: MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE CLOUD , FOOTHILLS & LOWLAND RAINFOREST

SEPTEMBER 19–OCTOBER 4, 2018

Andean Cock-of-the-rock. Rupicola peruviana. Photo: D. Ascanio.

LEADERS: DAVID ASCANIO & PERCY AVENDAÑO LIST COMPILED BY: DAVID ASCANIO

VICTOR EMANUEL NATURE TOURS, INC. 2525 WALLINGWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 1003 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78746 WWW.VENTBIRD.COM

PERU: MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE September 19–October 4, 2018 By David Ascanio

Photo album: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/albums/72157672730949847

It is difficult to convey in words the emotions and challenges we experienced on our Manu Biosphere Reserve tour, as well as the wonderful and other wildlife we observed: endless numbers of macaws flying over the Madre de Dios (Mother of God) River ; dozens of parrots in a clay lick; young and adult male Andean Cocks-of-the-rock displaying and thus pretending to be cool for the females; intensely colored ; unimaginable toucans; cryptic tyrant-flycatchers; and an astonishing 30 of birds of prey that included a nesting pair of Solitary Eagles and a pair of Black-and-chestnut Eagles with talons locked in the air in a love ritual.

Crowned Chat-Tyrant. Silvicultrix frontalis. Photo: D. Ascanio

Each was remarkably different from the others, and the elevation factor gave us the opportunity to understand why the wildlife of is so rich and diverse. On this tour we visited so many that I compared it to a space trip across the Milky Way—every day we visited a different planet!

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The high —Puna and wetlands The tour started with an early flight to Cuzco. A visit to the Huarcapay lake gave us the opportunity to enjoy a well-dressed Many-colored Rush-Tyrant and observe a nesting pair of Wren-like Rushbirds. Also, we called the first of the tour, the Blue-and-yellow Tanager. From there we drove across the high Andes, stopping in several key areas that allowed us to see Bearded Mountaineer (brief view!), Rusty-fronted Canastero, and Rufous-webbed Bush-Tanager. Right below Pacuartambo we enjoyed scope views of a male Torrent Duck, and when he jumped into the water, we followed him with our binoculars and saw how these birds fight against the river torrent using their strong tail muscles. After driving across the high Andes, we reached the third and most important pass, Acjanaco, marking the beginning of the Manu National Park.

Blue-banded Toucanet - Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis . Photo: D. Ascanio

The Dwarf The following day we explored the stunted forest as well as the upper montane wet forest, where we compiled views of several amazing tanagers and allies. Some of these tanagers have such a variable combination of colors that it is really hard to pick a favorite. Having said that, I know that everyone fell in love with the Grass-green Tanager and the Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager. Equally beautiful were the Golden-collared Tanager and the Hooded Mountain-Tanager. We also came across loose feeding flocks in which we

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 3 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018 admired the plumage of the Crimson-mantled and enjoyed the Crowned Chat-Tyrant bathing in the rain. The silence of the dwarf forest was broken only by a very few minutes when these feeding flocks passed by, although the inquisitive Rufous Antpitta never stopped singing in the background, thus it was heard all day long. While some species liked to be in open areas (thus letting us admire their splendid plumages), other species were clearly less inclined to show up (a good case was the Fulvous Wren). In this stunted forest, rivers were narrow, and plants were packed with .

Golden-headed . auriceps. Photo: D. Ascanio

The As we continued to descend across the Andes, the habitat became more diverse and incredibly rich in flora and fauna. We were now exposed to the larger and more active feeding flocks, and we noticed that some species behaved in a frenzy manner. Three of the typical active species were White-banded Tyrannulet and Orange-eared and Saffron- crowned tanagers. The flocks were also accompanied by the wonderfully arranged Pearled Treerunner and the not-so-colorful Gray-mantled Wren. This wren was a good representative of a narrow-band altitudinal distribution species. Other species seen in this habitat included Crested and Golden-headed , Buff-fronted Foliage-Gleaner (with feeding flocks), and Spectacled Redstart. The cloud forest was our first exposure to species restricted to a narrow altitudinal band such as various hemispinguses and tanagers. In addition, we got magical views of the astonishing Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan.

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Tropical Humid Forest—the Rain Forest! Once we reached the slope of the Andes, we noticed higher and warm weather. In Villa Carmen we got our first sightings of the bizarre Hoatzin, and we were amazed by Jonathan the birdman, who is famous for calling in an Amazonian Antpitta to feed with land worms. Equally astonishing were the Cinereous being fed with corn and a flock of Blue-headed Macaws perched in the open. Leaving the Andes behind, we embarked in a large and comfortable canoe to ride the Alto Madre de Dios and part of the Madre de Dios rivers. During this long but productive journey we got to see about 60 species of birds.

Cinereous , cinereus . Photo: D. Ascanio

Once in Manu Wildlife Center, we spent our birding mornings at various locations including a wonderful canopy platform, a ride into an oxbow lake, and a superb experience in a clay lick ( collpa ). Here, the combination of heat and humidity, muddy rivers, and all kinds of wildlife sounds were a challenge for our creativity. At night, the bizarre vomiting-like voice of the Great Potoo was smoothed only by the musical but repetitive call of the Common Pauraque. In the meantime, softly but continuously, the Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl serenaded us with its monotonous but repetitive single note, and the Amazonian Pygmy-Owl was also noticed giving a repertoire of faster notes. From time to time, a majestic short and intriguing wruu-UU-uu! announced the presence of the Crested Owl. With the mosquito nets covering our beds combined with the shadows of candle lights, we felt like the pupal stage of a small inside its protective

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 5 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018 cocoon, and we eventually fell asleep to the dark rainforest exploding with an orchestra composed of the voices of birds, , and frogs singing altogether.

The night was active, and the day too. Every sunrise offered a set of different voices. The day started with the continuous ascending whistle of the Long-billed Woodcreeper that was soon broken by the potpourri of vocalizations of the nesting colony of Yellow- rumped Caciques. In the trails, there were manakins, , tyrant-flycatchers, squirrel monkeys, fruitcrows, curassows, and chachalacas. The long projecting voice of the Screaming Piha was heard any time we entered the forest. There were so many experiences! I still think about the Red Brocket Deer running in great panic towards us and later realized it was being hunted by a Puma.

The Manu River, like many tributaries of the great Amazon River, has been targeted by gold miners, and the rush for precious metals has triggered a forest destruction that is threatening many habitats in this immense biome. This land still hosts ethnic groups that have not had any contact with western civilization, and we indeed experienced it when we saw a pair of Nomole people (also called Mashco-Piro) chewing cane at the river’s edge.

