi -bfTB :iOo;)e :T7ro alrl \rt2^ni lo IujSV.’ a bntfo'i e: 'jl^cI'BlI . C/t/Ig f-'fi/j onoqni.l Ou lie'iB'd^nov ctari^ os F)9sao*ionX srrooiii aXrf vXIs -ao'iq oa 'UoerrrXri bmiol 9ff IB8X Ir/oi/. . a=>l‘i0f'io'idm9 aeJtw^i IIos •xovo aea.iis'fd v'lob.t' ^rrro ©rft a-xa^ slc'e sbv/ ©n cFarf.-* 3i/o"xoq aXol'i .'il joCfTlfl »ro'i 'loartco ledioxia octaX Tdctno 5itQ arroc aXri ‘ Tinlttlsma b i;rB ontrr lavlle ,? ni fjsXBovftX sd eitfl-f 'iccFel t riiiXq sFrf ' iXo'iXni rxloF br'B r.suf Famf o.i;* qrj svX ^ ojJ anoa f .irtd ricti'.v -, /jt} n^ol'tomA lF.n f" 1*10 ©r(ct aiew anoa aid Lnn aiilT ':IXhsjo 1 sXdrf “lo c-'^lxi'if qorcq -in'^X^nis orf:J -/cbocF i.rrc arr'lsilno^ SnX.TiloH briB y.lMoiun i'j3oXTC©GiA Xi'’ 9X;ti^ odd* 'sobc-U rtvjorof i^Xior ©‘ijo ’’^rcBqcioO SnrssBfnx .dax/f^ \.X;trrt.''nBqqB ctovT . ''OO^OCO , 005 aoob adw ;''„©d:f n orfw to'1 InoTi ’ csiXeddD .sx/':' odi don el "ortora b©i0:lluaico Oiiw KfiorinossuO noxiiiO rtrioL cbw al IIb9‘:t: dan ebXou dotiXv/ rioi^xf^tldexl na nl no riXainon-ji/O or'cf « o'UX Isnctoolioonl 'i;B d/ldco"o ©nd nl oobIq d.iad'ioqnl ’cIrl-l.X r. i sn'f’» .ctiJa.’tC oiiv lo 'io'i oXOXaaoq ;i as: Osn rrol' cbni/o bedlaU I: adTTobxrd-e lo tooWn ^ od“ artaOd'ia svldaeno no , a'lsroBo^t ^ ‘liftftJ ©:'c*x;r ijodd’ Xso i \:©dJ v.nJ:irjov o: 3 V©^ndr nl ^ nonds aolbud-a i islnjBa esw :F1 isrict ©no \:nB rruO (2 V .e.-tBS»-i£ ^aod obo Kr.L ' nlPisdS (I) 9d ,VD .q ".nolcdnalXlvlO baa srJ*T" ^cbA , oqqonrloZ brua aivs'! IsdoBfl ,alodjia (2) nl E rob arb” ^B.iadi ^ ,IQ .q Guggenheim (brother of John Simon) who was instrumental in motivating Lindbergh's European flight and who has donated huge sums to endow departments of aeronautics in New York University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Univer- sities of Michigan and California and in the California Insti- tute of Technology? Nathan Straus And Pasteurization Another merchant's name with which to conjure is that of Nathan Straus, Born In Bavaria in 1848, he immigrated to America in 1854 and later was educated in Collingsworth Insti- tute, Talbottom, Georgia, receiving his business schooling in Packard's Business College of Nev/ York. At one time he was a partner of R# H. Macy and Company and a member of the firm of Abraham and Straus, a large department store of Brooklyn. He retired in 1914 to devote his time to philanthropic activities; and what an open purse and heart this true humanitarian hadj \''ihile he v/as one of the owners of Macy's store, there came to his attention the case of two girls, employees, who were prac- tically starving themselves in order to save enough money to furnish the necessary care for their sick mother. His res- ponse went far beyond aiding these self-sacrificing girls; it brought "sweetness and light" into the lives of many of his employees for he opened a dining room in the store where a com- plete meal could be purchased for five cents] Perhaps the greatest contribution made by Nathan Straus v/as the saving of children's lives through the pasteurization Tf I' - 89 - '.Ri lB:‘r:Dnf'.r»i.i'ani esw oilu (rroiuiB orToL landoTid) XTleiiji6"A5 :;;•£} fc*>^r.nof ziid orfv; bnp. anoaott/JL d^rro6f)rll l:iom dioY vo‘A rxi' 8 0 h*?’t'Bno‘ioB la E^rtoiECfTcqab vrobhe ol aiaaa o^Uif rxtlsiovlciIT 'loviii'J 0 . Y"" oIondooT lo od-..r:}i:jaftI aixJesmfoeasBr , .titani BX<^aallXsr odi- nJt biJ3 Blr.'tolXX/oO trrjs aa-jiLdolli 'lo aofcJJta ? f^aloruiool' lo nolw 32 .r‘iifdieB'\ bnL e^^B'xd'S lo t al B'lwf.fioo ol .iioIrlTf di Iw orrjBn a ' d’/iericie-:- ‘rod >onA * * '-r oct boctP'i-^jlrar^ ori al zI'lovb': nl :-'ioE .at/£.*xdj nBri^B'X r.i ^ ' rid-iowo-^vallloO nl ‘^oJeOijte ajor.v ^io:^r.I uxie ^aciI nl Bolior.Jl ni ji/iX.Coorfo3 3a8fiir.;rd eid T^nlvidooB. 'toor* , coc^tt ^orfuct B aB* on orXo ono . '*ior wo'-i lo o^'oIIoO ceonJai/r a •*' 10 ix^jAI odo lo *iOj«:a b ^rro brtB ' -d It* »i©ni*i 3 q 011 .rr^;I;ioo*x lo o*jole du c. + rraqab o^-iol a .eir«‘xi 3 bnz rjada'idA o.tqo*!-' ^£x/iXI/lc oA 3 £»i^'‘ a Li oxfoveb ol :M&X fti bu*iX^si k j iloe '. jdd ;jbX-: “ fiBiUfri ©.i'll •'d: :J^Bod brijs ©a-i-jq noqo rxB ctarfw ^nB 5* " oJ oiriflo a'fOB*- lo .^lairwo o. lo ©no swv? srl eXXxX' >-OB*xq u-iow oqrr oroXqm© ,aX'ilA O’Jfl lo oa^o rroJan©:Jct.e aXn ,;orrotJ rfyaofi© avBa od 'xolt'io a' aevXoeaoril .xJvxnwC vXXboX^ I ' rL'I .'loi-qorj qo.is q arixf 'X ol ©lao »ife 3 aeoyrt onl ifsXa'it;! » ' qx 3nro >lXii>sr-lJfS acar jU^ 1 b bnoYod la'l Xnow aanoq i 2,1 ^ lo V‘tBra lo aeViX odd ^dnX ”dd ,XX bno aaouJaaws" djl.iro'id ' '*1 *2^1 for r. oTadv? a^ooE a'‘iX taC nninlb a X anaqc od aooYoXqEO ’.B noo avrl t:o 1 basnrioiqq ao blrroo Isam adaXq fTBddB^: ot'Bm iioiiqdX'xdqoo dsalooig odd aqsdia'a noXdBsX-xyodiiBq arid ds/JoidJ aavXX a ’na'- 1: XXrfo lo snXvBB add bbw ' '” ^ - of milk, "Like the other great interests of Mr. Straus’ life, it arose out of a personal incident, an incident which in viev/ of its consequences is not untouched by the ridiculous. Mr. Strars’ cow died. Died suddenly, inexplicably, Mr. Straus became curious. He had never ill-used that cow, she had seem- ed to be in the best of health J V/hy should she have died? He ordered an inquest to be held. The Inquest revealed that the lungs of his seemingly v«rholesome cow had been eaten away by tubercular germs. So much for Mr, Straus’ cow. If there is a Valhalla in which the souls of departed animals who have greatly served mankind foregather, hers will be an immortal stall. For, after her death, Nathan Straus began to think. First he thought of the terrible danger which his family and he had just escaped. And then he began to think of the whole problem , j( which his cow’s death presented. If, in his ovm carefully li tended and cleanly kept establishment, it v/as possible for such a state of affairs to exist, what must be the conditions of the dairies which supplied the milk of New York and of the other great cities of the country? He set himself the task of finding out. ’,iVhat he learned about the inexpressibly filthy state of the source of the city’s milk supply shocked him and determined him to seek a possible solution of the problem. ”(1) Learning that only through a process of sterilization (1) Wise, James y;. , ”Jev/s Are Like That,*' p. 38. - 90 - ,dll.r 'Sf/B*rd-2 'lo ;Ji*e‘x ,3 ‘xor^o drfi o'4LJ" .-ylllh: lo v:'*Iv rioi..iv; at ;tnsi5ionJE na ^ ^na£) t oxxi: Ixsau.n'ioq a la otrc oaoia ii ,ii! . 3iroIwoiDJ!»i sfict rc' baxiauo^nrj ian ai saonax/poanoo lo ? .rXdaatlqxo.'vi: .rl^oM' -s bolZ . JOlb woo ’ ar.ra‘i:»:^ -j:roo3 taxi oda ,v/oo dadi Oasa-XIi; loven oaxf oH .si/oXT:j.o entBo^^cf ?Ddlb svad oxIb birrode '. .'idXaorl lo iaod s»dd Hi ad od to dc,:J b5'Xi:©v&«i Jeex/pnX ©d'l' .tlou od o- daptxpnX n;: tf“ic>t*xo oil Y£v/c r;o:^£9 fteod a.ori v/co ot.*<^e3Xorr.v ,X>iini&©a aid lo avru;! odd 0'x©d:J II .'e»*ao ,i»i' 'lol doar.i o3 .etn'tas 'u.'.Tc/o'xOdi/d ovad' Oiiw' cXfm:XrTn! r adiaqe-j lo alr/os odd .I'oXdv. aX eX'iodXsV a at Xad'torjiiX r:s od XIX>’ aisd ^*iar'd v; a»iol 1 ov'^xoe . Ilsds Jo'ii: . tTlrld od rrB'jacT a,. :idt. nax.da'd ^.fdjoob 'ro i ';aJla ^*io’a ,,, ,v= ij tad Oil bfLQ •^.XXfnel -X i (ioX.:w no rrai. oltfinnoi odd lo idv xodr od i:;oXdo*ici aXo/iw add lo daidd o.x xiL 3 ad od xxedd '.'n^ .^^^qacsa dauf; ^IXi^lonao rrro eld nl ^11 . jodnoea'a: ddaob c’v/oo aid noldw 'lol oXdieaoti eav.' j 1 ,d/^r-r IslXdaJaa dca:I \:XnaoIo uxia tatnad a;.o • dibtiao a ad da'xa dadw ,xctxa od a*:lalla lo adade a naua ax.’J lo t'na x'noY wa jiaad axld IXaar'lxI dac or 7'fndrix/oa ar.'d lo aoldio dsan" naddo 6 ' Yd^Xll YX'liaaan.jxenl odd dtxoda bo'xnaol od daxlV. . ‘ ;o i^Sbnll lo bi:a raid borlooda 'Xqcc/c dll." s’rdlo o d lo aont/oe odd lo adnda 1' V .wartonr odd lo a oXclaaoq a \a©3 od uild baixlx.'iadab ::old.os Mlnoda lo w^onc'xc a xL^ixondd {Xrco dadd j.nlfi'xa&tl ^^5 .q ‘'^dafi?! a>ilj ©nA airs'/' eoiEfat ^oalV. (I) could milk be made really safe for drinking he established a pasteurization laboratory and a depot for distributing milk to the poor of the city. When a drop in the death rate of child- ren Y/ho were drinking pasteurized milk became known to him he realized the great need of the work he was doing and became a true crusader. His great project was to have milk pasteurized throughout the United States. One can scarcely believe today - that his v;as not a' popular cause - he was beset on all sides by milk trusts, physicians (so often Y/ary of the layman's in- terest in matters scientific) and by journalists; but such opposition only served to fill him with venevied confidence and a greater driving force to accomplish his ends. And accom- pli sh them he did, single-handed, for in less than twenty years after the death of his cov/ pasteurization became an integral part of the preventative health measures of large citiesi His charities were myriad including the originating and maintaining of a chain of depots for distribution of coal, bread and groceries to the poor of New York, 1892-1893, and the founding of the first tuberculosis preventorium for child- ren, 1909. Nor were his philanthropies confined to America alone for in 1912 he established soup kitchens in Jerusalem, a health bureau with the Pasteur Institute, and a bacteriolog- ical department for Palestine. Julius Rosenwald And Ihe Negroes Another Jew who was permeated with a sense of community obligation and a desire to share his blessings was Julius - 91 - xj orf no't o'Ibc ^llcan ebBia sd xlj^m f>fr/oo od : X.:n ruiXlijd le II) ‘^o'i doqof:- s bn.c \:*:o:fBr[ocfBl noX jaiXiiroct u£q “hXlrl;: '^o cl^fBeb e/fj nJ: coil- b fif- .fiXo orlct lo ^coq edrf 9fi .Trln o:t xnTo:n-i eiTLSoerf 'Uirr X)©slijL/odcfiq :;rrt^n_f‘Ub onew cr[\r ris^ /X &f ,£i:9 J iDXl£ GBW t-li :;<^0\7 Ond lo d.C .‘15* 9rid boslXaG*! bos itXjj*! 9’\eri od 2 vx josf.'O'iq d’/30'i ' cl-* .'tdbf^ar.^'io &sjio ..ijbod OT>oXXdd \;I9C‘I202 xii20 aaO .-e.UdS bojln ; 9/lj diXo:i ./orr'Id ao/'Xa XXfi no deaod a/jr/ <> • - ocijr-no nfiXuqoq 'jb don cjsv.’ ei/f d,srfd -ni ofid “lo rncw nsd'^iO oe) zc^Zolavricr , 3 dai.‘id rXiat-Td " •.r^7 ;ad3lIijrrri/cL ^ bnxj (oX'iXJn3Xoa c-ieddB- aX dao-joJ bnB 9c*ci9ijX*ifsoo bs^v'-rto'^r rdXvi' XXX^ od hov^ios 'Xno rrt^UxBooqo ••/nooox: brL\ .ji^no ald riuiXnrioooB od oonot ^^.nlvini: n 5‘iisoT \-diiov/-d *0 fiBdd aeel no'' ,hox:-,^r-oX ,-:Xb ed xnarid daiXq ^o-tnX '\ laol»'»io 9«naX “lo Qonaaaor rfdXod.: lyv i.-iBJnevxj'iq o . lo dnaq bfiB 3ciXdsn';-^Xno add .^riXb fXoxri iDflXn^.-r ©nev a^Idlnado al:I ,Xaoo 'io no^X.Minda.ib nol a.ioqab lo oiario r. lo 'j/rinisdnlarL' bft:.. ^c;. X-2«cX ^ilnoy v;oH io nooq ©dr od as^tn-oocn-iJ tma r.ccnd -"‘IXr'f nol mit/lnodrtovonq 5 ftSoXi/onadi/d doiil e:ld lo ^nlbm/ol odd DoX'T''.'cA od i'^friiiioo asiqo'idd-'tal.wdo eixi o*:ew no’>i .00 X ,n©*i ,-"'^X;je-.r:9^ ni aneilodXjI qr.roc i. t..:3XXcrBd2 3 6r£ SXi'I nl n*.. . ©roXs -^oXodnodofld c bno ,odxfdXdcr.r nnodosq ©rid ridXw nuourd ridXjari 3 . ^dc9lj3'-! nol dix9/adnsq©b ''aoX aeon: brtA .''Xawixecoh snXXLfX. TfdXnnfliirroo lo ocnoa a xldXw bjdsorn*x 3 q asv oriw wou noridoaA a esw ..XseeXc eXri ^na.:a od onJeoI) s bna -nod da:;’ XXdo Rosenwald. In 1917 he established the Rosenv/ald Fund "for *. i the well being of mankind", "Mr. Rosenwald not only gave away ! large sums every year, but he had his own ideas as to how to make his gifts more useful. He believed that every gift should ' stimulate activity in the one who received it, and not merely do things for him; second, that no endowments should last forever, but should all be used within a generation. Ih.e first principle showed best in his great gifts to help the Negroes of the United States, Mr. Rosenwald was a i| trustee of several Negro schools, such as Tuskegee, and early sav/ that the greatest need of the Negroes was better education; he therefore offered to build Y.M.C.A# buildings and public schools for any community that would raise a certain amount tov;ard the building and guarantee to keep it up. Under that system there are now over 4,000 Rosenwald schools in the southern states, with fully 500,000 pupils in them, learning trades in addition to the regular elementary grade studies ' !i All of Mr, Rosenwald’ s many large donations were given ,i 11 I, \mder condition that the money be spent within a limited time, : a period of twenty-five to fifty years. His idea in this was ; tiiat nobody can tell what work will be needed so long after his own life; conditions change and the needs of people change || with them. So he felt that he wanted to help meet the present : conditions which he understood, and that in generations to come there would be other generous givers who would meet the ' 'I . ... u n- - 92 - * btfi7,'r.s^ou Qricf berTsi- Cdacf'so o.l V.XeX nl .blBWHoeoi: ovn'i <;Xno .'i.vr” . ‘’bii.'irtfiJBttt lo ^r*XoX How 'idi o:t \rj’d ott r^r, Qsiobt trr/o s cbI Ijjb£! oil ir/d ^^£n-y LL-Jo:'i\ ct’iLs y'lo^'o ctadcJ bova^Hod oK .lifloarj 3 j 1^3 aid Oi^Bni ^Xmoffi ^•to^ bfiB bovleo^T Offc* one orW xrX 7;d’XvXdo/3 3dBX/j»i‘.de ' •;aeX bl'jorfa erfrioniwobn© orr ^f.uiouoc: ;/;;±r- ttol e n tild- ojb .:*to icfBionopv B aXiIdiw fcaat; od XIe .©Xi/orir. dud .‘leve^ol od nd'iX^ df'd*! • alrf reX daod bov^odB jXqlonl'ta dcuilt oilT R SBW bXavmosod .lodadC Lt'.: 'n i odd lo soo'i.^jOld odd qXari •CX'iBO briB ^ oor^o'-iai/r aa noae ^aXooifoa 0*1501' Xfl-ievoa Xo oodaoid ;/ oldco .ii *iod ;Od c-?w eoo*rv©L odd lo booa d lodaoi eii;' dadd vrsa oliojjq ilia a' :.'i/>JijjcJ .a.O. V.Y bXiud od be-rollo OBol /rofid orl- dnuoiim niad'ioo 0 ©a.tao bXuov; darfd -;rdIo.B.inioa ’^na 10I aloodos ' dflffd 0 0 .' . oX qoo'>l od jodi jB'riir.rj^ ona n.M XIucf orfd *:BWod 1 or 1 r.l eX odoa !’'Xav.'r.9S f. OCO.X '*ovo \/on o/tb o*^o:'d ?'*0"a';s dnlf’*!.*'-*! ».*:tGifd nX BiXqt/f* OCO^OOd ',;JIul rf:; Iv/ ^podada r.a&bJuoa . . . .aoti-uds oH*r not uXo lalr* jO*x odd od noXd.tbba nl sol xud rtovx% o*iow arfoldanol) ^^ri'^aX Ydi&a: a ’j^-.owf:ocop ,irx lo IXA t©b*iIJ bodXcilX B rtiddXw drtc^qe oc? odd dsfid noXdirxio:: rfobrij ax’\7 .'...'..'’Id nX sobX elA . e‘.BO\. v-jli'l oa ov Xl- ^J*iov/d lo ‘6ol‘';.oq b ^ I lodlB noX oa boboorr od TIIv/ zlmov. dsdr XXod nao \cbocon dBx'd o oXooc q lo o> 6on erid Xrxa crixado 8* <^idiX;iTOO jolJI nwo aXd ) d,ao 80 *iq orid daorr q.Csd od todnfiw orl d^dd dXol oil o2 ..'.lodd ridlw oJ enoidfi-iono;. .li dadd J.t , oodsueifix; on i.'cliov aaoldlbnoo 0 :fd do©:*» Muow Oif^ c*ievi>: 2iso%-^u9Y uoddo ocf bXi/ow -•‘^rorfd 9 - do nev/ conditions (1) Other Jev/i sh Benefactors Many more Jews have served as benefactors to their fel- lowmen but it is sufficient to merely mention a fev/ others and briefly indicate their contributions. Jacob H. and Mortimer Schiff have made huge donations to the Boy Scouts of America, to Cornell University, and to Barnard College. Jacob Schiff also endov/ed the Semitic Museum at Harvard University. Adolph Lewisohn is still another Israelite who believes in aiding the educational institutions of his country, for he has given ^^^OOpOO to Columbia University for the School of Mines Buildings, and presented the Lewisohn Stadium to the College of the City of New York. Columbia University has also benefited by donations from Joseph Pulitzer (for years the editor of the New York World) who founded a College of Journalism there. He gave generously to other educational causes and left funds for the Pulitzer Prizes in journalism and letters. Each year these prizes are awarded for the best American play, novel, history of the United States, American biography, and verse. It would seem as though many Jewish men of wealth hold with Maimonides, the great Jewish philosopher, who said: ’’There are eight degrees or steps in the duty of charity. The eighth, and the most meritorious of all, is to anticipate (1) Levinger, Lee J. , ”A History of the Jews in the United States," p. 513, 515. - 93 - © (1^ ".Rxioli ’f-'fioo won cnocfcxilsno?^ I'eXv/o'C nor^:> "10*1 nr9dr> ou snocfoijlonoc' 3C Lovnea eved owoT, o'xoet bnB eior'cTo vyo*t e itox:tTiO"f rXenon: od' si- :Jx nemvol leniioao/.: b'lB ^/ioI'xof.iA 'io G-XirooC ^oc anJ o- anoXrfjbsrfoi oubl: ©vnil llirfoa Xlon^foO ocT rU/IoC: c'QOGt. .egoXXoC k^CM'iBQ kaz , ^cflaitvinr _ X>oi/oLn3 . GnoYln^: Lnsv'.iir o"fl muoziM cXiiCvoS sxii osIb Govo.lIorf oisf &X iXofinc no ’vOftje XXXdu a.’ rj<'0E^woj *-rrXoXA criol^iid-ixiQfri iB.n:. Xieoubo erlrf ^nXLXij nX 0x1 nol ^ ,.vt.-tfij:;C»o cX.: Io iw loorfo-: ©'•{:} 'lo'i Vvia'xovXoi' fl.’qracTloC oX uGCpO^i; novi;' sna orfrf ou naribarf':; nrfonXv/oi ©li.i LecJnesonq r ; j: .8; n.lMl eanXl! ' .-"noY wo»^ 1 > XI. oflX lo oiijelloO ho'Y: ei:o L^'Bfiob XoXi'ionod or. •’.j ear' qX/uiovinU Blcfcu.rIoO . fLqsco’. (•'InoW x.'xoY ’/reiH erlX /o nou if . m X 'xo'I) ‘xesXIIxi ao O’ t o/ iixio't orw ; lu^ '^o'iono, ovb" oF ms XlBiX'iuot* oIXoO B oril ‘icl si tiLTl I -oX bxio aserjso iB-'tollBOi/r-e 'k.XIo oI ’ rrr 3oi li° e*.;*. ciosinq otiJdX .riielXoI ^fiB r.s iBa-ix/ot oXiX "io ,Xovou aB0l'i:r.A oEOd oao 'lol bol'iBVB *^ bojinj . Ml':©’ -0 30 Xd rtooItioiiA. iCeXalS .* x-.; oor:X p©os Xr;o XI X)Xoi' rlXro'.v lo uoai riaiv.'iT, bb ^ 'lii'u ;blBc ox*A. ,'tOiiqo8oXixlq de/'.7'- ^ Xa6*ij_ 0iiX ^ aoL Inor;lBM or(^' .'^:Xln/irIo 'io yXoL ox.i ol sqsXs rro Roon^oX XrF.lo o*:b ©^oxll” P oXaqlo iXfiB o* cl ,XXi?. iO cvoI'toH'^uru Xsocc ©xlX IriB ^^^Xx^'q— ' .T. osJ nXvoJ (X) ol'nU onLX nJ. cvrol, oiix 'lo inoXciF A" , .