Interpretation of the Establishment of Israel As A

ondownloadentraathordressnfileenlishadeirtiles Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, , ohsenalehlseoleanddf, essed on DOI: 10.31456/beytulmakdis.519971 auel, e uure o Palesine, a emorandum o riis abine auel Archives, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford. aylor adey istory of ionis INTERPRETATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ISRAEL httsresouressaylororwwwresouresarhiedsitew AS A STATE ACCORDING TO THE BARAKAH CIRCLE THEORY ontentuloadsistoryofionisdf essed on OF BAYT AL-MAQDIS

Schölch, A. (1992). Britain in Palestine, 1838 The oots of the alfour oliy ournal o Palesine Sudies, Mehmet Şirin CENGİZ* Terry, ritain in alestine uation, the alestine andate, and nternational aw niersi o ologna a eie, Tie eliion ews u ABSTRACT: Bayt al-Maqdis has witnessed the birth of three Abrahamic httontenttieotieaaineartile,,,htl, essed on religions. The city is also unique for long being the place in which members of these religions have lived together as neighbours. However, it has always been nited ations uisition of and in alestine a targeted territory in which Western powers desired power and domination httswwwunorunisaldouentautoinsert, essed on over the region. The Crusaders’ period (1098-1187) and the ongoing Israeli Windolf, P. (2009). Das Netzwerk der Jüdischen Wirtschaftselite: Deutschland (1914 – occupation are dark pages in the history of the city and region. This is n Inlusion und lusion, indolf, and tihweh, ds, especially with respect to the establishment of the Zionist Israeli state in the iesaden erla Middle East, which has led to several, economic, cultural, and political conflicts olffsohn, ernal uil or ears o ermaneisIsraeli elaions ew affecting the region to this day. With reference to this uniqueness of Bayt al- or niersity ress Maqdis, this paper aims to interpret the occupation of Bayt al-Maqdis and the anotti, Israel acground and S elaions ashinton establishment of Israel as a state in the heart of the Muslim East, along with its multi-dimensional consequences, according to the Barakah Circle Theory of Islamicjerusalem introduced by Abd al-Fattah Muhammad El-Awaisi.

KEYWORDS: alestine, slamicerusalem, srael, arakah ircle Theory, arakah, awlahu.

INTRODUCTION “Eyes shining, mouths open, triumphant, they savoured the right of domination.” The uote is from hapter of the Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954). As the boys explore the island, they claim ownership of it, claiming the ‘right of domination’. The boys feel entitled to the land, and Jack’s obsession in hunting pigs is a reflection of his entitlement and desire to hold power. This uote illustrates olding’s assertion that the desire for power and the aptitude for ‘domination’ exists in everyone and will emerge if given the opportunity. Similarly, the ‘iddle ast’ and Islamicjerusalem2 have always been a target territory in which estern powers have sought to claim power and domination of the region for various reasons since the th and th centuries. Since then, and right up to the current establishment of srael as a state, the region has been dominated, colonised and ruled directly by the estern powers. This domination continues even today under different forms. stablishment of srael as a state is a reflection of this desire for domination.

h andidate, iddle astern Studies, Social Sciences niversity of Ankara, Turkey, mehmetsirincengigmail.com, . 208 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) srael in the in the srael regionand history ofcity in the the pages dark as remain ongoing occupation the sraeli and r The rule. uslim under tranuillity and peace cultural of and religious times city experienced the history, Throughout structures. Jami‘ a levels international and national at both issues current and historical in interpreting and region a as of slamicerusalem significance of the understanding the to enable scholar astern uslimand a by developed been of having in terms significance l by introduced slamicerusalem, of ircle Theory arakah the of theory geopolitics, new The estern politics. by developed were theor previous all Thus, geopolitics. of theories any developing far still from were and location to one specific limited scholars either were these of attempts the but culture, sociology, politics and history, alongwith geography amdan amal as such geography of scholars been have There of geopolitics. own theories using their problems contemporary and events to describehistorical attempted Alfred including in international relations” relationships power on influences geographic the of analsis the and states of eistence and creation briefly as defined is and Kjellén Rudolf scientist political Swedish the by term coined a as first was eopolitics arguments. of these result a as emerged term The era. reek ancientthe least sinceat discussed been have of geography effects politicalThe FRAMEORK THEORETICAL Abd al by introduced of ircle slamicerusalem Theory arakah the accordingto conseuences, multi its with along ast, iddle of the heart in the state to inter . problem” East Middle the of, core the at or to, central as confirmed is Palestinian the srael, inside nonentit oppressed as being, etraterritorial transnational, Palestine”, of “Question to the respect with that argued has Said level. international regional bothand the core a at been problem has Specifically,alestine untilnow. region the affected have that other issues many history of religion and civilis and religion of history among place special a hurch of the esurrection and and hurch ofesurrection the ordoba and st narrow land. This is a situation Thisnarrow land. is a situation very relatively on toneighbours othereach as close very lived religionshave

Mehmet ŞirinCENGİZ ayt al ayt .

l pret the occupation of ayt al ayt of occupation the pret Asa, Asa,

“…the science which deals with the influence of geographic factors on the on the factors geographic theinfluenceof with deals which science “…the . This is especially with respect to the establishment of the state of state of the establishment to respectthe with especially This. is ‘

adis is a uniue city in which the members of the three is three adis Abrahamic in auniue of members city the which the ith reference to this uniueness of ayt al ayt of uniueness to this reference ith iddle ast iddle ome of the ock, ock, of the ome anbul.