Agami Heron. Agamia agami. Photo: D. Ascanio

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In closing, I want to invite you to think about all the experiences we had combined with the mysteries of unknown Amerindian cultures, the fear of unknown mosquitos and flies, and the dream of El Dorado, along with the roaring voices of the howler monkeys, and you will understand how the literary genre “magical realism” was created. In fact, its creator, Gabriel García Marquez, a Colombian and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, was inspired while growing up in the lowlands of the Magdalena River () in an environment pretty much similar to the one we were exposed to in the Manu Wildlife Center. His experiences helped him to create the fictional town of Macondo in his famous Hundred Years of Solitude (100 Años de Soledad).

Now that you have learned about the richness of the Manu Biosphere Reserve’s flora, fauna, and history, I want to invite you to join us in other destinations equally interesting and beautiful but remarkably different from the Madre de Dios in Peru:

Costa Rica: A Relaxed & Easy tour. This Costa Rica tour is for those who wish to bird various altitudinal levels, from cloud forest to lowland rainforest, and still do it at a slow pace. We include a ride in the aerial tram where besides seeing birds we also learn about the flora of this spectacular country. This tour is designed for seeing gaudy species such as tanagers and honeycreepers. as well as many . For that, we visit various feeder stations. See the photos and video of our 2015 tour in: Photo album: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/albums/72157659475059484 Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzgD6NfVNSE

Colombia: the Magdalena River Valley and the Western Andes: A Relaxed & Easy tour. Colombia claims to be the country with the largest avifauna. Our tour starts in the lowlands of the Magdalena River Valley, in the Rio Claro Reserve. The wealth of birds in this humid lowland forest is comparable with its natural beauty. We will have the opportunity to look for Barred Puffbird and Beautiful Woodpecker, two birds that frequently sing in the morning. In contrast, the beautiful town of Jardin will give us the opportunity to see tanagers, toucanets, and hummingbirds. There is an accessible Andean Cock-of-the-rock lek. Photo album: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/sets/72157697299587672

Cuba: Birds and people For birders, Cuba has always been one of the finest bucket-list islands to visit. Until recently it was a dream to go birding there. Not anymore! We bird three major areas of the island and look for most of the endemic birds including the Bee Hummingbird, the smallest bird in the world. See the photos and the video of our 2015 tour in: Photo album: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/albums/72157651912764991 Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylRHvB1jzdI

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The Panama Canal: A Relaxed & Easy tour. Panama offers a unique opportunity to enjoy first class birding at a relaxed and easy pace. Most of the nights are spent in a small inn located in the town of Gamboa, by the Panama Canal. Short walks around the town, plus a boat trip to the Chagres River and a visit to the famous Pipeline Road, offer views of a mix of hummingbirds, tyrant flycatchers, tanagers, and honeycreepers. We offer an optional visit to the Canopy Tower where we can enjoy canopy species at eye level. See the photos and the video of our 2015 tour in: Photo album: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidascanio/albums/72157648765567967 Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgnkUxwd5kw

Thank you for joining us!

Gould’s Jewelfront. Heliodoxa aurescens. Photo: D. Ascanio

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Amazonian Antpitta. Heliodoxa aurescens. Photo: D. Ascanio

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ITINERARY: 19 Sept. 2018. Arrival. Night Lima. 20 Sept. 2018. Flight Lima-Cuzco. Drive across the high Andes. Night Wayquecha. 21 Sept. 2018. Stunted forest in high Andes. Night Wayquecha lodge. 22 Sept. 2018. East slope of the Andes. Stunted forest and montane wet forest. Night Cock-of-the-rock Lodge. 23-24 Sept. 2018. Montane wet forest (called cloud forest). Night Cock-of-the-rock Lodge. 25 Sept. 2018. Premontane wet forest (also called cloud forest). Night Villa Carmen. 26 Sept. 2018. spiny and forest edge. Night Villa Carmen. 27 Sept. 2018. Alto Madre de Dios and Madre de Dios rivers. Night Manu Wildlife Center. 28 Sept. – 01 Oct. 2018. Collpa (macaw lick), oxbow lake, canopy tower and trail systems in tropical humid forest (called rain forest). Nights Manu Wildlife Center. 02 Oct. 2018. Boat ride downriver to Puerto Maldonado. Night Cabaña Quinta. 03 Oct. 2018. Cachuela forest edge, farmland and fish farm. Moriche stand. Departure.

HABITATS: PUNA. Puna, a high Andes habitat above treeline. UMFO. The ultra-wet stunted forest in the high Andes around Wayquecha lodge. MWFO. Includes the montane forest type (in popular literature is called “cloud forest”). Is located between the stunted forest (above) and the premontane humid forest. PHFO. Premontane humid forest. Type around Cock-of-the-rock Lodge.

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THFO. Tropical humid and wet forest types. Includes all kind of forest in the lowlands subject to some kind of flooding during the high-water season. In popular literature is called “rain forest”. TFFO. Terra firme forest. This is the type of lowland forest that never gets flooded. OXL. Oxbow lakes. FRL. Farmland. RIV. River, river edge, floodplains and secondary growth. Also, river islands. * Special sightings or relevant species.

BIRDS: Tinamous, Tinamidae Hooded Tinamou - nigrocapillus . MWFO. – major. THFO. White-throated Tinamou - Tinamus guttatus. THFO. * - Crypturellus cinereus. THFO. - Crypturellus soui. THFO. - Crypturellus obsoletus. MWFO. - Crypturellus undulates . THFO. Black-capped Tinamou - Crypturellus atrocapillus . PHFO.

Screamers, Anhimidae Horned Screamer - Anhima cornuta. OXB.

Ducks & Geese, Anatidae * Goose - Oressochen jubatus . RIV. Muscovy Duck - Cairina moschata. RIV. Brazilian Teal - Amazonetta brasiliensis. FRL. * Torrent Duck - Merganetta armata. River in MWFO. Puna Teal - Spatula puna. Wetland in PUNA. Cinnamon Teal - Spatula cyanoptera. Wetland in PUNA. Yellow-billed Teal - Anas flavirostris. Wetland in PUNA.

Guans & Chachalacas, Cracidae Speckled Chachalaca - Ortalis guttata . PHFO, THFO. Andean Guan - Penelope montagnii . MHFO. Spix's Guan - Penelope jacquacu . THFO. * Blue-throated Piping-Guan - Pipile cumanensis . THFO. * Razor-billed Curassow - Mitu tuberosum. . THFO.

