AVON GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY AND 2 Introduction 3

CONTENTS

More violence takes place in our schools, homes and 2 communities than in war zones. kills Introduction more women than any other issue. One in three women 4 will be a victim of abuse in her lifetime. Key findings Violence against women and girls is a silent epidemic. There remains 6 a lack of awareness that it takes place, and a fear of speaking Methodology out. There is low understanding around what constitutes abusive 7 behaviour and where women can go for help. Results We believe in a world where women and girls can live a life free 7  from violence and abuse. But to achieve this we must open up the relations conversation around violence against women and girls. This means in the private empowering survivors to speak out, listening to their stories and space ensuring information is available on what to do if you encounter abuse or suspect it is taking place. 14 Gender relations Since 2004, Avon has worked to raise awareness of violence against in the public sphere women and girls and to support local services. Avon and the Avon Foundation have donated over $65 million to the violence against 26 women and girls cause to date. We have reached 34.3 million people Seeking support and distributed 5.7 million educational materials. 34 In 2018, we commissioned a survey of 14,400 women in fifteen Prevalence of countries. This survey presents a rare insight into women’s attitudes abuse to gender relations, their perceptions of violence and its different 40 forms, and of their attitudes towards various forms of violence. Appendix We hope that this will provide not only much-needed data to inform the conversation, but also insight to inspire action as we work to end violence against women and girls around the world. KEY FINDINGS

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 4 Key findings 5

Expectations • There is significant variation in the extent to which There are • Only 59% of women globally trust the justice system women around the world feel that a has a ’duty’ to take claims of physical abuse seriously, and 60% trust of relationships to provide sex to her partner if he wants it – only 2% of low levels of the system to take claims of sexual abuse seriously vary considerably feel women have this obligation confidence in • Only 58% of women globally trust the justice system to while say that they do around the world 38% of women that abuse take measures to protect victims of physical or sexual abuse • There is significant variation by country in relation to will be taken trust in the justice system – while 87% of women in seriously the Philippines trust the system to treat psychological abuse as a crime, in Russia this drops to 27% But most • The majority of women feel that violence can be justified in instances of self-defence (59%), or the defence of a women agree child (55%) that violence is • ‘Insisting on knowing where his partner is’ is considered acceptable behaviour from a male partner by 19% of unacceptable in • Globally, are likely to actively seek help women globally, and this rises to 31% in South Africa … and many 85% of women if they or someone they know was a victim of abuse, all but a few cases and 37% in the Philippines women do not though this varies significantly geographically –94% • Whistling, shouting or commenting on women in a know where to go of women in the Philippines are likely to seek help sexual way is perceived as abuse or harassment by 82% whereas only 65% of women in are of women globally – and only 61% of for help if they do • Only say they would know and 65% of consider this abuse 62% of women globally encounter abuse where to go to seek help – and this falls to 40% in the UK and 32% in Russia • Globally, 16% of women say there is something that would hold them back from seeking support. The most There is no • 21% of women globally feel unsafe in public – and this common barrier is fear of the abuse getting worse rises to 47% in South Africa and 51% in Turkey as a result, at 47%, closely followed by fear for any guarantee that children involved women will feel safe in public

… which all too • At a global level, the majority of women (56%) have some experience of abuse (either to themselves or many do someone they know). The most common form of abuse experienced is psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 6 Methodology Results – 01: Gender relations in the private space 7

The survey was designed and delivered with support from a range of partners including Populus, Good Business and Vital Voices.

1000 women were surveyed in Country Sample size each of the 15 countries listed in Table 1, with the exception of Argentina 1,000 Ecuador where difficulties in Brazil 1,000 achieving a representative sample meant that the sample Chile 1,000 size was capped at 400. Only Colombia 1,000 women over the age of GENDER RELATIONS 18 were surveyed. Ecuador 400 IN THE PRIVATE SPACE The survey was conducted online Italy 1,000 using a dedicated platform which Mexico 1,000 remained live until the sample We asked women about their expectations quota was reached, a timeframe Peru 1,000 that varied from two to three weeks. of relationships and what behaviours were Philippines 1,000 seen as abusive. Date of fieldwork: 28th of September to 24th Poland 1,000 We explore three key questions: of October 2018 Romania 1,000 nationally What expectations Sample breakdown: Russia 1,000 representative by age and region do women have of across 15 countries (listed in Table 1) Turkey 1,000 relationships? Questionnaire design: South Africa 1,000 43 questions, containing a mix of UK 1,000 Is violence ever Likert scales, multiple choice and acceptable? yes/no options. Table 1: Countries surveyed and sample size Please see Appendix What behaviours are for questionnaire. considered to be abuse?

