DOCSLIB.ORG

Revolutionary Fathers: Republican Fatherhood and the American Revolution and Early Republic 1763-1814

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Revolutionary Fathers: Republican Fatherhood and the American Revolution and Early Republic 1763-1814 University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2017 Revolutionary fathers: Republican fatherhood and the American Revolution and early republic 1763-1814 Travis Jaquess Jaquess University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Jaquess, Travis Jaquess, "Revolutionary fathers: Republican fatherhood and the American Revolution and early republic 1763-1814" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1423. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1423 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REVOLUTIONARY FATHERS: REPUBLICAN FATHERHOOD AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND EARLY REPUBLIC 1763-1814 A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in the Arch Dalrymple III Department of History The University of Mississippi by TRAVIS DON JAQUESS May 2017 Dissertation Committee John Neff, Chair of the Committee Sheila Skemp Ted Ownby Elise S. Lake Copyright Travis D. Jaquess 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This dissertation examines American fathers in the eighteenth century and argues that the American Revolution, both the war itself and the ideology it created, affected attitudes towards and practices of fatherhood. Historians have characterized the father/son relationship in the Revolutionary period as one of filial rebellion against their patriarchal fathers. My work finds, conversely, that because of their experience in the Revolution, ideas such as liberty and equality which spread throughout the colonies, and additional opportunities available to industrious young men due to national independence, fathers actively prepared their sons for an independent life free from patronage, massive inheritances, and the paternal protection which pre- Revolutionary fathers had offered their sons. Fathers throughout the thirteen colonies instilled into their children republican virtues such as self-sacrifice, independence, the value of education, and a sense of the public good, so that their sons could perform their duties as male citizens of a republic. I contend, moreover, that these values radically changed the way fathers and sons understood their relationship and their view of the world. These changes in fatherhood did not originate with the Revolution but were part of a longer historical movement which included the writings of John Locke, desacralization, subtle changes in the family economy, and a rise in individualism. It is my assertion, however, that the Revolution highlighted and accelerated these forces of change. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my grandmother, Ann Kelley who first taught me to love history. I have been forever changed by her passion for American History and her gift for storytelling. For one who was never able to become the teacher she wanted to be, this dissertation is yours. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS AEDM Archives of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland CHS Connecticut Historical Society HLUA Harvard Library University Archives HSP Historical Society of Pennsylvania LCP Library Company of Philadelphia MA Mississippi Archives MHS Massachusetts Historical Society RL Rubenstein Library at Duke University SHC Southern Historical Collection at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a massive debt of appreciate to my mentor, Dr. Shelia Skemp, whose work on the relationship between Benjamin and William Franklin drew me to the University of Mississippi. Despite her recent retirement from the University, Dr. Skemp read every word, every footnote, and every jot and tittle. More importantly, she did the tiresome work of a mentor in her retirement. In 2014, Dr. Skemp announced her retirement from full time teaching at the University of Mississippi. She graciously offered to continue to work with me and see this project through to its completion. I am exceedingly grateful to her careful attention to detail. I could not have completed this manuscript without her study direction, guidance, and tireless correction and advice. Thank you so much. I hope you can now, finally, enjoy your retirement. I would also like to thank Julie Willet, in whose class I first discovered masculinity as a category of analysis. I would like to thank the late Ethan Schmidt who steered me towards early American history. Thank you, Dean Joseph Ward, former chair of the Arch Dalrymple III Department of History, for believing in my project and provided much needed travel funding. Thank you to the Arch Dalrymple III fellowship committee granting me a summer writing fellowship and research grant. I am also grateful to the North Carolinian Historical Society for the Archie K. Davis Fellowship. Thank you to the staffs at the Southern Historical Collection in Chapel Hill and the Rubenstein Library at Duke University for your generosity and assistance. I would like to especially thank the Andrew W. Mellen Foundation and