Pigeons & Doves, Columbidae Rock Pigeon - Columba livia . Urban areas. Pale-vented Pigeon - Patagioenas cayennensis. OXL. Spot-winged Pigeon - Patagioenas maculosa . PUNA. Band-tailed Pigeon - Patagioenas fasciata. MWFO. Plumbeous Pigeon - Patagioenas plúmbea. THFO.

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Ruddy Pigeon - Patagioenas subvinacea. THFO. Ruddy Ground-Dove - Columbina talpacoti. RIV. Bare-faced Ground-Dove - Metriopelia ceciliae. PUNA. * Ruddy Quail-Dove - Geotrygon montana . THFO (flying across river). Gray-fronted Dove - Leptotila rufaxilla . THFO Eared Dove - Zenaida auriculata. PUNA.

Cuckoos, Cuculidae Greater Ani - Crotophaga major. OXL. Smooth-billed Ani - Crotophaga ani . FRL. Little Cuckoo - Coccycua minuta . FRL. Squirrel Cuckoo - Piaya cayana. THFO. * Black-bellied Cuckoo - Piaya melanogaster. THFO.

Nightjars & Allies, Caprimulgidae * Sand-colored Nighthawk - Chordeiles rupestris . RIV. Common Pauraque - Nyctidromus albicollis. THFO. * Lyre-tailed Nightjar - Uropsalis lyra . PHFO.

Potoos, Nyctibiidae Great Potoo - Nyctibius grandis. THFO. Common Potoo - Nyctibius griseus. THFO.

Swifts, Apodidae Chestnut-collared Swift - Streptoprocne rutila. UMFO, MWFO, PHFO. White-collared Swift - Streptoprocne zonaris. UMFO, MWFO, PHFO, THFO. * Amazonian Swift - Chaetura viridipennis . THFO. We can never be sure about this species. Based in behavior, size and location, I concluded it might have been this species. Villa Carmen. Short-tailed Swift - Chaetura brachyura. THFO. Andean Swift - Aeronautes andecolus . PUNA. Fork-tailed Palm-Swift - Tachornis squamata . FRL, RIV, open areas with Moriche palm stands.

Hummingbirds, Trochilidae White-necked Jacobin - Florisuga mellivora . THFO. Rufous-breasted Hermit - Glaucis hirsutus . THFO. Pale-tailed Barbthroat - Threnetes leucurus. THFO. Green Hermit - Phaethornis guy. PHFO. Great-billed Hermit - Phaethornis malaris. THFO. Reddish Hermit - Phaethornis ruber . THFO. * Blue-fronted Lancebill - Doryfera johannae . PHFO. * Geoffroy's Wedgebill - Schistes geoffroyi . PHFO. Sparkling Violetear - Colibri coruscans. PHFO. Black-throated Mango - Anthracothorax nigricollis . THFO.

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Amethyst-throated Sunangel - Heliangelus amethysticollis . UMFO. * Wire-crested Thorntail - Discosura popelairii . PHFO. * Rufous-crested Coquette - Lophornis delattrei. PHFO. * Peruvian Piedtail - Phlogophilus harterti . Seen by David only below Cock of the Rock lodge. PHFO. Speckled Hummingbird - Adelomyia melanogenys . PHFO. Long-tailed Sylph - Aglaiocercus kingi . PHFO. Black-tailed Trainbearer - Lesbia victoriae . PUNA. * Bearded Mountaineer - Oreonympha nobilis . PUNA. Tyrian Metaltail - Metallura tyrianthina . PUNA. * Shining Sunbeam - Aglaeactis cupripennis . PUNA. Bronzy Inca - Coeligena coeligena. MWFO. Collared Inca - Coeligena torquata . MWFO. Chestnut-breasted Coronet - Boissonneaua matthewsii . MWFO. * Booted Racket-tail - Ocreatus underwoodii. PHFO. * Gould's Jewelfront - Heliodoxa aurescens. THFO. Manu Wildlife Center hummingbird feeder. Violet-fronted Brilliant - Heliodoxa leadbeateri. PHFO. Giant Hummingbird - Patagona gigas. PUNA. White-bellied Woodstar - Chaetocercus mulsant. PHFO. Blue-tailed Emerald - Chlorostilbon mellisugus. PHFO. Violet-headed Hummingbird - Klais guimeti. PHFO. Gray-breasted Sabrewing - Campylopterus largipennis . THFO. Villa Carmen. Fork-tailed Woodnymph - Thalurania furcata. THFO. Manu Wildlife Center. Many-spotted Hummingbird - Taphrospilus hypostictus. PHFO. Cock-of-the-rock Lodge. Sapphire-spangled Emerald - Amazilia lactea. THFO. Villa Carmen. Golden-tailed Sapphire - Chrysuronia oenone . THFO. Villa Carmen.

Hoatzin, Opisthocomidae Hoatzin - Opisthocomus hoazin. OXL. This is one of the most fascinating bird species in our planet. The Hoatzin has a long crop that function as a rumen to allow digest poisonous . It was believed to be a relative with the Tinamidae and later with the Cracidae, Rallidae, Otididae, Pteroclidae, Columbidae, Colidae, Cariamidae, and Cuculidae . It is now believed to be a very old lineage with a long evolutionary history and no close living relatives. Its taxonomical position has been greatly debated and apparently, remains unclear.

Rails & Gallinules, Rallidae * Plumbeous Rail - Pardirallus sanguinolentus . Wetland in PUNA. Gray-cowled Wood-Rail - Aramides cajaneus . Wetland in THFO. RIV. Common Gallinule - Gallinula galeata . Wetland in PUNA. Slate-colored Coot - Fulica ardesiaca. Wetland in PUNA. Purple Gallinule - Porphyrio martinica. OXL.

Finfoots & Sungrebe, Heliornithidae

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* Sungrebe - Heliornis fulica . OXL.

Limpkin, Aramidae Limpkin - Aramus guarauna . OXL.

Lapwings & Plovers, Charadriidae * Pied Lapwing - Vanellus cayanus . RIV. Southern Lapwing - Vanellus chilensis . RIV. Collared Plover - Charadrius collaris . RIV.

Jacanas, Jacanidae Wattled Jacana - Jacana jacana. RIV, OXL.