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 8 Results – 01: Gender relations in the private space 9

of women 97% in Argentina This question around the ‘duty’ DO WOMEN HAVE OF RELATIONSHIPS? to provide sex is the one with the greatest level of geographical Globally, the majority of women of women who feel that violence variation — while 97% of women in of women in value equality in a relationship and is something that women have to Argentina disagree that women have 45% the Philippines feel that violence is not acceptable. tolerate, and that a wife has a ‘duty’ a duty to provide sex, this number DISAGREE THAT WOMEN HAVE However there is a small number to provide sex to her husband. falls to 45% in the Philippines. A DUTY TO PROVIDE SEX

THE GLOBAL PICTURE COUNTRY COMPARISON When it comes to sex in relationships, most women agree that contraception is acceptable, and For obligation to have sex something that should be agreed by the couple. Violence from a partner is largely deemed unacceptable, The highest degree of global variation on these statements is for the question looking at a women’s and not something that should be kept behind closed doors. The majority also disagree with the idea that obligation to have sex with her husband. One other data point stood out in this series of questions: in women have an obligation to provide sex to their partners. Brazil, 53% of women agree with the statement “a man and woman should decide together what type of contraceptive to use”, compared with the global mean of 83%.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? “If her partner wants sex, it is a woman’s duty to give it to him” 100% 3% 9% 80% 97% 95% 94% 93% 91% 90% 60% 89% 93% ARGENTINA COLOMBIA UK 83% 2% 2% 3% PERU 3% CHILE 4% EQUADOR 4% 40% 91% 83% 20% 9% 6% 4% 0% 88% 87% 85% 84% 82% 75% It is acceptable A man and woman If her partner A man using any Sometimes a woman ITALY BRAZIL POLAND to use should decide together wants sex, it is violence against his should tolerate 5% 5% 5% MEXICO 10% ROMANIA 8% TURKEY 13% contraception what type of a woman's duty partner is a private violence to keep her contraceptive to use to give it to him matter that should not family together be discussed outside Agree the couple

Neither agree nor disagree

Disagree 73% 67% 45% 83% Agree Disagree SOUTH AFRICA RUSSIA Prefer not to say 14% 20% PHILIPPINES 38% GLOBAL 9%

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 10 Results – 01: Gender relations in the private space 11

COUNTRY COMPARISON For protecting a child 53% of women globally feel that violence is justified to protect a child. However, there is significant variation between different countries – 28% of women in Romania agree that violence is justified in this case, compared to 73% in the UK.

It is justified to use physical violence against a partner to protect a child

The majority of women in all However, over half of women globally feel that 100% violence can be justified to protect a child, 14% countries think violence against a 23% 23% 22% 19% or in self-defence. 80% 34% 34% 32% 29% 27% 47% 42% 41% partner cannot be justified when he/ 50% 44% Women in Argentina are the least likely to consider 63% she does not do what is asked, flirts there being any justification for violence, while in 60% with someone else, breaks marriage the Philippines, Russia, and Turkey, higher numbers 40% consider there to be some situations in which 72% 73% or relationship vows, is unfaithful, or 65% violence is justified. 53% 49% 55% 58% 60% 61% 56% goes against societal values. 20% 45% 44% 48% 46% 28% 32% 0%

Italy UK Peru Chile Brazil Global Turkey Mexico Poland Russia Ecuador Romania Colombia Argentina Philippines THE GLOBAL PICTURE South Africa While a significant proportion of women feel that violence can be justified in instances of self-defence or the defence of a child, women around the world broadly agree that violence is unacceptable in other instances. COUNTRY COMPARISON For self-defence There is also some variation between countries when it comes to the justification of violence in instances of self-defence. Less than 40% of women in Romania and Turkey feel that it is justifiable, while in a number It is justified to use physical violence against a partner... of countries, including the UK, Poland, Russia and South Africa, that number rises to over 70%.

100%

80% 34% 27% It is justified to use physical violence against a partner in self-defence 92% 89% 88% 86% 81% 60% 100% 18% 17% 17% 15% 10% 26% 23% 20% 80% 27% 37% 37% 33% 32% 31% 40% 49% 49% 53% 59% 60% 20% 40% 4% 5% 5% 7% 8% 71% 72% 71% 72% 75% 0% 59% 56% 56% 60% 63% 61% 52% 54% 20% 48% when he/she when he/she when he/she when he/she when he/she to protect in self-defence 36% 39% does not do what seems to irt breaks the is unfaithful does something a child you ask of them with another vows of that goes against person marriage/ your the values of 0% relationship our society Italy UK Brazil Peru Chile Global Turkey Mexico Russia Poland Ecuador Romania Colombia Argentina Philippines South Africa

Agree Disagree Agree Disagree

Neither agree nor disagree Prefer not to say Neither agree nor disagree Prefer not to say

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 12 Results – 01: Gender relations in the private space 13

Around the world, the majority of However, there is a degree of women consider forms of physical, variation in this. Notably only 68% sexual, financial and psychological think it is unacceptable to insist on ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ABUSE? abuse unacceptable. knowing where a partner is at any time – a behaviour which is widely We explored women’s acceptance considered by experts to be a of a number of different behaviours, form of coercive control. including various forms of physical, sexual, financial and psychological abuse.