-iX^ ,rX3 ,n ",-©XflXC .,’ charity by preventing poverty: namely, to assist the reduced fellowman, either by a considerable gift, or a loan of money, or. by teaching him a trade, or by putting him in the way of business, so that he may earn an honest livelihood; and not be forced to the dreadful alternative of holding out his hand for charity. To this Scripture alludes when it says: And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with thee, then thou shalt relieve him; yea, though he be a stranger or a sojourner; that he may live with thee. This is the highest step and the summit of charity's golden ladder. ”{1) Hilaire Belloc Analyzes The Generosity Of The Jews Hilaire Belloc, with his customary skill thus analyzes the question of the Jews’ generosity. He says: "The Jew is also tenacious in the pursuit of anything which he has set out on, the accumulation of money among the rest. He is almost fanatical in his appetite for success in whatever he has undertaken, the accumulation of money among the rest. But to ii say that the money, once accumulated, is not generously used, is nonsense. There is not one of us who could not cite at once a dozen examples of Jewish generosity upon a scale which makes us ashamed. Nor is it true to say that this generosity has ostenta- tion for its root, or, as it is called, ’Ransome’ either. Though a love of magnificence is certainly a great passion in (1) Maimonides, Union Prayer Book, Y. 2, p, 299, 300. - 94 - 1 X , V y W ' . 1 . * i ••Tro, '! o'.; «>i.i d-aiacs ot rjotevoq r^nlifiove^rc V'-i 'i , -5>.:cm rrarl e ic elc'^ io 1 1 snoo js v;d ,'^-SDins'oXIal ‘io TAiv oiij nJ ti;ii{ jiXttivc \:o rLO ^eLs'Xw b rX't 3^^ Ycr.o:o fo:i i?rre : boojiXIovII cb Y;jRtr ex? ^ijr^X ^ e^i '>/t; 3 4/u *i < eLi X;jo '/rll-Cort Ic j-.'Xcf i’^i.'xe'' jg I'r'lb«eat -riJ Ow ecf bn/: :H:Be cti noxir/ u&^rrlXij onij:iclzoc sitf-i o? lol ^aorfi ff^ivx rtl ne/Xcl ' ^looq noiew ad *20 ' '/c rli 'ly’Mi'i. a B 3tS orC clguori ^ ;.min avollo^ ‘lada nonl t'-r dT.C'fnxxX ©rlct e t :oorw xLXiii evil v;bci or? j'Bdd’ j *x©r:'firoJ,c 2 b (I) .'lebJbxjX f oMc,'. ;: ’ ^.x^X•XJ2Jlo lo ;ii.T: LU3 on'i bre creuc. ’ ~ cv*f .0- 1 I r;^IbCi*i >cfiu wcavlBi.;. £cll^ ©•-J^sXXy Ro:i-;IaxfjS- III la "ijaco^ai/o Rlrl lidiw .ooXTe? ur:?BJXH a; r/jT. or?:” :avjjr. 9’r .y»+ ^•jo'iene?, » eT/ot. oild- Jto no':?ao;/p oxiu X./o :teo e.m: ?>d fioE^^v .*‘nXrf;fYn£ 'to :fifJ8*Tj;C orlcf n.1 c.,^oiocrro^. oeXB *10 isoiT'In 3 el’ . ‘^or. oriX yjion~B ysrKu: noH&liMtiOon odd ,.20 eerf or! 'lovtd'.^'^TX nl aBc ool^s *io 1 ou ldfuiqxj clxl i:J LooLdp.ra't oX Ju' .-‘ct* oiid ..nvon;i> nwXiBlL'ttJJOOB ^xl;f ^i,©2?.;d*X 0 &ffiJ » r:oci/ vl3i/‘.:'2ono:u : od4XjL»su/ocB f.onc ^rsncii add dBild Yoa , ^on ' / da o:I’a Joit Mioo o.:v, 3,; oao don zt a-rorfr .ocnonT^it, ai ft doL.'y/ aliioa a xioqtx *’3 -'‘lona^ ..axv/al. *io aeJC./jjJza rosoi. e oorro ' . oraec?ea a 4 aoifa-'n o.'.": ) I - . "rfoda^ iiBii Ydlacrceno^ ?ii. d da/Xd Y£x; od d ^ 3 ‘loX ’oxnoaaa?!’ ^holl/o ai dJ: exj ^iooi Co i ‘lo'i. noli, n/ dsc^y a rr?-..,td*^oo ai oorocilix:"sc' io ©voX a njnodX I !' the Jewish character, it does not account for the most of his '| generosity. It is a generosity which extends to all manner l' I ^ of private relatives, and if you take the testimony of those who have been in the service of the Jews and are not Jews themselves, that testimony is almost universally in favour of their employers, if those employers be men of large means. I Ij They will tell you that they felt humiliated in serving were that there was li a Jew; that the relations never easy; always distance. But not often that they were treated meanly, the way. There present sponta- ;; Just other has usually been a i| neous generosity. The same argument applies to the cry of ;l 'Ransome*. It is true that some of the more scandalous ;; Jewish fort-unes have thrown up defenses against public anger by the return of a small proportion in the shape of public ;j endowments: it is an action., and a motive not peculiar to ij them. But that does not explain the mass of private and un- heard benefaction to which we can all testify and which is as I common with the middle-class Jew as with the wealthy. It is here as in the matter of courage a question of kind . Those ii of our people who happen to be generous (they are rare) do not calculate. They often forget or confuse the sums they have made away with, as though it were mere extravagance. The Jew i I I knows the exact extent of his sacrifice, its proportion to his / |l total means. Is he then less generous? By no means. He is, 1 ! in scale, more generous - but in a different fashion. it It might be argued that this generosity of a Jew is a - 95 - siri Jo tfco.Tc edv ^orr aoob ^'xocJ-oBiBdr f.'aJ;w®b ed:} ‘lo-rn&m He o:t efe«s.-txo dolrf*;/ ^ :tl .Yiieo'ianog . oaorid^ lo oxfct i^ov ii fjiis ^savIcfEloi edtsvi^.q Jo Bwel, lo£f o*ifi boo avval, ©rli Jo QoJtvoou e.id a* xioed everf .^: t/ lo 'ii.'ovBi rri d-aorrle al rxro.'nic^ai^i cfaiio . l&emod^ .a::Btm e^icX lo norr oif a'lavoXqino ‘51 aaodi , a'ravrolrno ileiiit ^nlv-TOS ni; £>elsllim;jd .IIS'! ^oi!l cfedJ sjov II&:i XIlv/ rOiJT Gfi.v larfct jvqbo 'iov&c ootm anoi^Blai e J tJarfl jwoT, xj * .^IriBori f/£.lj36i;» 9 10*7 ^orfl isdct 'tsjlo cjoa ;txiG . 'ons^abb -p.onoc^c. 5 .tn9aD*i.q ne^j asrf o*2ex?r .y.BU lodlo odl Ifj \yso odo ol eoiXqqB ^ciCiHUi^oa ©lice £:iu .^d /cc'xaneg 3croi>a cxrolBhjrTBOo 000m odd lo ©r.:oE dfldd ound el di .‘ocioanof ’ *ie:jiX8 o 'ldxrQ danlK^.B aoEr.'olst qif mi'O'irid ovxiri eefLjtfiol iiaxv,-9L oJtldoq Jo aq^-na ©ild nl nold*£oqwrq Xlaura n Jo n*x.frdo*i end od 'ijsiluoeq doa syldoin n bna ffroidoa ns si d^ rednoffwobno -HLr bus 9dsvl*iq lo aesni ©rid rtX>^lQxc don aoot darfd ipf .ciorid Exj nt rioX-i?^ fcrta '^iXdeod Lis :iso 9 v/ rioixfr/ od noXdosloirori fijs^ri sL dT .-^ridl/’O*? arid xIdJ>r as wet QCfiXo-oXf'bXn ©rid rdlw nofrrffEoo ocox^T . Jo rroidaairp o ©y^erri/oo lo *i9ddsM : ’ n.' ss don ob foTBi 010 ’^ftridl e ..o'ranor ari od rraqaBd oriw ©Xc'^aq ilto lo ovsfi '^oxfd Boii’E orid sQtflrxo *so deg^ol nodlo ’:©dT .©dBX;/oXso \:sZ ariT . ©on/'r.jBVB'idxo 9'iom ©*tov» dX rianorid Ri' ^:•!dlw ~aHrs obsn alxl odk nolcJ'ioqo'ic edX ^©oXlliose alri lo dxisdxo dooxe srid sv/oidI ^at o .extjaoci on yb ?atfroenog sael norid ©;1 al .Ensoni Isdod . rcXi'cel dii9i6ll.!!±> b nl dx/*^ - Ex;o*i9/t©'.. o*xoig jilsoa ni ^ a u.c weu a lo dlEo'xarf©*^ slrCd daxfd besmoB ari dxi?»Ixn dl consequence of the way in which he regards money. It comes and goes with him because he is a speculator and a wanderer. It has been said that no great Jewish fortune is ever permanent; that none of these millionaires ever founded a family. Ihls is not quite true; but it is true that considering the long list of great Jewish fortunes which have marked the whole progress of our civilization it is astonishing how few have taken root. But though this conception of money may be an element in the generosity of the Jew it does not fully explain it, and at any rate that generosity is there,’ and contradicts flatly the accusation of avarice. Indeed the general accusa- tion of avarice fails: and that is why it is a sort of stand- ing jest permitted even where the Jews are most powerful. It is a jest they themselves do not resent because they know it to be beside the raark.”(l) Individuals Jews there are (like individual Christians) who are selfish, niggardly, and miserly, but, a close study of Jewish philanthropy reveals the indisputable fact that America has benefited by the generosity of the Jews, proportionally, quite as much as byv.that of the Christians. (1) Belloc, Hilaire, ”The Jews,” p. 76-78 r.'': sanoo oX od rioirfir ciL rew ojrfj ‘io eonoirposnoo :tl .•io*iobnfi\: si ibrts fro^^Xirot^qs a ei 9/i osi/aoed rrrx/f ad^ir/ aoc;^ ; *xeve arct/i'^io'i r:3J-v/0i> uas*x|i oa f^iaa 0S9cf aad 2 cixLa A B bBbnuoX *i9V9 eHrrxaaoilliiti oeerid' lo oner: ^ad;t rroX Qci^i ^rr ':'i&L»iErrco ctsaid ol'i:} 2 x ii ^x/c' ^eoi? adlup ion aJ olodr edi bo>‘xaxn ovb/' rioIr> aoni/inol rTalwaL iaortn lo ialL ' 9vart wol worf sXnoisa sX il no ' issXIIv Jo 'luc *i6 S3S*i'';0‘ic nn oJ van •^i^enocr lo noXiceoftoo alrfi ci^odi iuF .ioo*! no^set nXjsInxo '^IIc/1 ion eeoi) i.' ./fiT- ^di lo 't^Xaertonos srii ni inoiTreX© aiijjt/je'iinoo tna \Gfiodi sX oiai ijrrc ie fcna ^iX -aetfooa o;[i X-ooJbnl .sojiara lo noXiBoifooa o'ii ’i^XicXl- -X-.fx^ie 1,0 inoR o sr iX -^riv.' el ia/fX bna roXIrl ooXocva lo noli il . Xnl'iQwoq ieoci 9r££ ev/aX sdi onsdw n©vo baiilrcnoo iosf. ^nl i i worn! \;©ui 03;;aood inoeo^i ion ob eovXgetiadi iso'^ b ei (X^ ."'itfiTT ©rfi oblaod oo' oi (anBlie>irfT iBi/' XvlXiil oiflX) oib onedi aw©T. eXauX: vibal lo rboie oaolo b ^iXrrf ^rlncalar i%» - ^"^XI.'Ib ^ In idellXoa o'xb odw BoliotnA isn'i jdbI eXiBincalbn.: or::’ aXB9v©*i r-.^o*'- 'injQlXrfq 'iaXwQT, ' *,;i Xao'iono", »rii ei liens tf aad , iXafioii'ioqo'in ^awoL oi;i lo , artel e>di lo iBdi yr!^ an. doum es oilr-'p - i J« ‘’'‘i CHAPTER VII THE JEW IN THE FIELD OF LITERATURE, IN THE THEATRE, IN MUSIC AND IN ART Jewish Writers of Significance One does not need to he a Judaphile to admit that the Jev/s have made and are making notable contributions to Ameri- can Literature, for Jewish writers of significance are found among the novelists, short story writers, autobiographers, playwrights, poets, critics, and essayists in America. Before attempting to indicate the abundance of skill and power, as v/ell as the variety of interests they have evinced in their offerings, it might be well to list a few of the better knovm writers: Novelists - Waldo Frank, John Cournos, Ben Hecht, Edna Ferber, Fannie Hurst, Thyra Sampter Winslow, Anzia Yezierska, Robert Nathan. Short Story writers - Konrad Bercovici, Dorothy Parker, Octavus Roy Cohen. Autobiographer - Ludwig Lewisohn. Playwrights - Louis Kaufman Anspacher, George S. Kauf- man, Elmer Rice, Moss Hart, Montague Glass. Poets - Louis Untermeyer, James Oppenheim, Arthur Guiterman, Dorothy Parker, Jean Starr Untermeyer. Critics - Clifton Fadiman, George Jean Nathan, Alan Dale vYaldo Frank. - 97 - II V JTJT^ArlD - I '10 , :^*'i-A5iKT sip;:- iVZ , if?:PTARcTia CiJSlS c'»^- KI v -X 'I'T T5-IA i'!I CIA 9ongoi:'"; Ify ic* 'io e 'i93 j iv/ rfa Iv/ ol orl;^ jArlJ vi-fribB o:i el>jkj'di:iu s ocf o'! bean don seoJb ©xO -InoniA od tinoIdi^JAndnoo elo'adjxi €>'ib :nB ©beni over: eweA biii'o'i 9‘ip. ;i:2 lo aonpo Min snolx^.w rialweL nol ^ 6'-:u^d final IJ nao , ‘.•'ff ;£qcn*^„ IcodrfB , iinaj i‘nv ''-'iOc« dnor'E ^adeiJevon ©i.'d ‘inor^ .i;oIn3nA ni adalvfie.'i© bi.fi ,aoid;_*io ^2dooq ^ p.dI?;!iTir73lq XIIi-Lt 9or:p/'nirc'fi onj od rqiidcrsjdfi eno'io.'i ovfiil •,r;ric^ nedal lo ^^delTLsy, erlj 2C Il©w so .‘ia-.7oq bno v.'ol o dcIX od liov; yX dr^-- *i;i dl , nXnal'lo nlarW nl boorJvo :n*i©' 2n'' ivciOirA rrojdaj ond lo ,AaL'£"< - ortbLI , drool- r:8H ^sofinaoO rrioA cj'lo.’’ .doXXovoii r ^.-^nA ^w.^ie/ttv, na;. '}r.fi:' ^d:r5jj!i ^ '-nno'- ^neJne'^I dnoc^oP ^ae^ino*^ vo-ido'tc\i ^loivoonc*' bamoA - iinod l*i\v qnod8 dnofic .norloCj YoH rarvodoO . .nrio 2 Xvrt)il - naaqa’i^oXcfodnA -'t. fin SA^onx. ^rrsdofiasnA n&iaAuBK elL'oJ. - s"ilTlr:\'rrBL^ .ssbI"' sni;Bdno[l ,natr esol! t©c2f: nairll ^nam •saddnA odnaqc;.'^ .:ar.BT. acriadn’J c.luod - edso T -;. ixr-f’ ,'i©-',:aii:‘i©dnf^ TOBdS na /ib;I‘ib£I rridonod ^ rrBirnoj ^aXi^Ci nalA ,rtB'--3 6!' fiiial ^v/iooC nodlil: - acIdinC .unen^ obla’iV Essayists - V/alter Lippmann, Horace Meyer Kallen, Columnists - Franklin P. Adams, Walter V/inchell. It is difficult, if not impossible, to analyze the literary contributions of the Jews in America for, like the Gentiles, they use their own minds as the prisms through which each experience must pass before it can be reflected upon the printed page. There is the witty brilliant writing of Waldo Frank; the clever and precise pen of John Cournos; the realistic, discerning style (but little influenced by Jewish experiences) of Edna Ferber; the versatile touch of ’’Humoresque" at Fannie Hurst (with one end and "Back Street" I i at the other end of her successes); the poignant, graphic sto- 1 ries of Anzia Yezierska - each and all displaying the genius | of the Jewish race in the literary field, "a race," says : James Russell Lowell, in his address on "Democracy", "in j which ability seems as natural and hereditary as the curve of | their noses, and whose blood, furtively mingling with the | bluest bloods in Europe, has quickened them with its ovm in- i domi table impulsion." Is there a woman writer who can surpass Dorothy Parker j with her inimitable wit ("the face that launched a thousand quips") and her epigrammatic language? For offering revela- tory glimpses of Negro life, Octavus Roy Cohen is a master ! hand while Konrad Bercovici writes of Tartars and Gypsies with a bold, vigorous, trenchant pen, Ludwig Lewisohn’s book "Up Stream" is adjudged a great - 98- .n.irsi*-rqq2 1 - z;ialxseic'£ f .ff fii:I>IjiiB‘i’5 ~ s;f8 Inriii/XoO odX os’^.C/'.nB^.OiJ: . ^Xqisaoqtrrl Xon “li , ol/.-oXllIb el XX yrfcf ejfi-I . 'xoX bo1i©«A nX e’vsL arfi ‘lo snoicti/dliiiroc- xf3 t.OT:rfX aA''ei^g sdct at ebnlm iw'd 'ile.rfX ©ei/ ta©IXc/no£) b©;iool']^0 'i ©cf rt£50 cfl a p,ni‘XJ!‘xw JnsXIIX'xd’ y^^Xw ©dX el ©‘xerfr • e^Bq b&.'txil'iq ©rict aoqw ieoxi'ffoC nrfoT, Xo treq ©eloa^q bha i^v3lo odd ;>ina*i'X oXIijV/ lo Y.d boonor/Ilnl of .’fdXi dx/cf) elvdc galmooe 15 ,oldElfB-Ji odd lo rfoiTod olidorf'Tav or'd :iodqo^ antX’ lo (esonf^l'rsqro ralweT^ ’’JoeidR l.rrs 5fi© ©no d« ddlw) dc'XJLrd ^Innal oda olrTga'C^ .dncxisloq orfJ ;(c©ee&nooe *xed Ic bne ‘lodto odd ds cjdlfio 3 o.'d rjnlYBlqclb IXi’ biir. rfoao - Bn/EneljLoy j.'lsr:A lo salt * ** * I • 3YB8 /\90£s*i a” .bloll v.n«‘rodiI Olid nl ooe*! flelv/o’^. o;.d lo nl" ^ ^>a-'iooxriea" no aeontit* eln nl , EXowoJ IIoaai/H lokbL lo ev'ino add at Yit^dlbeTo:; bne Xe'x.dBn etnaec YXillcfa noldw •)'fd ddiw ^;ill,inlfn YX*’V*d*iul ^boo^CJ oeodw bnn ^aoaoa nlerfd -nl wo ed"! rfdlw aorid“ benodoiop e<%d tf-qoTdfS nl i,bcoId deanXci ' . noleXxrqiul oldsdlirrob ncdnal Y^XonoQ cenqii/E nao cdr lodlT.v narrow a o^ioiid si n' • fcfiBct'orid a berfonuaf da ld ooal erfd”) dl^ eldadijnlnl ‘iqn rfdlw -alr'VDn jjnln©llo lo'^ logjanjiftal oldafii^-:i^lq3 -isd 5r.a (’'oqlrrp n©da£fi? a al nodoO \;o)i eJdvadoO ,©111 onaeX lo aesqmlXs yncd B jJtacrxO bill} anadicT lo aodln^r lolvoot©5 EiannoS ©Xlriw bnad .r.oq d'lBf’Oiio'id ,8JLfO‘io^lv ,5Xo>' a rfdlw daa^ig a bosbid Jb;^ nl "piaondS qU” vlooo' „'ar.oelw3ui autobiography. Born in Germany in 1883, ’'Lewisohn was twenty- five when he wrote his first book: ’An Introduction to German Prose'. In the same year he produced a novel called 'The i I I Broken Square'. In 1909 he experimented with verse forms and ' v/rote 'A Night in Alexandria'. During the following years he wrote 'The Modern Drama', 'The Spirit of Modern German Litera- ture', 'The Poets of Modern France', 'The Drama and the Stage',' and his great autobiographical work 'Up Stream'. Up to this j time there has been nothing distinctively Jewish about his ' work. Then suddenly he becomes preeminently the Jew, ' i 'The Island Within' is the story of a Jew who finds peace and J tranquillity of mind only in identifying himself with the tra- j ditions of his race. The same theme is continued in 'Mid- . I I ! Channel', a sequel to 'Up Stream'. His sudden discovery of j I the Jew within him has completely overwhelmed him, and filled ! I , him with the enormous wonder of it."(i) i 1 I The Jews are pre-eminent in the American drama. Who can | I i withstand the stark, grim, relentless, keen realism of Elmer | I Rice's "Street Scene”, the Pulitzer Prize winner of 1929? As ' writers of comedy, the Jews are in the front ranks as evidenced! ' by the plays of George Kaufman, Montague Glass, and Moss Hart-- their shrewd, amusing contributions have, perhaps, satisfied I some of the needs of the theatre goers in as thorough a fashion as have the nonsense verse and delightful humor of I (1) Masserman, Paul and Baker, Max; "The Jev/s Come To America," p. 376. - 99 - £ V' GBvv \^B81 nl YciosurLeG nl xi'iofl .v;i:fqii*x::50IcfoojjB iifjime-D oct noid'oc-bc'ioxil nA’ ;5Toocr cts'ilT: six! on nerfw o\ I'i erfT’ boIlBo lovoa s pecubo'iq ori ibo^ 9i£j nl . * ee.o'i^l bna aiu'iol ©a^rov ilttiw jbsdTiomlioqxe od 900 nl . ’ s^inr/pS nsilo'i® oil ^xiIv/oXIda oil;t '^nXiiK; . * Bi*xJ'nBX 8 lA nl :trfgi-ri' A’ ejo'rvr , -n*i©XJ:.I nrjri‘iG-0’ rrneboM 1o aril” ^’ninFiC nno^-oa. oiiT* enonw < ' ^ or;.5J-i^ or'^ Litb BnifinCl orfT’ ’ • \ , ©on/en^ lo adaoSL ©rfT’ , o'tudt ' ncX cU . *qy ’ ?inow lBoii^qjeT:«oXc{6^i/B iBO'jri eXxf fens' ^ aXxl riEiw' u YXoT^icfoni^ts.' fe yiiflcTon neo*'" asrf anr.rfd- strrlcf .'7©X oxicJ vlcJnofiiciot;'!© csrioooc' or! xliroferua nerij .if fens ooBoq sJvix'l ox'^vv r/ofe jb lo vnocta .oxl^ ei 'nferiJfeW .^•usIeI eil*T’ -snl' orict rlJ 'iXea-jji < vino fenXiTi lo YoXXIi /pnsnq -fei':’ nl h€>sjnl:3noo cX on©ri;J ojrjaa oiT' .ooen alri 'lo anoIXlx *lo '^‘iovx)oeiA xioLtne slH . 'xnjB-ni'S q!I’ o.t Xonpoe n ^'leinLailQ feaXli'i fefiB ^iTr.tri feonrlariwnovo ^Xo:iulqi:'oo asri ffltri nfert^Xw v.