Sandpipers & allies, Scolopacidae Pectoral Sandpiper - Calidris melanotos . FRL, outside Puerto Maldonado. Spotted Sandpiper - Actitis macularius . RIV. Solitary Sandpiper - Tringa solitaria . RIV. Lesser Yellowlegs - Tringa flavipes . RIV.

Gulls & Terns, Laridae Andean Gull - Chroicocephalus serranus . Wetland in PUNA. Yellow-billed Tern - Sternula superciliaris . RIV. Large-billed Tern - Phaetusa simplex . RIV. Black Skimmer - Rynchops niger . RIV.

Sunbitterns, Eurypygidae * Sunbittern - Eurypyga helias . RIV.

Jabiru & storks, Ciconiidae * Jabiru - Jabiru mycteria . FRL near Puerto Maldonado. Wood Stork - Mycteria americana . RIV.

Anhinga, Anhingidae Anhinga - Anhinga anhinga . RIV, OXL.

Cormorants, Phalacrocoracidae Neotropic Cormorant - Phalacrocorax brasilianus. RIV, OXL.

Herons & Egrets, Ardeidae Least Bittern - Ixobrychus exilis . OXL. Rufescent Tiger-Heron - Tigrisoma lineatum . OXL. * Fasciated Tiger-Heron - Tigrisoma fasciatum . RIV. Cocoi Heron - Ardea cocoi . RIV. Great Egret - Ardea alba . RIV. Snowy Egret - Egretta thula . RIV.

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Little Blue Heron - Egretta caerulea . RIV. Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis . RIV. Striated Heron - Butorides striata. OXL. * Agami Heron - Agamia agami. OXL. Capped Heron - Pilherodius pileatus. RIV.

Ibises & Spoonbills, Threskiornithidae Puna Ibis - Plegadis ridgwayi . Wetland in Puna. Also FRL near Puerto Maldonado. A rare vagrant in Madre de Dios. Green Ibis - Mesembrinibis cayennensis . RIV, OXL. Roseate Spoonbill - Platalea ajaja . OXL.

New World Vultures, Cathartidae * King Vulture - Sarcoramphus papa . RIV. Black Vulture - Coragyps atratus . RIV. Turkey Vulture - Cathartes aura . RIV, OXL. Greater Yellow-headed Vulture - Cathartes melambrotus. THFO.

Osprey, Pandionidae Osprey - Pandion haliaetus . OXL.

Hawk & Eagles, Accipitridae Hook-billed Kite - Chondrohierax uncinatus . PHFO. Gray-headed Kite - Leptodon cayanensis . THFO. Swallow-tailed Kite - Elanoides forficatus . THFO. * Ornate Hawk-Eagle - Spizaetus ornatus . THFO. Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle - Spizaetus melanoleucus . PHFO. * Black-and-chestnut Eagle - Spizaetus isidori . MHFO. Double-toothed Kite - Harpagus bidentatus . THFO. Plumbeous Kite - Ictinia plumbea . Open areas in RIV, THFO. * Bicolored Hawk - Accipiter bicolor . RIV. A juvenile. Crane Hawk - Geranospiza caerulescens . RIV. Slate-colored Hawk - Buteogallus schistaceus . THFO. Great Black Hawk - Buteogallus urubitinga . RIV. * Solitary Eagle - Buteogallus solitarius . MHFO. Roadside Hawk - Rupornis magnirostris . RIV. Variable Hawk - Geranoaetus polyosoma . PUNA. Gray-lined Hawk - Buteo nitidus . THFO. Short-tailed Hawk - Buteo brachyurus. THFO. Zone-tailed Hawk - Buteo albonotatus. THFO.

Owls, Strigidae Tropical Screech-Owl - Megascops choliba . THFO. Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl - Megascops watsonii . THFO. * Crested Owl - Lophostrix cristata . THFO.

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Yungas Pygmy-Owl - Glaucidium bolivianum . MWFO. Amazonian Pygmy-Owl - Glaucidium hardyi . THFO. Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl - Glaucidium brasilianum . RIV. Burrowing Owl - Athene cunicularia . RIV.

Quetzals & , Trogonidae * Pavonine Quetzal - Pharomachrus pavoninus . TFFO. * Golden-headed Quetzal - Pharomachrus auriceps . MWFO, PHFO. * - Pharomachrus antisianus . MWFO, PHFO. Black-tailed - Trogon melanurus . THFO. Green-backed Trogon - Trogon viridis . THFO. Blue-crowned Trogon - Trogon curucui . THFO. - Trogon collaris . THFO. - Trogon personatus . PWFO. Amazonian Motmot - Momotus momota . THFO.

Motmots, Momotidae Rufous Motmot - Baryphthengus martii . THFO. Broad-billed Motmot - Electron platyrhynchum . THFO.

Kingfishers, Alcedinidae Ringed Kingfisher - Megaceryle torquata . RIV. Amazon Kingfisher - Chloroceryle amazona . RIV. Green Kingfisher - Chloroceryle americana . RIV.

Puffbirds, Bucconidae * Collared Puffbird - Bucco capensis . THFO. Lanceolated Monklet - Micromonacha lanceolata . THFO. Heard only. Black-fronted Nunbird - Monasa nigrifrons . RIV. White-fronted Nunbird - Monasa morphoeus . TFFO. Swallow-winged Puffbird - Chelidoptera tenebrosa . RIV.

Jacamars, Galbulidae * Purus - purusianus . OXL. * White-throated Jacamar - Brachygalba albogularis . RIV contiguous to open areas, Puerto Maldonado. Bluish-fronted Jacamar - Galbula cyanescens . THFO.

New World Barbets, Capitonidae Gilded Barbet - Capito auratus . THFO. * Scarlet-hooded Barbet - Eubucco tucinkae . THFO. * Versicolored Barbet - Eubucco versicolor . PHFO.

Toucans, Ramphastidae * Blue-banded Toucanet - Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis . MWFO, PHFO.

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* Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan - Andigena hypoglauca . MWFO. Superb views of a pair. Scoped! Chestnut-eared Aracari - Pteroglossus castanotis . THFO. White-throated Toucan - Ramphastos tucanus . THFO. Channel-billed Toucan - Ramphastos vitellinus . THFO.

