The Ethics of Courtship in Three Novels by Anthony Trollope
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
THE ETHICS OF COURTSHIP IN THREE NOVELS BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE by FloraS. Rigolo A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida August 1998 Copyright by Flora S. Rigolo 1998 11 THE ETIDCS OF COURTSHIP IN THREE NOVELS BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE by FloraS. Rigolo This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate's thesis advisor, Dr. Carol McGuirk, Department ofEnglish, and has been approved by the members of her supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. SUPER VISOR Y OMMITTEE: c Thesis Advisor Chairperson, Department of English an, Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters Dean of Graduate Studies and Research Date Ill ABSTRACT Author: Flora S. Rigolo Title: The Ethics of Courtship in Three Novels by Anthony Troll ope Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carol McGuirk Degree: Master of Arts Year: 1998 Anthony Trollope's novels provide insight into the courtship rituals of the Victorian Era. Three novels in particular, Miss Mackenzie, The American Senator, and The Way We Live Now, are analyzed in this thesis. Primary emphasis is placed on the social and moral repercussions that result when women violate the subtle codes of courtship. Honesty versus lying, the difficulties of the older woman, the creation of individual identity within a restrictive society, the definition of a "lady," and the laws pertaining to marriage rights are my major focal points. Trollope rewards and punishes his female characters based on his version of Victorian moral dogma. IV Table of Contents I. Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 II. Honesty vs. Transgression............ ... .... ............ ... ... .... .. .. ............. .... 7 III. Women' s Role in Courtship and Marriage ............. ......... ............. 20 IV. The Disillusioned Older Woman ..... ........... ................ .......... ....... 31 V. Conclusion ................ ....... ... .. .. .......... .................... ..... .................. 44 Works Cited ................... ............. .. ... ........................... ... ................... 50 v To Jim, Elizabeth, and Emma, without whom this would never have been accomplished I. Introduction In his autobiography, Anthony Trollope writes that he strives to create "real portraits" (116) when developing his characters: "I have always desired to 'hew out some lump of the earth' and to make men and women walk upon it just as they do walk here among us" (133). He argues repeatedly that characterization is the key to his novels. Trollope also makes a point of stressing that his novels teach morals and virtue: "But the novelist, if he have a conscience, must preach his sermon with the same purpose as the clergyman, and must have his own system of ethics" (202). It is this "system of ethics," and primarily the ethics of his female characters, that I will address in my thesis: Trollope' s investigation of the difference between the "lady" and the opportunist. Trollope's novels are popular in part because they mirror the society in which he lives. He creates a range of characters and forces them to interact. His portrayal of diverse female characters who are involved in the marriage mart, their varied motivations for marriage, machinations to achieve marriage, and reactions to a wide range of suitors, tell a great deal about how Troll ope views the institution of marriage, and imply his critique of nineteenth-century courtship practices. His novels entertain, but they also enlighten the reader on the social ramifications of a society that subverts the needs and freedom of its female members and often denies them choices. 1 I have concentrated on three novels written at different times in TroHope's Jife that contain exceptional female characters and have plots in which courtship and marriage are major elements. Miss Mackenzie (1865) is a fairly early work of which Trollope says in An Autobiography that he tried to write a story about marriage without including love and yet "I had to make her fall in love at last" (204). Miss Mackenzie contemplates marriage to four suitors, but love is not an issue until rather late in the story. She faces the choice between spinsterhood and potentially mercenary marriages in which she is the object of conquest because she represents financial gain to her potential husbands. The process by which she eventually chooses a mate says much about Trollope' s moral expectations. The Way We Live Now and The American Senator are by contrast late novels. Despite having been written closely together, in 1874 and 1876, they provide a contrast: some critics have argued that The American Senator is an attempt to revoke controversial issues brought up in The Way We Live Now. I will argue in my thesis that the two works complement each other and create a wider picture, not a contradictory one. Both novels scrutinize the role of social class in the marriageability of women. The struggle between new money and old aristocracy is ever present and the issue of honesty is central in both works. Morals and values are challenged and abused by the characters and Trollope does not hesitate to make moral judgments and to teach ethical lessons by playing with the characters' destinies. He plays God in both works, punishing and rewarding as he sees fit , and so enlightening the reader to his expectations and the flaws that he sees in society. 