^sG adj * • r V) neiaov huoptiociq srfd r;l:l f nso oxitV .Bfm'ife njsofe'i^.a/i sxli nl rfcer.Xjno-c-Tn orrs avroX. orfT oomX3 lo rrelXEon noeA fifnBlc. od^ bnnn BA ?GS^I lo Tennlw oslnH lesiXIiil ori^ ^”onao!i Xoan^JS’ e • eolH feoonefeXvo an a^tnn inoni oxii nl ©us av/eL oxij ,’^fe©moo lo ano^lTsy — insi' 3BC-.:. fe/iB ^eacX:* oi ifl3nc!v ,nBai'U/a!i 93noe! lo E^Blq ©n;l rtf feolleld^BB ^Gc/Br'*ioq cnoliti/dX'i:Jnoo qnXenrtB .fewomls nloxl^ Q r' -,^0*10x1:? aa xxi ensop sniBurld- oritf lo afeoeii ©ill lo onroe lo norrjxrf Inllr: ;'XX;?jb fens aanov oGn&encxn or.l ©ve;-, an no .file al "tBOlnomA oT onoO awoT. erXX” ^rcednS jnn I 'B'i ^rj^ni'ioian (I) .a’TS . . tmm JAE -99- r V* ) • fA'* . I I i Arthur Guiterman delighted countless readers. Doubtless the two leading Jewish writers of serious verse are James Oppen- heim and Louis Untermeyer and many there are who consider Cppenhelm’s poetry "some of the most original and distinguished ' verse in modern American poetry." In the field of criticism, the Hebrew mind is at its I best - perhaps this is due, in a measure, to its alertness and power of analysis as v/ell as to the ability to temper harsh criticism with gentle humor, the type of criticism so frequently observed in the v/ritings of Clifton Padiman. I Jews In The Theatre I In the serious English drama, in comedy, in musical com- j edy, in vaudeville, as producers, executives, and managers I the Jev/s hold an enviable position. To attempt to enumerate the names of the leading Jewish artists in this field would consume many pages, but, it might serve the purpose of this i j I thesis to Indicate a few actors who have contributed to the ; entertainment of the American public. Vi/hile it is in the world of comedy that the Jew rises ' supreme, he is also a superb artist in the serious theatre. No one who saw David Warfield in the "Music Master" will for- I I get his masterly performance and Alla Nazimova in Ibsen’s j I » "Ghosts" will always remain an actress of the first water. As for the comedians - what a host of excellent ones I there are’ The Marx brothers with their ridiculous fun mak- ing; Ed Wynn (v;ho began in his father’s hat store by trying - 100 - 9rfi assljJJijoCT Geelinuoo bod dj^il^b riBL^Ttod d-isT) ^dJd^A -r^>qqO sotn;^!. • 61B ©l'^:&v Si/oliea lo s^xcolav/ delv.-©!, 2j3 ib.39l ovrd 'leblarro* onV 3ij5 o'lodd vacis. bnjs 'X©'^9rn*t9;tn!u sxwoJ bfiB_ •^:od 5 erialc/rin t3 /iJ3 lani^i'io rtso« edd 'io arrfoa*' vr::j 3or e. ' .'rrioilnejqqD | ’\v'rJeog naDi'tomA mobcm n± ee^sv ^dl dm brrl.'d we'idoL arfq ,ms j nio lio lo bleil sd:> nl - aadniidia a:tl orf . b ni , saJb al aqsrl'iaq daed Tceqrrsi od Y.^lilba eri:t od a 8 fXsvv zb sls^lBr^s ‘io 'lowoq bna 03 nfeXoictlio 'to oqy.^ ,'ioraqd 6 lcffto :3 ridiw maXolii'i:/ da-iBri . I'lorniba'i rtod :iXO ‘io a^nldl'i^r orU nl o '^I;in©i;pc‘s‘i off;t£9AT ©ilT rrl avfoT,’ cioo iBi'laum nx ./"bemoo nx , rlsiX^ifiK ax'^oi^rea orf^ nT' * , ST;e;ja.T[ara bna ^zvvlduo&xo ^c,i30JJboiq ea ^olXlvsbirav al.^^b^i od B'lotsBjno od d^odda oT .noli lac:: eI>alViT© na bXor£ aweL edd blyow bl©l‘i elril nl aiaiqnn rfe Iwob jinlbaol ©d;? Io zorjxft odd alfW Id oeoq'ijjq eill avioe Idiilm dL ^'^ud ^ze^Qq ^nan ©ruanoo bo^jLTdl'iilfioci oved o.iw zqodoB w'^'l b adBr>ibal alaodi ' .olldxrq freo.t'iOinA odd Io InorKfllB^naln© e©Ei'i wqX. ©fid iari:t xbomco lo Mn-W ©da rr? e.t il ©Ilifllf ‘ .o*xdr,orid sx/oiise ©rlq n' :t3ll*iR onoqjjE a oo^n tt ©c -'lol IIlw olculu*' ©dl ai x.X©l'^*xcVi blva- v.’us on'v/ ano oif 4 a’ftacdr nx Bvoialsa’' k.CXa bna ©o.’B:Tr*o xit^q .rtodBv dz'ill odd 1o‘ss©*iioa r.a -CfiBicsi eybwXb £11^ "edacwix:” : eono dnsXXaoxo lo da d a Ibaw - BoclLenoo oiid 'lo'i aA -:Iqsi Dxrl. awolirolbl*! ilot.'q ililw anoffc^ond xnai-J sd*T* lo*is ©^edd anlYil Td ©node iiiri b^'I ddsli eLd al ojs^.od onw) n/r^W b'd i^ttd rr'T^rTfilfrBi ' r h-f -oex- . •' .ti i . , on hats that v/ere either too small or too large for him and j I thereby amusing the customers) and his perfect fooling; Fanny ; Brice v/ith her inimitable voice and manner are but a few of j * the leaders in the art of fun making. Revues and musical comedies are graced with such celebre- ties as Eddie Cantor; A1 Jolson; Sophie Tucker; and Weber and Fields George Cohan states that "an estimate of all plays pro- duced in the year 1922 showed that forty per cent of the authors, thirty per cent of the directors, ten per cent of , the actors and close to eighty per cent of the ov/ners of the theatres and producing managers are Jews." That estimate v/as made fifteen years ago; doubtless it has not shrunk in the intervening years. Among the pioneer producers were the Shuberts (Jacob L. Lee, and Sam S.), Charles and Daniel Frohman, and David Belasco, America indeed should pay tribute to these men who "brought the American stage to a point where it excelled most of the stages of Europe." Other producers of note are; Edgar Selwyn, A1 H, Woods, Sam H. Harris, and Morris Gest who first introduced to American audiences the original Russian Ballet and the Moscow Art Theatre, I "Even more than in the commercial theatre, Jews have been prominent in the experimental theatre. The New Theater, The Washington Square Players, The Neighborhood Playhouse and the Theater Guild have all been founded and largely supported - 101 - bna miri tol aj.TBl ood- *10 IlBire oocf lod^la ©t:9w c^Bd no \>:nnu ’5 jsrtllool i-ralnaq. sid briB (s'xanto-t juo ©ad ^alzuLiB Ycfe'iodd lo B dad ©'ib 'isnaaic dna oolov oXcfad irrind *iGrI ridiw ©od'iB .'3nl*‘ii3rrf nr/'l lo drc ©rid rri s'reJbBel ©rid | s'ldelso rfoua ridiw £>9 ob'i3 O'ib aaLbon^oc laolsj/m bciA esavnH ; soJid bixc 'lecfoV/ brua ;io3fojt/r ©iriqoc 1 laeloX lA ^nodosO ©dbblil &q .-3 bIoJ:'5 -O'lq e\:alq XIb 1o DdB.*uid£© iia" darid aedBda narioX ©3*1000 orid lo dnoo 'toq vdiol dwid boworic S26 X *ib©x boo;/b orid *i9q ^a*iOiid"B ‘lo dfiGo *i®q nod ^ 8*iodoonX!!) lo jk©o orid lo aoonwo ©rid 'io dneo *x©q Tdri^I© od ©eoXo bna anodoB. ©rid v 3 iw odjeC'aldB© dorfl ".ewoT. ©ib e*i©'-*anBm snioabonq boB aO'idBOrid orid nX >/nL«irie don eori dX a«&Iddnob \o^a z'tsc^r ne&d'Ul ©bnin • 1 ' .BOfiOY ^nXriov'iodnX o'oooT.) f.d'iocfari^ orid 0*1 ©w anoonbo'ir naonoXq orid '^no.’aA rripn*^ 3.oI*ij8riO *3 "bS bna oej biviid bno ^ rqi XbXnnX Imu < , or ff from ©carid od oduriX*id ^:Jaq bXcroria b&obal BcXnsinA .oo2bXo3 deom boXXoox© dt onoriw dnloq b od ©: £da rcBoi*jetnA ©rid dri y/onri" rrorid? ’’.oqo'iaj^ lo a.>j\Bda orid Ip : ©n,5 ©jon lo e*iooi/bo*iq .' oft.y de©o eX*ino'' briB ,s.l^*ieH ms^ ofcooiV XA ^n^XsS nalaanH XBriX^ino ©rid seortaXLas np.oX*ioniA od booubcnlnX da*xXl . sidnsfri’ d*iA vrooeoM ©rid bixs doIXnS ©VBri ewsL ^9*idxo ’d IaXo*it>2aiibo orid nX .'isrid oioci n©vi:“ . - ^lodBorir v/©:i ©rT:' .ondBorld XfidflonLLnonx© orid rri dnonXruonq neori I bfiB 0GB*o.ftBX=? boori*ioriff,3Xol ©riT ,ai©-^BXX ©*XBnp£ nod^niriacV: orfT bod'tooqaa ^Xo^n^I bnB bobmrol nsori XXb ©vnri bXXof) 'redBonX ©rid by Jews.”(l) The Moving Picture Industry Tv/o newspaper men, Paul Masserman and Max Baker have v/ritten a brief account of the Jev/s in the movies which would seem to state quite simply and definitely the Jev/s’ role in that field: ’’The moving picture industry is almost entirely in the hands of the Jews, With the exception of Cecil De Mille, there is not an outstanding figure in moviedom that is not Jewish. The rise of the moving picture industry in America is essentially the result of Jewish enterprise and brains. Prom the sweatshop and the penny-arcade came brainy Jews to trans- | form the one-reel western flicker into one of the five great- est industries in America - and almost, comparatively speaking, over night. At the head of the Columbia Pictures Corporation is a Jev/, Joe Brandt. William Fox occupies the throne of the Fox Film, the Pox Theatres Corporation, and the Mldvesco Theatres, Jev/s - Inc. control Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Inc. a subsidiary of Loews Inc. Adolph Zukor, a Jew, is president of the Para- mount-Famous-Lasky players. Sam Katz heads the Publix Theaters Corporation. J, S. Schnitzer is president of R.K.O. Products, Joseph M, Schenck presides over the affairs of the United (1) Dubois, Rachel Davis and Schv/eppe, Emma; "The Jev/s in American Life," p, 70 -102- I 1 ) i^rrJrvoi; sdf oviin •larffif' x_^‘.", fire r^&r[*iQKeGl/L XvbH . rii^iii *iaqjjqavr9rf owT blaov doldv soivom epy rri 3vet. arid "o dLi;jooD^ £ nei^l'zw nl aloT ‘ nwaX or/d rlodiirc^'ioi f)ji£ *v-I'^rrLi;2 adiwp atsda od nsec ;XIei‘i diirfd arid nl -v:l8Tidn>' tcoi:'-rB si 7»tdsijb/ii a^iirdoiq gnivoai erfT” ^ollUi 9*'^ lie 90 “io noldqooxa orlo ddl^"? . 3wel. v^iid *io ataef: dofc Hi dfirid ffioi)oivo/d n*- ^nibrtedsdtro os doa 3l s.i eaxiarcA nl viJ3ubnJ. ©'if/daiq ^ivo'^t orfd lo ©el'r oriT .n'sr.^Oo* icoTl .aniJS'irT fcriB ©ai’iq'iadxto liaiv/aX dlirpei arid -;:».^'Xd od 3wot» tj^vso'tn-vqraq odd ditb qorfsdaowr. odd. '» •t I^.V^ 0'r*2 ur\' lo 9:io . 'rodaor ©rid .T'lo'i- odni leai-sno ' ' »• v- - , ; /iJ;A£roqs Co' id©'i^< -noo ,dcorlB brs nl sol'sJQubnl dsa .drijjln ‘lovo -f. < z’. al ;Toldr '^oc'ioO 89orrdrl'\ ciciiar^icC oii:: lo bBori odd dA 8/f.1 . 7oT>'« lo OH'-'idd add a-'xquooo xo cirilli',,' aoT. ^ » • .< f :’. ^Goi^aorfl ond brrr .noidii'xo se'i.^ijOf'd' .\o'^ ©rfd fc, , 'XcC ,«rirt'' ' ^ 1 . ' nBlblcciiz ‘1 - .oii .•xr-YiT -'j^rdoli-'l Xo'iditoo avroL .oril > “i ••S'lii'i' odd lo dnah.lco'ir h1 ^v/oX a .nrrAt:^ rfcIcbA . 0 ":i awacX''ia f . 8'ivdaoiiT xXIcl/q ad. ebeerf sd^d mad . 'i^-valq ^;;cj5j-ei/OR‘a’?-ixt;o;n .adoijfoo'T^ lo dn9bi::9'iq ei rL^miiuicb . .L .*^ 01 ^ d^'iCwioO f srfd lo ania'llo arid 'i9vo aobxe&iq . Artists Corporation, Carl Laeiranele is president of the Univer- sal pictures Corporation. And H. M., I. L. , and Albert Warner are president, vice president, and treasurer, respec- tively, of Warner Brothers." "Almost without exception," continue Masserman and Baker, "the present day leaders of the moving picture industry were poor, hardv;orking immigrant Jews. While the Jew has also distinguished himself as actor, scenario writer, and director, it is, however, from the managerial and executive end that Jev;s wield their greatest pov;er. They are the demi-gods of the movie industry. They are the great chefs of entertainment for a hundred and twenty- two million Americans. They have made Hollywood and Los Angeles, they have given jobs to more than a half million men and women, they have created an indus- try which is producing the only new and genuine art form of modern times. "(1) A few years ago there was a tendency to criticise the Jewish moving picture managers and executives because of the rather low moral tone of some pictures they offered to the public. This charge can hardly be held against the Jews alone when it is recalled that Will Hayes, a Christian, was and is the government censor for these productions. Any adverse criticisms should be directed at him quite as much as at the Jews ij (1) Masserman, Paul and Baker, Max; "The Jews Come To America, I p. 594,5. - 103 - acJeld*’^. t>d:i 'io ;)’n9bxE©‘iq ai oXomjtrftaX JT'tuC , ifoicfB'ioqioO aenuctoi^ Ibe cf'iod'XA bna ^.d .1 t.'" - ^nA ,iroX:tBnoqT;oO o*xb 'lon'isV, ^ o'luaBC'x^ bfLS ,dTi©blaeiq eolv , drfeb tstTiq ** .e'lsAXoncI 't.en'XfiW Xo ^^xlovJid’ ^8or..lA’' lajffli! bru3 rriiicrtocaBM ax/ni^tnoo "^r.oxcJcecxo ©'TLW t'ld^sxrbni a'ljjyolq ^i^lvotn ©fiJ Ic s^tobfial Y^b oa©E©*iq ©rici-’* oalB CBri woT. oIJ.HV- .-.- dL ^^ooq barfs Xt/^'tld’aib 'lOctoo'xXb b£fB }.*TVf oiiijf-aoc ,'io^OB ZD bn© ovXcJtfooxa bna I.'ii'ra^,BnBrT ofX' wrcl ^T;0vawOi^ .aX 51 lo a .o!^-:ia©i) edi eia vroriT .lawoq iasdaa'is T:Iarf5 blelw ewai; ntjn^nlB5io5na 1o a'larlo orf^t ’a^iB oivou orf5 ;ir i li!I bflB Jb^;^b^X'G B *10X OVX^Xi ''i3if'l . BABOi'iaCiA 1 X abam dion. o5 acot navi?, ovar' .aelognA a^'! i ns boowtHoH llarf a furi^ aubiil ac. b©5fjif'io evBri yari^ ^nanro?: bna nam nolIX-’jn dolrivv Tid lo mo": 5iji enijjne:^j brta v/en Y^no ar!! i^cioafcoiq at (I)'’.EBalJ mabon wo'l srfd aaloldlic o5 Y»a»bxiad r. aav/ OTodd o^,.y e^iBOT A a'lv/doXq vnjvof^ liaiihiOl. and X.0 ^Si/Boocf aavldi/ooxs. buy: s'la.vBXiBift woX 'icrfdB'i arid od ba'iaX'i.c vorfd aeni/dolq aniot: lo anod I^rrotn .rlirfi/q cnolB rwoT. exid dsr.Isgfi blori ad Y-tbifi.i i:bo ^InT si bna saw ,nRldai*irfO a ^soybH XXi**' d- rid Xj^X. ooa'i cl dl ^dJ eenovba .anoldbnboiQ as arid 'xo'i rroeriaa dneiuiTievo^ end da an rfoun sb adlrp LiArf da hadoo-ill ad i^Itroils air.rilotSl'ic . Gvr&V ^nsiiiiaasaM (I) ao. lor A oT awoT) aval. adT'’ ,'ia:iaC bna Ii/e^' .5,l‘6c .c Jewish Musicians American Jews, as yet, are not in the first ranks of the famous composers although as interpreters of music they have made many contributions. Ernest Bloch is perhaps Israel's leading composer. In 1928 his composition "America” was awarded a :|3,000 prize by "Musical America" for the best sym- phonic work composed by an American. "America" was a Jewish immigrant's expression of the Spirit of America as he under- stood it. Light opera and musical comedies seem to be the musical Jews' metier for many there are who praise highly George Gershwin's "Pdiapsody in Blue," "Porgy" and "Song of the Flame;" Sigm-und Romberg's "Maytime" and "The Student Prince;" and Rudolph Friml ' s "Vagabond King." As for writers of popular music, the Jews rank high as evidenced by the compositions that are written by such Hebrews as Gus Edv/ards, Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, and Leo Feist. "Violin virtuosity has become almost synonymous with Jewish musical genius.',' Prominent among American Jewish violinists are: Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz, Mischa Elman, Leopold Auer, Efrem Zimbalist and Toscha Seidel. All T^rho have observed the technique and listened to the tone of these soloists agree that the violin when played by them is in master hands. Jews are among the great pianists and vocalists. Some of the leading pianists are: Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Harold Bauer - 104 - ’ g. rLB XQ j’acry. - :.c iw oL lo Sea'll! orict it 1 .ion sn& , as ^ewsL n.^oiismA ovBxi oleum Jo e^ects^ianec^nl as rl^uorWIa aiaeoqraoo cx/on^'i a'loc'ial sqjBfi'isq el rfoolP (taarriS . aiioi^ucTi'tijftoo \'n/jci &£>jeuh ajn’jT "8oJfc*iOttiA’^ £Xoi:t >-oqtaoo^ zlfi 62QI nl .loaoqiiioa 'njtbfiel < * -onja d’sod 6rli aol '"iSoJcaamA Iftolai/M'’ ifd oS'*iq GOOtS: n bQtznv.rB lietvreL n e^w ’’aoiaan'A" .ncoiua;iA ns boeocmdo alrcow olnodq -zobctu 9if as BOl*iomA lo 3iaJ:q3 o.'i.j Jo nolee&^iqxe a ,il boocJa XscxEUTii ©iLt dc' od meoe ssibemoa InoIsLmi brus jsiaqo jilsiJ. ©5*iOoC xldp.td oetn'iq odiJ qib ©aorfi aeXioci 'e\roT, * |"joiTrsI'a oii^ to noa” bns ni vbosqsxlfl” e » nlwxfa'ieO tafi :Jno5«aS arfl” brua s ' -:!‘i0c£np/l bru/nralG 'ijsXuqoq ‘io e’ldui'TiV •lo'l ek ^ •’^nlTL bnof 's’-sV” e’. rfqlobjJH BxioXI Xaoqnroo fidi vd jbeonebiv© ss zn6T, erii .oleum ^nllnnfi r.n'vai ^abnewb:?! euO es av/aio'eH doue r.d nsiilnvr ©as .*ts2©'^ 09j ^naaii omoioL rid'lv/ aiioiHYnoriY® dcoorlo drrtoooc end xi leoL-:i*ilv aJIolV” lis.^VfoL rrjsoi*isriA "*rrocui d£j®fi2oio‘iq V.ei* 1 x103 Xnolaijra cielvioTj Br'oaXi' ^.^^e'lXe*^' BffoaeT, ^rroXaXe'i!^! sd^2*x^ : o'lfi edeinXXoIv oriw XXA .Iobi »8 snoaoT fens ^ailBdxnlX xaoix-: ^*iouk bLoqcel neeiii lo onod odi oct bonotiBlX bxiB oupXnrioe^t oxi^ bov^aado ovari nl ax modi ijd bo^^BXq nexlw nlXoIv ©net isdi odi3B a^aloXoe .BbnBxl “loJenia ooio:; .e;te2Xj30ov bas euainaiq dBO'i^ oil? jinoroB oib awoL lODsC jbXoiJBli of America. ”In the realm of the baton the Jew is preeminent. The Damrosches, Leopold, Frank and the famous V/alter - conductor of the New York Symphony Orchestra - sprang from Jewish stock. Modest Altschuler, one of the pioneers of symphonic music in America and the founder and conductor of the Russian Symphony Orchestra, is a Jew. Jews, too, are Artur Bodansky, conductor of Wagnerian opera at the Metropolitan Opera House, and direc- tor of the New York Society of the Friends of Music; Louis Hasselmans, conductor of the French repertory at the Metropol- itan Opera House; Serge Koussevitsky, master of the contra- bass and conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra; Groigo Polacco, conductor of the Chicago Civic Opera; Fritz Reiner, the brilliant leader of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra; Alexander Smallens, conductor and musical director of the Philadelphia Civic Opera Company; Vladimir Shovitch, conductor of the Syracuse Symphony Orchestra; Nicolai Sokoloff, founder of the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra; and Joseph A. Posternack, conductor of the Philharmonic Society of Philadelphia. " (1) The bitterest Judaeophobe could not but concede the fact that the Jews hold an enviable place in the musical life of America. (1) Masserrnan, Paul and Baker, Max; "The Jews Come To America," p . 399 - 105 - xyr.IA jb^oH .r^lsdan'iO oel £>n.s 8S;)H e«io^^rii8 scroiOi:'! «£ld ^noflts Isijrfo si£ .'/jBlsfi'ir slrlqoo bna hJCoqqaH . lo 3ri?r . dnorTj:f»Ti)e'xq el v/aT. oild nodacd siiJ *Jo irtJjae'i eqd al” *iodoi/>onoo - *iadl 0 iV s/;oii:^'l orid buB VfLsi'n ^"iloqoej ^e9noEO‘iire''T .ji.oods daiwaL mc»x'i ^rts'xqB - Bideaxio*in vffrdqirt^S :Ko -T well 9; rii oiP.fJTti oiaoitqfrqjE lo 2 'rf>enoi;q odi 1o oho ^i&lLrxioedlA daoboli \r£tod>j(%y;Z .ir^laauH odd *10 'xodo^Jbxioo bxxc 'lobxtxro'i :irid bxtB BoliexnA *xo"oxrbnoo ^x^Qtmho^-^ 'itxd'iA sHXi ^ood ^av/oT, .v/oO b Bx , Bidaerio'xO -ar'rib biXG ,vayo!' bhoct-' fTfldiXoqc'idoK opfd dr. a^r-rqc rue.iT^Hr'B?/ lo adixo^T lo 8.bnoX'i'’'i oxld lo x^f looZ iiioY v;aK edd lo lod -Xoco'X'oM orfd ds '^lodioqo'r don&TI. ox£d lo 'lodoubnoo tCHBrloeocH xii-.d-^ -mdnoo oxid lo *i ^dsBai addvoeeiroY 9^.