the Massachusetts Historical Society for their generous funding. At the MHS, I would like to thank v Conrad Wright, Sarah Martin, and Kate Viens for their kindness and insightful conversations. I would like to thank Paige Roberts for allowing me access to the Philip Academy Archives. I appreciate the staffs at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Library Company of Philadelphia, especially James Green, who arranged for me to stay in the beautiful Cassett House. Thanks to Connie King in the reading room for her kindness, patience, and willingness to share her vast knowledge with me. Also, a special thanks for the print collection staff at the Library Company of Philadelphia namely Sarah Weatherwax and Erika Piola for showing the Prodigal Son engravings. Thank you to Mary Klein, archivist of the Archives of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland who mailed me photocopies of sermons on the Prodigal Son. I would like my committee John Neff (chair), Sheila Skemp, Ted Ownby, and Elise Lake for their helpful comments and careful reading. Also to thank you Dr. John Fiorini, Ken McCabe, and Dr. Marc Lerner for reading large portions of the manuscript and offering valuable advice. Dr. Lerner, even though he was not on my committee, took an interest in my work and offered lots of encouragement and suggestions. I am so honored that a historian of Dr. Lerner’s caliber and accomplishments found my project interesting, important, and worthy of his investment. The mistakes that remain are examples of when I did not heed their sage corrections. Finally, a special thanks to my wife Rebecca, without whom this project would not have been possible. She, more than anyone in our family, made the biggest adjustment when I enrolled in graduate school full time. She transitioned smoothly from a stay-at-home mom attending tirelessly to our two toddler children to full time employee and breadwinner. I will never forgot nor fail to appreciate the fact that she worked at a fast-food job for a year just so our vi family could have rent, bills, and food. Through her industrious spirit, she ascended very quickly to become the store manager for a high-end furniture store utilizing her expert skills both in sales and in design. Thank you so much for your steadfast faithfulness to our family and to our goals which come to fruition through this dissertation. I love you so much! vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT …………………………..……………………………………………………… ii DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………… iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………….…….…………………………………………… iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………….…... v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………….. ix I. INTRODUCTION……………….………………………………………………………....… 1 II. BECOMING A FATHER ………………….……………………………………………..... 27 III. MOLDING THE MINDS AND MANNERS OF CHILDREN …………………………... 94 IV. PRODUCING MEN OF SENSE ………………………………………………………… 152 V. A STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: MANHOOD ……………………………….…. 213 VI. EPILOGUE ……………………………………………………………………………..….277 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………….. 288 VITA………………………………………………………………………………….………. 308 viii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Prodigal Son in Excess ……………….……………………………………………..…284 2. The Prodigal Son in Misery ………...………………………………………………….285 3. The Prodigal Son returns Reclaimed ……………………………………………….….286 ix I. INTRODUCTION “Mine shall be the pleasing Task to Foster and feed with Advice the tender root, while on you must depend the bringing forth the Fruit.” —Gabriel Johonnot to Samuel Cooper Johonnot on the role of a father, 1781 “I beg you will carefully observe this in your present and future Studies, Memory may fail you, but when an impression is made by Reason it will last as long [as] You retain your Understanding.” —Charles Carroll of Annapolis to Charles Carroll This dissertation examines American fathers in the eighteenth century and argues that the American Revolution, both the war itself and the ideologies it created, affected attitudes towards and practices of fatherhood. The traditional historiography of this field argues that sons used the Revolution as an opportunity to rebel against their patriarchal fathers.1 My work finds, instead, that because of their experience in the Revolution, ideas such as liberty and equality spreading throughout the colonies, and additional opportunities available to industrious young men due to national independence, fathers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History of the American Revolution, Vol. 1 [1789]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution, vol. 1 [1789] The Online Library Of Liberty Collection This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, foundation established to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, or to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 900 books and other material and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and Web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the American Revolution, vol. 1 Edition Used: The History of the American Revolution, Foreword by Lester H.