THE GLOBAL PICTURE COUNTRY COMPARISON The majority of women around the world consider all the forms of behaviour explored to be For perceptions of coercive control unacceptable, with particularly high numbers around violent behaviour. Women are less united Knowing where a partner – a behaviour considered by most to be a form of coercive control – is more on how they perceive a husband or male partner insisting on knowing where his partner is. commonly seen as acceptable than other behaviours by women worldwide. There is also a greater degree of variation in how this behaviour is perceived by women in different countries.

How acceptable or unacceptable do you think the following behaviours are from a husband or other male partner? Insisting on knowing where his partner is

100%

80%

60%

98% 98% 98% 97% 97% 97% 96% 96% 94% 90% 68% CHILE 77% UK 77% ARGENTINA 76% ITALY 75% PERU 75% POLAND 72% 40%

20%

0% Threatening Slapping, Using a Insulting Deliberately Forcing her Forbidding a Restricting Becoming Taking Insisting on

MEXICO 71% ROMANIA 67% BRAZIL 66% COLOMBIA 63% EQUADOR 63% RUSSIA 63% to hurt his pushing, weapon to his partner intimidating to have sex partner to a partner angry with control of knowing partner or punching, harm his or his partner when she be employed, from seeing her or his where his someone kicking partner deliberately does not work outside friends or refusing if partner's partner is close to her pulling, or, making her want to the home or family she asked money and beating his feel bad earn her him to use a how it is partner about herself own money condom spent

Acceptable Unacceptable

Unacceptable Neither agree nor disagree Prefer not to say TURKEY 58% SOUTH AFRICA 55% PHILIPPINES 51% GLOBAL 68%

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 14 Results – 02: Gender relations in the public sphere 15

GENDER RELATIONS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE

In this section, we explore the public (rather than the private) sphere, looking at harassment and abuse in public and from strangers. We explore how safe women feel, what is perceived as abuse, and also women’s trust in the authorities and measures to protect them.

How safe do women feel in public?

What is perceived as abuse/ harassment in public?

Do women trust the legal and law enforcement system to protect them?

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 16 Results – 02: Gender relations in the public sphere 17

of women in Russia is the country with the highest 91% Russia feel safe numbers of women reporting that they feel safe in public – at 91%. In WOMEN FEEL IN PUBLIC? Turkey however, only 27% of women state that they feel safe, and 51% of women Around the world, 61% of respondents in Turkey state they feel unsafe. 27% feel safe as a woman in public – leaving STATE THAT THEY FEEL SAFE a significant minority who do not. And IN PUBLIC there are also some big differences across the globe.

THE GLOBAL PICTURE COUNTRY COMPARISON While the majority of women around the world do feel safe in public, a significant While 91% of women in Russia and 82% of feel safe in public, in other parts of proportion feel unsafe, or are unsure how they feel. the world the proportion is much lower. Only 32% of feel safe, and this drops to just 27% in Turkey.

How safe or unsafe do you feel as a woman in your community? How safe or unsafe do you feel as a woman in public in your community?

21% 5% 6% 11% 8% 12% 21%

RUSSIA 91% POLAND 82% UK 75% ROMANIA 74% EQUADOR 73% PHILIPPINES 69%

61% 18% 21% 13% 16% 20% 23% 23%

ARGENTINA 67% COLOMBIA 65% CHILE 61% ITALY 55% MEXICO 55% PERU 51%

Safe Unsafe 33% 47% 51% 21% Safe Unsafe Neither safe nor unsafe BRAZIL 43% SOUTH AFRICA 32% TURKEY 27% GLOBAL 61%

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 18 Results – 02: Gender relations in the public sphere 19

The majority of women around the world The greatest level of variation between recognise all the behaviours we explored as countries is in relation to examples of abuse or harassment, but there is some variation psychological abuse – such as whistling, in the extent of agreement. Threats of violence, shouting or commenting in a sexual way AS ABUSE/HARASSMENT IN PUBLIC? pressuring a women to have sex and hitting or (considered abuse by 92% of women in Peru slapping sit at one end of the spectrum – with but only by 61% in Russia) or humiliating a We explored whether a number 94% of women globally agreeing that these women in front of others (considered abuse of different public behaviours are are abuse or harassment. Meanwhile, whistling, by 97% of but only by considered to be abuse or harassment. shouting or commenting on a woman in a sexual 72% in Turkey). way is considered abuse by 82% of women.