*io2 jocrxor r’T.oqO n; i.o'i- ; B'lds.orfo'i "> xiodeoH odd lo ‘lodcx/bnoo bnr. scsg lodoctHo-. ^ooobIo^ ^'toniofi sdlH'. ; ciriO ojjec/xfO odd lo a'l't Bf idBftxticf\iO oxid lo looBel driBxIIi'id odd j rio*:l '^norfqirnrS odd lo "lodooTlt’ lEoiEuia briB 'lodcif' noo ^ensllciao lebxiBXyXA 'lodoc/bfioo ,x(odivofC TtminalV j’^xiBq.'oC anaqO oivi". BlricIetaXlri^J Hobn:;ol ,llo-Io:io3 laXoom ^B'tuaaxio'xO xnodqcrcZ aeoGr/rcS add lo x^: 10*10 fcnBfovsiO »£’d lo ^:;oar^©oeo^ .A droeoL JbftB ; p/i 10 Ynodqm^a fl)” .BixIqIabBXXrfH lo i^deiooS olaoOi'iBdllxl*? ©rid lo HodoxrJbaoo dOfll oxfd aboonoo doc don bliroo adorfqoeBbLrT. d^aif-ddid axlT lo alxl iBoi 2 ’xai acLd nX oo^Iq aldBXvr.o ne bXoxl ewaT. add dBdl . BGlnaiiLH OPT.^'' s»;el. axfr” :xpM bx;fl Xhb 4 ^ttBrnoBaBj.' (I) 4 AOx*iaixiA eC5 . 7 Jewish Painters and Sculptors Jews in the field of painting and sculpture are few and far between. It has been suggested that the Jew does not stand preeminent in these fields because ’'the orthodox Jew was for thousands of years forbidden by his religion to create 'the graven image or the likeness of anything that is in the heavens above or in the earth beneath (1) Be that as it may,! after the eighteenth century, the Jews began to produce a few ; painters and sculptors and in America, in the nineteenth and j tv/entieth centuries, the Jev/ish painters are represented by such men as Henry Mosler, George D. M. Paxotto, Samuel Halpert, ^ I and Theresa P. Bernstein v/hile Moses Jacob Ezekiel and Jo j t Davidson are the leading contemporary sculptors. 1 Intellectual Leadership The writer has but scarified the surface of the subject of this chapter, but, enough has been written to indicate, definitely and convincingly (it is hoped) , the outstanding contributions made by the Jev/s in the field of literature, the theatre and music. Certain it is that the Hebrew achieve- ments in these lines are potent factors in helping the Jev/s I and Gentiles to live together in increased mutual respect and in closer friendship. More and more, the Christians are be- ing impressed with the fact that the Jews are not only among the leaders in the intellectual life of America today but (1) Dubois, Rachel Davis and Schweppe, Emma; "The Jews in American Life, p. 67 t . , - -W' " ** -* ’ " < -'Jfc •., ?j ”i |.' - '-i .0 't' .', *'S.,‘’'^ - bao^ yrdt ®*lo eOi«3^Xi/oe aJt swdl^; ^. ' *' ' ' •<>*. ' -' .6 -;v r Os ^ ^ < • «|^i4,, i e aoD w«T» U BiiS e sastra rreerf BJSrf , ere eo’ 'isf • • ' - . ;«. ', . ^., ST 'J " efeu^e&d cbXe jt‘i ©s eri:^ drton-Xrrf©e*i(^ tKJeeno bi. rrolaiJjvteT: aXri *td nebbi^io'i 'bubot sbrmfcboriJ ‘lol bjsw ^ ' ^ - * . Ik..’ , . 'A ., /] *• er(d\ ni e'Z rtBrtrt^atlrfjtYnfi iO caeneiHX srio 19 o^painlon&VBTts^er^iv, f%- M as ea ^ (X)". ' ils^eoci fid-'isQ ©ri^ /rX *xo eybefe; *« s eojTboiq o^ naj^otf ev»«i, oitJ ^Y*i3j;Jn©o lirtnoedxlsl© ©/li , " ’ ' ' ^: ' y ,. . , 'V . «-M bne »rI^iia6:^©it|/T ad:^ rtX ^B^X^^!i?A ixX brts aiortqXifoa beta s*io&hla^‘ ' .. V e •:! f . ^ rtf beiJneae^rtierr o*ia /IMfreV exit# ^seiiutfae© n'JeJJrix ,c^*i©cXs3 Ict/njig ,ottv3xa3 ,M .d e^i'xoefi ^tfcIeoU ^inoR es rreia riott/a^; oL bna XoIrf©23 tftfoaX. aeaoU ©XXriw nX^iemefl9fl .?! Beta aril t^'i(J'3 ^ ‘ ' ’i' it •:/ I aio^qlifes z'^a^oomQ&ncio •^qlbaeX ori^ ©is noobXved ° '4- 0 '1 ni i*fai6Jbfi ©J X f :hl o oil sS -!Aii\‘-^‘ r-S. ^oo7;tf JC orit# lo '"fiostiui: oriX^&dilinsoe tixd aarl isdiiw '* -\f '-rt •^ertsoXbrrX ocf ft©:tiiiw fi©etf axjn ^leJfqajdp slri^, *io atfib.lij^EX^iro ©d3 ^ (bdqorl aX.>l) rXsrtXoaiVxioo bxis rXoHnilr^^ y ^ - 1^ ’ t tiutfsieif X X *io tfXeXI adX aX eweL ©xi^^ /^tf ©ban arjo'X^ytfZTiaoq ' 'I • • ’i y- -.^ *•'•»*' -ereirioa weideK e/.*J XexU bX dX aXsi^'syC' .oXevm b.ui ©ictsarftfi ©ili^ ' ^ ' ifc . ' . 'V .'X •3wel.j;©ili jtffX'cfXeH al ii oq oia'eoaXX aX aXneat- bae Xatfcreei "XattJxJtn boe8©i:>nfyU' ©yXX eeXX^neO Xyta • T, * ^ , ^ -© 9ifl 0 . QrrjBXXftiixiO ©fit , eioai bna ^olL .qJtriabaeJt%% 'tsaola atn ,- ;.' ' r V', . _ :V, £, ^rronre er©X» o.ij datfet doa'i ©citJ rijhtw fceeatiqm^ nxt^ > V • - • . jf ^ dtrtf r*»bod Ic ©"iXI Xsx.rdo©XX©ditX ©tfd xiX siebuoX erldi ^ .V- ’' fa ^ , , '’^ •'*' yi,-'’- ' «* r ti 'TjaTr . V ' . iti eifoL ©xpr** isrmrt? ,ftqqwr'o£ 6nja aXvsC Xeiftftff: ^eiotfinXC'-tlt' they are also patrons and promoters of the arts. Two of the most valuable gifts of paintings ever received by the Metro- politan Museum of Arts, the Altman and the Dreicer collections were both given by Jews. "They have always given American opera their unstinted support, and the part which they have pla:/ed in keeping it alive has been an important one. \^en Richard Strauss v/as asked if he were an anti-Semite, his re- ply was: ’How can I be when I know that without our Jewish friends all our opera houses and concert halls would be more than half empty. ’ liVhat Strauss said of Vienna could well be said of many American cities. "(1) (1) Dubois, Rachel Davis and Schweppe, Emma; "The Jews in American Life," p. 67 oxi’d lo ovvT .adriB erfd *^0 E'leddmo'iq bnj3 ano'idBq oeijs ais •^erid -O'ldstvt arid boviroosn »iov© a^nlinloq lo adllg elcfeulcv dcora ^nnoIdoQlIoo 'leclo'ici orfd ban hbttJIA oxid ^sdriA lo muesuH rradlloq rmoI'Xt^irzA aevi^ e'^xiwXjs ovbxI .awoL.T'd nevig fldocf enevr ©VjQfi Trerid rfolrlw d'usq erfd ban ^unouque bncfaJtiarm 'iJradd B^isqo nof{\^ .aao drrBd'ioqutti na aoocf eaxi evllc dl 5jrtlq6e>i rci barcXq -0*1 xub o'IOW arf beilaii bow eex/B'XdC t'lBd.DlH ala , ©dXirts£'-XdnB IX rleXwoG ‘iixo dcioxldX.v d/irid v/ojtrX I noxfw so X clbd woH' :sbv* i^Xq aiofli or: bXito\y eXX/sd dnoonoo ban adcxoff -:*ioqo oiio XXb abnf.X'il sd XXovr xXxioo nnxfsXV lo OXbb derfv: » .^dgms iXxid nr.rid (J,”.aoXdXc rtBoIaoszk irfi/ua 'to bise ' ^* al ev/eL oxfi" ^aiiEiT .ooqevFi^oS brix; bXvbG XeooBfl tSXoduC (X) To ,q ",olXJ /LBOl'^eiaA I CHAPTER VIII A DEFENSE AND A PROSPECT The opening chapter of this thesis outlines the preju- dice existing today against the Jews. It is followed by six chapters concerned with a brief history of the Jew since he first glimpsed our shores. This final chapter will deal with i \ some of the reasons why many Jews are disliked, the fallacies I I I to be found in the Anti-Semitic reasoning, and the question i of the defense of the Jews by non- Jews against the discrimina- tions and the attacks of intolerant groups. Such defense by I I Individuals of the Christian faith is one of the most heart- i ening signs of the growth of tolerance; the corrosive and far reaching effect of the articles in the Dearborn Independent are partially offset by such books as ”A11 in the Name of God^b,' Everett R, Clinchy; ’’The Jews in American Life” by Rachel Davis-Dubois and Emma Schweppe; ’’Patriotism of the American i Jew” by Samuel Vvalker McCall; ’’The Jew and His Neighbor” by j I James W, Parkes; ’’Justice to the Jew” by Madison C. Peters; ’’The Jew and American Ideals” by John Spargo; ’’The Jew and Civilization” by Ada Sterling; and ’’The Tyranny of Intolerance” by A. C. Winkle. 1 John Spargo and Anti-Semitism Perhaps John Spargo voiced the attitude of tolerant 1 Christians when he said: - 108 - , }l5^-ii- ' Wmw • ' ^ W^'‘‘ ;Hte,a ' -’-^ ' '5Sffis5 "’ '^' ^ |jl^^ f?- V ’ . -i ”_ij' ’Jbiv -ip Csi^^Hi'. ; . lL , •v't eJ^99jri^ 'elrfi^ lo 'tekTqario »flT * -o^ 8 3fl 1 X^x/o jr s enna^.e'i ori^ lo oiroc ?«f^ V e^ioAira^ ertJ ^Xejfxreij^ aiit ew9l> y«b^ •’^*^58 tilae^'-XiaA ofl^t iil bnirol sd^oJ' • 1 [ /lolitsejjp orli‘ Jbfie ^.^nXnocfi©*!' c ‘^ •<' " ‘ tv»n _ • »M • i - -ixnXmXrroaib. ;terrXasB sweL-ncfl ifcf ewoL ad^ ‘to eanetab arI;J lo ; ,T‘ ,t» i rcJ eactelsb rfo^xS .eewcxa ^ao'xaXod’ni e^ioa^rfa d£i^ bna anoii • . .^'-r . 'V---' -;^*i.'joff doom ofid "to oao et dilal naidaliffO ad- lo aX«i/MvlI^Jt ;'ir gnXn©^^ •%; 'lal brra 07 Xec'3 *io& eri^f ;;oona*t©Xo;t lo ridwo'ig lo an^la J dnobrro 1 d"faoO lo ©ma:i ed^ ni XXA” co ajiood rioire Y XorlOBJl vd "©liJ nooiiomA ni cwet, «dT" ;'9;ffoflXX{) •« ida-isvA*' i.1 fUBoliemA ©rid lo 0181^01*13 o^l" jaqqewfllD^ jaoiraTT brte clodoG-alyaa ,J3 ydr '’xoddjleH aXli bna »/©ti odT” {IXfiOoM 'i»:>iXBVr Xei/cxB2'icd *’vroli fa-ipd©'! .C croelibo?*! yd ’’wpI; srid od ©oldc'/t** leo^rca^ .V^caato^s ^;\ • b.iB 'MaZ 9ffr*' ;os*faqa nrfoT, "sXaaJbl oBOtiantA-boM ^oZ ©rfT** ,.jh; ^ ' ' i* yririBiYT &xfr".l)aa obA 'TCd ‘’HoldaslIlvlO ^ "eoftfl'ieXodfll lo ” ' j’.'" -i- -. " •«*: ' v« ,Ql^atW .0 .A ^1 ’’The duty of the Christian to defend the Jew against persecution is neither greater nor less than the duty of the Protestant to defend the right of the Catholic or of all v/hite citizens - Christians and Jews, Catholics and Protestants - to stand solidly against injustice to the negro and in defense of his rights when these are assailed. My plea is not for pro- Semi t ism in opposition to anti-Semitism, but for loyalty to American ideals in opposition to any and all attempts to divide our citizenship on racial or religious lines. Because of a reasoned faith in these principles and ideals of democracy which brought this nation into being, and toward the realization of which we have steadily progressed through sunshine and storm, through peace and war, I am opposed to anti-Semitism and every manifestation of it. Anti- Semitism and the American ideal can never be reconciled. For sooner shall men reconcile fire and v/ater or mix oil and water inseparably, than blend the cruel and hateful passions of anti- Semitism with the generous spirit of America, ”(1) It was Spargo ’s ’’loyalty to American ideals” that caused him, on January 16, 1921, to issue a protest against anti-Sem- itism which was signed by over a hundred leading American Christians in all walks of life including President Wilson, ex-President Taft, and Cardinal O’Connell, Through this pro- test, unprejudiced Gentiles registered their opposition to the ’’hyenoid attacks” of Henry Ford in particular and to Anti- (1) Spargo, John; ’’The Jew and American Ideals,” p. 138, 139. - 109 - ^ V \v&T,‘ ‘sfr^ hnelpl' o:t rL<3l j alrt/iO 1o scI’’ *3-0 nft/iCt eael -ion ^:s:^B^'r'p. isriilea ai noi^aooe'i^q edlnw IIb 'to ‘lo oiXonicO lo :Tri,-p.-'^ briolab oct ctnact eoctoi? f .« - a;tfrB^2©dto'i^I bns soXXorictj&rj ,avaL briB eilBXjeJt'i.ir - anosXSio oano'l^b rti tciB o'i;:)t>« arl.*t od- e»old'’-ui,nl d-sntfi^o y-^^-^Xob briB^a od 'lo'l dofi aj- aelq yM .bsXXrcsB O'la osoffd rrsriw sdrislT sXri 'io YdXxsYoX 'lo'i 'Jisd ^naXi ireci-Xdxtfi od noXdXaoqqo nX fliaXdXmoa-o'iq od sdqmoddr. IXa ftna YitB od aoXdXcoqqo nX aXaebX ftfioXieftiA od .eofiXX BuoXpXIs*i 10 XfiXoai no qXnai^osXdXo it/o ©bivib £>nn nolqlonl'io efeertd nX ;:dlo'l bon' aesi a *10 qelicooS bna .yftXotJ odnX noXdan eXflr dfbu/. itJ rloX;:w eXsal'i beaaoi’-o'xq Y-t- ow fIoi^,fv.’ lo noidasXXaoi oi^d Linwod OAtitaana ri^noi^Id n^j3 ; ^*tavf IciQ 'JOBsq r'", '^irld ,aMode bna -XdnA .dX Tto noida^ael Sicr. \'ievo bfia wBXdXiaoc>Xdne od boaoqqo 10'^ XX c;noo£;'i O'; isveft fiBo lB6bX */tBoX*i£i:HA on'd bna raaXdXrjoci L » ladii..' bna CIo xiir. lo le.Xrr bna silX cc.oXX fi':i-iaqoanX -Xdn .3 ‘to onoXcarc Ijlod.or^ brra Idinc o:.') nand , (j;^ii^r.. }>rftr^,\ 'lo dliXc3 Bt/oion^ ' o/:d lidJv; ina fd baoCi^ ‘ ' ft» anvr dT boanao *a.:d "eXao' X . 'C'nofl:.'. od 7.+XaYcX” o.^iaqS jffrXd' ’ X r^ania^'j no -mo2~Xdaa deaXar^a deodoiq a Di^ecX od ^1BQ1 , naoXiap^A • nXfoeX baibnnri a lO’. td bond's aaw rfoXn.v naXdX ^noeXXl^ dnobXaoiX ,;nXbx»XxOnX olXi lo cifXaw IXa nX enaXdaXiriO -oic eX 'd nx*''Oir{^ .XXormoX, '0 XanXbiBl’ baa ./^laT dcic tXasi^-xs od noldiaocqo iXvild oenadaXsoi efeXtdnoO booXbntoiqftn ^dsod -XanA od baa loXnoXd'i-q aX YirreK lo ^c^Ioadds bXocfOYrf" ©-^d (X) .1£I »82X .q ’\ 3 lB&bI rraoi'XMnA \-?eT. ©rfl’' jcnioT. ,oj.iaqa -90X- M Semitism in general, for, as Henry Van Dyke once phrased it in his inimitable and characteristic manner: ’'Anti-Semitism is a form of Anti-Christianity.” Dislike of the Unlike Biased literature may and does have its influence dulled eventually by such writers as were named in the preceding paragraphs, but, the prejudice of one group of people against another group living in the same country is a bias that is at once acute and serious. It is often the nature of human beings in one group (definitely studied in the field of social psy- chology) to discriminate against another group sometimes be- cause of hatred, many times from fear, and frequently from contempt or envy. Some v/riters maintain that ’’group prejudice rests, not on acquaintance, not even on real qualities of one’s own people and the other group, but simply on the stereotypes, on what we have been taught to expect . ” (1) It would seem as though any mark of difference between one group and another offers fertile ground for the growth of prejudice be it habits, customs, religion, language, the color of the skin or even the shape of the nosej Such group prejudice is not manifested against the Jews only. It is the basis of the bigotry that sometimes exists v/ithin the Protestant religion - between the Methodists and the Baptists or the Episcopalians and the Unitarians. It is the basis of the old Southern mountain (1) Levinger, Lee J, ’’Anti-Semitism Yesterday and Tomorrow,” p . 264 " " it beerirlq’ ooao rraV an ^‘lo'i . JlniGirap, nJ ciaJictljiioo Pisi-^L'rtoC-.iictrrA" rTsnnjKc; c/.;tai'xaUaB'inrio birii aicni xirf-^ni alri ni C, •‘ . TC^2iifiI:JaI'ifl'0- ‘dft*. lo mnox o al 93f bln'J ariJ lo 03trIaK : botXx-rb 6o«or;I‘ini s:tX avr-ri eaob bn& a*n/iB'iQCtxI bse/aiH 3ni5oo&iCT Oila ril beiuBa o*i©w as a'io:?Mv} tiouc. rd Y-^^Inintriovo. iscrlarifi ©Icrooq lo qworr3 ano eoIctf^/i'T ; a'(- ^ exiqn'iQ^t'inq ixi t,n!b fi aX riini/oo oniBa o;M ni ^nlvil qtro'lB lorC-loojB eiaXati fTo.rrr/ri lo a'lujfnn ar'j xio*’^'\o» 2 i iJ . i/.'cl'ie»e X>nB a^iroa Qono qf/or:® al -’\;aq Xsiooe 1? ble^l tn'j lix baibude^ v;Ia:) ; 7II 00 ) ono • « , 0 t -©c.^ cer.iXctdjp.oa qiLfo/i.T aerijonn ©dj&axirL*io>- f 6 c4 f^:;jolorio f-.r'il vli/ioupofi'l vciF 'Toil ae; ti v£ts.t lo g&u&o ooliuff.o'iq iBrlJ alsialM: a*ie;tiiw eno." .vT'na *20 ctOiBo:t'Xtoo c’ono lo noL^XlBX/p Xnei no navo :Jon , oonB^niBi/pos no ton ,a:iEon ;E;iq,o Ofli oxxb eiqoec ittro , aeq^f^OC'i&iJG on:J no on nsos olnow fl) .xt oeqxa o£ :tx: naad ovnri ow isriw no nafljortc bna quo'iTj ano noawaoJ oonsnelllb 'io ^nxitn ri^ijouct ^isiJ dssd il- ad ooXbi/f.onq lo rfxfwong 0fl7 no • fcnnoix eXXctnsl a/tello^ £f.' /isX ^bikoIelo ori;J nevy no nX^Ia ©if:t lo noloo oxid , 05 3 ^noi^blm ociiifs L ojaslXnnm .Ion ei ooXr>u{.diq qtrong rioir£ l&eon odv lo oB^Ij \n^ost^f ox[;t lo aieej oria ai -X-tno ev.rot, oricJ iantBj& edi noovfiod - nv^i.^XIon dnjad-ae.-fon? vcio nlriJiw aialxo zeLuiamoc 9 cLi bnjc ifiqooeXq^X sri;? no axtai;Jq£f- add bru aitlboria^: aJ si.nuoco rtnoricac2 XXo lo alaco orW ai .an^XiBcHnq ” ^vfonnoo.ol Ynonad^ao** malJ'X 'TO?- ‘nA’’ .C, ooJ feuds; it is an underlying c ause of the mild friction that exists between different preparatory schools, V/hile it is true that in many instances such prejudice breeds loyalty and devotion in one group, it is equally certain that at the same time contempt, and often hatred are generated for the other group. It is this "dislike of the unlike" (unlike, many times because people have been taught to exTB ct a difference) coupled with the dislike of the nev/er arrival tha.t is largely the foundation of the Gentiles’ intolerance of the Jev/s. Lev/is Gannett maintains that "Anti-Semitism, as it mani- fests itself in America, is essentiaxly a part of a long Anglo-Saxon tradition of dislike of the nev/er arrival. *\nglo- Saxon Americans have small interest in the ’melting pot’ ex- cept as a phrase. They do not want to be fused with other races, traditions, and cultures. It is not so much Anti- Semitism, Christian theology, or Jewish traits that stand in the v/ay as smug Anglo-Saxon tradition of exclusiveness and self sufficiency." (l) ^’or that matter Lev/is Gannett might point to the smugness of the Czarist Russians and the Nazi regime in their dislike of the Jews--quite as obvious (and surely more deadly) than that of the Anglo-Saxons. Even the most sanguine of psychologists or philosophers can offer but little hope that minority groups (often the (l) Gannett, Lev/is S. "Is America Anti-Semitic?" Nation Earch 21, 1923 1 t : - i:_ XjC .1 I oXj. L'! 0^ i,J 5 ^LV> D ,\.T- f" ,t ; ; 8X Ji sfirfW .3f.oorfr>^. ' r£^-yi.r;r'-^'^ i:. no^vr&fud' a:aL-$ j ‘ ( fcrtfi Btseicf eolti'to jl r('v5 rirjonjej'EfTi" ~x *BaiS e^u ih A 9CL£>‘iJ 9flt :}£ jjsrf? \^i: j- 09 ai jj- . nf. no i .to si) K~ 'idn'Jo C'i{J 'lo: r9ti*i9ns?,v; 9*13 Io7l :n frn,i .t; cJnoo 9tvij i , ) "cfiixaL exit lo ©iileib** s.tr’J t. .t'-oiv ( 0 Ofie*x© 1 1 i b XI to y X ^ ^ .It. rxi neecf iiXc^ofjcr •'I T;^i. ai . .-nj Ixvi'ixi- 'ipwen eilt I 0 oz-lllaib -r.ft :'Jiv rsi.i-os .9-"9l exit . eonjBT Cjjfr: ’ o..j I 0 noi: Ja^.bacol a. •»- ‘ .*. •'' - I nx:-! t i , xis 1 J / '.a'x ixsOx- aa: i- .! n r b,?. ? I ,t ca. ; i iv-:. I XI 7 ..- •;.' .: 1 1 .' as j ae ji ,.o.:x.'. n.^ ._03.'i *:ter.': - -1 -> ) t;- : irL '.0 ^i X 't 10 o-ila:!' :.w ; : Um-j : oxr.-j- ' .i - -'.zr- j 9^1,: a: Jaoijtn: i Ljv.3 1 1 5 .:.., i?'3w ' ' ^-. c'i .) . 1 ^ 9 -.v joii •.3X1’'' . i .: 1 a j.i _ r, -iJfi:. Ij. i3 00 ."on 2i T . j i.o : i.b.i'i* . -.*;t , 3 i , ' lit rtaiv?'?;. ra.I f . cnaJs u ,v ?roox'* xr.'':' , 3 a i..;o 3 ; iac*no'.''. 'or-j to .io : Tt . 1 a.'oo 3 -'oi, ‘-...