Woodpeckers, Picidae Bar-breasted Piculet - Picumnus aurifrons. THFO. Fine-barred Piculet - Picumnus subtilis. PHFO. Yellow-tufted Woodpecker - cruentatus. THFO, RIV. Little Woodpecker - Dryobates . RIV. Red-stained Woodpecker - Dryobates affinis. THFO. Red-necked Woodpecker - Campephilus rubricollis. THFO. Crimson-crested Woodpecker - Campephilus melanoleucos. THFO. Lineated Woodpecker - Dryocopus lineatus. THFO. Ringed Woodpecker - Celeus torquatus. THFO. * Scale-breasted Woodpecker - Celeus grammicus. THFO. Cream-colored Woodpecker - Celeus flavus. THFO, RIV. Golden-green Woodpecker - Piculus chrysochloros. THFO. Golden-olive Woodpecker - Colaptes rubiginosus. PHFO. * Crimson-mantled Woodpecker - Colaptes rivolii. UMFO. Spot-breasted Woodpecker - Colaptes punctigula. RIV. Andean Flicker - Colaptes rupicola. PUNA.

Falcons & Caracaras, Black - Daptrius ater . RIV. * Red-throated Caracara - Ibycter americanus . THFO. Mountain Caracara - Phalcoboenus megalopterus . PUNA. Southern Caracara - Caracara plancus . RIV, FRL. Laughing Falcon - Herpetotheres cachinnans . THFO, RIV. American Kestrel - Falco sparverius . PUNA. Bat Falcon - Falco rufigularis. THFO, RIV.

Parrots & Parakeets, Psittacidae * Amazonian Parrotlet - Nannopsittaca dachilleae. THFO, Clay lick. Tui Parakeet - Brotogeris sanctithomae . THFO, Clay lick. Cobalt-winged Parakeet - Brotogeris cyanoptera . THFO, Clay lick. * Orange-cheeked Parrot - Pyrilia barrabandi . THFO, Clay lick. Blue-headed Parrot - Pionus menstruus . THFO, Clay lick. Yellow-crowned Parrot - Amazona ochrocephala . THFO, Clay lick. Mealy Parrot - Amazona farinosa. THFO, Clay lick. * White-bellied Parrot - Pionites leucogaster. THFO. Dusky-headed Parakeet - Aratinga weddellii. RIV. Red-bellied Macaw - Orthopsittaca manilatus. Moriche palm stand. * Blue-headed Macaw - Primolius couloni. THFO, near Pillcopata.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 17 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

* Blue-and-yellow Macaw - Ara ararauna. THFO, Clay lick. Military Macaw - Ara militaris . PHFO. Scarlet Macaw - Ara macao. THFO. * Red-and-green Macaw - Ara chloropterus. THFO, Clay lick. Chestnut-fronted Macaw - Ara severus . THFO near Pillcopata, mainly. White-eyed Parakeet - Psittacara leucophthalmus . RIV.

Antbirds, Thamnophilidae Yellow-rumped Antwren - Euchrepomis sharpei . MOHF. * Bamboo Antshrike - Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae. THFO, restricted to native stand of Spiny Bamboo. Great Antshrike - Taraba major . FRL, edge of THFO. Barred Antshrike - Thamnophilus doliatus . RIV. * Chestnut-backed Antshrike - Thamnophilus palliatus. THFO, PHFO. Plain-winged Antshrike - Thamnophilus schistaceus. THFO. Canopy. White-shouldered Antshrike - Thamnophilus aethiops. THFO. Dusky-throated Antshrike - Thamnomanes ardesiacus. THFO. Saturnine Antshrike - Thamnomanes saturninus. THFO. Bluish-slate Antshrike - Thamnomanes schistogynus. THFO. Spot-winged Antshrike - Pygiptila stellaris . THFO, near rivers. Ornate Antwren - Epinecrophylla ornata . THFO. Pygmy Antwren - Myrmotherula brachyura . THFO. * Amazonian Streaked-Antwren - Myrmotherula multostriata . RIV. Stripe-chested Antwren - Myrmotherula longicauda. PHFO. White-flanked Antwren - Myrmotherula axillaris. THFO. Long-winged Antwren - Myrmotherula longipennis . THFO. Gray Antwren - Myrmotherula menetriesii. THFO. Yellow-breasted Antwren - Herpsilochmus axillaris. MWFO, PHFO. Dot-winged Antwren - Microrhopias quixensis. THFO. Striated - Drymophila devillei . THFO, in stand of spiny bamboo. * Yellow-breasted Warbling-Antbird - Hypocnemis subflava. PHFO. * Manu Antbird - Cercomacra manu. THFO, in stand of spiny bamboo. * White-backed Fire-eye - Pyriglena leuconota. PHFO. White-browed Antbird - Myrmoborus leucophrys. THFO, near rivers. Black-faced Antbird - Myrmoborus myotherinus. TFFO. Silvered Antbird - Sclateria naevia. RIV. Plumbeous Antbird - hyperythrus. THFO. - Hafferia fortis. THFO. Black-throated Antbird - Myrmophylax atrothorax . THFO near forest streams and wet vegetation.

Antpittas, Grallaridae White-throated Antpitta - Grallaria albigula . PHFO. Red-and-white Antpitta - Grallaria erythroleuca . MWFO. Rufous Antpitta - Grallaria rufula . UMFO. * Amazonian Antpitta - Hylopezus berlepschi . THFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 18 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

Tapaculos, Rhinocryptidae White-crowned Tapaculo - Scytalopus atratus . PHFO. Puna Tapaculo - Scytalopus simonsi . PUNA. * Diademed Tapaculo - Scytalopus schulenbergi . PUNA.

Antthrushes, Formicariidae Rufous-capped Antthrush - Formicarius colma . THFO. Black-faced Antthrush - Formicarius analis . THFO. Rufous-breasted Antthrush - Formicarius rufipectus . PHFO.