Thayer ahan, alford ackinder and riedrich atel have have riedrich atel and alford ahan, ackinder Thayer attah uhammad attah owever, st whose work encompas whose ’

all these cities. The city has an exceptional place in the place exceptional an city has The cities. these all which has led to several economic, cul economic, to several led which has

ation of ation of Al it should be emphasis be itshould has been has As the the adis and the establishment of srael as a as of establishment srael the and adis a osue al a osue humankind, ura l

ed encounter Awaisi Awaisi

aggman, . estern scholars, scholars, estern . aggman,

all all

a and other religious other and arem arem with such landmarks as the the as landmarks such with l Awaisi has a uniue auniue has Awaisi adisi sed the consideration of of consideration the sed ed that ayt al ayt that ed usader period period usader

in slamic cities such as as such cities in slamic adis, this paper aims aims paper this adis, al Sharif .

tural, political and and political tural,

ies of geopolitics of geopolitics ies “as outcast, as as outcast, “as , including , including dimensional dimensional adis has has adis historical historical al

levels international and national at both issues current and historical in interpreting and region a as of slamicerusalem significance of the understanding the to enable scholar astern uslimand a by developed been of having in terms significance l by introduced slamicerusalem, of ircle Theory arakah the of theory geopolitics, new The estern politics. by developed were theor previous all Thus, geopolitics. of theories any developing far still from were and location to one specific limited scholars either were these of attempts the but culture, sociology, politics and history, alongwith geography amdan amal as such geography of scholars been have There of geopolitics. own theories using their problems contemporary and events to describehistorical attempted Alfred including in international relations” relationships power on influences geographic the of analsis the and states of eistence and creation briefly as defined is and Kjellén Rudolf scientist political Swedish the by term coined a as first was eopolitics arguments. of these result a as emerged term The era. reek ancientthe least sinceat discussed been have of geography effects politicalThe FRAMEORK THEORETICAL Abd al by introduced of ircle slamicerusalem Theory arakah the accordingto conseuences, multi its with along ast, iddle of the heart in the state to inter problem” East Middle the of, core the at or to, central as confirmed is Palestinian the srael, inside nonentit oppressed as being, etraterritorial transnational, Palestine”, of “Question to the respect with that argued has Said level. international regional and boththe core a at been problem has Specifically,alestine untilnow. region the affected have that other issues many in the srael regionand history ofcity in the the pages dark as remain ongoing occupation the sraeli and r The rule. uslim under tranuillity and peace cultural of and religious times city experienced the history, Throughout structures. Jami‘ a and hurch ofesurrection the civilis and religion of history among place special a ordoba and st Thisnarrow land. is a situation very relatively on toneighbours othereach as close very lived religionshave ayt al ayt .

l pret the occupation of ayt al ayt of occupation the pret Asa, Asa,

“…the science which deals with the influence of geographic factors on the on the factors geographic theinfluenceof with deals which science “…the . . This is especially with respect to the establishment of the state of state of the establishment to respectthe with especially This. is ‘ adis is a uniue city in which the members of the three is three adis Abrahamic in auniue of members city the which the ith reference to this uniueness of ayt al ayt of uniueness to this reference ith iddle ast iddle ome of the ock, ock, of the ome anbul.

Thayer ahan, alford ackinder and riedrich atel have have riedrich atel and alford ahan, ackinder Thayer attah uhammad attah

st owever, whose work encompas whose ’

all these cities. The city has an exceptional place in the place exceptional an city has The cities. these all which has led to several economic, cul economic, to several led which has

ation of ation of Al

has been has it should be emphasis be it should As the the adis and the establishment of srael as a as of establishment srael the and adis a osue al a osue humankind, ura

encounter Awaisi Awaisi

aggman, . estern scholars, scholars, estern . aggman,

all all

a and other religious other and arem arem with such landmarks as the the as landmarks such with l Awaisi has a uniue auniue has Awaisi ed adisi sed the consideration of of consideration the sed ed that ayt al ayt that ed usader period period usader

in slamic cities such as as such cities in slamic adis, this paper aims aims paper this adis, al Sharif .

tural, political and and political tural,

ies of geopolitics of geopolitics ies “as outcast, as as outcast, “as , including , including dimensional dimensional adis has has adis historical historical al

waisi K, l K, waisi of this circle of this borders the within region the circle and first the of significance the to address and continue names these of some and history throughout names seeral had hae of Palestine l of city he theory for the important circle so first the and the control circle will control first the who those another and to one circles lined are of all theory is that main the argument the speaing, of gypt, ra, ra, gypt, of land thirdcircle coers the while Sea editerranean astern the second circle coers the prpose Filastin is the most fertile the the most of rian is proine prpose Filastin this to applied waters rnning the find o that als in onl is it and irrigation artifiial not need do lands ploghed its trees and ts the dew and therains l rab and uslim geographers, the region is also descri also is region the geographers, rab uslim and medieal of the wors the n air its of purity and cities of its beauty opulence and the soil, of land’s the fertility extraordinary the to addresses (1846) Gibbon or profit” delight of empt no and part waters eellent proding the ros alles lrios and montains eatifl with adorned lime temperate a nder and world haitale and science: in political “CircleTheory” land as as land the of spoe instance, for Sandys, eorge poet nglish he writings in seeral referred to been has ofland worldrichness the he of to the other parts osue araah including including ye approimately this throughout and rone ge bac to the ate dates Palestine of history he bacground its is region of the significance first the definition, the to reference ith sa osue and ayt al ayt and osue sa awlah eing in the centre and first circle of the theory, what maes ayt al ayt maes what theory, the of circle first and centre in the eing he araah ircle heory of slamicjerusalem is based on two ey concepts, concepts, ey two on isbased slamicjerusalem of ircle heory he araah ccording to ccording eistence respect l mutual and peacefulmulticulturalism, man co engagementand modela for cultural inclusie ers uniue creatie and its itsand boundaries, population, its people landlocation and geographical frame ofital reference a with intertwined and nature three principal elements b in world the of rest religiousand affect interests claims,that international aspectsthe arious and bacground, religious significances,cultural attachments,competing political sl amicjerusalem oneuniue a is word historical region rich laden with a “…a land that flowed with m with flowed that land “…a