-n: ns \:i%f siij : .i ti ‘saafiP ?: TojJa::: :«:i7 ‘I't (X* . tls:i .'••p''': /s.ill 0 . ^ br:^ 2 . ^extJxriO ixlJ lo . . ^ o.al j ;. ' ifi.s' '.u'vdc S-O 9 . U --ew.o^ e.'t to 3 L xiodJ nl ,^. ooo-oI'ifiA exit to *S;': nusdt {\\i:. e-.orr ^xstui . i '.? ’ a'XJ.i .;o3o £I . .> r, :•; ."' : To oys iai'Tca''76 0 ::iJ aevS 4 out Ajtto,' C-. 07:-. \Ji. ionim :. .i7 % c i sLJtxi J . o' xoVio iii»a -'a/. n i' t ia: j2- 1 :iA 3.1 3 r o -aiC , iw: (I) • f'Vi* newer arrivals) will meet v/ith complete equality until they have been in this country for generation after generation and, Swedish- like the Irish-Americans , the Gerraan-Americans, the Americans, they prove, through long years, that they have no desire to overthrow our cherished institutions and are v/illing to become loyal to them. Even the most biased Gentile after reading Chapters II to VII of this thesis must admit that the Jews from 1492 imtil the present day, minority group that they were and are, have evinced unswerving patriotism and out- standing loyalty to our institutions. Trial And Crucifixion Of Je sus That Christ was crucified is an established fact; that the Jews were entirely responsible for His death is a state- ment that students of history today are questioning. The writer feels that this thesis does not call for a complete weighing of this vexatio quaestio because it demands the atten tion of the wisest of imprejudiced scholars; but, since one of the reasons for intolerance towards the Jew is based on the effect of the New Testament story of the trial and crucifixion of Jesus, it would seem to be fitting and in the interests of justice and fair treatment, to hear from Rabbi Lee Levinger upon this subject. He feels that "the New Testament story made the Jews the villains in the Christian drama of salvation as they still are in the Oberammergau Passion Play even today. Only in modern times have occasional scholars gone beyond a protest at applying wholesale the pimishment for a crime many - 112 - zJoeni XXiw ( i Cuvl'i'xc levrori Xl:.' ftu x^ i OooXqmoo iiooo' dvsd aoi.tA-t^aas ‘loc^ta aot:t,6'iofiaa ^ol ^r'ltfnuoo sxri:^ rrl ^ensoX'xonfi'.-xfsi'xI oilXX -rCeibewS on':f ^ensoXto.'TA-nxjnT'xoO .-^TO'tcr vod ,anaoM©5iA on ovp.r( and xlauonf^^ 'luo v/o'id'revo oi ©iXasb :^ntXX.tw ftT:a bcu3 enoX^didanX bofiaXTS^r^o oP Xb^oX amooocf od ‘lodlo oXX^ii©r: f)oeaX<^ d’acrp pn.X nor- od II sio^fqBilO e.iX XBiit :fXfSLbB ;teura alE^rbX eXd lo II Xidau taonl ewo-j ctBhj qi/o*ia dnoao'iq oxid ovari .©na b«B eiov/ '<;3nd -Xtro Dna xaeXdoXnXaq ^nlvno^ent/ i>eoriXv6 yXI^yoX 3ftXX)fXBJB . ertoXdi/dXXefiX *iiJo od enaeX; 22 noXKmonnO bftA XbIjxX gbs^ d£i*2r{0 ^jAiIT dBfid idofil borieXXo'flIt© fu eX tdllXoi/no dcXanooson -adaJB fl £X rfdaeb eXH no'l adnci^Bde darid dneirr .'vfiXnoXdBCUt-: ena xai^od "lode M 1o aXoal ledXiw od-Xqmoo a nol IXao don fi-'^ob sXfcOf’d eliid darld- xiedda ond a^na. oL di ©suaoocf oXdasB^ daaeXw odd lo noXd ario oonXe ,ducf iciaXofloa boo lo ab-sswiid eoftanoXodnX lol snoaBat ord ©dr rxo beasc eX waL end lo vioda daer^d^eT woTI and to doello m ^xX•ltolx‘Io brtR X.^ -id end od ;.ioee OXiiov; dl .cnael, lo lo adaanodnX erld nX bna ?*fiXddn ed dnemdaend dal bna ooXdB;/L •raartXveJ eevi Xc'da" fflonl na* d od . .doetcfna eXdd noqy dnonDidaoT r/oil odd" dBnd 3laf»l eH awsX. add ebam fuaXde-'inr) arid nX enXaXXtv arid , uoXdavXaa- lo ar.aiL aa nolasal ua^ioncnanodO odd nX eis XXXda •''add . ;abo.t neve TsXl XanoXeaooo ovod earaXd niobom nX \^Xno ;; baoxoc ono- enaXorioa ©dd oXaseXodw snXrXqca ds daodonq Yitafij eitiXno a nol dnonnicimrq hundreds of years old to remote descendants of the guilty, and 1 I have turned to examination of the crime itself and the evidence against the Jews,'’(l) Rahbi Levinger feels that Professor Conrad H. Moehlman of the Colgate-Rochester Divinity School has 1 I made a thorough examination of the New Testament documents and ' "he shows that the story in the gospels regarding a trial of Jesus before the Sanhedrin and then before Pilate must be in- I correct; the Sanhedrin had the power to execute for offenses ' the they would have stoned the offender to against Jewish law; j death if they had condemned him. The fact that Jesus was con- j demned by Pilate and crucified in Roman fashion proves that j I however many enemies, as well as friends and followers. He may have had among the Jews, He was actually put to death by the Romans under suspicion of being a Messianic pretender and therefore a potential rebel against Rome, The charge against i was therefore the Him political and came under jurisdiction | of the Roman procurator, Pilate dealt with Jesus on the charge j of treason. The inscription placed on the cross, ’This is Jesus, the king of the Jews’, in its very mockery expressed the true reason for the whole terrible miscarriage of justice. The current form of the story was the creation of later times, when the rising Christian Church desired to make converts among the Romans and to disavov/ too close connection with the Jews, Hence the folk of Jesus, who mombered among their many (1) Levinger, Lee J, "Anti-Semitism Yesterday and Tomorrow," p , 160 - 113 - oi- e.^Rer, 'to abe^tbrnri I'lr.R ^v^I.cr/s erii lo octcKa'i ot b-?n'xcr;i oviu-f ©oii&biva ⅈt r.riB lE^a.n ami'io or(d lo noirttj.iimBxe ©il^ .tenix'.jjfB "xoa j d'arfj f^xa©*! ‘laji.tlvftu!!’ -l^''JjbH (X,'*’«^vaX» orJ lo fiBn.X.'fsoin ,H 'Jd^'iiioO an:l Locxh^ ^ Inxv.'CI 'X5d-8»i-DC'H-o;JB3Xci: :ioi.-t!!^nimi5X8 rf^Lro^iorf^ 3 obncr £)njQ ^7aOiihsnob .;no«ua:te©T v/oH oif;^ lo ©:{*’ lo Xjl‘:l B fiTaqRo^ nX 'c'lo^a ori* sA-^jifc »rid 3*iolod E j3©li. -nJL ocJ in.'fr: 5J- lX'^ rr^olod irer; ! ^^tB nl'ibGtiual xtl^diorfriA^ odd do^'i'ico adanallo 'lol ot:;o©X5' id 'xawoci ©dd: ban ; dsXcsl. crl4 dani«3B o.-t 'i0oa©Tio- oni 0on6in avari oXfJOW osd '.‘o.ict ridsaXi - '00 aa*.v ewaoT, r'dxtdj dox:'* ©riT . o©nr:©Drroo U d/ic eJaXX- ^an'd aavoT r oamoF aX b©motr«u> e.i- Xls7/ p.e ^^nau *•*! ovurf Grid ridaob oi dx/q "oXB^dcJi: -pw ©I 'leLnxx snacroa bna 'i©f>a©d©'iq oinaXE^pd a . n-^XcXfTctoi Xv ‘ t IcXdaodoc c ©'xolo^ond darXfl-B G ,*i..do eri- . -:ioa ®*xol©*xodd* biXB XaoXdiXoq miH xi'i Xdo ’baX'xaf, ©rid 'lobnx*' ©nrao .TCdsnr/oo-iq naiaoK ©rid lo ©Siailo ©rid no ax/eoX ridJw dXe&Jb ©daXt^i . xo?.aond lo a! cXriT' ,8ac-io ©rid no b©0Blq noldqX'ionnl ©rf* uw©I> orid lo 3^X0! ©f..o ^'*.. 2©I» ^©iit’OTnxo ynoiioor. So X itX t oxjnd OjSd .'•'• oXorir? orid *iol noRSQ'i J dan’ lo ©r^s t'xnc 08 ici ©Xdinood ,^©nXd iad»^X lo noldao'fo ©rid eaw y-.od.. ©rid lo ptoI dnM'-.xxo. ©xfl’ orid noo'w adiovnoo doian; od ricxjriO noideinriO boP Siiirno^^ ©rid nnooia pcid xldiw iiC idoqxxuo -o^olo ood wrvsoXb od ©rid ©c :©K .swoT» ynam 'liorid be*-Oxifix/ii cxlw ,ei;3©I, lo riXox (X) ^dnA • ©o.T .id^nivoCC- '* rcadd^x^^oc ^ wo‘i'i'^inC’1' ' bnjB y’B'^’XOdSijy 061 .q parties Jesus Himself and His apostles, were blamed en masse for His actual death. ’*(1) As mentioned before, the writer of this thesis can nei- ther refute nor affirm these arguments for they demand deep scholarly research and reflection, but it is heartening to note that a Christian like Professor Moehlman has studied this problem and offers his arguments v;ith the obvious hope that less religious intolerance may result from a consideration of them. A Jew and Gentile Symposium conducted recently by a lead- ing American magazine (2) brings on to the same forum a Rabbi, an Episcopal Bishop and a Jesuit Father who discuss in admir- able temper the question of the need of toleration and calm judgment in the interpretation of the New Testament documents dealing with the placing of responsibility for the Crucifixion As might be expected from experience, the participants in the symposium do not come to a complete agreement, but, the fact is revealed, from a reading of their arguments, that light and truth were their objects - not heat and hate. The morning light may not be discernible to all, but certain it is that darkness diminishing even however slowly. j ^ I I Superiority Complex Of The Christians And The Compensatory j I Technique Of The Jews i Prom time immemorial it would seem that superiority I It (1) Levinger, Lee J. "Anti-Semitism Yesterday and Tomorrow," '! p. 161-162 (2) Jew and Gentile: A Symposium, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1928 <1 - 114 - . ^ StiCtlfiCT r-f ‘ft * «i r + hfl£‘ ^X'SS/vl-tF ZU39 9css£a n$ DS-nsIc srr.^v/ eut^cnu -j- (X) Ixtjy.+OB sJP Tiol or?* .eiolsd Banclitisn eA -ton noo f,l :tr.J strtt to ^saatt rntris ion aintoi •: rf? qoab bnsmab v:ofIJ "lol eJnactiT.'ti- Uoai'lot oaa rio-reoaei rXioIorioa oi aArn«J-ir.»ri a-' Ji J'/a ,*to »^»iX r^i^a^'ldO « aJon eifO baib.JJa Euii n/imXrlooM •tr.aaol-.-.':? eiaamiJSi- «Xf! aas'I'lo bcii iunldoac ia.<^ oqp.1 sjotvc'o Oi'.t rfil# aeoX xor. otnp-toloirl ov-tr Moi 1o noii.asbXEdOO fi moal .rrrsiid’ bna wst, A boJoabrioo r.B/.!Boq!T!;£ ^'XidrsC -Baal a Xt o-> don ve." d-H dariS CX dX flUdiM duq ,IX. aj^ 'i-.vf'7/oci .xovf) rxxriaXxitxi/: . ,'TwoXs T-xodaenodBoO Od- bnx SS^ li i^i3-»£2 axpXrLii.c^'T swotj \2. - iXr-.w iX Xeticrtor..-' ori v aO'rt rt tdoi-ceq;«' dAdi ;.oea vob'ioJaar aeiiX. -MI- / 1 « vd I I 1 ! complexes have flourished and inferioritv obsessions resulted | I quite as a natural outcome. Eve’s dissatisfaction was based j not so much on her desire to include more vitamines in her i diet as that she was made to feel inferior by the Serpent’s j wisdom and consequently permitted him to dominate her. Pos- sibly her subjection to the Serpent caused Adam to be the first male to refer to the mental inferiority of woman (pre- sumably the Serpent v/as a male one) and so the first superior- ity myth was born. It would be Interesting (and fairly worth while) to continue to trace some of the other superiority myths (sometimes characterized as notions) that have risen and fallen since the beginning of man but few of them would be pertinent to this thesis. The feeling of importance and sup- eriority, manifested by many Gentiles over the Israelites, and the compensatory technique in attitudes v/hich the Jew has adopted to meet this situation is the problem at hand. For centuries the Christians have felt their business methods v;ere jl more ethical than the Jews. Yet, who is resnonsible for the il fact that the Jews are the money lenders? As Miller states I it: ”We have taken the popular prejudice against economic I exploitation and tried to believe this is a peculiar habit of jj j; the Jews. During that medieval period when Jews were pro- f I hibited from many forms of work and ownership, they lived by ! lending money. The lav/s, taking their suggestion the 1 from I ! Bible, forbade interest or usury, but when there was need the j ' Christians borrowed money, and the Jews lent it at interest. - 115 - ' 1 -• M ^ b 9&ipr^Am- o«lei^»e3±i) a ’ ev^' '. moo;tij6.IAnv:im A tvp'l uj" ' \v jH ; ''v s^:* n fw’ »> ' .JbIb r »«»> oif>xrIofiJtr»\ orlit oi * .&6E ‘dnirai ©'itf' fXJ ocf mabA jso ' ' ’ . ‘ "- . •'-; . .r- ’ ’*1 -o’xq) rtnmow lo IcJcrofr odi o^ oc^d -^Xi-s^cajis ©ficJ ott fiita C^no o^jqct s saw JxtooiaS -*ioi*i9Q'J*3' ^a*i,rif’ ^ 3iil:tBio«:9;^nX 9 ©Iri^f o^ ;tfl©nX^*ioq , i -CTirc one dofWrf^oq*tfX to ^clXo^t ©ifT .2la©riJ - MU *S r , , be^a©lXitao -ao;tXIoB*ief^ orfrt *iovc BsIiitndr^jY^’Lexn ^fcoAsccieccioo ©d^ X»fa>* eaxi wot orlt'^rfoiffw aabtrlXo^ts nl ©i/pirtfto©^ fl . od’ badcobs *10*^ .oftnrt ra©Xt-0^ aa©ci.l2^4 dX©t ova/l &©l'ic/do6. ©••law sboddois ^ 'j' •' ' arid fLorld' iBoixid© oioc arfd Tot ©If/XBftoQS ©7 9 i o4v tdoY .bt/bT» dost * aadadc *inXIX^ 8A ?n«iof>cr©X '^^orto® ©4;i ©is ewaL ©nd £add : Al -- • n .. ^fd /(p avad aW*’ : olmonode itrr ‘r»^ aoiiir/t©*i * r Xavslboin dsdd * » -oaa aiow Qw&T, fxarfw Jbola©q f > f .v^l ’ll a'- vedd ;qld8*ianwo baa ^aow to.eciaot tn«P fw:'it bed tdld v., •V’" <;i vd' 'iavXI. * J • i. ' > ' fiEn? %» K>^ >n alaitid ^nl:?isd ^^ewsX ^dSl .'^dno^ pxilbii: add rx»at aoldsar ^ x/e ’•• 2 V»r^t- ^ daaaadal afcsdaot arid bean acw ©lorld nariw da • -GJ.X f „ . ' ' -f w rW •. 1 Jk.i They thus became law breakers and this fact easily justified the nrejudice against the Jew in trade and finance. His meth- ods have now been adopted in the business world, and the modern usurer is called a capitalist, and stands at the top of prestige in the Christian world and yet the prejudice against the Jew goes on,'’(l) So from this procedure of the middle ages the Jews gradually came to have the opportunities for economic advancement. While the Scotch are called thrifty and sometimes sharp and the Vermont Yankee is dubbed shrewd at driving a bargain, neither one has ever had the terms of oppro- brium hurled at him that the Jew is constantly enduring. These tags, too well known to enumerate, cling to the Israelite and are not generally softened in effect by the tongue in the cheek manner so frequently affected by Christians in referring to the Scotch or to the so-called Yankees. Too often tags are ”the ancient chestnuts of racial prejudice” and are tied on to all kinds of foreign baggage particularly if the baggage originally belonged to immigrants of lowly origin who are tending (through business acumen and unceasing application) to monopolize the subdivisions of industry where they have estab- lished themselves. (2) As the Editors of Fortune expressed it: ’’The very fact of the existence of discriminatory quotas and barriers and the like in industry and education and the (1) Miller, Adolphus H. ’’Races, Nations and Classes,” p. 92 (2) See Chapter VII - 116 - v/bX erreoacf aird^ btif'i.tcJ-aj/L vltaso ctoc^. eirfu a^ayisQ^d aolX)i/t&r[q ex.« -ujofn sXK .?>oxii3 ni'> ^bi-ui sbju'id ni waT, off:t rfur.lBSB svBri el3o * oxi-^ batfqo^^^B neoc v.on 3 r{\J' £>ftfy ,vX*icw cacfiXBx/cf nX boSS&o el •x-c^rirau riisfaonr •io qo;J sn- wV. abra:fz trui .^csXIectXqBO b arii nX asXXao'iq ^anXB^i,B 9oXX'*u'(,6'iq bl'tow nBxisi.'iriO (I)^.r:o a&oT, w©T. ©i^fX albbtu'. arlct lo e'lx'bo.oo'iq alrf:!' raC'i'i o£ vXlBufce'x^ awcTi edy ao^B t:o 0 eo.lvi lm/;t‘ioqQO orfcf ovflrf oct etoBO olmoncoo b^B Y.IM'irW bellBO ©*ib aoXooS arfX eXif’W .XaomeonBvbB aemXdemoa dB bY/a^a ba-.uVb eX 0©7bt6Y dnom'ioV bcia q-icrfa b ^n^vinb o'lqqo aO amieX erli i>Bd 'lava bbjI ©no nar’d en '^Xd.'tBdBnoo ai weXi ed'i dexld mXrl dB bslnurf ffo/iTicf ©8‘j/fr , 3 ciX*iuj'no iworcf Xlew oo^ ,2-iBd Jbna ©dlleaiaX Gd;t ci .nlXo .adBnarujn© s'i'> orld nt eiJiono;f sri^T -^o doello ni.’ beiad^loe YldnaixF©*!^ oa 'tennxjm .d©©do SnX'i'iole ‘1 nX axtBldaXnflO bddov’X'ie b©XXBt-oe ©rid ^o rfoXooa ©dX od ©'xn e?.3 d ae:flo coT .coodaBY XfiXoari 'io edimteodo dneionn edd’ oX no t ©XX ©'IS bna ''t©Xbx/I.©'in o^B^s^d nsXo'to'i Xo aLnIn XIe o:qB 3SacJ edX ^I cX^alaald'iBq TlXanX'- ^lo ©^B odw rtt^lno tIwoI Xo aXfTBn^XuUrX od bat^rioXod eaofixenci d^nondX) ^nXoneX oX {noXXaoXXqqa ?->nJafl©ofu/ bna namc/os nnolaXvibdx/e odd erXIoqoftom -dBdeo ©vBxl rarid ©'lariw TnXB'.bfii Io 2 . aoviaaciadd bedciX b©8E©nqr.o exti/dio'' lo a^odXbS ©riX aA ( ) Io XoB-i ^*i©v ©if/" :XX ©Bdoi/p 'C'lodenXmX'ioelb lo eonodelx© ©dX odd bn© *iaX*i‘iBd bna odd bOB noXdiionb© bn£ -,'i.d-inbnX nX o^fXX ' a-o-’".Xob:^ ^aaXXXM not only of Gentile injustice, but also , professions is proof, of the Jewish tendency to inundate a field where other Jews j| : have made entrance. It is a national trait and an understand- ! able trait but it serves to exaggerate the feeling of strange- ness and hence the prejudice which that feeling inspires. See- II Jews clannishly crowding together in particular businesses il ing ij and particular localities the non-Jew (who does not think of himself as acting clannishly) is more than ever impressed with the exotic character of this unusual people. And being im- pressed with the Jews^ difference from himself and hence their j: ; foreigness he is all too ready to resent their economic suc- i; cesses as a kind of outside invasion of his world. He is all too ! ready to that the Jews have more than their ’shared, I agree if i i ’ i the Jews must be opposed. It is to argue that the ii useless con- j| ii elusion is a non sequitur: that there is no reason on earth why |l I a man’s blood stream should qualify his economic achi evements . (1) I ’’Numeru s Clausus ” (or Colleges ! The Limited Number ) In American The superiority complex manifests itself again in the ;! * ii ’’numerus clausus” so definitely (but not always openly) exist- ij ji ing in most of cur is an I; American colleges. It established { ii fact that even if a Jew forges ahead in his academic life and i| |: is permitted to win high honors in so doing, there is no guar- ! il antee that he will be welcomed into the real social life of the ii college. The attitude of many Christian students would seem to iibe: "If you cannot keep the Jew from winning debating ii ( Editors of Fortune, "Jews in iimerica" p.32 ji 1) , -117 - i r a . 'V’ '*^'y ,pf t*i' 'ff^i^- >w &T ^ -r, a«f *" • ' ^ '• • ’ ' , .-, • ' ’ !»"•' • . *j!' « . ,--vf", . -"li?", .* -. . i'' y>fftis"i) -c* •'.i ItP^oelfl ^^;c^ ,9oi^ai/cfii aX-t^aoO la ^oa ,1to^>i(3. s'i^aaoisa^lGrrq ' -' ' . »• * - f- S . •' -V , , I . V v'W.. . , 2W9l adiilo G'loxlf/ Jbioil o o^ ioa^baoy^ xi^a^kviaTi^rOtL^l’lo ' ,'.' ‘t . . - , . , u...... * -feao^a'isJbax' aa b' si, dT .‘ abaaata^ o^Bd' ^ i? , ^ :.. -d’jJiBa^a sa-tlBel .QjfJJ slBioa^xa ot eevae^ fttjd ^ida • • •> - . -j . -^90o . ES'Xic^ani ^iilleel jBdJ rloiriw 8/l.cfc 3oa©ii, Jiia aaea aoasfmlead 'isi^oii'Lsg, nl Si^-iXwoto. \-l£i^iaasl6 3r-©i*:5^ i .. ' jc . - - ^ • ' ,\( . ' ri J ' * * . 