Ovenbirds, Spinetails & Woodcreepers, Furnariidae * Slender-billed Miner - Geositta tenuirostris . PUNA. Olivaceous Woodcreeper - Sittasomus griseicapillus . THFO. * Tyrannine Woodcreeper - Dendrocincla tyrannina . PHFO. Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper - Dendrexetastes rufigula . THFO, near rivers. * Long-billed Woodcreeper - Nasica longirostris . THFO. Black-banded Woodcreeper - Dendrocolaptes picumnus . PHFO. * Elegant Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus elegans . THFO. Buff-throated Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus guttatus . THFO. Olive-backed Woodcreeper - Xiphorhynchus triangularis . MWFO. Straight-billed Woodcreeper - Dendroplex picus . THFO. * Red-billed Scythebill - Campylorhamphus trochilirostris . THFO. Montane Woodcreeper - Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger . MWFO. Plain Xenops - Xenops minutus . THFO. Rufous-tailed Xenops - Microxenops milleri . THFO. Streaked Tuftedcheek - Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii. PHFO. Pale-legged Hornero - Furnarius leucopus . THFO, near water. Wren-like Rushbird - Phleocryptes melanops . Wetland in PUNA. Cream-winged Cinclodes - Cinclodes albiventris . PUNA. Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner - Philydor rufum . PHFO. Montane Foliage-gleaner - Anabacerthia striaticollis . PHFO. Striped Treehunter - Thripadectes holostictus . PHFO. * Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner - Automolus rufipileatus . THFO. Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner - Automolus ochrolaemus . THFO. * Pearled Treerunner - Margarornis squamiger . PHFO. Streak-fronted Thornbird - Phacellodomus striaticeps . PUNA. * Puna Thistletail - Asthenes helleri . PUNA. Rusty-fronted Canastero - Asthenes ottonis . PUNA. * Plain Softtail - Thripophaga fusciceps . THFO. * Marcapata Spinetail - Cranioleuca marcapatae . MWFO. Creamy-crested Spinetail - Cranioleuca albicapilla . UMFO. Ash-browed Spinetail - Cranioleuca curtata . PHFO. Plain-crowned Spinetail - Synallaxis gujanensis . THFO, edge. Cabanis's Spinetail - Synallaxis cabanisi . THFO, in stand of spiny bamboo. Dark-breasted Spinetail - Synallaxis albigularis . RIV.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 19 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

Azara's Spinetail - Synallaxis azarae . MWFO, edge.

Tyrant Flycatchers, Tyrannidae White-banded Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus stictopterus. UMFO. White-throated Tyrannulet - Mecocerculus leucophrys. UMFO. Yellow-billed Tit-Tyrant - Anairetes flavirostris. PUNA. Forest Elaenia - Myiopagis gaimardii. THFO. Small-billed Elaenia - Elaenia parvirostris. RIV. Sierran Elaenia - Elaenia pallatangae. UMFO, PHFO. Torrent Tyrannulet - Serpophaga cinerea . PHFO. Streak-necked Flycatcher - Mionectes striaticollis . PHFO. Sepia-capped Flycatcher - Leptopogon amaurocephalus. THFO. Slaty-capped Flycatcher - Leptopogon superciliaris . PHFO. * Inca Flycatcher - Leptopogon taczanowskii . PHFO. Endemic to Peru. Marble-faced Bristle-Tyrant - Phylloscartes ophthalmicus . PHFO. Cinnamon-faced Tyrannulet - Phylloscartes parkeri . PHFO. * Bolivian Tyrannulet - Zimmerius bolivianus . PHFO. * Ornate Flycatcher - Myiotriccus ornatus. PHFO. Many-colored Rush Tyrant - Tachuris rubrigastra . Wetland in PUNA. * Ringed Antpipit - Corythopis torquatus . THFO. Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant - Lophotriccus pileatus . PHFO. Flammulated Pygmy-Tyrant - Hemitriccus flammulatus . THFO. Johannes's Tody-Tyrant - Hemitriccus Iohannis. THFO. * Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher - Poecilotriccus latirostris . Edge of THFO, secondary growth. Black-backed Tody-Flycatcher - Poecilotriccus pulchellus . THFO. Spotted Tody-Flycatcher - Todirostrum maculatum . RIV. * Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher - Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum . Canopy of THFO. Yellow-breasted Flycatcher - Tolmomyias flaviventris. THFO. Golden-crowned Spadebill - Platyrinchus coronatus. TFFO. * Royal Flycatcher - Onychorhynchus coronatus. THFO. Cinnamon Flycatcher - Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus . MWFO, PHFO. Bran-colored Flycatcher - Myiophobus fasciatus . FRL. Euler's Flycatcher - Lathrotriccus euleri . Stand of spiny bamboo contiguous to THF. Olive Flycatcher - Mitrephanes olivaceus . PHFO. Olive-sided Flycatcher - Contopus cooperi. PHFO. Smoke-colored Pewee - Contopus fumigatus . PHFO. Black Phoebe - Sayornis nigricans . River in PHFO. Vermilion Flycatcher - Pyrocephalus rubinus. RIV. Drab Water Tyrant - Ochthornis littoralis . RIV. * Little Ground-Tyrant - Muscisaxicola fluviatilis. RIV. Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant - Muscisaxicola rufivertex. PUNA. Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant - Myiotheretes striaticollis . UMFO. Rufous-webbed Bush-Tyrant - Polioxolmis rufipennis. PUNA. * Crowned Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca frontalis . UMFO. Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris. UMFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 20 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca rufipectoralis . UMFO. White-browed Chat-Tyrant - Ochthoeca leucophrys . PUNA. Long-tailed Tyrant - Colonia colonus . Edge of THFO. * Dull-capped Attila - Attila bolivianus . Moriche palm stand. Grayish Mourner - Rhytipterna simplex . THFO. Dusky-capped Flycatcher - Myiarchus tuberculifer. UMFO. Short-crested Flycatcher - Myiarchus ferox . THFO. Great Kiskadee - Pitangus sulphuratus . Edge of THFO, RIV. Boat-billed Flycatcher - Megarynchus pitangua . Edge of THFO. Rusty-margined Flycatcher - Myiozetetes cayanensis . Edge of PHFO. Expanding its range. Social Flycatcher - Myiozetetes similis . RIV, edge of THFO. Gray-capped Flycatcher - Myiozetetes granadensis . Edge of THFO. Lemon-browed Flycatcher - Conopias cinchoneti . Canopy of PHFO. Golden-crowned Flycatcher - Myiodynastes chrysocephalus. PHFO. Streaked Flycatcher - Myiodynastes maculatus. PHFO. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher - Myiodynastes luteiventris. THFO. Piratic Flycatcher - Legatus leucophaius. Edge of PHFO, edge of THFO. Variegated Flycatcher - Empidonomus varius. PHFO. Crowned Slaty Flycatcher - Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus. PHFO. Sulphury Flycatcher - Tyrannopsis sulphurea. Stand of Moriche palms. Tropical Kingbird - Tyrannus melancholicus. RIV and open habitats. Eastern Kingbird - Tyrannus tyrannus. Huge migrations. RIV, THFO.

Cotingas, Cotingidae * Barred Fruiteater - Pipreola arcuata . UMFO. * Red-crested Cotinga - Ampelion rubrocristatus. UMFO. * Andean Cock-of-the-rock - Rupicola peruvianus . MWFO. Purple-throated Fruitcrow - Querula purpurata . THFO. * Spangled Cotinga - Cotinga cayana . THFO. * Screaming Piha - Lipaugus vociferans . THFO. Bare-necked Fruitcrow - Gymnoderus foetidus . Edge of THFO.