and

to change due to seeral reasons while other names hae perished l perished hae names other while reasons seeral to due change to anaanites, anaanites,

hawlah carrying the the carrying

Interpretation of the Establishment of Israel According to the Barakah Circle Theory parts ofparts cited in Said, he inSaid, cited waisi introduces a new terminology to define ayt al ayt to define terminology anew introduces waisi

, derived from the Qur’an and adopted to the well to the adopted and from Qur’an the derived , the erse, the Romans, Persians, rabs and ttomans he region also also region he ttomans and rabs Persians, Romans, oth historical contemporarycontets and oth central a has t ilad ilad meaning meaning Saudi rabia and the editerranean Sea Politically Politically Sea editerranean the and rabia Saudi adis to the centre of the theory as the first circle, circle, first the as theory the of centre to the adis l araah Sham Sham

of surrounding of ion, to administer that land and its people, as as people, its and land to administerion, that waisi, araah il and hone in the midst as it were of the the of were it as midst the in hone and il istorical Syria istorical ars, it wasit ciilis ars, home to many flourishes in circles from the l from the circles in flourishes nglish historian and author dward dward author and nglishhistorian meaning blessing, richness, fertility, blessing, meaning

(Qur’an, 21:71, 21:81, 34:18, 21:81, 21:71, (Qur’an,

, some parts of gypt and of parts and gypt ,some bed as as bed s” Said, Said, Quds and the region region the and Quds s in urey, the rest rest the in urey, s rest ofrest the “Filastin is watered is “Filastin historical historical w Placing Placing adis adis adis nown nown orld ations ations sa sa and and

209 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 210 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) ayt al ayt DISCSSION conflicts onoin the endin towards only path the bein as suested peae nierse the culture pluralistand inclusive architectural structure, identity, its historicalreliious and cultural multiculturalism, of model a for reference the be can These version inclusive reliious different people with its location, includin eoraphical its hihlihted: should that be other elements hope, and powers for estern a taret the multicultural multiits with alon location eoraphical This urope and frica sia, of unction the at bein by sia of reions other the and raborld, non rab and the between bride a functionsas and territories these ties countries, of the centre the at bein yriaslamicerusalem, north, ypt as the centre of rab uslims in the outh, in the rabof uslims centre the as ypt north, scension from rophetuhammad the by characteristics almos bean that life new c end ofseventh the by lifethe new a to operate ibn al witnessed, as the Qur’an states (Qur’an 17:1), a miraculous miraculous a (Qur’an 17:1), Qur’an states the as witnessed, itbecame oreover, chaned that the reion was mentioned in mentioned was reion the that was uslims the by conuerin its and sinificance reliious its for reason The orld non of centre the as Turey countries: vital strateically and eopolitically four are there Theory, Circle araah the to ccordin level Christians and and Christians ( l 21 hatib, cu of sources apparent most of the tosome rise ivin land, over the claims territorial political and mae to reliions followersof the these led has diversity historical and Thisreliious birt the witnessed Mehmet ŞirinCENGİZ ssurance ssurance rab uslims of the reion oreover, it is the ate to the to the ate itisthe oreover, of reion the uslims rab et, as clearly stated by l by stated clearly as et, The reion also has eopolitical importance at the national and international international and national the at importance eopolitical The reionhas also ” hattab

as much for its fertility and beauty as beauty and fertility much forits as

adis, home to the first the home to adis, (cited in l (cited in enaement and peaceful co peaceful and enaement t was described by ante lihieri as as lihieri ante by described was t , l toether with its its with toether ” of of

, and inPope wo Paul, and VI’s ensions dim Mi’raj

ews (l in 637 in afety waisi, 18) fter the conuest, fter the 18) waisi, includin its name in rabic name its includin h of three brahamic reliions: udaism, Christianity and slam slam and Christianity udaism, reliions: brahamic three of h hatib, 21) fter the conuest by the second Caliph second Caliph the by conuest fter the 21) hatib, ,

when when 638 , the city became became city the , 638 ), by which he declared the reconition of the rihts of reconition ofrihtsof the the ), declared whichby he rrent conflict in the reion in the conflictrrent waisi, 2) The churches were no were churches The 2) waisi,

have made it a land of wars, conflicts and strules and and strules and conflicts of wars, land a it made have t immediately after the uslim taeover uslim the after immediately t the prophet the rich resources and landscapes, there are also thr are there landscapes, and richresources nown as a famous reion thr famous a reion as nown waisi, in addition to bein the centre of centre the bein to in addition waisi, and ethnic ethnic and

ilah numerous numerous aah rds,

existence and mutual respect, which is which respect, mutual and existence of uslims, is an slamic city notable for for city notable slamic an is of uslims, ascended from erusalem to eaven (l eaven to erusalem from ascended “ entities, and its uniue and creative creative uniueand its and entities, it is the world’s centre the for world’s religion and is it well as as well

under “ to erusalem, and the heavenly heavenly the and to erusalem, and social and political structu political and social and the it of peae and the entre of of entre the and peae of it the Qur’anic verses. Bayt al Bayt verses. Qur’anic entury aid (12) describes this this (12) describes aid entury