    [Show full text]
  • William Franklin “Frank” Oldham by Toby Echelberry on February 18
    William Franklin “Frank” Oldham By Toby Echelberry On February 18, 1868 history was being made where the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors met to discuss the Incorporation of a new town in the southernmost part of the County to be called Gilroy. Among those signing the petition submitted on February 6th of the same year was a man named William Franklin “Frank” Oldham who would eventually become the one of first Town Trustees to establish the legislative framework of Gilroy. Frank was born on December 16, 1826 in the Greenville District of South Carolina to Garland Oldham and Nancy Stone as the second born of four siblings. The other siblings were Thomas (born 1825), Mary “Polly” Ann (born 1831) and Melissa (born 1883). Frank’s paternal grandfather was Major George Oldham, a Patriot Leader from North Carolina. George Oldham was only a private in the Northern Orange County Regiment of Militia in 1776. George not only had the passion to fight for the freedom of a new nation, but demonstrated himself as being one who had great military prose. George quickly was promoted to Ensign later that year and by 1779 was appointed the rank of Lieutenant in the Caswell County Regiment of Militia and eventually by 1783 to the rank of Colonel. On September 9, 1776, the Provincial Congress had authorized thirty-five County Militia forces to be organized. One of which was the Orange County Regiment of Militia with the original officers in command being Colonel John Hogan, Lieutenant Colonel John Butler, 1st Major William Moore and 2nd Major Nathaniel Rochester.
    [Show full text]
  • A Republican Abroad: John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1991 A Republican Abroad: John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution Robert Wilmer Smith College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Robert Wilmer, "A Republican Abroad: John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution" (1991). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625694. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-ggdh-n397 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A REPUBLICAN ABROAD: JOHN ADAMS AND THE DIPLOMACY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Robert W. Smith, Jr. 1991 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Robert W.Smith, Jy. Approved, April 1991 Joh: . Selbv Edward P. Crapcjl Thomas F. Sheppa TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................ iv ABSTRACT......................................... v INTRODUCTION.....................................2 PART I. A VIRTUOUS REPUBLIC.....................5 PART II. A COMMERCIAL REPUBLIC................ 16 PART III. THE DIPLOMACY OF A SHORT WAR......... 27 PART IV. JOHN ADAMS IN PARIS...................38 PART V.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir William Franklin, M.D
    Volume 57 May 2007 Hopkins County, Kentucky FFRU Volume 57 - Page 1 [left intentionally blank - back of cover - do not print] FFRU Volume 57 - Page 1 Cover Photo: Hopkins County, Kentucky Kentucky became a state in 1792. Just 35 years later, Hopkins County, Kentucky was formed in 1807 from Henderson County, Kentucky. It is one of several Kentucky counties that had an unusually large population of Franklins. Most of these families migrated from Virginia, where there were also quite a large number of Franklin families. Franklin families make up many of the new residents of Kentucky. Table of Contents PERSI: Orville S. Franklin ..............................................................................................................3 PERSI: Walter Rundell, Jr., and Neil Franklin Die..........................................................................3 PERSI: S. H. Franklin Market .........................................................................................................3 PERSI: Jane (Church) Franklin .......................................................................................................7 PERSI: McKinney / Franklin Deed Of Gift.....................................................................................8 PERSI: Parker Family Records........................................................................................................8 Book Review: Barney, 1634--Hosmer, 1635 .................................................................................10 Book Review: The Kelsick - Dobyns -
    [Show full text]