Manakins, Pipridae * Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin - Tyranneutes stolzmanni. THFO. What a wonderful experience of an individual displaying! Yungas Manakin - Chiroxiphia boliviana . PHFO. * Band-tailed Manakin - Pipra fasciicauda. THFO. Black-tailed Tityra - Tityra cayana . THFO. Black-crowned Tityra - Tityra inquisitor . THFO. Masked Tityra - Tityra semifasciata . THFO. Cinereous Mourner - Laniocera hypopyrra . THFO. Barred Becard - Pachyramphus versicolor . MWFO. Chestnut-crowned Becard - Pachyramphus castaneus . THFO. White-winged Becard - Pachyramphus polychopterus . THFO, RIV. * Pink-throated Becard - Pachyramphus minor . THFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 21 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

Vireos & Greenlets, Vireonidae Dusky-capped Greenlet - Pachysylvia hypoxantha . THFO. Chivi - Vireo chivi . Currently considered conspecific with Red-eyed Vireo – Vireo olivaceus. THFO.

Crowns & Jays, Corvidae * White-collared Jay - Cyanolyca viridicyanus . MWFO. Purplish Jay - Cyanocorax cyanomelas . Edge of THFO, RIV. Violaceous Jay - Cyanocorax violaceus. THFO.

Swallows & Martins, Hirundinidae Blue-and-white Swallow - Pygochelidon cyanoleuca . PHFO. Brown-bellied Swallow - Orochelidon murina. UMFO, PUNA. White-banded Swallow - Atticora fasciata . RIV. Southern Rough-winged Swallow - Stelgidopteryx ruficollis . RIV. Gray-breasted Martin - Progne chalybea. RIV. Brown-chested Martin - Progne tapera. RIV. White-winged Swallow - Tachycineta albiventer. RIV. Bank Swallow - Riparia riparia. UMFO.

Wrens, Troglodytidae Scaly-breasted Wren - Microcerculus marginatus . THFO, near forest streams. * Gray-mantled Wren - Odontorchilus branickii . MHFO. House Wren - Troglodytes aedon . RIV. Mountain Wren - Troglodytes solstitialis . MHFO. Sedge Wren - Cistothorus platensis. PUNA. Thrush-like Wren - Campylorhynchus turdinus . THFO. Moustached Wren - Pheugopedius genibarbis. THFO. Buff-breasted Wren - Cantorchilus leucotis. RIV. * Fulvous Wren - Cinnycerthia fulva. MHFO. Gray-breasted Wood-Wren - Henicorhina leucophrys . PHFO. * Musician Wren - Cyphorhinus arada . THFO.

Donacobius, Donacobiidae Being exposed to a long and controversial taxonomic history, this species was first believed to be a relative of the thrushes and the mockingbirds and named Mockingthrush. Later, it was moved with the wrens and renamed after its , Donacobius. Today, it is believed to be a distant relative of the old-world warblers and placed in the Sylvioidea clade (Old World lineage). Three pairs or family groups were enjoyed singing while moving the tail sideways. Black-capped Donacobius - Donacobius atricapilla. OXL.

Thrushes, Turdidae Andean Solitaire - Myadestes ralloides . MWFO. Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush - Catharus fuscater . MWFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 22 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

* White-eared Solitaire - Entomodestes leucotis . MWFO. White-necked Thrush - Turdus albicollis . THFO. Black-billed Thrush - Turdus ignobilis . THFO. Great Thrush - Turdus fuscater . PUNA. Chiguanco Thrush - Turdus chiguanco . MWFO. Glossy-black Thrush - Turdus serranus . UMFO.

Chlorophonias & Euphonias, Fringillidae * Blue-naped Chlorophonia - Chlorophonia cyanea . MWFO. Thick-billed Euphonia - Euphonia laniirostris . THFO. Golden-bellied Euphonia - Euphonia chrysopasta . THFO. * Bronze-green Euphonia - Euphonia mesochrysa . UMFO. White-vented Euphonia - Euphonia minuta . THFO. Orange-bellied Euphonia - Euphonia xanthogaster . PHFO. Hooded Siskin - Spinus magellanicus . PUNA. Olivaceous Siskin - Spinus olivaceus . PHFO.

Chlorospinguse, Sparrows & Brushfinches, Emberizidae Yellow-throated Chlorospingus - Chlorospingus flavigularis. PHFO. Yellow-browed Sparrow - Ammodramus aurifrons . PHFO. Rufous-collared Sparrow - Zonotrichia capensis . PUNA. Black-faced Brushfinch - Atlapetes melanolaemus . UMFO.

Troupials, Blackbirds & allies, Icteridae Red-breasted Meadowlark - Leistes militaris . FRL. Road to Puerto Maldonado. Russet-backed Oropendola - Psarocolius angustifrons . PHFO, THFO. Dusky-green Oropendola - Psarocolius atrovirens . PHFO. Crested Oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus . PHFO. Solitary Black Cacique - Cacicus solitarius . RIV. Yellow-rumped Cacique - Cacicus cela . Edge of THFO. Mountain Cacique - Cacicus chrysonotus . UMFO. * Epaulet Oriole - Icterus cayanensis. Moriche stand near Puerto Maldonado. Giant Cowbird - Molothrus oryzivorus . RIV. * Pale-eyed Blackbird - Agelasticus xanthophthalmus . OXL. Yellow-winged Blackbird - Agelasticus thilius . Wetland in PUNA.

New World Warblers, Parulidae Tropical Parula - Setophaga pitiayumi . PHFO. Three-striped Warbler - Basileuterus tristriatus . PHFO. Citrine Warbler - Myiothlypis luteoviridis . UMFO. Buff-rumped Warbler - Myiothlypis fulvicauda . RIV. Two-banded Warbler - Myiothlypis bivittata . PHFO. * Golden-bellied Warbler - Myiothlypis chrysogaster . THFO, slope of Andes. Slate-throated Redstart - Myioborus miniatus . PHFO. * Spectacled Redstart - Myioborus melanocephalus . UMFO, PHFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 23 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

Ant-Tanagers & Grosbeaks, Cardinalidae Red-crowned Ant-Tanager - Habia rubica . THFO. Amazonian Grosbeak - rothschildii . THFO.