THE GLOBAL PICTURE COUNTRY COMPARISON A significant majority of women consider all the behaviours explored to be forms of For hitting or slapping abuse or harassment, though numbers are lowest in relation to whistling, shouting or Hitting and slapping is seen by almost all women as abuse or harassment. However, in Turkey, Poland, and commenting on women in a sexual way. Russia, a significant proportion of women did not recognise such behaviour as a form of abuse.

Which of the following do you think are forms of abuse or harassment? Which of the following do you think are forms of abuse or harassment? Hitting or slapping 100%

90%

80%

70% 94% 94% 94% 92% 91% 91% 90% 90% 82% ARGENTINA PERU CHILE SOUTH AFRICA UK 98% 98% COLOMBIA 97% 97% 96% 96%

60%

50% Making Pressuring Hitting or Humiliating/ Sharing Stalking (i.e. Insulting Unwanted Whistling/ threats about a woman to slapping degrading a intimate unwanted someone or touching shouting/ violence/ have sex woman in photos or following and deliberately commenting physical front of videos on disturbance making a on a woman MEXICO PHILIPPINES BRAZIL ROMANIA ECUADOR intimidation others social media that may be woman feel in a sexual 96% 95% ITALY 95% 95% 94% 93% without intimidating) bad about way consent herself

RUSSIA POLAND 88% 86% TURKEY 82% GLOBAL 94%

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 20 Results – 02: Gender relations in the public sphere 21

COUNTRY COMPARISON COUNTRY COMPARISON For humiliation/degradation For whistling, shouting or commenting in a sexual way Humiliating or degrading a woman in front of others is seen as a form of abuse by the vast majority of There is a high degree of variation between different countries in terms of whether they think that women. However, the proportions of women agreeing that this is a form of abuse are lower than the whistling, shouting at or commenting on a woman in a sexual way is a form of abuse or harassment. There global average in Turkey, Poland, and Russia, and higher in Latin American countries. is a regional pattern here – a much higher proportion of women consider such behaviour to be a form of abuse in many Latin American countries.

Which of the following do you think are forms of abuse or harassment? Which of the following do you think are forms of abuse or harassment? Humiliating/degrading a woman in front of others Whistling, shouting or commenting on a woman in a sexual way

100%

90%

80% PERU CHILE COLOMBIA 92% 90% 90% ARGENTINA 87% PHILIPPINES 87% TURKEY 87% 97% 97% 97% 97% 96% 96% 96% 95% 70% 92% 93% 93% 90% 90% 89%

78% 77% 60%

50% SOUTH AFRICA MEXICO BRAZIL 87% 86% 84% EQUADOR 83% ROMANIA 80% UK 75% UK Italy Chile Peru Brazil Global Mexico Poland Turkey Russia Ecuador Argentina Colombia Romania Philippines South Africa POLAND ITALY 74% 65% RUSSIA 61% GLOBAL 82%

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 22 Results – 02: Gender relations in the public sphere 23

There is also variation in the extent to which women trust that claims will be taken seriously and victims FOR EXAMPLE, protected. Significant numbers do not trust the legal system in their country to do this in relation to both of women sexual and physical crimes. in Turkey LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM TO PROTECT THEM? 49% Further variation exists between TRUST THAT PHYSICAL ABUSE Levels of trust in legal and law enforcement sexual abuse will be treated as a crime, when different countries, with a particularly WILL BE TREATED AS A CRIME. systems vary. At a global level, there are it comes to psychological and financial abuse, high degree of trust in the legal differences in trust in relation to different types women are less confident that the legal system system in the Philippines, and low of abuse. While 73% of women globally trust that will treat such abuse as criminal. levels of trust in Russia and Turkey.

THE GLOBAL PICTURE COUNTRY COMPARISON While a majority of women trust that the legal system in their country will treat abuse (of any form) For physical abuse as a crime, a significant proportion – almost a fifth – do not. And confidence that claims will be Globally, the majority of women (71%) trust that the legal system in their country will treat physical abuse taken seriously or that measures will be taken to protect victims is lower still. as a crime. However, there is considerable variation between countries, with just 49% of trusting that their law enforcement system will treat physical abuse as a crime.