  • Silence Over Their Tombs
    Wickstrom 1 Silence Over Their Tombs: A Microhistory of American Perceptions of Alcoholism in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries Using the Adams Family Papers A Senior Project presented to the Faculty of the History Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Dr. Murphy In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in History By Lucy Wickstrom June 2020 Wickstrom 2 Abstract The perception of alcohol addiction in the United States of America has changed numerous times throughout the nation’s history, with people accepting it as a mere part of life in the colonial era before preachers and thinkers began to denounce it as a vice and a moral failure. The influential writings of respected patriot Dr. Benjamin Rush, however, initiated a fundamental shift in the way that Americans understood alcoholism, as he was the first to make the argument that it was a disease beyond the control of its sufferers. This paper uses the example of the famous Adams family to illustrate this shift in thought, since both of John Adams’s younger sons, Charles and Thomas, died from complications related to alcoholism. By examining the writings of the family left behind in the Adams Family Papers, as well as other relevant primary documents, I argue that the Adams family was influenced by changing societal ideas as they addressed Thomas’s struggles quite differently from the way they had Charles’s decades earlier. Wickstrom 3 Introduction On March 17, 1777, John Adams wrote a letter to his third child and middle son, Charles.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Franklin, Citizen Scientist
    DR. FRANKLIN, FRANKLIN, DR. CITIZEN SCIENTIST CITIZEN CITIZEN SCIENTIST CITIZEN SCIENTIST Janine Yorimoto Boldt With contributions by Emily A. Margolis and Introduction by Patrick Spero Edited by the Contents 5 INTRODUCTION Patrick Spero Published on the occasion of the exhibition 8 Dr. Franklin, Citizen Scientist April–December ACKNOWLEDGMENTS American Philosophical Society ­ South Fifth Street 10 Philadelphia, PA ESSAY amphilsoc.org Dr. Franklin, Citizen Scientist is exhibition catalog was made possible by a grant from the Janine Yorimoto Boldt National Endowment for the Humanities. 41 A BENJAMIN FRANKLIN TIMELINE 42 ILLUSTRATED CHECKLIST Any views, ndings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the Janine Yorimoto Boldt / Emily A. Margolis National Endowment for the Humanities. 106 EDITED BY the American Philosophical Society SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY PROJECT MANAGEMENT Mary Grace Wahl DESIGN barb barnett graphic design llc PRINTING Brilliant Graphics, Exton, PA Front cover: Charles Willson Peale, Portrait of Benjamin Franklin (detail), , APS. Inside front cover and last page: Adapted illustrations from Benjamin Franklin, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, rd ed. ( ), APS. Copyright © by the American Philosophical Society Library & Museum All rights reserved. Identiers: ISBN -- - - | LCCN Also available as a free downloadable PDF at: https://diglib.amphilsoc.org/franklinsenlightenment/ Introducti In ­, Benjamin Franklin and a group of other civically minded individuals got together to form something called the “American Philosophical Society.” Philosophy, at the time, had a much di¡erent meaning than it does today. To be a philosopher was to be one who systematically inquired into nature, often in ways that we would today consider science. e Society’s purpose was thus to “promote useful knowledge” by bringing the greatest thinkers in the British colonies together to share all that they knew and were learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Official Correspondence in the Matter of the Proposed
    LETTER OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY Sons of the Revolution OCTOBER, 1896 PART FIRST. COMPLETE Official Correspondence IN THE MATTER OF THE Proposed Consolidation OF THE Sons of the RevoMion AND THE Sons of the American ReYolntion. ' ( ''^, In the matter of the Proposed Consolidation of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution and the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution: NOTE OF EXPLANATION. The following correspondence, read in connection with the resolution passed by the General Society of the Sons of the Revolution at their meeting held in Savannah on the 20th of April, 1896, will in a great measure explain itself. It is proper, however, to state that your General Presi- dent, before sending any reply to