3oa sooi ’cwiT?) are'--.';oa e'd^ aBiTfiaooAt ta» to * • • • * ^eaea iijal 'lavo n^it o?(oiii' ei . rxXrich^iiB]^^^ itiiw ' • ‘ • ‘ .. - '1, 1* jv , : 'I, -Lit, 3fti8d>f)xxA .©Xqooq X'EiJcjaati siili 'xo aaiojjijwio otJ'pxa ,ori.a > j • . . iJtdili 9oao/i 5aB tXoaDixit dual ©oa^'t^i'iXB 'aaraXi orf;r ifiiw U)08a9;iq -oxjs al.- .oaQC !:^.^©/! p- \;£x98i ,6o;f X'Xa aX-©f[ ea “aJnt qf"s^8Q88ft,o; • XXa aX, a_H' .B'XtQW tp aotaavax ^ifta^Xic: Iq 3 ^ * ‘ * • * ,»9T64ia» ilerii au/icf' oaaci avail auaX ed^ 9o*£s» oJ ’paai adi, •ftoo adl S-iJill OiJsaaa o«i ^ol'esu ei il .4i6B4qqci e bo’:tl6 8 ' • J&I/ ortc LLsatw a . 3^ aSiOBva lA oa otG -yaoca x^xleup aecffliLT to * ^£:.ietn^0 aar.qXXqD af; 0 t^xoira £l [ I aaT ) dd^l nX a/a^a*^X9Btfi eleeVinsn xettipioo -jaXxe ;vlhp;it> ^ara^Xo ^Xoa oa «aBeiTflXo‘a4 rqitciXcfataa aa st jT. .ao^slloo naoiTeaiA. Tii.> ta 'aOiH at St^ai aa-v ©til LhaefhBQn a-ifl at j3o:Ib 4a3W 7iB7^ ^ tt n^r& •tad^ ' '- ^ : , , -111143 oa Si aiaxiX t5i*TXqB oJs’ni aToAS.X XsXrt hI;t Iurlaq^Xj ' ' ’^‘ ' '^^ '’ y • ^ ii QIXX’ XaXooa ^xLf^oSal bVaopXaw ao XXif; ad xadi ev^na adi to V M, ^ • 1 - ,' ' ^ Mr T.-m" , . ’.I fAy'frin irrfrATT TfUi »feiia^^ii'5i3 silTI’ X. OJ fliaoQ LiXi'Ow einaj!»jjw*s aafiai’tilOXAf rSCiJAi, tva^^XXa^^XXq'g ‘f'l 9 -•' , ^ p«^ ^ ^ ! r r .f^ .‘s , eio^I&^y is,q‘ ^ ”tTdi^SmJ!5 axg7 10^X0 ii - I -?IX- » ' fe.4 ..fS honors, you can exclude him from social clubs and fraterni- I ties." This kind of racial intolerance is a two edged sword - j it cuts down the number of Jewish students the while it in- i creases their determination to become surmna cum laude graduates]! »Y/ith the handicap against us, what can we do but try to be smart? It’s what makes us plod harder than the Gentile'. Ihis is the voice of a Jewish undergraduate at Harvard. "(1) VJhile to the unbigoted mind the quota is but evidence of the "dry rot of exclusiveness" existing in college circles today, it must be admitted that endowed colleges are private corporations I and as such have every right to form and maintain their own standards. Such colleges endeavoring to give a reason for the maintenance of the quota plan point out that "to maintain i standards against untrained minds and spirits is not oppres- | } Sion or prejudice; we must carry forward the character and ideals entrusted to our keeping. "(2) | I I Annoying Jev/ish Traits A similar argument holds for the social discrimination that is so prevalent in certain clubs and in summer hotels. Much questioning of Gentiles subscribing to this "sacred anti- pathy" reveals the ansv/ers that Jews are coarse, loud mouthed, aggressive, showily dressed, purse proud with vulgar table manners and are not acceptable to the majority of the members of a club or to the other guests in resort hotels. Nov/ it is (1) Cournos, John, "An Epistle to the Jews," The Atlantic Monthly, December, 1937, p. 724. (2) Editorial, "Exclusion from College," Outlook, July 5, 1922. - 118 - ^ ii . '.? \wumSmmL'j^geawB*., w r^M5 ^,'^f » • f m -iniisjcal fius'^Bcruio Xisioos- mont miri sbBXoxe-tmo'-'t/ot .ewnod f /jj:' “•; ’ ' ... •'^-1 -? **-: , 'is . t*‘ ...-•’i'S^'^f' «‘ - i>6H^© lOv/d' b si! ©onB*isXo^ni: XbXosti io six® • D*iowe ' • • ' •' ’T - I ^HPSfc-ifT «-:.«(• & _ 't_ ^ 1«m>vT tifrpf)'/ fi^ P\ t' e;Ji/oP *4 f f ^ ^MJL^Rp&l -ni-^X oXMw ^0X^c^ 'SnebxfcJe rfsXwoXi. /io *i 3cfmirn orfct ’•>>.•.%' '.-' ?*"' =.-^ ‘A, » - ,. sei’Bjift^X'^r^obxjsX mu's Brranus "^omooscl oJi rwXi©n.XET©ioX) iXorf^t sasBorco/ * •m ^ mm i i * » — • ^ b2P i- exf^ Q ssslBin: ?cf*isne slxfT .'oil^noO oxlcj-' xXBcf^ leb'ijsrf boXq sir dsrf^ 1. ,- •' ^ - t*-' ^ •, T ^ - lb bXXxIW (X)^* .^•lsv^bH ctB ectaxrbafi.j'idJbxix; rieXweX b Io ©olov ©ri:i aX.' 4 .' ©rl^ ob 7'ii)” eri:^ io ©onoX>Jtve iixrf BisBd-oxxp e*i^ I)£iX® beJ03ltf£n/ , S 0 *-.n _ iX ^-^bod-' aoXoiio ©saXIoo nti' 3«i:telX3 "sEOXTSviat'Ioxa'*’ “io bectd'XinDB © nwo *ltorii olB:iniBni bxiB irib^ o^ -^^ovo ©VBxi rioixs bb bcm .ebiBbriflis ©xijf ‘xo'l noeaei b avi^ q^. jtni'xovBObod- eajj^IXoo dooS *•' '*^ >1 / I oofXBXXdd'nI.BBr * nladfllaii*K o;i” d’flrfi Xuo dx:Xoq naXq ^iopp Io | H I boiiiB*i^ra; beniB^a ex:rLBbxta;Jjd -ao«iqqo^, ^onn si edlTXr’a’ JbfTB cbxiX« Ifj^. | aoia * ojBifiiio ©rid b'iBW'xo'i '\^'i*xbo ,^ 8 ixin** ©w ^ ©oXbx/t©*icr io £>xib ' 10^ ' fc - ^ -s (S)”.^;aXq©e3f *wxo od- badeo^d-n© slaebX AM> sdlaiT rfgiTT©]^ :>ni-yoftxi;^, xVj f noldBfflmXiOBlb Xaiooe ©rid lol abXorf dnoflio-^ia laXlutia A nl dnoXaveiq, oa bX darid • aXadoxf lOfuiu/a aJt bna cdi/Xc rfiadioo 7 ' ^' 'io 3ilxioidaoi/ptfox/!«j -XdrtB X>©ioBe« eXrid od anXdXioarii/e, apXXdnoO J V r. /, V 0 ^ n "^ridBjr-. .boridi/Off bxfoX .©aiaoo ©ib swoL darid Biewana crid cXbsv©*! * i* ; - ^ » eXiad* iB^Jlav ridXw booiq. ©auxiq*'* ^t©eao*ib, Y>J^Xircria ^eyiesGis^d n ©IcBdqooca don. sis boB aiorot^^ aiodtnow ©irtd lo ^dXiQtaa arid od V, ' ^ «io dxfXo b lo bX dX v/oK .Bledori dioeei ol edaair^ i©xJdo ©rid od " '^Jl (X) oldnaldA oifT •''.awoX orfd od ©X3 aXqS, nA” ^nrioL,. taonufoO ' ‘'ii. * . 1- . ^Yiridno^r ' . ,^sv ^'i^dmepoff ^ ,XeXiodlf30’ (Si .SSeX .3 vli/r; ,ift)DId^ro‘",^?•©XXoO i30?ft' . 4 I t true that some Jev/s (not all) cause many Gentiles to have a revulsion of feeling towards them because they do exhibit many I or all of the attributes cited above, but, as Abram Simon points out: ”Par be it from me to exculpate the vulgarities and the flaunting insolence of individual Jews. But what I do i most strenuously resent is the indictment of all our people because of the cupidity or stupidity of some or many.’*(l) It is a fairly simple matter to ascertain the cause of many of the more distasteful traits and mannerisms of some of the Israel- I i ites. ’’The conspicuousness of the Jew is in large part due to ! I his psychopathic adjustment to his environment. It is further j due to the necessary technique for survival. V/hen the Jew was j i driven to the ghetto, when laws against owning land and other | i structures were put upon him, he had to be aggressive or starve. The Jew who waited for customers suffered, so he went j after them without waiting for an invitation. He v/as a pioneer in salesmanship which we now teach in schools, but many of his mannerisms persist in his habits, and make uncomfortable those with whom he associates. ” (2) It would seem as though many years must elapse before these disagreeable characteristics can be eliminated from the Jews, and, while at present, pre- judice often justifies its existence because of these attri- butes, it must be remembered that the more cultured Israelites (1) Landman, Isaac, Editor, "Christian and Jew," p. 250 (2) Miller, Herbert A., "Races, Nations and Classes," p. 97 | I I -119- I li € '-Vk •' /j f>vnrf oi eaxiSrteo'.V/^Bffi aE^iio^^CII^cton) sweX, J’siyrejj'i?^ P!*. r^nera d-lrfirla^a ofc ©e;f3oecf atarf^ aJb'XBvrod’ 364Ia&l lb m- alinre^j '‘$''^— '•ET fioBiia WB'idA BB diirii ,avo “ .V-C ‘ o6‘ /ariw djrJ!^^ .swaL IjsubXvttnl lo ©onelbanl anX^fa/aXl arii' bna I '* 'P- ,T- ^.' *itro lo dxtsjrrf-oXbni: a£W al dnaeei ^leLroxTiieiie taoiO: f alooea Ila ' 1' ', ' . ‘V . . .-f *10 orii lo eajJBoecr.|. ! fii *10 lo -^cdUblqadB Yd^lblqjcfo . dl (i)*'.^f( 8 amoe arid lo lo oauBO* arid nXBd'iaoaB od *iddd 8n eXqmla ^ a;' a -XoB-iBl Olid lOnOmoe lo BneX'iannBm Jbna adlBid iyi©deBdeX& ©'lom' welt arid lo eeenei/ox/oiqsaoo ariT*^ .aadi od'^aiff) dOBq o^^bX ni aX ^ •*« vJ 'larid'iirl dl .dnoamo'iiv’na; axi od>dne.Tide;/t.bc oXridBqoxIo^aq aid aX ' ‘ ^ •.». r r- ''fi :.K ^ ^ arid od axrb EflW waL arid xiexl'//,I'.V.B-'.XBvXvnva 'lol . Oi/pXnxioad Y^Aseaoen ^ ' .' /• " >-i lorfdo bojQ bnBX'gnlnwe da.^iaBB swbI rtar^w f^iOddaxw arid od novlfzb » V Rfj R ^ Ra*:' ' '\ *io ovXoco*r,35vs ®ri' ,-mXri ntcis djjq oa:ev/ ea'iirdoi/^da^ * ^ dxxew ari oa ^ba^jellicra ciaicodflbo rcol bed lew' oriw woL e/fT . t* 'toonoXq b eaw eK ,fipXdBdbv«i fte 10I j^ldXisw dx/oridJrw ateiid 'ladlB ' '•,»• ' I , f 8iri''lo ^fiBm dxrri ^aloorioa xxi rioBOd woft^ aw rioi/fw qlrisrtfimealisa' «i ^ eaorid aXcffid*lolxiiaoruj o-^bbi boe ^adldBri*" eXri nl dela'foq 8r::XTOfaia«^'ji^ ' " - ' L » ,i< . bXuow dl (S) “ .eedslabesB orf raoriw* rfdXvr ^nBfii x^i/orld ee meae ' ‘A eoXdclTadoBiexio oXrisee*X3 aeXb eearid e^iolorf e&qcXa deyic 3*xBax^^ “T* -oiq"^d£iGco*iq ds aXXriw «brtB j3waXi arid flxp*il bedanlalXa eo' nsb I K J -i*rddja eear'd lo aeuBoad oonadelxa edX cfiXlXdauo nodlo eo^bbti Bad 1X68*181 bowt/dlcjo oiom arid dBrid beieditioiaa*! ori daum dl ,3ddyri* ' .V ^4 ...... iC“! O^S ,q, V,weTt ttifi /q^ldriilrio^ ^*iodlbg ^osbbI ^.u'rnbftflj (X)^ d*ied*xoH »iaXXlJ! (S) VG .q **,8ec8BlO bOB BctoidBlf ^bqobH" , ,A -exi- are thoroughly av/are of the shortcomings of some of their ! brethren and when discussing the matter with fair-minded j I i Christians generally make this passionate appeal: "Try to | give the Jews time to allow the products of oppression and j persecution to disappear. We admit that many of them possess ! the same characteristics as a hunted animal: fear and suspi- cion have made them aggressive and sometimes coarse, but, Jews learn quickly and if you will use a little patience, a bit more good will, a touch of gentleness and forbearance coupled with the good old fashioned trait of fair play remem- bering that in 1917 and 1918 'noses were not measured when stretcher bearers sought out the wounded' perhaps you will be gratified at the celerity with which the Jews will begin to resemble you.”(l) And if these appealing Jev;s have a sense of | humor they will add "resemble you - in your v/eaknesses as well as in your strengths." l*he "Sweatshop" Charge Today, many Christians freely admit that the Jev/s, as a whole, are a generous people. ?/hile granting this fact, they nullify its effect by remarking that it is deplorable the num- ber of "sweatshops" that have Jev/s for their owners and mana- gers. The "sweatshop" charge has been carefully investigated by John Spargo and the following facts have been gleaned from his study of the situation. The term "sweatshop" came into (1) Not a quotation but based on a paragraph to be found in Sterling, Ada, "The Jew and Civilization," p. 319 - 120 - .'iO' arroE Ic eiav.^B ' f^el'fTifti-^ite'l il^:;w 'roadfln orfcf gnlacjjoBlt nsrir; ^job ns^iiieid ci rXjBoqqe or'AflclEsaq ei::ii 'O.'Ijsr-i snr./^tEiiriO ev/eX.' oricF 9 v *3 F>fTi3 fi >J;r.eo‘icqo 'to R+oirf^oiq ori^ woIIb o:f OMild eeor>.Goq lo Yn/im o^- IntioqqBBhb rro/Jt/oGeneq eotl-elis^JoB'i-rio ^f/se Oifct -;.. i.iL'u LriB 'xael' : rB*'rjifii? ?j 0^fL';r: c sa ,i-;J .oaiBoo aomiieniw^t r::tB av'eEerr*:r'.£ ob^m e^’T.rf nolo ^ocsi^l:^3q c 3 E'' *'Hv^ qor li; bne -Xi-Foi-^jn iinesl 3 W 6 u soiifi'iooct'io'X bn® SEor.oX-’^*!^^ douod b ,Xilw boo"^ oiom tlXcf * y vBXq ‘tI^a lo X i>Xo booji o/t^ jTfdir beXqrJoo tux® ^’XCi. nX 3m.*racf fxoiI\7 bs'ixfs iJi on o on ©‘xov; coeoft' 8 XCX *i xie:to-xde od LLiv Sfo\ an.'iiiDq ’ b&briuov; oiii dx/o ixi", -os ano'Tsec' 3 d/i jdJlldB'Xj nXioet IX Fv/ ewei. ©rid ... J. .7 /Jdl.y Y^-^'^ceXoo and briA (X)*^.x/ov oXdiTiOSOT: 'lo 02XX02 s 9vcri EW&X 3rriXB 9 i^>;y OEObd It 0*1** XXXv/ v 9 ri-1 *iOtiU>it XX^’V E r e©cp.GfL/Xx5tjVi’ nX ~ x/oy sXdflior. bbs , ’ .c-bduiionde 'ixjo'', nl an ' ' "T ” er.^dO '’goae d Bovxt'- axfl.' 3 ^®XdEXir ; 3 8 ® ,awoT. 0 - d dBi-fd dbibo • 4 ctronano a :-nz ,olorls^ Yorid ,doal 2Xrfd ^nldxtr'i.t'. eXJriW . -Xqooq " '• • I , > ^ ~mn and oXcTEnoXc-eb rX di d^rid ;,nXxiflffiO'i doatlo cdX y\lLl:rn dead •’©qoriBdeowa” -o *i 3 f - xtjBJT. iijnB a*ionv.’0 'liorid nc i pv oI» oyaii 0 * bedB^ldaovnl YXXjl0'xnC' no«ci acd Bj.'ierio "qoxisdB^ orll' o^'iaqG naot. cd Mo'tl. bonsoX,' xioed ovsn cdoa't j iiXvxoXIo'i uad Xa® odd Ic ~b'jda aXrl odr.X Ollier ^’qo:iadcdwa'’ ni*i9d erfl .rcIdBirdlE ;.c IdBdoxrp a doiI (X) nX biiijol od oj nq*;'! fi'xac a no boasef d,i?d ’ , rXInedt: -. bfiB woT, enT’’ ^«bA ex . . . ^ofda^XXivXO use after 1885, following the iraraigration of the Russian Jews i to these shores and the corresponding increase in the manufac- | ture of ready-made clothing, Spargo admits that ”sv;eatshops” I ^ grew in numbers under the Russian Jev/s but, he maintains, "We this long before the Jews came, children’s had in country, | i and women’s labor iinder terrible conditions." j It is a well Imown fact that in 1884, New Hampshire em- j ployed young girls and women in factories from five in the ^ I morning until seven at night, with less than an hour for the | I noonday recess, and with wages ranging from a dollar and a half to two dollars a week, ! Who is there to deny that, until recently, the Gentiles in many Southern cotton mills maintained conditions that were ' too bad to talk about. | Spargo grants that in the large cities, "sv/eatshops" ! j I I developed principally under Jewish auspices, but, Jews have I ' taken "an active and an honorable part" in the fight to abol- i ish these shops. He adds: "It was my privilege to take part I in that fight against child labor in the cities and factories I of the North, and I know that in the very forefront of the long struggle for remedial legislation, helping with money and with personal service, side by side with Christians, were many men and women of Jev/ish ancestry and faith, I know, too, that fighting on the other side were both Christians and Jews, It is preposterous that any attempt should be made to so misre- present the struggle for ’the practical humanizing of industry’ - 121 - y . ofi^* iwoXIol ,S6BX 'xey'la'Uai EKdu . , .taTf 30 > _ ,,. ' '- ^' J, .i . -t A fr -T_^ , -oeli/fuain ni ©esoTonl ^i^iJtfcnoigaQT.'lbo^.-f f hrfnna'fi '.^ ’* .‘^oX^ iJbnoo ©XdX'i'toi^ isibro; loduX B’atoitfow X>its i i’ ^ ^ ^ -itio, 0 ^ WsaajBH wsM ->8SX rti iba'l i'xrocil Lievt a ai iX •*. a ’ add aX ovXl fno'i‘1 aeiio^toal ai xxenrow bca eXils ^airoz t>exolq edi ao'l auofi na ru^d seaX ddXw da" novee Xidntr sbXa'iom a bna *iuXXob^fl maai gnl^ft^w aegaw rfdXw bna ,ae0O0*i ^annoon • i .ilaovr a eialXab oird bdr'^'lXsrl' e 0lldn&C' odd t^Xditeo®'! Xldnxf ,dadd ^cifib od ecfbild aJ orf\dr f -• o'iow djEuid aftoXdi/jflOD JbanladfUnin aXXXti^ noddooi n'loddwS V*y $ .difocfa' >(lBd od bed ood ‘Sy v>. .I!'' a* • < . o^OJsqZ 4 * V'aqon'Bdeewc” ,8©ldlo ogiei Qdd ai derid adna*is evBxf eweX ^dixd ,c0oIqeuB rfelweX lebou YXXaqioai'iq boqolovsb > • • , -X6de od ddiv?'X at ’’diaq ©XcJa'konori na boa ©vidoa ne” n©5{ed‘ t Li:\. . _ rial d*ifiq oiJteiJ od ogeXivIiq y® tebba ©H ,eqc.‘de ©aodd »* VI c h- • aoiftcdoel fane 8©idXo odd ftxi *iodaX bJLida dcrrlege drfgil idisdd nl* *’' ' , « V exid lo* dno'iXo'ibl x'^ev &iit^ at daiid wofci X-bac ^ifd'ioH sitd lo •.- -;v . boe ddlw giiiqXofi ^uoidsXcigaX XelLeo©*! *to^ 0Xggx/*xde ^noX , Ynert ©*x©w ^arxeideXorfO ridlw able Yd obla ^aolvioe lanoaioq. ildiw dedd ,ood ,wo!nt I .ridi^sX tne, xadnooaa delwab lo aawow bne aom dl .awaX haa siteideltdO iTdod ©new able laddo add no ^nXdf -©‘laim oa od ©pb« ©cl bl.jode dqnsadda derid eponed^oqaaq' ei* ff '•• : •Y*id8ifbxxl 1$ gaisineflWfi XBoidoa-iq addr «ioX ©IioofEd® ®^d dn©a©':wf^ v V -I2X- as to make it appear that the Jewish people in particular were either hostile or indifferent to it.”(l) With this balancing of fact concerning Christian and Jewish employers, it would seem as though ’’sweatshops" was just another "label" or "tag" used by the uninformed to heap further discredit on a minority group. Shyster Lawyers Many are the stories heard every day of the so-called shyster lawyers. There are lawyers who seem to spring up from the earth, as it were, whenever there is an automobile accident and v/ho seek to be retained as counsel even before the drivers of the cars in the accident can talk the matter over. There is also the "ambulance chaser" who is on hand to offer his services to the injured person generally before he is placed in the ambulance. Too often these over officious lawyers are Jev/ish but it v/ould be neither just nor true to maintain that all such shyster lawyers are Hebrews. The economic necessity, the unconquerable urge that created astute salesmen, that drove the ambitious youth to go after and to secure business just where business existed are found today pushing the young Jewish lawyers on to the street where acci- dents are liable to happen. That over zealous, often objection able barrister, six short years ago, perhaps, was selling papers to finance himself through his last year in high school. (1) Spargo, John, "The Jew and American Ideals," p. 131,132 - 122 - ' ^ aBoqqB s^lBin oj eb 0*1 ew r£fiXx/oJ:ct‘iBQ nX olqoocj :faXwoT» oril (I)'’,ii oi ^triOTollibni *10 eIl:teorX 'toild'is ;^nXonBlr> *’ 3/1 mooB bXx/ow cfi ,B't£*'^oXqin 9 lieXwoL ej3W '* E(jorfs»XB 8WS d^iJod^ *’Ir»OEX' isriooxta qaofi Jbofirro'lfiLrm' ©ricf I'oair 10 .quci*’ ^ ^fbeioaXb 'loriX^'ia'i ane-7«^ 7 sX e't:r{3 and o*ib bollfto-oe orict 1q Y*i©ve b'lBorf e.:'X''-odE .e-ioYwaX *ieX 8 Yrf 8 qif v^l*rqe o*X me»e crrlw sisywbI eis eiorT edX- xaoil oIJJoaiOcttfB na bX -**xer:^ levono'lw ^e^ow rfi eb ^rict*iao bna ifaeblcoa e'toloiS novo loGr.noo sa bontjuio'i ed od :Xo©a oriw E*iao lo e*icvl*i:c oriX *i0^crBCT 0ii;t jXXa;X nao ;frrob.fo.OB od:) al sib” orf- oeXa eX o*ierr «*rovo o;t bfiBc' no rX oriw '’*iotaiio sonaXo EooXvqoc eJrf lalib ori G’lo'^ocf YXXBieno^’i fioe*roq boTtf^nl ocCj ai ai/Cfilq rX BuoXoX'ilo rcovp tGodS noXxO ooT . oor^X^c^rJi ilaXwow o*iJi b*io\» flXnIn.