Caliph Caliph “

iddle ast iddle rab uslim rab for reliious its sinificance

toether with toether iht ourney iht mar assures an mar assures tdestroyed were and rab u rab ouhout the the ouhout “ iddle iddle ” : its boundaries, boundaries, its :

rule and these four four these and reliious and reliious and slims in the in the slims

and bean bean and East”

, l ra and ra and araah araah ad uslim man Isra’ , the mar ee ee re re is , ,

Christians and and Christians ( l 21 hatib, scension from rophetuhammad the by miraculous a (Qur’an 17:1), Qur’an states the as witnessed, in mentioned was reion the that was uslims the by conuerin its and sinificance reliious its for reason The orld itbecame oreover, chaned characteristics almos bean that life new c end ofseventh the by lifethe new a to operate ibn al peae nierse the culture pluralistand inclusive architectural structure, identity, its historicalreliious and al ayt DISCSSION conflicts onoin the endin towards only path the bein as suested cultural multiculturalism, of model a for reference the be can These version inclusive reliious different people with its location, includin eoraphical its hihlihted: should that be other elements hope, and powers for estern a taret the multicultural multiits with alon location eoraphical This urope and frica sia, of unction the at bein by sia of reions other the and raborld, n rab and the between bride a functionsas and territories these ties countries, of the centre the at bein yriaslamicerusalem, outh, in the rabof uslims centre the as ypt north, non of centre the as Turey countries: vital strateically and eopolitically four are there Theory, Circle araah the to ccordin level cu of sources apparent most of the tosome rise ivin land, over the claims territorial political and mae to reliions followersof the these led has diversity historical and Thisreliious birt the witnessed ssurance ssurance on rab uslims of the reion oreover, it is the ate to the to the ate itisthe oreover, of reion the uslims rab The reion also has eopolitical importance at the national and international international and national the at importance eopolitical The reionhas also et, as clearly stated by l by stated clearly as et, ” hattab

as much for its fertility and beauty as beauty and fertility much forits as adis, home to the first the home to adis, (cited in l (cited in enaement and peaceful co peaceful and enaement t was described by ante lihieri as as lihieri ante by described was t , l toether with its its with toether ” of of

, and inPope wo Paul, and VI’s dim Mi’raj

ews (l in 637 in afety waisi, 18) fter the conuest, fter the 18) waisi, includin its name in rabic name its includin ensions h of three brahamic reliions: udaism, Christianity and slam slam and Christianity udaism, reliions: brahamic three of h hatib, 21) fter the conuest by the second Caliph second Caliph the by conuest fter the 21) hatib, ,

when when 638 , the city became became city the , 638 ), by which he declared the reconition of the rihts of reconition of rihtsof the the ), declared whichby he rrent conflict in the reion in the conflictrrent waisi, 2) The churches were no were churches The 2) waisi,

ilah numerous numerous aah rds,

existence and mutual respect, which is which respect, mutual and existence

ascended from erusalem to eaven (l eaven to erusalem from ascended of uslims, is an slamic city notable for for city notable slamic an is of uslims, “ entities, and its uniue and creative creative uniueand its and entities, it is the world’s centre the for world’s religion and is it well as as well

Caliph Caliph “

iddle ast iddle rab uslim rab for reliious its sinificance

toether with toether iht ourney iht mar assures an mar assures tdestroyed were and rab u rab ouhout the the ouhout “ iddle iddle ” : its boundaries, boundaries, its :

rule and these four four these and reliious and reliious and slims in the in the slims

and bean bean and East”

, l ra and ra and araah araah ad uslim

man Isra’ , the mar ee ee re re is , ,

alah al o rule the durin continued peace o period his 117. and 1 etween invasion multi and sensiility aesthetic travel, pluralism, ethnic and reliious o centre the een has 11), (amou, toether lived reliions rahamic three o ollowers the al Bayt aairs. own reliious rihtstotheir order the ranted reconis rihts o the the In to owners. their let protection and under taen Muslim instead or the ews the or rule was Muslim positionthe o that non can airlyasserted It e was to empty the land with the help o estern powers and to locate the ewish ewish the tolocate and powers o estern help the with land the toempty was land. a without aionist state o estalishment the towards ionism ranis the and lau in Palestine homeland o ewish a estalishment docume his pulished. was Proram Basel the onress, anti aainst especially idea, this developed and own state Jews’ of the establishment the advocated Herzl Congress. an State, Jewish the Judenstaat”, “Der called book a published Herzl Theodor journalist the 1896, In Switzerland. 1). (arill, 1 in o ondon onvention the y neotiated was decision his reion. the uture o the to shape tool British overnment and orthe step a as considered was state a such o estalishment he ews. or the state a throuhestalishin continued attempts the desire, lth land. without people orpeople, a without century: oland a the end the toward Palestine mode or the asis the ormed o amartine words he power. deservin more a y populated to e land onthe emptyin ased o idea an emerence to the led politicians Western other and Lamartine of ideas The 1970). Marks, 1992; (Said, Land’ contr tae projectto colonialor imperial an undertae overnment rench that the near suested was and state ttoman o the collapse (17 amartine demonstra ews the or astate estalish to FrenchThe desire 1998). (Weider, protection France’s under to Jews homeland a as Palestine oerin 17, in proclamation a issued also e Palestine. to invade year ne apoleon. y Eypt o invasion the durin was attempt irst he powers. estern the o movements In accordance with the recommendations o amartine, the irst step to tae to irsttae step the o amartine, recommendations the with accordance In ionis irst the onvention, the ater ears imperialistic the durin to deteriorate started peace o hisperiod national trade for hundreds of years, with the exception of the Crusader’s exception ofCrusader’s the the with of years, forhundreds trade national in l in .