the first communication of the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, con- sulted in New York a number of the General Officers of our society as to the character of such a reply, and they were unanimously of the opinion that the answer herewith sub- mitted and marked No. i, was entirely within the instruc- tions given to us in Savannah, and contained everything which we were authorized to say. The replies to the second and third communications were, after consultation, naturally based upon the first, and having once concluded that we could not exceed our instructions, it was impossible for us afterwards to appoint committees who would enter upon the wide field of discussion for the forma- tion of a new Constitution without the express authority or consent of our Society. JOHN LEE CARROLL, General President. September, 1896, The General Secretary of the Sons of the Revolution transmitted to the Secretary' General of the Sons of the Ameri- can Revolution the following preample and resolutions, pro- posed by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • H. Doc. 108-222
    34 Biographical Directory DELEGATES IN THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS CONNECTICUT Dates of Attendance Andrew Adams............................ 1778 Benjamin Huntington................ 1780, Joseph Spencer ........................... 1779 Joseph P. Cooke ............... 1784–1785, 1782–1783, 1788 Jonathan Sturges........................ 1786 1787–1788 Samuel Huntington ................... 1776, James Wadsworth....................... 1784 Silas Deane ....................... 1774–1776 1778–1781, 1783 Jeremiah Wadsworth.................. 1788 Eliphalet Dyer.................. 1774–1779, William S. Johnson........... 1785–1787 William Williams .............. 1776–1777 1782–1783 Richard Law............ 1777, 1781–1782 Oliver Wolcott .................. 1776–1778, Pierpont Edwards ....................... 1788 Stephen M. Mitchell ......... 1785–1788 1780–1783 Oliver Ellsworth................ 1778–1783 Jesse Root.......................... 1778–1782 Titus Hosmer .............................. 1778 Roger Sherman ....... 1774–1781, 1784 Delegates Who Did Not Attend and Dates of Election John Canfield .............................. 1786 William Hillhouse............. 1783, 1785 Joseph Trumbull......................... 1774 Charles C. Chandler................... 1784 William Pitkin............................. 1784 Erastus Wolcott ...... 1774, 1787, 1788 John Chester..................... 1787, 1788 Jedediah Strong...... 1782, 1783, 1784 James Hillhouse ............... 1786, 1788 John Treadwell ....... 1784, 1785, 1787 DELAWARE Dates of Attendance Gunning Bedford,
    [Show full text]
  • John-Adams-3-Contents.Pdf
    Contents TREATY COMMISSIONER AND MINISTER TO THE NETHERLANDS AND TO GREAT BRITAIN, 1784–1788 To Joseph Reed, February 11, 1784 Washington’s Character ....................... 3 To Charles Spener, March 24, 1784 “Three grand Objects” ........................ 4 To the Marquis de Lafayette, March 28, 1784 Chivalric Orders ............................ 5 To Samuel Adams, May 4, 1784 “Justice may not be done me” ................... 6 To John Quincy Adams, June 1784 “The Art of writing Letters”................... 8 From the Diary: June 22–July 10, 1784 ............. 9 To Abigail Adams, July 26, 1784 “The happiest Man upon Earth”................ 10 To Abigail Adams 2nd, July 27, 1784 Keeping a Journal .......................... 12 To James Warren, August 27, 1784 Diplomatic Salaries ......................... 13 To Benjamin Waterhouse, April 23, 1785 John Quincy’s Education ..................... 15 To Elbridge Gerry, May 2, 1785 “Kinds of Vanity” .......................... 16 From the Diary: May 3, 1785 ..................... 23 To John Jay, June 2, 1785 Meeting George III ......................... 24 To Samuel Adams, August 15, 1785 “The contagion of luxury” .................... 28 xi 9781598534665_Adams_Writings_791165.indb 11 12/10/15 8:38 AM xii CONteNtS To John Jebb, August 21, 1785 Salaries for Public Officers .................... 29 To John Jebb, September 10, 1785 “The first Step of Corruption”.................. 33 To Thomas Jefferson, February 17, 1786 The Ambassador from Tripoli .................. 38 To William White, February 28, 1786 Religious Liberty ........................... 41 To Matthew Robinson-Morris, March 4–20, 1786 Liberty and Commerce....................... 42 To Granville Sharp, March 8, 1786 The Slave Trade............................ 45 To Matthew Robinson-Morris, March 23, 1786 American Debt ............................ 46 From the Diary: March 30, 1786 .................. 49 Notes on a Tour of England with Thomas Jefferson, April 1786 ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • A HISTORY of the WORCESTER DISTRICT MEDICAL SOCIETY and the WORCESTER MEDICAL SOCIETY 1794 - 1954