I trust the legal and law enforcement system in my country to… I trust the legal and law enforcement system in my country to… Treat physical abuse as a crime PHYSICAL SEXUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FINANCIAL ABUSE ABUSE ABUSE ABUSE

100% 4% 10% 15% 15% 12% 12% 80% 27% 28% 19% 27% 27% 17% 27% 28%

PHILIPPINES 92% EQUADOR 85% COLOMBIA 80% CHILE 79% UK 79% ITALY 76% 60%

40% 58% 59% 71% 58% 60% 73% 59% 55% 20% 16% 11% 23% 18% 23% 28%

0% MEXICO 76% POLAND 75% PERU 70% ROMANIA 69% BRAZIL 63% RUSSIA 60% Take Take a claim Treat physical Take Take a claim Treat sexual Treat Treat measures of physical abuse as a measures of sexual abuse as a psychological ­nancial to protect a abuse crime to protect a abuse crime abuse as abuse as victim of seriously victim of seriously a crime a crime physical sexual abuse abuse

31% 30% 36% 19% Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Prefer not to say ARGENTINA 59% SOUTH AFRICA 58% TURKEY 49% GLOBAL 71%

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 24 Results – 02: Gender relations in the public sphere 25

COUNTRY COMPARISON COUNTRY COMPARISON For sexual abuse For psychological abuse Confidence that the legal system will treat sexual abuse as a crime is slightly higher globally than for Women have less trust in the authorities to protect them against psychological abuse than they do for physical abuse. 73% of women trust the legal and law enforcement system to do this. However, there is instances of physical and sexual abuse. There is also considerable variation across countries in women’s considerable variation between countries with 93% of women in the Philippines trusting the legal and law trust in authorities to treat psychological abuse as a crime. For example, in Russia 27% of women trust enforcement system to treat sexual abuse as a crime, compared to just 52% in Turkey. that psychological abuse will be treated as a crime, compared to 87% in the Philippines.

I trust the legal and law enforcement system in my country to… I trust the legal and law enforcement system in my country to… Treat sexual abuse as a crime Treat psychological abuse as a crime

100% 5% 9% 16% 23% 24% 24% 22% 24% 19% 27% 26% 30% 80% 27% 42% 44% 57% 4% 10% 15% 15% 12% 12% 60%

PHILIPPINES 92% EQUADOR 85% COLOMBIA 80% CHILE 79% UK 79% ITALY 76% 40% 87% 80% 77% 69% 68% 59% 67% 61% 59% 58% 56% 52% 52% 20% 44% 42% 27%

0%

UK 16% 11% 23% 18% 23% 28% Italy Chile Peru Brazil Global Mexico Poland Turkey Russia Ecuador Romania Philippines Colombia Argentina MEXICO 76% POLAND 75% PERU 70% ROMANIA 69% BRAZIL 63% RUSSIA 60% South Africa COUNTRY COMPARISON For financial abuse Financial abuse is the form of abuse for which women have least faith in the legal system. It is also the type 31% 30% 36% 19% Agree of abuse where we see most variation across countries, with women in Turkey, South Africa and Russia Disagree ARGENTINA 59% SOUTH AFRICA 58% TURKEY 49% GLOBAL 71% again having the least trust in the authorities.

I trust the legal and law enforcement system in my country to… Treat financial abuse as a crime

100% 10% 12% 18% 24% 19% 25% 23% 23% 28% 80% 28% 28% 33% 40% 39% 45% 47%

60%

40% 76% 73% 71% 66% 64% 60% 55% 58% 55% 50% 49% 47% 46% 20% 42% 38% 33%

0%

UK Italy Chile Peru Brazil Global Mexico Poland Turkey Russia Ecuador Romania Philippines Colombia Argentina South Africa Agree Disagree

Neither agree nor disagree Prefer not to say

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 26 Results – 03: Seeking support 27

SEEKING SUPPORT

In this section, we explore women’s willingness and ability to get help in the case of abuse, either to themselves or to someone close to them. We also explore which factors stop women from finding help to deal with abuse.

How willing are women to look for help and do they know where to go?

What are the barriers to seeking help?

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 28 Results – 03: Seeking support 29

COUNTRY COMPARISON Do they know where to go? 62% of women globally would know where to go or what to do if they or someone they know was a victim of abuse, leaving a significant minority who would not know where to go. This varies significantly by country while 80% of women in Brazil and the Philippines know where to go, this falls to 40% of women in the UK and 32% of women in Russia.

Would you know where to go or what to do to seek help if you or someone you FOR HELP AND DO THEY KNOW WHERE TO GO? know (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a victim of abuse? Globally, 85% of women are likely to actively However only 62% of women globally say they 100% seek help if they or someone they know is would know where to go to seek help – and this 17% 16% 16% 25% falls to 40% in the UK and 32% in Russia. 80% 23% 22% 27% a victim of abuse – though this does vary 28% 24% 28% 26% 35% 37% 38% In terms of where they would turn, the police is significantly geographically (94% of women 45% the group most commonly cited as a source of 60% in the Philippines are likely to seek help support, followed by family, health professionals 42% whereas only 65% of women in Peru are). and friends. 40% 80% 80% 75% 70% 69% 69% 62% 66% 66% 64% 63% 55% 54% 54% 20% 40% COUNTRY COMPARISON 32% How willing are women to seek help? 0% UK Italy 85% of women globally are likely to seek help if they or someone they know was a victim of abuse. Brazil Peru Chile Global Turkey Mexico Poland Russia Ecuador Romania Women in the Philippines, Romania, Italy and South Africa are the most likely to seek help, and women Philippines Argentina Colombia South Africa in Peru the least likely. Yes No Maybe Prefer not to say THE GLOBAL PICTURE Significant sources of support If you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a The police are most commonly cited as the source of support women would turn to, at 84%. This is victim of abuse, how likely or unlikely would you be to actively seek help? followed by family at 58%. Health professionals come next, followed by friends.