2 I will also consider such issues as how the laws pertaining to marriage and inheritance affect characters' choices. Miss Mackenzie, for example, knows that marriage will represent a loss of her financial independence. Christopher Herbert has provided extensive information concerning the issues of laws and conjugal rights in "He Knew He Was Right, Mrs. Lynn Linton, and the Duplicities ofVictorian Marriage." Rajiva Wijesinha has written about husband hunting and autonomy in The Androgynous Trollope: Attitudes to Women Amongst Early Victorian Novelists. William A. Cohen' s work on the laws concerning heirlooms and paraphernalia entitled "Trollope' s Trollop" will be adapted to form my argument concerning the perception of the role of women themselves, not just their property, as heirlooms and paraphernalia in the marriage mart. Trollope has created women who are fully aware that their primary value is monetary. He evaluates how this knowledge can, over time, erode a woman' s sense of self-worth. He also shows how women can use and tum that knowledge to their personal advantage, but at great ethical cost. Female autonomy is an issue in all three novels. The Way We Live Now features a divorced and possibly violent American femme fatale, Mrs. Hurtle, while The American Senator features the husband-hunting Arabella Trefoil. Both women can be said to be more independent than other female characters in the novels, yet both are actively hunting for a husband and both are depicted as dangerous. Female strength equals social deviancy. Trollope shows both a sense of sympathy and compassion for these dangerous women, but not enough to counterbalance their potential destructive power to that society. In Miss Mackenzie he provides an alternative to these extremes through the title 3 character' s journey into society and her subsequent development as a strong, yet loved woman. I will primarily be referring to the criticism of John Kucich, A. 0 . J. Cockshut, and Alice Fredman in clarifying the concepts of honesty and transgression as Troll ope presents them and in evaluating the moral and ethical lessons he has woven into his works. In his novels, the perceived imperative to marry well encourages deceit that is sometimes unconscious. Self-deception encourages some women to believe themselves in love when they are not. Troll ope also questions the existence of love in many engagements, expressing pessimism about the possibilities of attaining a happy marriage. John Kucich' s "Transgression in Trollope: Dishonesty and the Antibourgeois Elite" explores Trollope' s contrast between inherently honest women characters and transgressors as well as comparing the outcomes of honest versus deceptive courtship behavior. In Anthony Trollope: A Critical Study, A. 0 . J. Cockshut refers to the self-deception of many of Trollope' s female characters and analyzes how that self-deception can lead to obsession. Fredman, in Anthony Trollope, offers insight into "the outsider' s aspiration to be absorbed into a social hierarchy" (13). I will go on to show that many ofTrollope's female characters fall into the category of social "outsider." In "The Androgynous Trollope: Attitudes to Women Amongst Early Victorian Novelists," Rajiva Wijesinha considers mothers and other elderly female characters who have survived the marriage mart. The reactions of such characters to younger women are interestingly censorious, he notes. Instead of being supportive and understanding, they are manipulative and demanding. Su?h characters as Arabella Trefoil's scheming mother are 4 using their daughters as tools for the power and autonomy that they failed to achieve through their marriages. These older women also serve as visual representations of the results of extended unhappiness in marriage. Trollope's older women are complex visions of how a poorly chosen Victorian marriage can, over time, alter a woman' s personality. The male characters who become objects of affection or subjects of conquest in the novels suggest the goals and aspirations of the women seeking marriage. Are the female characters searching for men who will treat them as "equals," are they looking for a "gentle patriarch" who will guide, protect, and control them, or are they looking for men they can subjugate? Characters ofboth genders who seek to subjugate and control others play an important part in all three novels. Susan McDonald has provided research on the apparent incompatibility in Trollope' s novels between being a lady and being a woman.