    A HISTORY of the WORCESTER DISTRICT MEDICAL SOCIETY and the WORCESTER MEDICAL SOCIETY 1794 - 1954 PAUL F. BERGIN, M.D. Secretary Worcester District Medical Society 1952-1954 WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS WORCESTER DISTRICT MEDICAL SOCIETY DEDICATED TO PHILIP H. COOK. M.D. THE INSPIRATION AND GUIDANCE OF THIS WORK Copyright 1994 by the Worcester District Medical Society All rights reserved. All or part of this book may be reproduced only with permission of the Worcester District Medical Society. Printed in the United States of America ISBN PBS Designs Printed by Deerfield Press Worcester, MA CONTENTS List of Illustrations iv Foreword v Preface vii IN THE BEGINNING 1. The Worcester Medical Society, 1794 1 2. The Founders 8 3. The Worcester Medical Society and The Massachusetts Medical Society 13 4. The Worcester District Medical Society 20 THE WORCESTER MEDICAL LIBRARY 5. The Worcester Medical Library 24 6. Dr. S. Foster Haven, Librarian 29 7. Middle Years of the Worcester Medical Library 34 8. Renaissance of the Library 42 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 9. Medicine in the Early Years of the Society 51 10. Quackery in the Nineteenth Century 54 11. Formation of the Worcester North District 64 12. The Late Nineteenth Century 68 13. The Annual Orations 73 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 14. Some Doctors of the Turn of the Century 82 15. The Early Twentieth Century through the First World War 90 16. The Society through the Second World War 95 17. The Post-War Years 104 APPENDICES 1. Meeting Places 110 2. Members who Served their Country in Time of War 115 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Benjamin Franklin 1 Benjamin Franklin
    Benjamin Franklin 1 Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin 6th President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania In office October 18, 1785 – December 1, 1788 Preceded by John Dickinson Succeeded by Thomas Mifflin 23rd Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly In office 1765–1765 Preceded by Isaac Norris Succeeded by Isaac Norris United States Minister to France In office 1778–1785 Appointed by Congress of the Confederation Preceded by New office Succeeded by Thomas Jefferson United States Minister to Sweden In office 1782–1783 Appointed by Congress of the Confederation Preceded by New office Succeeded by Jonathan Russell 1st United States Postmaster General In office 1775–1776 Appointed by Continental Congress Preceded by New office Succeeded by Richard Bache Personal details Benjamin Franklin 2 Born January 17, 1706 Boston, Massachusetts Bay Died April 17, 1790 (aged 84) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nationality American Political party None Spouse(s) Deborah Read Children William Franklin Francis Folger Franklin Sarah Franklin Bache Profession Scientist Writer Politician Signature [1] Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705 ] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • Benjamin Franklin's Female and Male Pseudonyms: Sex, Gender, Culture, and Name Suppression from Boston to Philadelphia and Beyond
    Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects History Department 2003 Benjamin Franklin's Female and Male Pseudonyms: Sex, Gender, Culture, and Name Suppression from Boston to Philadelphia and Beyond Jared C. Calaway '03 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Calaway '03, Jared C., "Benjamin Franklin's Female and Male Pseudonyms: Sex, Gender, Culture, and Name Suppression from Boston to Philadelphia and Beyond" (2003). Honors Projects. 18. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj/18 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. • Benjamin Franklin's Female and Male Pseudonyms Sex, Gender, Culture, and Name Suppression from Boston to Philadelphia and Beyond, 1722-1747 By Jared C. Calaway • "Historians relate, not so much what is done, as what they would have believed." -Richard Saunders [Benjamin Franklin], Poor Richard's Almanack, 1739­ • Introduction Ever since Benjamin Franklin wrote his autobiography, biographers throughout the centuries have molded him into the model American.
    [Show full text]