If you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a victim of abuse, which of the following would you turn to for help? 100% BRAZIL POLAND PHILIPPINES SOUTH AFRICA ROMANIA 94% 93% ITALY 92% 91% 89% 89%

80%

60%

40% 84% COLOMBIA MEXICO CHILE TURKEY UK 89% 87% ARGENTINA 86% 82% 81% 78% 56% 20% 39% 38% 22% 21% 11% 11% 1%

0% Police Family Health Friends NGO/ Independent Religious Community None of professionals Charitable organisation leaders/ leaders these organisation community RUSSIA EQUADOR 77% 75% PERU 65% GLOBAL 85% Likely AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 30 Results – 03: Seeking support 31

Globally, 16% of women say there The most common barrier is fear is something that would hold them of the abuse getting worse as a back from seeking support. result, at 47%, closely followed by fear for any children involved.

COUNTRY COMPARISON THE GLOBAL PICTURE 16% of women globally say there is something holding them back from seeking support. Women in Among the 16% of women globally who say something would hold them back from seeking support, Russia are most likely to be held back at 35%, while women in Argentina, Italy, Peru and Poland are the most commonly cited factor is that it might make the abuse worse, at 47%. The least commonly the least likely at 12%. cited factor is that “it is not my business”.

Would anything hold you back from seeking help if you or someone you know What factors would hold you back from seeking help if you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or family member) was a victim of abuse? (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a victim of any form of abuse?*

50%

40% 5% 6% 11% 8% 12% 21% 30%

RUSSIA 32% UK 25% PHILIPPINES 21% SOUTH AFRICA 19% BRAZIL 18% TURKEY 16%

20% 47% 38%

10% 26% 19% 18% 21% 13% 16% 20% 23% 23% 18% 16% 15% 10% 6% 0%

CHILE 15% COLOMBIA 14% EQUADOR 14% MEXICO 13% ROMANIA 13% ARGENTINA 12% It might I would fear I might get I would be Seeking help I would not It would be I would not It might not It is not my make the for any in trouble/ embarrassed would not want anyone too know where be serious business abuse worse children I might beat make a to get in emotional to go enough involved fault dierence serious trouble

33% 47% 51% 21% Agree * This question was only asked to those identifying obstacles to seeking help in instances of abuse in the previous question.

ITALY 12% PERU 12% POLAND 12% GLOBAL 16% Disagree

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 32 Results – 03: Seeking support 33

COUNTRY COMPARISON The following graphs show the three countries where each barrier cited in the survey is most frequently identified.

It might make the abuse worse I would fear for any children involved Seeking help would not I would not want anyone to make a difference get in serious trouble

Global 47% Global 38% Global 18% Global 18%

UK 73% Philippines 50% Romania 29% Philippines 45%

Chile 56% UK 48% South Africa 25% Turkey 21% South Africa 55% South Africa 45% Mexico 24% Romania 20%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

I might get in trouble/ I would be embarrassed It would be too emotional I would not know where to go I might be at fault

Global 26% Global 19% Global 16% Global 15%

Colombia 37% Romania 36% Turkey 37% Peru 26%

Russia 35% Peru 29% Philippines 26% Ecuador 18% Philippines 34% Turkey 27% Russia 24% Philippines 18%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

It might not be serious enough It is not my business

Global 10% Global 6%

Philippines 16% South Africa 12%

Romania 14% Russia 11%

Russia 14% UK 10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 34 Results – 04: Prevalence of abuse 35

PREVALENCE OF ABUSE

This section explores women’s experience of abuse through either their own direct experience of abuse or that of someone close to them. This is broken down into physical, sexual, psychological, and financial abuse.

Have you or someone you know experienced abuse?

NB To ensure cross-country comprehension and comparability of data, we presented this question with an explanation of the types of behaviours would be included in each category. They were as follows:

a. Physical abuse (kicking, punching, hitting with an object, use of a weapon)

b. Sexual abuse (non-consensual sexual intercourse, consensual sexual intercourse due to fear of the consequences of what would happen otherwise, being forced to do something sexual that is degrading or humiliating)

c. Psychological abuse (being threatened with harm or harm onto a relative/friend, being belittled or humiliated in front of others, restricting freedom)

d. Financial abuse (having your personal finances taken away, being tricked into giving money, using credit cards without permission, putting contractual obligations in their partner’s name, gambling with family assets)

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 36 Results – 04: Prevalence of abuse 37

COUNTRY COMPARISON For all abuse There is significant variation across countries in relation to stated levels of abuse. Though the majority of women have experience of abuse in nine out of the 15 countries surveyed, levels vary from 73% in South Africa to 36% in Italy.