rn ionist thinin and sloan ormulated y Israel anwill or or anwill Israel y ormulated sloan and thinin ionist rn yui (117 yui

Interpretation of the Establishment of Israel According to the Barakah Circle Theory ar etter than the suppressive Medieval hristian rule, especially especially rule, hristian Medieval suppressive the than ar etter ation to achieve this oal. his document, thereore, aimed thereore,aimed his oal.document, this achieve ation to 1). ter his trip to the reion in 1, he declared that the the that declared he 1, in reion the to trip his ter 1). ouh the rench could not realis not could rench the ouh ed y Islamic law, ewish and hristian communities were were communities hristian and ewish law, Islamic y ed 11) and and 11)

ater apoleon invaded Eypt in 17, he attempted attempted he in 17, Eypt invaded apoleon ater

with the British tryin to control the reion reion the control to tryin British the with d the ideas in this oo were discussed in this this in discussed were oo in this ideas the d later later the tes itsel in the words o lphonse de de lphonse o words the in itsel tes emitism in Europe. t the end o the the o end the t Europe. in emitism

Mamlus and Mamlus t e this colonial and imperialistic imperialistic and colonial this e

onress was held in Basel, in Basel, held was onress Muslim communities under communities Muslim estern powers in the the in powers estern

ttomans (117 ttomans

Madis, in Madis, nt envisaed the the envisaed nt nch o the orld orld the o nch ol of the ‘Holy ‘Holy olthe of ramewor ramewor

which the which the 117). 117).

211 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 212 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) Lord Rothschild, known as the ‘BalfourDeclaration’. the as known Lord Rothschild, ionists, of the representative the to letter his through alestine in people Jewish forhomeland a the to establish vowed alfour rthur 1917, In administration. secretly in 1916. In in 1916. secretly the Sykes with themselves regionbetween the divided of war, the states victorious the as ngland, and France rabs.However, Hussain Sharif until This Worldsituation its First War. persisted and the environsduring alestine the Western owers to ionism (188 alfour James rthur Minister, Foreign politicianand of ritish words in the appears colonialsettlements these at arrived migrants of 0,000 second wave a 191, and 190 etween region. the of residents rab million a half almost with lived They Federation. ussian the and urope astern came from immigrants 19 y region. in the settler commander Sir commander mandate gyptian rab state. united and of sovereign a establishment the was promises of these most significant The authority. of change a for rabs to the promises made they ttomans, the against revolt a of rabs the convinced ritish Whe region. of the mandate its through authority given was ritain ations, of end region the by the war the of end the at mpire ttoman the of collapse the With accepted i accepted offerrepresentatives Jewish the but rejected rabHigh Committee, the as known and alestinian between region the realis meant the need for more land in which to relocate them, which was so was which them, relocate to in which land more for need the meant people urope.More in Holocaust) the (during persecution from azi fleeing immigrants of wave the with filled was gap population the However, hands. only yet immigrants, increasingof number the population through the of one third now constituted Jews The ionistby violence. ionist solving the 19 In world. to the independence declared their before they states supportof and help Western the with necessities) social and political (military, work necessary the completed ionists Mehmet ŞirinCENGİZ et the settlement was not as large as desired because of ttoman rule in in rule of ttoman because desired as large notas was settlement the et etween 191 07). alestine whonow rabs inhabit that land ancient hopes,of greater far importthan the desires prejudices and the 700,000 of wrong, isingood age bad, or rooted com are owers reat four The ed by the nited ations (). Special Committee proposed to divide to divide proposed Committee (). Special ations nited the by ed colonists (Masalha, 2018). efore 1897, very few ionist immigrants were were ionist immigrants few very 1897, efore 2018). (Masalha, colonists

t. The sharing plan left 6.7 percent of the alestinian alestinian of the percent 6.7 left plan sharing The t. , supported by ritain, ritain, by supported ,

Henry McMahon (1862 Henry McMahon 7 rab conflict to the League of ations. The region was shaken shaken The region was ations. of League to the conflict rab

alestine, and 197, when alestine was under the ritish mandate, under the ritishmandate, was 197,and alestine when 0, the number had already reached 2,000. Most of these of these Most 2,000. reached already had number the 0, 7 191 . n 2 pril 1920, with the decision of the League of decision League 2 the the pril. n with of 1920,

it envisage

7, ngland handed over the responsibility for responsibility the over handed ngland 7, mitted to ionism. nd ionism, be it right or or itright be ionism, ionism. nd mitted to helped helped . epresentatives of the alestinians, alestinians, the of Jewsepresentatives . long traditions, in present needs, in future in presentlongneeds, traditions,in future 190), who described the commitment of commitmentof the who described 190), d the establishment of an international of international establishment an the d 199) promised independence to the to the independence promised 199) alestine. The main motivation behind behind motivation The main alestine. end the ttoman rul ttoman the end six percent of the land was in was their land of the percent six icot Treaty, which was signed which was icot Treaty,