-n ' rifrii r oiiT ,t:wo*io©ri o*iB B*ie^:wfiX *ioX^ 8YXt8 rioi/e IXb i .' -A odudza ^edaouo dadd old eueupno on: 0 -7 ^yXXcsoooa cimofico© ovo'xb .noirrsolan ort bfui 08 od tidifoy cnold Idri^a odd o*TiJOGe bnool o*xb bx>iti*x© eeor'Xajjd o*i 9rfw dei/^ BEbnXsrfO' :jilmua, -XooB 9*io:Ir ^eo*TJe 0I\^ od ao ausvy/al deitroT, ^^nsfox ~^dd noXXoetdo nod\o .sjjolaos lovo dad^ .nocqad od aldsIX e*:/> zdaob tjnXIXoB GBM ^Gc^&riuoc B*ii? 9Y X'lone xLl ^'isieX'i'iBd sidfl eoaBdl/l od eieqaq .loo^'na ri^lii nf *ib©y ^saX eXrf dsiro'iXd IJoemXri nsoXieni.^ baa woT. or?T” ^fifioL .ogiaqS ( rr \ "^sXBObl . -=l= His is the spur of need, but, his practices are adjudged un- ethical by the well established members of the bar. His need, his avidity, his race history, in some measure, explain but do not justify his behavior. AS stated before, every shyster lawyer is not invariably a Jew, but, people at large so denominate him just as, until very lately, every pugilist, thinking to add fierceness and stamina to his claims of prowess voluntarily chose an Irish name - one more bit of testimony to be used in proving the power of labels . There is unquestioned evidence that the rank and file of Jewish lawyers stand cornmendably high. Mr. Justice Louis D. Brandeis is a name with which to conjure. Norman Hapgood called him one of the four brainiest men in America. Benjamin Cardozo’s legal opinions "are written in such lucid style and v/ith such philosophical depth that they are fo\ind among the required readings both in English and philo- sophy courses of universities. " (1) Felix Frankfurter comes to mind as an unquestioned legal leader and enumeration might be made of many Jewish lawyers and judges whose opinions are quoted wherever able advocates congregate The Jewish shyster lawyer unfortunately exists today, but, from the history of the race, it is not over optimistic to lo edi si aiH -«r eia seoW.ocrtq ,J-/cT iao-tri^a btifs 'Xdad ’-o .V'' i»3nn 3i'' .W'-i Mli 1o aiodtiam aid ,7iibiVB s.f.i 9':t/»BOi^' eiroe d.: ,\;-i'jdai.: eoBi #(/rf aiclaxs , .‘ToJtvBriad 3id .snoiad badads 8A -Cidfl’iEvci don Bl isyweX i-;JE-{.-:e t^ve ou b;-':b1 de aXqoaq ,^rid ,»at e XiJna ,t.t aeut. n‘id. aiBOirconeb .daiXiv'? br.B ssanaoiail i.bB oi snliI«itW ndlaiBia aaewodo ’to air.itXo aid oJ do ill ns aeodo .tXi-iBJojXov lo did aioK anr, - Ofren odl jitivoic ni baeo od ol tdomlioad T:er,'oq . aXodgi lo eoflativo b--ac tlBaopad si aiedT 10 oxtl b«D didB". add dorid -cXcBLtiasr.oo faCBdo oiavT*KX daiwoL .0 Rli/oa ooiieoT. -daid aiabnaad dr lrfrr dJJ« auan a aX boo.rjq*;i dPi . ••.m.Iaiqo Xb^cX e'osotaaO ntoi.nf.'i ds.TC at noddtiw aic" dqoacXXdc doaa dx iv btu. aXrda bi'-aX S'.n vadd dods ddc.ex X.-..-.i oeilupo-i a.' d don:/i bnaol, -.Xiriq baa dsIX’. ar r.I ddo-' "K-qoe (X)*’ 'lo- p,^r;o^'^a4d.•1-.a^.dq xXXo'i^ tajaX lodsl-leadptw ;ia BB bnXm od nc id ST-ottma .da aoboaX eaa-ffp£ rieI«»U 'J.asB 1o ofaflB- ad driiXia aaoinXqo oaodw a'a?,j-'i, uaa B'ldaoovbe sXdB 'lovcdoriw tadoop eie eilT edcTr.o ';c tcTfiC ari^ / -^on b1 ecli 'lo Vtoi&ld Qct oi.elrclctqo 'lovo .•n h^riilldLrqfw .-a uoa- .X) doojEjL "io expect that his son will copy the best rather than grub along with the questionable methods of his father. Bolshevism and Jews Some Gentiles persist in declaring that the Jev/s are attempting to introduce the ideals of the Soviets into the United States. This is a pretty dangerous piece of propa- ganda because its basis rests on an implication which has been proven false and untrue, namely, that the Jews were respons- ible for the Russian Soviet Government, "its success and its excesses.” John Spargo (as with the ’’sweatshop” charge) made a rather complete examination of the above implication and reported that ’’the number of Jews in high positions in Russia was very small, while the larger number of government clerks and similar functionaries was due to the larger percentage of educated men among Jews than among the mass of Russians; that the great commercial class of Jews was financially ruined by the socialistic policy of the government; that the Jews of Russia were divided among the several political parties for and against the Communists; and finally that the Bolshevik! had suppressed Jewish religious schools, like Christian ones, and estranged the orthodox of both religions. But the anti- Semitic writers used the Russian Revolution to show the grow- ing menace of Jewish power the world over,”(l) Such propaganda as this is about on a par with that of (1) Levinger, Lee J, ’’The Causes of Anti-Semitism in the United States, p. 92 y IXj-wr r noe -lefldBi lesri ai!J tqoo arroi'3 dc'n-, ama sit'nnciieoap »f.'S iiJiw .tetUa'i si:' Ic «!£)0.'3ei 8W0l. ba.'x ffiolv erfalo? seXiinaP £.mo2 Pi *sl8iPC . one aWBi, eriJ iaxii tnioBloPb alcabl odd aout-oidai od edP oir.i si^ivo.-. adi lo bediaH^ >:dio,a a ei =WT .aoiadi. -B,ooq io oooin ooo«SOHb aci aoetf stiTe-a' ,, I. na« no e^ea. 25*^0'cBO e^I naed ebiI rislriw noidaoiiqEi novoiq .-.Xomea brta aaXai -anoqean onaw a*aX and iar« aXdi ,dnamn«voO doivo2 r^Xaaxri-: odd ,di ana aaocone sii' ndo*, ".caaeaaxa rfdiw 04 ) outap'd abam (a,=wia -qoMlaa-s'’ add aarioal a^ la noJdetilBBXa oiolqpoa bna noidaox'emi avoda and faadaoqea nt avai I0 ac-nan odd" darid aisenil ni em.idiaoq 8£W tJli/lVf ^I'laCie \'IdV leuLaLnarfcrlf-t'rr '‘''-•nfiXjibx eM'ioIo cf ne/imiov :>8 oaXlB-ia bna od oab ob» pai•mru^ fdanol d. o^adnapaac; .o.i«X add bodaopba- na.^d -aX. .da. dadd ;anBie.:d.i 1= eeaa odd Bdonn,,. doan. and. I acw :.«od 1o aaaXo Xaio.'r'M^cr. ,d banion .-tiaiananii oi..eiXBiooa o..d,i ;dnonr-isyoH o.dd lo -coilcq lo t wab add dotd nlaa»|: add • no«4 .abivjn ai^ ,ol aai.:oa.v tacidiXo.. XjidaBas bnf :dei 'o aoo.aS a,y r.i .:eldiB:aX-‘d-.A f«a.dr^d!?I the ’'Dearborn Independent” (mentioned in Chapter I of this thesis) and but another evidence of race prejudice and hatred. It has been proven beyond doubt (according to John Spargo) that some of the Russian monarchist emigres to America are bitter Jew-baiters and from them much of this clumsy and stupid misinformation has been received. The Anti - Defamation League For over twenty years there has been an organization com- posed of people from the Jewish ranks, which has proven itself a powerful influence in defending the rights of the Hebrew people in America. This agency is known as the Anti-Defama- tion League of America, ”It was created to fill a definite need in America, and because it circumscribed its activity, it succeeded as no other Jev/ish organization could. At the time of its inception, vaudeville actors caricatured Jev/s and thereby perpetuated the cruelty of centuries against a whole people. Through the quiet energies of this body the distorted portrayals ceased. At that time also the Associated Press of the country constantly used the term ’Jew* in connection with the publication of a Jewish name. Again the organization labored for months, and finally won from the head of the Associated Press the admission of its mistake and the order which was sent to every newspaper office in the land instruct- ing that the tei*m ’Jew’ must not be used in connection with the publication of any Jewish name, for a man’s group and his religion cannot and ought not to be associated with his indi- I vidual acts. Since those early days the Anti-Defamation I j League has acted quietly and effectively for the Jews of the I nation, staving off impending dangers that threatened them I i again and again. Utilizing the B’nai Brith lodges the country over, it deputized Jewish citizens of the various localities to be its agents and to transmit to its headquarters the pro- blems of the local centers as they would arise. It succeeded in amalgamating Jewish life throughout the country through one comraimity of interest - the protection of the Jewish name against slander. It may be that its achievements are unknown | and unacknowledged, for, it has steadfastly adhered to its j guiding principle that its labors must be accomplished 1 quietly and attended to by no publicity. (1) | The Permanent Commission on Better Understanding While the Anti -Defamation League, composed entirely of members of the Jewish persuasion, is working quietly and effec- I I tively, there is another group of people. Catholics and Pro- testants, as well as Israelites, which is doing its utmost to 1 bring about a better understanding between Christians and Jews. This Commission, organized in April 15, 1927, was the crystal- | i lization of the editorial policy of "The American Hebrew" launched by this magazine "to combat the antagonisms engend- I ered by post war misunderstandings in America." At that time, the nine men, representing the three major faiths, who made up (1) Shulman, Charles E. , "Problems of the Jews in the Contemporary World," p. 22-3 - 126 - - M X !!'> M’lj.’v orfv yircBa beo'^I- oorr'^ .sjtb Ir-i r^iv. '*0 rdi^ 'A’.tQX, i< orit •xo'l 7; .[ovltco'ile :r yUaii/p r,'»o;.\d d-Bifd' e'£©r>iBb .^iiibj'Tsqn:! “iiO vnlvTida ^£^oloas^ \‘idrvjoo e>dJ i:- 33boI rtti*:!' I*.:.’ ©b'j' £rrl;-:i T ‘bsb br:j3 .'./i'B ?.ai o I££'3oI e.'oJ'i-TV ©ad "lo er;©'; f j.to bOvii-t rosb ^tx .li-vo -'.•‘/y '0''d ^.'i©d*iat;c.br>r.r: cd"!: d h oof bni r>*no 7yi -£:i.t :', " c. '.f . - ^ / 1 j- '•• b 0 9 0 r 0 i 1 e d 'I ; I ;j© VO a e 3 o o /i 0 o X a :.k' X © X .:; ©Ic' / '-^ro'- Xi y'^lr:i;oo ©f!:t dtrox 'jo • jX/X \exvoa'. yni ^ ai. artBn rX.. i-ivo', sr d io. noXic :X: ‘iq ocfc - bo.aoa-J/iX :o ro xAix:;jS7t.o -no mvcnXr-.a o'la a hi^mev^).Lslaa oj j ' acJ rer^ ofl .-o.-X Jznlz^s :.M col bois/ibfi -ylvtCB : 01 :X Ji, ,0-1 pX;.-- -•©lov-o/OtOBIjS?* .‘iiR ')©:i8XXi orcpop ©c diJiXx: c'xcx'x l r.^J. dxo - > X' ’ x. /io:'. "fiii xcrg ycf : Ci. } c.r ycJ .’U XvoX;/: i-v^l j x''! ’pl Xviup ^ 1' I .:. t 7}^ 70 0 X / '•*• ' p_b\L lix J ';. I:-' ; .. • - • ^'Xo'oX'•Ie £.’©eoqipoo , x©j . . iot3.-»’.o ,7 Oiil -ij.iV '• ' v:tV[, -. f - 3nj> ;. XaX'; : rn V/d '>!Ti.;,o x)na 0 B-d£-'Iyx>U^ . 'T X n 7,JOi II . i 'TO' :>rd 3©/7 ^ ' XI'IqA f" C'Aiois >*ro nX , ooi- •-EXciorX iiiOl'. '[cA '7X> I" ' i YEi .‘'’lO V : ©not lo ;ioX : .' " -bilOTjftO 3LfE Xlia BOfrrn 5cii w;4^a.G0 1 Oil 5--: 31- eX ©o:"t C /• xa.fd- : ar> : ?-:: j- dA ".eoiao.iA iXap;l&"chrrre - , V ^ -^ i ' the Coimnission were: Dr, S. Parkes Cadman, Martin Conboy, Hon. Victor J. Dowling, Father Francis p. Duffy, Dr. W. H, P. Faunce, Hon. Irving Lehman, Hon. Henry Morgenthau, Dean Ros- coe Pound, and Dr, Stephen S, Wise. Isaac Landman was the secretary. ’’Its function is limited to this: whenever a group of American citizens comes before the Commission claim- ing that it is attacked unjustly and on grounds that are ill- i founded; that the attack is calculated to engender ill-will and breed hate, with no redress under law or at the hands of I the Government, the Permanent Commission on Better Understand- j ing investigates, ascertains and enunciates the truth - creates and voices public opinion on the subject. The members of this Commission are not official repre- | sentatives of their organized religious denominations, but | j - volunteers men of enlightenment, of tested moral calibre, | ! of sympathetic understanding of the convictions of others - | lovers of truth and of their fellow men. It is free of private ! religious views or doctrines or beliefs or practices. There is thus entailed no loss whatever of the integrity of the three separate religious bodies. It is free of politics. It does not Initiate any new movements. It does not, of its own accord, investigate any problem that may trouble the religious groups. Questions touching international relations are entirely out of its province. The purpose and objective of this Commission, therefore, is solely opinion-making. It has no permanent officers and calls itself into session only when - 127 - ^v&cifloO nict'ioTT ^r:i$iabj30 .8 .^C : ©nev^ noiasii/rtoC ©risi .«i .il .\7 .'iv'. ^-^:l'UlG eloasi*^ ^^rrllwoC ^xocfalV .noH ^aoni-fr'? -eoH ru^an , •^'insK ,noE ^alvil .noK ©rW sfw franibns-J ocsal .oeiV' .8 nQriqeJ-S .ia bna eoo J3 ‘i9v©iiofiw .^©dlftrjcl ci ad'i’* . -niieLo aoIsslriiroO ©ncf ©'XolocJ atnoo enos-Jolo nBoIisinA 'io qi/o'i^ -III ©‘Ta -tcrict 3bm/o'i‘'j no bna bo:ifoBi^e si ^nl IIJ;y/-XI 1 »r©bn0 ijn© b3d-nl;jol£0 cl :(oaJSB od:t iBdJ ib^bnuot 1o ebrrxirf end’ is 'fo wb£ 'i&ba'j aso-ii'O'i o £ riilw .^©iiiri booib bos - jn3 iL';obna i©ii©B no noieelinmoO inenem©'! ebi ^ inemnnavoD ©rfJ aaisono - ridani eili aeiaJtoru/na baa aaiod'ieosn ^nb erii no nolnbqo oLLJuq aoobov bniB -ongon lalobl'^o ion ona ffoieslnmoO sbrld 'io snocfniera ©dT ii/cl lefiolicftbnroneb si/ob^bisn baslnaijno nbarlj lo eevbdBinos ^endblao Isnoai boiaoi bo ,in©iJioirf;^IIn© *io nsm - ^.*X9©ijiuIov - 8T9fIio lo Bflo,bic^V|ioo orfd lo nnibosien '^bfu/ olieridc^iCiY^ 'ic> ©oBvircq lo .oonl si il .nenr troll©! !o bns dd'./i* lo snovol 8 ',iXo*i GiedT . ooo.fiofi'iq no alollod no ©erlndoob no swoiv Uob 3 Olid lo nsv©djaj&. £-coX on fcoXlsdn© ai/dd si dl .aoXdbXoq lo eon! si il .auLboo coo l*-iXIsn odsnsqo^- ©oniid rmo edi lo ^don ceob dl .ednouovom wra vnn OvlBidlnb don 3©of). i* anoiallon end ©XJnon^ v,3m dsrid m©Xcfonq Y^e ©dssideevn! ^bnooos one anoldnlon Isnp'dsnnsdnl ^nbrionod enoida©jjj' .sqnon^ lo ©vidoe(.do brtB osoqnvq oriT .©onXvonq sdb Iq duo SBri dl .jinWor -nolnlqo y-C^los st .onolonorfd ^nolcstmatoO airfd noilw cto.>e".oc od.nb IXocdb eJXao bna anooillo dnorrsniaq on it receives an appeal to redress a group wrong. It determines for itself whether a protest from a particular group comes within its purview. But when it undertakes a task, when it investigates painstakingly, and when it speaks after careful and unbiased deliberation, the whole nation listens and accepts its pronouncement as the enlightened voice of the Protestant, Catholic and Jewish population, on the broad grounds of Ameri- can humanity. " (1) The National Conference of Jews and Christians V/hile the permanent Commission on Better Understanding is doing yeoman service in the matter of opinion making, there is another body of forward thinking significant people who are working for '’justice, amity, -understanding and cooperation among Catholics, Jews and Protestants in America,” and they call themselves the National Conference of Jews and Christians, In 1928, a number of Protestants, Catholics and Jews il worked out a plan for "Conference”, The first group was brought together through a letter signed by Hon. Charles Evan Hughes and Dr. S, Parke s Cadman. The CorChairmen were Hon. Newton D. Baker (Protestant) with Professor Carlton J. H. Hayes (Catho- lic) and Mr. Roger W, Straus (Jew). Mr. Everett R. Clinchey was the Director, In one of the bulletins issued by the Conference, Newton D, Baker wrote: "The National Conference associates a number of thoughtful and earnest people in an effort to analyze, to moderate, and finally to eliminate a system of (1) Landman, Isaac, Ed., "Christian and Jew,” p. 101. -128- ) Qdi:i:''^'o^©b .tl q0ci5j fi eao'Xjbsi oJ- J:3Qqq£i ni3 eavlaoo'i cti^oo qjsc''^. 'IsIjj-o ?;ct*i£q .^roi'i '^aeifo’iq ja ^cn'ctai/jr llea^i ,'rol ^ tTcasij’ jB fiy>ff5c?^:abr.t^ cti rieiiw .v/elv'mq stfl frl.-^jhr I/j'io'iBO R>£>aqp, an ‘aq ae^s-Icfe&.v^r^X. r:i/q£-ore tar. 3. aoZ.^cn eIo^^v ^ncI4B‘ion'iIeJb f ©auXcfft;; ^fiii jTiB-j’e&X^O'x . ^ ofj.c? 'l.o oclov oor'OttxI^XXiTo oi.c aa ^fieri&oxtiiortoi^- 3^1 'io a'jfu onj. i^aonirf ex'X no »r;o;v.;3iqqoq rniwo’C i)nB o'lor^ifiC* I nao * I an-j *:t r. ^gric btte e./eG lo apaoTelnoO laaoic^aK drfT 'nitXLrftfXn-oijfi'.' riou^fpJT'^xo noiea^.^oG dn&.ranrnoq pr:d alXf*^ vna T/'*-[aJ!T , qoXnX o lo nsoja- rrl Po:viie ramoav* ..aXop ai 07B orV oXq. pq^^crrf/jciilin^ :_rti:>lntf.^ 'lo vLqo 'itji'rfonc aX iJoXcfiJveqooo ‘^aa ^nt.>a£’:te*io.Mri.' •io'l fj YS.'^'X t- fr>- ” n , '/ip.jA aX a^iradaerfoa i u.. oG ,rioXX’:,ff;Ji}'. aouQ » "Laid' liXnnl -. re .7i&X, *iO 6Pf.‘on0‘uioG XijHOld’Bf*^ 6:'(d ncvXociiTor’j .X Cap > :• w ’.> av/o;. p.'.XXoc-Xb » radeod-oa*' *io *'} n ^ -2GX al iLrsri d|p0tjofrc; cav/ q;:.'0'r, orP- , ''©pno-A^iOoG*’ lo-i i.fiXq a d;;o bbvI aafiYJiT oaX'ifliiC .'tcM y" oen^t_X:: Mi'tXoX s i , xXcf 'iPrXpgoX 1 ’ r no-dt *.>/t .aoll y*i0w aor* nXfi/ii -oO .asrrTSr"; aoj-'rtrt h r.q -odv+ar-) coYB^ « nodlie'. .G *ioa> -on-l rfdX?/ (dn.-.d<'^Jdo'Tr ' iQ;is^ YSfiwMiXl: , owOnc-v .I- . '-/©G) aiii'iji . no^of' .o.'^ janji (oIX .noapinX" end cbv < .V ' . j&nono'jLacG a/id v GoueeX s lid©.'. XvJ ©n'J lo orro nl usdaXrioaBA ©or.oialcxoC Xa**. Adei-l orlT’* : loifsr . :od?;elf JV" od d"oHi> I'm ad oXocor Jasriia^ i7Ci^. Xf^Uraj 'Oi'tJ lo 'i^osuja b 'io modsYa * odBaXnmo od ^ ^rjdfiiotoaa od .esYlojf^ iCX . : bnA nt;ddgA-..::** ,..b; tOBS si ( X - iU- ^ 1 . prejudice which we have in part inherited and which disfigures I and relations. and distorts our business, social political ” (1) j The Conference does not aim at any kind of union of I religious bodies or at "modifying any of the distinctive be- liefs of its members" but it does hope, eventually, so the Constitution states, "to establish a social order in which the religious ideals of brotherhood and justice shall become the standards of human relationships." The Conference has a variety of methods v/hich it uses to further its aims. Perhaps the most potent ones are: the i I Permanent Round Tables in many communities; Seminars (one to ( three days’ duration) in cities and on College campuses; j j ! Brotherhood Day (held annually in the week of George Washing- ton's Birthday); national and local radio broadcasts; the N. C. J. C. News Service; the regional and national Institutes I of human relations; and the "pilgrimage" tours across the country with the team of minister, priest and rabbi. The influence of the National Conference during the ten years since its inception has been deep and far reaching. By its systematic and widespread educational programme it has helped, in a large degree, to maintain in America, amity and understanding among Catholics, Protestants and Jews and to \ I moderate intergroup prejudices. i (1) Preliminary Announcement Regarding An American Adventure, August 1935. The National Conference of Jews and Christians, 289 Fourth Avenue, Nev^r York City - 129 - •» -vt. ' - "f*.