Tanagers & allies, Thraupidae Red-capped - Paroaria gularis . RIV. Magpie Tanager - Cissopis leverianus . Edge of THFO. Hooded Tanager - Nemosia pileata . THFO. - Creurgops dentatus . PHFO. * Black-eared Hemispingus - Sphenopsis melanotis . PHFO. Rust-and-yellow Tanager - Thlypopsis ruficeps. PHFO. Superciliaried Hemispingus - Thlypopsis superciliaris . MWFO. * White-winged Shrike-Tanager - Lanio versicolor . THFO. Silver-beaked Tanager - carbo . RIV and edge of THFO. Masked Crimson Tanager - Ramphocelus nigrogularis . RIV. Hooded Mountain-Tanager - Buthraupis montana . UMFO. * Grass-green Tanager - Chlorornis riefferii . UMFO. Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager - Anisognathus igniventris . UMFO, MWFO. Chestnut-bellied Mountain-Tanager - Dubusia castaneoventris . MWFO. * Yellow-throated Tanager - Iridosornis analis . MWFO. * Golden-collared Tanager - Iridosornis jelskii . UMFO. Fawn-breasted Tanager - Pipraeidea melanonota. MWFO. Blue-and-yellow Tanager - Pipraeidea bonariensis . PUNA. Orange-eared Tanager - Chlorochrysa calliparaea . MWFO. Blue-gray Tanager - Thraupis episcopus. RIV, edge of THFO. Palm Tanager - Thraupis palmarum . RIV, Moriche palm stand, edge of THFO. Blue-capped Tanager - Thraupis cyanocephala . MWFO. Yellow-bellied Tanager - xanthogastra . PHFO. Spotted Tanager - Ixothraupis punctata. PHFO. * Golden-naped Tanager - Tangara ruficervix. MWFO. Blue-necked Tanager - Tangara cyanicollis. THFO. Blue-and-black Tanager - Tangara vassorii. MWFO. Beryl-spangled Tanager - Tangara nigroviridis. MWFO. Turquoise Tanager - Tangara mexicana. THFO. Paradise Tanager - Tangara chilensis. THFO. * Golden-eared Tanager - Tangara chrysotis . PHFO. Saffron-crowned Tanager - Tangara xanthocephala . MWFO. Green-and-gold Tanager - Tangara schrankii . PHFO. Golden Tanager - Tangara arthus. PHFO. Swallow Tanager - Tersina viridis . PHFO. Yellow-bellied Dacnis - Dacnis flaviventer. THFO. Blue Dacnis - Dacnis cayana . THFO. Purple Honeycreeper - Cyanerpes caeruleus. THFO. Chestnut-vented Conebill - speciosum . Edge of THFO. White-browed Conebill - Conirostrum ferrugineiventre . UMFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 24 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

Capped Conebill - Conirostrum albifrons . UMFO. Cinereous Conebill - Conirostrum cinereum . PHFO. Moustached Flowerpiercer - Diglossa mystacalis . UMFO. Black-throated Flowerpiercer - Diglossa brunneiventris . PUNA. Masked Flowerpiercer - Diglossa cyanea . MWFO. Plumbeous Sierra-Finch - Geospizopsis unicolor. PUNA. Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch - Geospizopsis plebejus . PUNA. Saffron Finch - Sicalis flaveola . RIV. Blue-black Grassquit - Volatinia jacarina . RIV. Chestnut-bellied Seedeater - Sporophila castaneiventris . RIV, OXL. Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch - Sporophila angolensis. FRL, RIV. Black-and-white Seedeater - Sporophila luctuosa. Edge of PHF. Double-collared Seedeater - Sporophila caerulescens. Road to Puerto Maldonado, FRL. Band-tailed Seedeater - Catamenia analis . PUNA. Bananaquit - Coereba flaveola . RIV. Dull-colored Grassquit - Tiaris obscurus . Edge of PHFO. Buff-throated Saltator - Saltator maximus . PHFO. Grayish Saltator - Saltator coerulescens . RIV. Golden-billed Saltator - Saltator aurantiirostris . PUNA.

OTHER SPECIES: Marmosets & Tamarins, Callitrichidae Saddleback Tamarin - Saguinus fascicollis. THFO.

New World Monkeys, Cebidae Dusky Titi-Monkey - Callicebus moloch. OXL. Heard only. Brown (or Tufted) Monkey – Cebus apella. THFO.

Night Monkeys, Aotidae Night Monkey (Owl Monkey) - Aotus sp. THFO.

Large New World Monkeys, Atelidae Red-howler Monkey - Alouatta seniculus. THFO. Black Monkey - Ateles paniscus. THFO.

Squirrels, Sciuridae Bolivian Squirrel - Sciurus ignitus. THFO. Southern Amazon Red Squirrel - Sciurus spadiceus. THFO.

Agoutis, Dasyproctidae Brown Agouti - Dasyprocta variegata. PHFO.

Pacas, Cuniculidae Paca - Agouti paca. PHFO.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 25 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018

Sheath-tailed Bats, Emballonuridae Long-nosed (Proboscis) Bat - Rhynchonycteris naso. THFO.

Bulldog Bats, Noctilionidae Fishing Bat ssp - Noctilio ssp. RIV.

Cats, Felidae Puma - Puma concolor. THFO.

Weasels, Otters & Allies, Mustelidae Tayra - Eira barbara. Cock of the Rock Lodge. PHF. Giant Otter – Pteronura brasiliensis. OXL.

Tapirs, Tapiridae Brazilian – Tapirus terrestris. THFO.

Deers, Cevidae Red Brocket Deer – Mazama americana. THFO.

Bamboo rats, Tapiridae Amazon – dactylinus. THFO. Heard only.

Caimans, Alligatoridae Spectacled Caiman - Caiman crocodilus. Black Caiman - Melanosuchus niger.

Sideneck Turtles, Podocnemidae Yellow spotted Amazon River Turtle – Podocnemis unifilis

Lizards, Teiidae Gold Tegu Lizard – Tupinambis teguixin. Giant Ameiva – Ameiva ameiva.

Invertebrades Freshwater Stingray [Potamotrygonidae]. Caligo Butterfly. White Witch Moth – Thysania agrippina . Blue Morpho. Arboreal . Paper Wasp. Ciccada. Click Beetle. Blue Morpho Butterfly. Carnivorous Grasshopper. Miscellaneous caterpillars. Airplane Grasshopper. -cutter Ants. Aztec Ants.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 26 Peru: Manu Biosphere Reserve, 2018