(cited in 2018Masalha, , ritain occupied occupied , ritain e

in the region the in land on

to the the to

to be be to n the the n . accepted i accepted offerrepresentatives Jewish the but rejected rabHigh Committee, the as known and alestinian between region the realis so was which them, relocate to in which land more for need the meant people urope.More in Holocaust) the (during persecution from azi fleeing immigrants of wave the with filled was gap population the However, hands. only yet immigrants, increasingof number the population through the of one third now constituted Jews The ionistby violence. ionist solving the 19 In world. to the independence declared their before they states supportof and help Western the with necessities) social and political (military, work necessary the completed ionists ‘BalfourDeclaration’. the as known Lord Rothschild, ionists, of the representative the to letter his through alestine in people Jewish forhomeland a the to establish vowed alfour rthur 1917, In administration. In in 1916. secretly the Sykes with themselves regionbetween the divided of war, the states victorious the as ngland, and France rabs.However, Sir commander mandate gyptian rab state. united and of sovereign a establishment the was promises of these most significant The authority. of change a for rabs to the promises made they ttomans, the against revolt a of rabs the convinced ritish Whe region. of the mandate its through authority given was ritain ations, of end region the by the war the of end the at mpire ttoman the of collapse the With Hussain Sharif until This Worldsituation its First War. persisted and the environsduring alestine owers to ionism Western the (188 alfour James rthur Minister, Foreign politicianand of ritish words in the appears colonialsettlements these at arrived migrants of 0,000 second wave a 191, and 190 etween region. the of residents rab million a half almost with lived They Federation. ussian the and urope astern came from immigrants 19 y region. in the settler etween 191 in rule of ttoman because desired as large notas was settlement the et 07). alestine whonow rabs inhabit that land ancient hopes,of greater far importthan the desires prejudices and the 700,000 of wrong, isingood age bad, or rooted com are owers reat four The ed by the nited ations (). Special Committee proposed to divide to divide proposed Committee (). Special ations nited the by ed colonists (Masalha, 2018). efore 1897, very few ionist immigrants were were ionist immigrants few very 1897, efore 2018). (Masalha, colonists

t. The sharing plan left 6.7 percent of the alestinian alestinian of the percent 6.7 left plan sharing The t. , supported by ritain, ritain, by supported ,

Henry McMahon (1862 Henry McMahon 7 rab conflict to the League of ations. The region was shaken shaken The region was ations. of League to the conflict rab

191 7 . n 2 pril 1920, with the decision of the League of decision League 2 the the pril. n with of 1920,

it envisage

7, ngland handed over the responsibility for responsibility the over handed ngland 7, mitted to ionism. nd ionism, be it right or or itright be ionism, ionism. nd mitted to helped helped Jews long traditions, in present needs, in future in presentlongneeds, traditions,in future 190), who described the commitment of commitmentof the who described 190), d the establishment of an international of international establishment an the d 199) promised independence to the to the independence promised 199) . epresentatives of the alestinians, alestinians, the of epresentatives . alestine. The main motivation behind behind motivation The main alestine. end the ttoman rul ttoman the end

six percent of the land was in was their land of the percent six icot Treaty, which was signed which was icot Treaty,

(cited in 2018Masalha, , ritain occupied occupied , ritain e

in the region the in land on

to the the to

to be be to n the the n . decision cae into force when the last last the when force into cae decision a rou. inorit the een once who had ews, of doinance in the resulted lan artition his astained. countries and aainst a with lan the aroed ssel eneral the , oeer n rule. international under e would to ercent . and state ewish instailit in the in the instailit reater and ofnew a in factsinal a were of state, this estalishent the carri asin, such Deir as assacres, he raillaes. that srael as aionis as srael that Edouard Sa’ab mentions also beenin Palestine. residing already who had Jews to non refers reion, also he co usli l of slaicerusale, definition the and theor of the understandin ourn reion. the of order olitical the as well as ersion, inclusie creatie and uniue concetof reion, its the eace the alestine, of for eole threat a is the state sraeli the that aruent his ointthis in l conseuences. neatie undeniale caused hae in ast iddle in the state ewish of ionist estalishent a later and attets the ersion. inclusie creatie and uniue its and eole its location, eorahical f rahaic three to the adis and siritual the waisi confirs sace narrow er in a neihours as other close to each er lied reliions rahaic of eers three the used used in their accelerated arties ewish , the the su of erican rise the hisarked reion. to lanned had tates nited he British one. the harsher than een was of olic erica. tates ofnited the doinance “ world in to el the was announced state, of ionist estalishent sraeli the of, the aroal the alestinian territories asar et al., . al., et asar territories alestinian النكبة oweer, the lan reected the alestinians was neer ileented. n n neer ileented. was alestinians the reected lan the oweer, oweer, in line with the colonial and ierial ais of the the of ais ierial and colonial the with in line oweer, s entioned earlier entioned s incarnation of neo the as ut refue, huanitarian a as eered,not has srael of he tate cited in arkai, . cited in arkai, and anti and ”, ”, for the the the , Britain declared its intention to sto its andate oer alestine. he oer alestine. tosto declaredandate intention its Britain its , mmunity but, as he highlights with respect to the ‘inclusiveness’ of the the of ‘inclusiveness’ the respect to with highlights he as but, mmunity “

catastrohe ionist ews, and een etween est etween een and ews, ionist continuation of the “clean the of continuation