Any abuse (physical, sexual, psychological, financial)

80%

At a global level, the majority of women There is significant geographical variation in 60% (56%) have some experience of abuse relation to experiences of abuse – with the highest reported levels in South Africa (73%), followed by (either themselves or someone they know). the Latin American countries (ranging from 70% in 40% 73% 70% 69% The most common form of abuse experienced is Ecuador to 60% in Brazil), and the lowest levels in 67% 66% 64% 61% 60% 56% 55% 48% 48% psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse. Europe (the lowest reported level is in Italy, at 36%). 20% 47% 46% 43% 36%

0%

UK Italy Peru Chile Brazil Global Mexico Turkey Russia Poland Ecuador Romania Argentina Colombia Philippines THE GLOBAL PICTURE South Africa The majority of women have encountered abuse, either to themselves or someone they know. Psychological abuse is the most commonly experienced form of abuse, followed by physical abuse, and then sexual and financial abuse. COUNTRY COMPARISON For psychological abuse Psychological abuse is the most commonly experienced form of abuse globally, with particularly high levels in Latin America and South Africa. The number of women stating they have experienced this form Have you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) of abuse is lower in Europe and the Philippines, though a significant minority of women in these countries been a victim of any of the following? have experienced psychological abuse.

80%

Psychological abuse 60% 80%

40% 60%

40% 20%

54% 54% 52% 52% 52% 50% 45% 43% 40% 56% 42% 35% 21% 21% 38% 5% 20% 42% 36% 36% 31% 31% 29% 25% 0%

Any 0%

UK Italy Peru Chile Brazil Global Russia Sexual abuse Mexico Turkey Poland Ecuador Romania Physical abuse Financial abuse Argentina Colombia Prefer not to say Philippines None of the above South Africa Psychological abuse

Yes

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 38 Results – 04: Prevalence of abuse 39

COUNTRY COMPARISON COUNTRY COMPARISON For psychological abuse For financial abuse Physical abuse is the second most commonly experienced form of abuse globally, with particularly 21% of women globally have experienced financial abuse. The number of women stating they have high levels in South America and South Africa. The number of women stating they have experienced experienced this form of abuse is highest in Argentina, at 31%, and lowest in Italy, at 9%. this form of abuse is lower in Europe, and lowest in Italy, where 16% of women state that they have experienced physical abuse.

Physical abuse Financial abuse

80%

60%

40% ARGENTINA SOUTH AFRICA EQUADOR 31% 30% 28% COLOMBIA 26% PERU 26% CHILE 24% 53% 53% 46% 20% 45% 41% 35% 38% 37% 35% 32% 30% 29% 28% 27% 24% 16% 0%

UK Italy Peru Chile Brazil Global Mexico Turkey Poland Russia Ecuador Romania Colombia Argentina Philippines PHILIPPINES MEXICO BRAZIL South Africa 23% 22% 21% TURKEY 21% UK 16% RUSSIA 14%

COUNTRY COMPARISON For sexual abuse 21% of women globally have experience of sexual abuse. The number of women stating they have ROMANIA POLAND experienced this form of abuse is highest in South Africa, at 35%, and lowest in Italy, at 8%. 13% 13% ITALY 9% GLOBAL 21%

Sexual abuse

80%

60%

40%

20% 35% 28% 27% 26% 26% 25% 21% 22% 21% 21% 18% 18% 18% 8% 14% 11% 0%

UK Italy Peru Chile Brazil Global Turkey Mexico Russia Poland Ecuador Romania Colombia Argentina Philippines South Africa

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 40 Appendix 41

1 2 3 4 5 6

Very safe Quite safe Neither safe Quite unsafe Very unsafe Prefer not nor unsafe to say AVON FOUNDATION FOR WOMEN GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY: How safe or unsafe do you feel as a woman in public in your community? 1 2 3 4 5 6 QUESTIONNAIRE Following some basic screening and demographic questions, respondents were 1 2 3 4 5 6 asked the following questions. Respondents were reminded that their responses Acceptable Somewhat Neither Somewhat Unacceptable Prefer not were anonymous and that they could opt not to answer any of the questions acceptable acceptable nor unacceptable to say unacceptable if they chose. At the end of the survey we included links to NGOs and other organisations that could offer support and further information if needed. How acceptable or unacceptable do you think the following behaviours are from a husband or other male partner?