-. €3ei;/3H3ifi -' /folrfv/ ^jhb becfi'renrrl ^‘Ijsct ni everf aw iloMw 9 oxbu(;eiq ” (1) , ano.WsIs'i iBoiuIIoq bciB Xbxoos ^ceeniBjd ^t;c a^-io^exJb brr's lo noxnxr J.o baiil x^b mis ;ton ssob eono'ie'inoO orlT •t -€>c 8Vi,:^o.r:id'C££> of/d’ lo x^^ .^nirtibora” d-Q t:d ssibocf e^roi.^iio*! I 9xlcf 03 e^XXsod-novo ,&qod 89ob cti i.'jJ "ccov’msm 8ctl lo a^aiX jfij f£oib’.7 rrl ‘ra'^j Isiooa ^ ila.^Xcfsctsa ci" ,3©ctsrf8 fioiii/;tii2noO ori;t omooacf XXsrle aoirf€i/f. bns ^oori'isflcfo'rJ io aIxaLi SiJoi^^iXaT " .aqirlEnoiipit'': nsnur/X lo sbisbruad-s 0 ^ eoau :fi rfoirfw ‘^bo7^^^em 'to ^dei'irv s asn aonoTa'incO adT ari:^ re-is eano jJnatoq teom arii ocrerii9«I .e.Tiis e;Ji ‘isdcJ'ijL/f ' v ?*- itv! oct eno)arro ^ e'isni£r:afcP. *Tft.T *’(T''A>' • r a ’ 4 ff>r»MWArr»x« /« }. «.«r./_ri c. 1-? j. _ vr.»A'i ; aatctiftumtrroo ^nsjn ni ssIciB’I' bntrt^H ctnansmio? ^Boejjqmso agaXXor cio brxs sai^io ni {noi^s*ii/b oa'idd' * --^niiiEsV? oBioai^ lo :iaov/ otli nl •^;XXsx/nf:B bXarf) vsc: booif'xari^o'r^ • ‘J orfcf i aiesobso-xc' otbsi XsooX brrs Xsrtoiisa ; ^-i:Gbn'd-ii^ ea:tj/d L.ienX Xsno fcten bris Xfinoi;sa*i adrf ;aoiv*iod 3 wo»'’ • \ • t jg o.ii aso*ios ’’o^stpi'i^Xiq'’ a/itf bns (3;ioiisXa*T nont/ii 16 .icidfli bns isaitrq t'ladei/iim lo msaJ odi d;ti ;7 Yi^m/oo nact oricf ;nai'ii/b ec'ia'iolnoO XsiioiXsv: adi l-> ©orrarxllrri ad^’ ’ ' * .tinidosai TS aoldreonl c^i eoria e'lso^ nsd ti ©007.31:,o-ic Xsnoic^satjba basiqe®bl.v bns ai;tsCT©X 3 *^e cd-i bfis iriiitis (SaiianA ni nJ-sdnlsn o6 tOairja.' ojibX a nl ^bsaXoid oct bns 3wer. bns acfnsdssjol'? ,8oiX ;i;teO snorca snibnaiEiobn^. . aao J-5wf.eic quoi:,i®vt ni octaiaboitl^t , amd^ftavbA naaiiamA nX ;rnli)isj;,0>l dnarstaorujonnA ^laclailXaiX (X), ritti.io'i PQS ,Easi.tsiTf(C) 5ns awst. lo oanoialrrob Xsnoid^a]' adl , ^criO >jioY wed ^af/rravA. -t , - -92X- '* ' V» * I SUlfl/IARY li II The writer of this thesis ends as she began - with the |l hope that a knowledge and an appreciation of the contributions j| of the Jews to America ' s making may promote a deeper mutual II prejudiced j understanding between the Jews and some of the ^ ] ' Christians. i I Many are the books that have dealt with this subject; || ji many are the suggestions that different authors offer as par- ji tial remedies for this situation. Perhaps the most unique M suggestion (but not entirely lacking in wisdom) is Heywood I j [i Broun’ s: ’’After all,” he says, ’’only active and energetic li people can maintain prejudice. It’s so much simpler to sit i! |, back and say, ’Oh, what the hell, ’ And I must maintain that I in addition to being simpler, it is also more sensible (1) Couched in terminology fitted to the seriousness of the sub- I ject is Everett Clinchy’s statement that we must not hope to jj I have ”a cultural monism seeking to dominate; we must learn to j il ' accept the fact of cultural pluralism and adapt our patterns ' of behavior to it,” (2) Putting aside all the bases of prejudices and the pos- sible remedies for intolerance that are constantly being i' ;! offered by psychologists and other students of this perplexing (1) Broun, Heywood, "Christians Only,” p.333. (2) Clinchy, Everett, ’’All in the Name of God,” p. 179. - 130 - T jg sf!a 'is si'-.-te zlzodJt 'to *x3r?^Tr/ ejc^' noJ^dooiocra fra brra oJCr oroi s ctarfo Dqoi! Xau:?y!j: 'rucoaX'' ij p:^orro‘’!:q \;m iruz e ’ aoi^enrA oo av/oT, ©rid' lo Ofeo tMli *io Oiiioa hna ei/so orlo neeffcJocf j.fslbrcacf s'roLnjj .enaX^al-ixtO loOcM'o'iirii clxld iidxw JTaoJi evan •XaK.'t aj/ootf sdJ &^ia /naY* j • -laq aa 7t)'iXo erroi^crfir rfr o^oV'l i:^ ctBir! arroXcJs‘->2'”^® 9i/pi:m; d'aoiii off* t'jadnaH ,:.o i;ct3tr.1J£ ‘so!!: aol^aaiOT Ib.^^ hao r.^e.-i Li viffCif.alw n.t yniiCofil ^la^ictfro c'ocr rtoi^ uS'^,l's ' O-f j a-'^^'Tuns) ifiii ovMon oxl la'ftxjo^H 'JJta oit *£«J[q£ri/a rloirm oa .aort fllactniiun rxBD elqoog darld itia-ni;ira ^cr/rr T «nA ’.Xio''' orfo i^af:\v »?i)* xobo (£)*'. aXvfdjiOB O70WT oelB ai XX ^" C'lqmie ;,ni€»4-f ,a;J itoialbbis nX -•:Ir;c oxir io est^iiauoiioa or'j oif l&i:tJtJ x^oIcalm*ie:i nJ Xorfoi/oO oct oqori ;Xor iLimi dsv rfcorrorsd's a » -X*'r; 7tvi uX d’oa'. oi var/cf ow iOoBftXaoXi Ou Tinri>:G.'S molnrm iB'i.riXxro b” dVBfi an^o .' .ti-q (r. O" 'XoXVBt^DCf lo -c q ef{;t h;iP aaoli lo cosbcJ sr!! I£b f>: icB -.rilduq .rris ''If' .ofTBfcoXoXni *101 af.Ite/ro7 oldie ' f' sificl- lo * ctfrol'i/tfa 79d^o tne c^al^oiofiovaq lidTallo .'Soo.q B( **i;J L.'xrfo"* tboovreR jnt/oaf (I) "\dox) lo sriiBir ertr rri XXa'’ ^:J4 91&v? tYrfofiXX^ (Sj problem, would not this prejudice against the Jews become a thing of the past if both Christians and Jews could but remem' ber that the Greatest Christian was also the Greatest Jew? - 131 - : MM ' * ‘ }\,' ' y v.„' B offlooerf ewst a/fd- ;^exTl. eoJfiJf.aid^siril’^ioc .tflui?. ',&ldo<^fc • % B anslc^E ffTffn rilorf' ' *" . '*"’ -'^' ' '*< ' *^* o’ r "j. j. 1 '« L ,W0G (te^aeaO. or^^^ esw afilieiirfo ^c^>:teeil;- z&S: • or ^ ^ .’, '. i . ..is r ! %/fi .fl -'•'« f:\ s'-' * ,iiU 1.1 -V • “y '.' V.'’.^ » s Vs . f^' 't' Jj! i Si f.’r^KJr .ir V t ’ . r:-? .-xex- V: t. BIBLIOGRAPHY Analyticus (Wise, James Waterman) Jews are Like That J N. Y; Brentano's, 1928 Andre, Marius. Columbus . New York: Knopf, 1927, Belloc, Hilaire. The Jews . New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922. Bernfield, Simon, comp. The Foundation s of Jewish Ethics . New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929. Beran, Edwyn R, and Singer Charles, Editors. The Legacy Of Israel . Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1927, Broun, Heywood and Britt, George. Christians Only . New York: The Vanguard Press, 1931, Browne, Lewis. How Odd Of God . New York: Macmillan, 1934. Chamberlain, Houston Stewart. The Foundations Of The Nineteenth Century . Vol, I. New York: John Lane Company, 1911. Clinchy, Everett R. All In The Name Of God . New York: The John Day Company, 1934. Cohen, George. The Jews In The Making Of America . Boston: The Stratford Company, 1924. Daly, Charles p. The Settlement Of The Jews In North America . 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BlorioIH &n.i3 ^.c/eogO - :o^.QO±f{0 .etfoI> e/iT ;tgocfA orf? .rreitlsW .2 '>01 j\:r'«qiiroQ birte. no4*j>’;f 82 ?‘i*- i/rioT, 9iiT ; irobnoj DfLoIIIiv't .8291 , 00:? J’irniTToD ^sdooBi;. . "oi:?9 r^ t J I vlO o£ BHoJidJLrci ItctnoQ f{8lw9L .n’qpcol, .0X91 .EBen-l iPjanoO ©ci*!’ : ^iriglPbrllxiS ti ^xten eVO gqtnT JnsosH .3 eDliBilC. ^floaixfioL bjhoXoXiI©}? fl2. :\no LAns xliviO KflPlismA itZ ertiB'. igprydJ: .8291 ^^^geqraoO cne eoj&'iE , j'ivocicl; :X‘ioY woK .•^IgoY W6H . flXJ biiA £A tfig.tAbi/L .aXrr'io.V ..^^qeaoT, . ^.20 £ EX du2 >fooia ©rfT . ev.-0X 01 iT l'~ e 9C baA. . qecoi. .5^.01 ^seei'i ,'^E3£iV odT :>i‘ioY vr9>T -IIXvXO fneboM ctl ooltijle'\-l lo ^tXT .igridiA .ddieX . .xr- , ,.bJa ©cteSTolf brra p.i.fJIir - gcO oT 'I ©:? A 0 1 neqO rtA .noL'TOlaS .A xqxC .IS0I r^i'ioY W0/I . aeXIsO ftgic3a6*i:g iJi^o';’’ W6,'. . 3 Oli:tg0O no*? A tcA s^ aT. sirtoC . :XB5ievJ9]rI ^ .0S9I tVaBqi.fOvi bn«3 iiBgoG ./iTcbelGuoQ Landa, M. J. The Jew In Drama . 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PO^'ieirtA it I e8onai*i‘5q?:H naSv/eZ .oiujzH .ICex ,:t©e'r:t2 "3 ^enH 0^:X wov' . ^oIienA nl e^QBiTcX'-I c's ,no8-: i*xi ’ ona4 'TanS . anol^Bl^ oriT iOF*i£ .eic^tatrA ^roXIi/ :.7o , 2 ^’'len^ .« . :.^*ioY' wd .l£^o£ ifeXy/e-., er!? iQ 8»orii .tooooC rfc-'scO .on.’voj .1301 ^Trryj^finoO ?^TiiiRXXcrir^ JlpoX _ •. lo' wsil, .(:£^i*2S r^0it£iF .t. ao.; m ££^z 22 a ^'Xdanivei ,4|, xDoxloS fifrxi 3f/;5o^i;/ivC aO inaffii'ieqo-;' : XiFiirrio/ilC . .03GI .RrroXjBa^rrrirDo ^onJvK nBOl'iercA 'ic ncXtiTJ ©na "!o no -C itj^x5 ^ .yon^TOLTo? ^gb»ia:?au .'X^v-Xvaj ^ -oCtX ^'^'r’ti'CjfaoC' xiBXXinioxiiil t>/i3 :\*t'>Y wak «£^ ill ^ eeex/co ©dl' .z ©cj .noT^ii’vivj -fTBin .rtfqoBOlliil nl eXaec^' a : Jihicl&bBLldn b ©3W .2S0!: 2 ^i i.LevXvsnn0q 'lo Y^iar^vinU Dn:t Xoodo3 obsu ao«©T, bddXL© a-.raeq3 , voT^ A .3Xwf3: ,nrfoaXw©j .XT.Gi tL'rariio'ihi bna n8i^r£eH tjProV irsjf .&cXW/, :iio;tcor ^ ar:oI. .Ysnoi-sh' • . -! qX'iot i uB'ii bdii :lniJft{J solTantH o£ _3no2 .'i^.(>.,t -X.3.V ina ,ii».-i.ioa.-.£;i. «£2i , -a,'i - V , CiCjGX ^TTIECICOO flLdsXXCL^ ; ii*ioY woFi s s Mathews, Basil. 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Todxisloll sXH brfA W6l> &rfT .w aecneL .I59C ..on! jd^JtrcS .h b'tB/loXH ;nobnoJ . woT. 6/iT oT aoictsirT. .0 free IbjjM ^c'laJsq .0091 ^T-^flCnoO b/TB noerftdoiuU •jf'io'v v/©iT .doi'xctr.q A aA ffgL sdT rto&ibSMi .BT:eJo*5 .2091 ^^^iiBqcnoO '£oX\eT briB .ro'^^nldaBVf Tg be ode o:f\V ewoL 6r;' .0 noatbcM ^a'ldda® . .-^’X ^aeert'^l wotT ©rfT r'v'ioY v;9vl .a amXT iBoiXcflg nl © Xgoa^ Vl Q^T .xjiM ,£iXbBH .9291 ^Bol-israA lo 'c^elooZ noXdsoXXo'i/g rieXweL 9f?T : cidqXebeXlii'^ . e omlT meboM A I evoL exf? 10 ynoJaiH A .xbK tHlalufi I _ j trail . .629X ^^nBqmoO grilnelXcfixg \vo»id©H :^*xoY 'V:'iii0H .-uinoY T/a:r . yBboT lo e.reL exVl .‘n/rid'ir. ^nXqqu)^ .SI9X ^ynaqAioO bna dXoH n-rioY woK . ev/aT. o/fl A .nosJ meidA ^ibjXobS .3oGI ^qqorO .A betlXA :>J*ioT vroV; , waL edT ,X©inffB3 oojsrcP ^ d-aix/oo'XB . .VS9I ^yriBqDioO bris - 651 - :( . Samuel, Maurice. Jev/s On Approval New York: Liveright, 1932. Segel, Benjamin W. Tiie Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion . 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'Ir coriO ofi'; • .sr' i :gyA' •','7 xg '£.rjQ Wf.l, .r:X-0‘. .ISC-:,j. yp.B GG - • - '1 ,9‘I ^ yii'.o io ctn&i.... • GO :[eiv.'2li r.iicx' t:A oifT '.V a?i \‘iO/ V. ’ GnA vvai- x?c.V .c'~' } .r : r?' , >; nja qaio : n :: 3 .t f ax;4 o o cf aA '-—- i - r-nfi| jl .,.., V' V V :S •- r...'.. f' . fikl I Sussman, Samuel and Grossman, Samuel. ^ Adventure In Jewish Living, Philadelphia: Associated Talmud 1933. j i Twain, Mark. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyhurg . New j I York: Harper and Brothers, 1898, Wiernik, Peter, History of Jei^ ^ America. New York: The Jewish Press Publishing Company, 1912, I Willett, Herbert L, The Jev/ Through T^ Centuries . Chicago: Willett, Clark and Company, 1932, Windle, C, A, The Tyranny Of Intolerance . Chicago: Iconoclast Publishing Company, 1921. Wolf, Lucien. The Myth Of The Jewi sh Menac e In World Affairs . New York: The Macmillan Company, 1921. Wolf, Simon, Selected Addresse s And Papers Of Simon Wolf. 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B3ngn.£> XoJxx} 1:0 •*• ^slii/irW .1201 ^r-^'LcIXcu*! ^ajolooiid ol ’ LXigV nX ao/'fTo*' Y ' .;i. ioj'-J ^ItXoY fitoff c r 'ArioV v/gIT . a*: I s .X29X . IXi oxfl 1X4 ih'otlij 10 tSitonX bfi.'i toa3e*.iX)J^A L)*' u o o £o3 .. oiiiiS ^‘^Xo«V ’ */ v/o'idol riAc_'JQ*;A Xo nolnij t /in onic .iXoV9 , ex r .dsex IXlF^rus.-^ woil . GoaH delweX oefT •'lO mf>XcJo*i8 edl .Ismel ^ PX .Tnur^cioC l.is.^Xdxdl nefldi/l. srn ;ir*ioyJ. • , >, V . J cr/c .b'X . iXiisbA lO y*3:gv03«1C ill octjy Iffi/Xo , A ba*: ijcoIaoJi;!': ai Y^Xe*io\*l/t^J JftiJiqoF tmiot .jJoinGrA. .SOf'U ^'I^dr..&Yo^-*IGCoJoO »X ^sondioS Xj3oX;tXXo^ v.XriX^floM oXcJar.XdA yftii^igri~»qL . ffql£r* ^egoF .X23X ,Yg‘ tCc!c-86d :V2X nsol'yemA arlT y :?sdT e^tu gwet, ariA yrAV .clwoti ,aw .i.-' .P39I , tC-Y :?0X ^onXSBSsU' Cole, Pay-Cooper. Race Probleins As Seen 3y The Anthro - polop;ist . Scientific Monthly, 32: 80-2, January, 1931, The Jew . Scribner's, 93: 295- ! Corbin, John, Drama And I 300, May, 1933. 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Nation, 116: 330-2, March 21, 1923. - 139 - -592 :SG & , .aiioXf ^ xc/'ioO '* 4 .^:mZ (005 . a^yel. frlT oT sir\ ,n iot, . :^o*:*iJLroG .V 59 I (T8jQfoo©G ^IlOi:iBVx 8ii' « *t6.'?38.'.’fT efi^ gJ W’s'Q i-i/io ^affio/lT iHoexia^om .SCOI ,I€?6- r :&xi, 8-VOS :6XJ ,noi.cf£4': orlT ?weT. A e: 3;.r:' .E X>aAloK ,rroxlC .6291 ,12 r^xfiVoT lofiDaf! ,\s.lc6ijQ. nl nolJxiou'r'S 'lo'i 'ruaiui- tvrt'jC .' . ^nol bqqbH ^.A | .{^G9I ^nnoicteloH murtir'' ', '•• g80 p-i 9 •u.rC' 8^16; :t‘i 3(roH ,etr‘l'lfXI : oJ .J ! . ^ .OS'^I ,1ft •inerqeS ,8-305 ;35C ,;jiaq'rBH ' ' . Glldersleeve , Virginia C. Class And Creed At Barnard The Nation, 115: 607, Decemher 6, 1922. Girdansky, Joseph. ^ Columbia And New York Universities . The Nation, 115: 46, July 12, 1922. Goldberg, David. The Transplanted Jew . The Forum, 68: 709-716, August, 1922. - Grecht, Rebecca. Anti Semitism At Barnard . The Nation, 115: 337, Ocotber 4, 1922. Hallinan, Charles T. The Liberal And The Jew . The Nation 118: 81-2, January 23, 1924. 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The Nation, 118: 200-1, February 20, 1924. - 140 - .fA I>nA ariBlt) .0 alnl-g^lV » eva&XersebliC .SSGX ,6 'ledrooaC tVC6 :-?.XI ^nox^si' srfT .fiqoeoL t\5isnBX'*ilO . aeiJJXarr^v.tnU ^rroY wa!^- f^ nA isianoiloO £A .S^29I ^2X ^ai^ iaxX .xioX^eK eriT :86 ^iTUj*io^i 9iiT .wop b&j-ngXqartonT &riT .bXvBC ^gi&cfbXoD > ** .2S9X .d-ajjjiaA ,cXV-"/0\\ dilT .bTLgitnts^I me iJimo E-i doA .BOOSdoH ^ctrfoaii .2291 'iDddooO L^^ edXJ ot:T .T EnliEiO, ^i^XXIeH ^o^dB''r Oifr 2f5: Pi^* .i-2Gi tSS ^T:«unijL ,S-*X6 :8XX naXvrof, ©£^ ^ ncXrflqO JnepjcfC b*idv^E abXXXXV .kibH \'-?.2S ^noX^taH sxiT . nptdaeup .2291 ,d ‘lOdmsiqeS t ; 3IX oono'je'liXoO XanoXctBl! .8SeX-S2ei anXJ&IXa? noXdanriiz-'liil ../'loY vvoM ^osJnovk ri^t'iuo'v 982 •crifllctcl'ixiO bfiA cwoT. 10 *M‘X-9f.X .CB-SV .q.q , ©m'd’'io'2. . BsI*ierA nl awoL ^ . .osex .‘1 ittXXeJf - 10 a^oaH oriT ooAioH ^ oriT . rnaX'Xgo^ XJ’iiA J .J .f;20X t2i‘2“0^^S :dXI .noli ^ ^*i OfXT p, oXl©rT.A fiXX'iOEYG-l i ©rid nl lO ovoosXy , (' .V ,1091 ^allBrtscW bits kIu/i wo;i ^slboqoIoYona riaXv.’Su^ :.2Xe-XI8 .g . ^X ^BXbaqrXoYOC^i riaXivoL odd al ) ncXdX«-.X^rJ ^ * ,aXXJ3n:3RV^ bna .(.206-VX6 . \ .V .l‘22X ^02 *X-002 4 « Lovett, Robert M. They Do It Better At Chicago . The Nation, 115: 45, July 12, 1922. - Madison, Charles A. The Growth Of Anti Semitism . The Nation, 115: 95, July 26, 1922. Maron, N. C. William James And The Harvard Tradition . The Nation, 115: 412, October 18, 1922. Mencken, H. L. The Curse Of Prejudice . American Mercury, 23: 123-6, May, 1931. Miller, Herbert Adolphus. Race Pride And prejudice . The Nation, 120: 622-3, June 3, 1925. Newman, Louis J. Biting On Granite . Atlantic Monthly, February, 1938 Newman, Louis J. The Jew In America . The Nation, 116: 572, May 16, 1923. Ravage, M. E. The Wondering Jew . Century, 107: 522-564, I February, 1924. j i Schack, William. Jews Thrive On Persecution . Forum, 90: 56-61, July, 1933. Smertenko, John J. What America Has Done For The Jew . The Nation, 116: 409-411, April 11, 1923. Steinberg, Milton. Hov/ The Jew Does It . Atlantic Monthly, 152: 26-28, July, 1933. Stev/art, George Craig. ^ Epistle To The Gentiles . Atlantic Monthly, February, 1938. Strauss, Alexander. Stop Your Ceaseless Agitation . The Nation, 115: 524, November 15, 1922, - 141 - j 7 .o rj!,eoi:fiO y:efiT .M ^'lodoH ^:J;Jdvcia .S2^X ,?i. '^laT, :eil .Itoictsw:- .nrei:U:m9i[^..-l :taA 10^ dchrort;' a'h* .A e0lT:fn'ib .2v2GI ,32 yinX. ,SG :dXI ,.tclctc»X srfT^ .'’ . rtoI :tjLjgT:T 5rrfly ^igH edT bfiA a ortsT. ^g llXir .H ,no'iB?! ,2SG.: ,tl 10 .. 0 - 0O ,2X4> ;dil ,noIi5P.' 0f!T.| ,v'iroi574 nijsX'XQni.^ . f> oXbtit a*:*! IjD ££^ ^^^&^on3% ^ .XCGI ,vflM :d2 ^ ! • . .surCnXofA :J*rGc*i3P ,T:eXXXX 'i .ct2GX 9ncjT, ,JT-S26 ; OSX e.XT ,”V:XfI;fcio:X oXirtoXdA crO X? cXifOxX GC9X ,^ia;x*tcf0V :6XX ,noj'cfBVl arfX .-coitefry^i nl w«»L .L eIjjoJ ,nflnn'^etf ,£2GX ,aX ,'2Vd •' .' 1 ' j ,x*‘c'“-22? :7GX ,'^iA:tu3r ;c^nlA©bfloy .’ ,o3BVBf! .A2GX ,V'iBi;id3^s ' • ^ ;00 ,n?tj»to'^ . :oXdaroo ai & 'I nO 9vXy^ -;T awoL .nifiXXI ,^: cr(o2 .dsex XiJtx ,xa- 3a ,?T 0t, arfr AcW eno .e2ti ,II XX'ktA , XXI -GOA :vLS. ,noIxlBH ©rf? ^xS.ci:inoV olrfaaXdA .^1 eeoC weT. exlT yoH .nowXXy. , n'ldcfcie^S .asex ,vx»fT. ,pr-8s :s^x . agl i:rne r' adT oXXeXqp^ aA . XbaC ©5>*io© 0 ,XA£jy©u3 .SdCX ,XXd.irtoK nXciAflXXA a©f X&g aeL) ax/qY qo'^ .'reboBxaXA ' :• .22GX ,ax isJaavot' ,^2d rd-IX ,aoiq3H T _ » -X^X- i . ‘’a -f s Wallerstein, Bertha. The Jev/ish Eahh itt . The Nation, 118: 603-4, May 28, 1924 V/alsh, Edmund A. ^ Epis tle To The Romans . Atlantic Monthly, February, 1938 V/hite, L. P. One Viev; Of The Jev/ish Pr oblems . 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Philadelphia: The Jev/ish Publications Society of America, 1937. - 142 - . u , , I 0 .:> ).tO . ,' 3 - , r . .'D I n- % TOV O : • ' L r t 'J i W-' > SI I -W < ; Vii e> - _^-- ’! • • - > . O - '.-J i '-'v , L > : 'J o I O';.:' ' * ' " • *-- * I i ^ ' A* I t ' .li ),/.. t: i I>'.v fi .. i'''- --Ij '.flT \ . ..-. -jV j- •-{•' \ U-. i I '--o -. i : . .)b :iiDi icfr^' BOSTON UNIVEF ISITY 1719 02554 4695 29lll'\7L’3. ew r.Bo ^b.Iw .sx/ ^sniB^B qabXX»nad