Interpretation of the Establishment of Israel According to the Barakah Circle Theory ‘ iddle ast iddle

i on a aar, . alestinians called this called .aar, alestinians a on i t state is ased on racial discriination and writes that writes and on discriination racial ased is t state racis, which discriinates etween ews and ras, ionist ionist ras, and ews etween discriinates which racis, ” , Bat al , Bat . alestinians eerienced ore iolence followin the the iolence followin ore eerienced alestinians ’ uslis, includin the local hristians and een the the een and hristians local the uslis,includin

which continues with the sraeli settleents in the in the settleents sraeli the with continues which

an adis is the onl the is adis

aiths addressin its three eleents its eleents three its addressin aiths of land

ra state. ccordin to the lan, erusale erusale lan, to the ccordin state. ra

ote of countries. countries oted oted countries countries. of ote s ing operations” operations” ing

British . he new definition introduced l introduced definition new he . historical sinificanc ort for ionis. ith the suort of of suort the ith for ionis. ort adit oilis ern and astern sraeli citiens astern and ern waisi does not address onl the onl the not address does waisi

troos left the area. ith the the ith area. the left troos

ore ewish refuees in the in the refuees ewish ore

ed out in the reion efore reion efore out ed in the hol ation of ower,which was

cit on earth in which cit onin which earth

waisi also refers to to refers also waisi the ewish ilitia in ilitia ewish the e of the Bat al of Bat e the estern states,

213 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 214 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) each war and massacre and war each After positions. Israel’s strengthened completely 1973 in war The larger. times ‘buffer’ state of the Western powe ofWestern the state ‘buffer’ func Israel that prove Israel of practices These Israel. of arbitrary practices articlesrespect to with written as the remained sanction any without decisions those or veto, a with ouncil ecurity the from returned decisionst 2 than ore refugees. ykes the to.While entitled that homeland and of out pushed properties their been had alestinians The alestinians. the towards directed was terminology, including including territories, alestinian of the entirety the conuered Israel much. change refersto and destruction’ ‘systematic as them commit Aft settlements. Jewish the against measures great took ultan the where land this now in were 1982), (Öke, II to overcome Abdulhamid who failed Jews, the that (192 period mandate ritish the anarchy during re the Jews, the to territories alestinian the opened officially later year a eclaration alfour 1917 the and I, War World during ast iddle the

of oshe ayan inHaa ayan of oshe of t two eamples gives Israel hahak, who reckons that reckons who hahak, Israel as groupssuch Mehmet ŞirinCENGİZ er the collapse of the ttomans, they began to systematically attack and and attack to systematically began they ofttomans, collapse the er the However, the cruellest violence, or ‘massacre’ to use the correct correct the use to ‘massacre’ or violence, cruellest the However, In the bipolar system of the old War, the situation in alestine did not not did alestine in situation the War, old of the bipolar system the In establish to used violence the and settlements Jewish calls the 1) aid (1992 are passingare bei and stone a so literally tombstones,and that houses, garden destroyed their completely, with …almost v four hundred we country boughtthe lands from the Arabs establishingHebrew, is a that Jewish a state considerable here.In area We camewhich this to country was alreadyArabs,populated by weand are thesebooks geography even villages, the names know Arab blame of donot I these and because you, percent place ofevat ahalul, villagesArab Haneifs and efar ehoshua efar and Haneifs 1978 ). 1978 populationaid, Arab (citedformer in havea didbuiltthat in thisnot country any type many aster

. Jewish villages were built in the place of Arab villages. ou do not not ou do villages. Arab place of built in the wereJewish . villages

Haganah (192 Haganah n

are not there either. ahalal ahalal there either. not are Jerusalem, in the War of 197 and epanded its territory its three epanded of War and 197 in the Jerusalem, s

of violence against uslims against of violence ng told that itwas desert. that ng all told ret in April 199, saying 199, April in ret his violence the first eample is illustrated by t by illustrated is violencehis first eample the s , new

no longerno do only eistthe not books eist, not the in the place of Jibta, icot Agreement between ritain and rance divided rance divided and ritain between Agreement icot illages were thus eliminated,… illages