1 2 3 4 5 6 Forbidding a partner to be employed, work outside 1 2 3 4 5 6 Strongly Slightly Neither agree Slightly Strongly Prefer not the home or earn her own money agree agree nor disagree disagree disagree to say Taking control of his partner’s money and how it is spent 1 2 3 4 5 6

Restricting a partner from seeing friends or family 1 2 3 4 5 6

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Insisting on knowing where his partner is 1 2 3 4 5 6

If a man wants sex, it is his partner’s duty to give it to him 1 2 3 4 5 6 Insulting his partner or deliberately making her feel bad about herself 1 2 3 4 5 6

A man and woman should decide together what type of Deliberately intimidating his partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 contraceptive to use Threatening to hurt his partner or someone close to her 1 2 3 4 5 6 It is acceptable to use contraception 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slapping, pushing, punching, kicking, pulling, or beating his partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sometimes a woman should tolerate violence 1 2 3 4 5 6 Using a weapon to harm his partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 to keep her family together Forcing her to have sex when she does not want to 1 2 3 4 5 6 A man using any violence against his partner is a private matter 1 2 3 4 5 6 that should not be discussed outside the couple Becoming angry with her or refusing if she asked him to use a condom 1 2 3 4 5 6

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Which of the following do you think are forms of abuse or harassment? “It is justified to use physical violence against a partner…” Whistling/shouting/ Sharing intimate photos Stalking (i.e. unwanted Insulting someone When he/she does something that goes against the commenting on a or videos on social following and or deliberately making 1 2 3 4 5 6 values of our society woman in a sexual way media without consent disturbance that may a woman feel bad be intimidating) about herself When he/she is unfaithful 1 2 3 4 5 6

To protect a child 1 2 3 4 5 6 Restricting relationships Humiliating/degrading Pressuring a woman Making threats about with other people a woman in front of to have sex violence/physical When he/she does not do what you ask of them 1 2 3 4 5 6 others intimidation When he/she breaks the vows of marriage/your relationship 1 2 3 4 5 6

When he/she seems to flirt with another person 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hitting or slapping Unwanted touching None of these Prefer not to say In self-defence 1 2 3 4 5 6

AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY 42 Appendix: 43

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Very likely Somewhat likely Neither likely nor Somewhat Very unlikely Prefer not Strongly Slightly Neither agree Slightly disagree Strongly Prefer not unlikely unlikely to say agree agree nor disagree disagree to say

If you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a victim of To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? abuse, how likely or unlikely would you be to actively seek help? “I trust the legal and law enforcement system in my country to …” If you do not wish to answer, please select ‘Prefer not to say’ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Take measures to protect a victim of physical abuse 1 2 3 4 5 6

Take a claim of physical abuse seriously 1 2 3 4 5 6 If you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a victim of Treat physical abuse as a crime 1 2 3 4 5 6 abuse, how likely or unlikely would you be to actively seek help? Take measures to protect a victim of sexual abuse 1 2 3 4 5 6

Take a claim of sexual abuse seriously 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yes Maybe No Prefer not to say Treat sexual abuse as a crime 1 2 3 4 5 6

Treat psychological abuse as a crime 1 2 3 4 5 6

If you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a victim of Treat financial abuse as a crime 1 2 3 4 5 6 abuse, which of the following would you turn to for help?

Family Friends Health professionals Community leaders Have you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) Police Independent NGO/charitable Religious leaders/ been a victim of any of the following? organisation organisation community If you do not wish to answer, please select ‘Prefer not to say’ None of these Prefer not to say Physical abuse (kicking, punching, hitting with an object, use of a weapon)

Sexual abuse (non-consensual sexual intercourse, consensual sexual intercourse due to fear of the consequences of what would happen otherwise, being forced to do something sexual that is degrading or humiliating)

Would anything hold you back from seeking help if you or someone you know Psychological abuse (being threatened with harm or harm onto a relative/friend, being belittled or humiliated in (i.e. a friend or family member) was a victim of abuse? front of others, restricting freedom) If you do not wish to answer, please select ‘Prefer not to say’ Financial abuse (having your personal finances taken away, being tricked into giving money, using credit cards without permission, putting contractual obligations in their partner’s name, gambling with family assets) Yes No Prefer not to say None of the above

Prefer not to say What factors would hold you back from seeking help if you or someone you know (i.e. a friend or other family member) was a victim of any form of abuse? If you do not wish to answer, please select ‘Prefer not to say’

It might not be I would be embarrassed It is normal behaviour It might make the serious enough abuse worse

Seeking help would I would not know The abuse would I would not want anyone not make a difference where to go probably go away to get in serious trouble by itself

I might get in trouble/I It would be I would fear for any It is not my business might be at fault too emotional children involved

None of these Prefer not to say AVON AGAINST GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE • GLOBAL WOMEN’S SURVEY For further information, please contact Natalie Deacon, Executive Director Communications [email protected]