8), ternehi (19 8), ternehi people in the place o in the

rs, especially the A to realis A the rs, especially

were added to the caravan of alestinian caravan of to the alestinian added were aken at the nited ations () have () nitedations have the at aken

does not remain standing, and visitors and standing, remain does not f Tell haman. There is not one place not fThere Tell haman. is ayans own villagein the arose

ibbut arid ibbut

one outraged Israeli, rofessor Israeli, one outraged and hristians through terrorist throughterrorist hristians and the total area was area the total about 8). asar et al. (23) argues argues (23) al. et 8). asar walls, and even cemeteries cemeteries even and walls, 8) and Irgun (1931 Irgun 8) and

tions as the garrison and a a and garrison the as tions they still believe theyare believe they still these villages were were villages these

in the place of gion was left to to left gion was e their modern modern their e s of the the s of he remarks remarks he 8). aid 8). aid ‘buffer’ state of the Western powe ofWestern the state ‘buffer’ func Israel that prove Israel of practices These Israel. of arbitrary practices articlesrespect to with written as the remained sanction any without decisions those or veto, a with ouncil ecurity the from returned decisionst 2 than ore refugees. massacre and war each After positions. Israel’s strengthened completely 1973 in war The larger. times including territories, alestinian of the entirety the conuered Israel much. change that reckons who hahak, Israel refersto and destruction’ ‘systematic as them inHaa ayan of oshe of t two eamples gives as groupssuch commit Aft settlements. Jewish the against measures great took ultan the where land this now in were 1982), (Öke, II to overcome Abdulhamid who failed Jews, the that (192 period mandate ritish the anarchy during re the Jews, the to territories alestinian the opened officially later year a eclaration alfour 1917 the and I, War World during ast iddle the ykes the to.While entitled that homeland and of out pushed properties their been had alestinians The alestinians. the towards directed was terminology, er the collapse of the ttomans, they began to systematically attack and and attack to systematically began they ofttomans, collapse the er the However, the cruellest violence, or ‘massacre’ to use the correct correct the use to ‘massacre’ or violence, cruellest the However, In the bipolar system of the old War, the situation in alestine did not not did alestine in situation the War, old of the bipolar system the In establish to used violence the and settlements Jewish calls the 1) aid (1992 are passingare bei and stone a so literally tombstones,and that houses, garden destroyed their completely, with … ). 1978 populationaid, Arab (citedformer in havea didbuiltthat in thisnot country ehoshua efar and Haneifs place ofevat ahalul, villagesArab thesebooks geography even villages, the names know Arab blame of donot I these and because you, percent we country boughtthe lands from the Arabs establishingHebrew, is a that Jewish a state considerable here.In area We camewhich this to country was alreadyArabs,populated by weand are almost v four hundred m aster any type any

. Jewish villages were built in the place of Arab villages. ou do not not ou do villages. Arab place of built in the wereJewish . villages

Haganah (192 Haganah n

are not there either. ahalal ahalal there either. not are Jerusalem, in the War of 197 and epanded its territory its three epanded of War and 197 in the Jerusalem, s

8), ternehi (19 8), ternehi people in the place o in the

rs, especially the A to realis A the rs, especially

were added to the caravan of alestinian caravan of to the alestinian added were aken at the nited ations () have () nitedations have the at aken

does not remain standing, and visitors and standing, remain does not f Tell haman. There is not one place not fThere Tell haman. is ayans own villagein the arose

arid ibbut

tions as the garrison and a a and garrison the as tions they still believe theyare believe they still these villages were were villages these

in the place of gion was left to to left gion was e their modern modern their e s of the the s of he remarks remarks he 8). aid 8). aid 197 War. 197 it and states, insovereign their own rule supp have to seemed countries Arab these Although alestine. against work would process the that result inevitable an caused intention or action of plan common a having not However, own losses. of rectificationtheir the pursued and domestic policy probl the approached Israel, to lands their lost had who yria, Jordan and the behind support strongWestern the as well as alestine, of issue the on countries Arab of the insincerities and discrepancies the The Arab region. in the disorder political and worl whole regionthe and control whole core the will the in controlling who succeed l in or Islamicerusalem for them. seats holding are powers Western the nor governments Arab other the neither to claim negotiations t peace in the alestinians the no room for is there that contradiction the to aid points today, ven high. was governments of the Arab at hands died number that the of Palestinians agenda, government’s one o was cause alestinian althoughthe for and Israel with peace destructive policy after the establishment of Israel establishment the after policy destructive harshand recalls region.22) the aid (1992 in the aims imperialistic colonialand alestinian tragedy. alestinian in the involvement nationalist of sense popular the followed have they that sense thoughts of Bonaparte and Lamartine, lost its unity as a result of the British ‘divide ‘divide British of the result a unity as its lost Lamartine, and Bonaparte of thoughts the with started which proects, invasion imperialistic and olonial region. political d. Islamicerusalem also functions as a bridge with its geo its with bridge a functionsas also Islamicerusalem d. The establishment of the Israeli state also started a series of series Arab a alsostarted state Israeli the of establishment The According to the arakah ircle Theory of Islamicerusalem Theory ircle arakah to According the could be made to disappear into gyptian or yrian or audi or yrian policy. gyptian or disappearmade into could be to transmute seemed alestine of uestion the in reality(aid, ne sensesconduct. the to open are all alestiniandoors theory, that none in others speak forthe alestinian,formulating his goals him, for his norms of wouldfind leaders not one.Instead gypt, Israel,the the nitedtates,and of so you involved alestinian fora look were to you if the peacebut process in be involved must alestinians now that world the out to gone has The word step ·movement intobilateral, nationalistwhittle sentimentforce to Arab political in the region, down in its.. history. po presidentsserved gavemore period hearms Israelshorter of in a time ever than the two and irresponsibleissinger Henry astonishingly and role. destructive 197nitedtates played an uring between 1977, and the the three years location, which

orted the alestinians, their main motivations were to continue their to continue their were motivations main their alestinians, the orted n the one hand, the Arab countries one after another one after one Arab hand, countries the the n

Interpretation of the Establishment of Israel According to the Barakah Circle Theory

1992 17) 1992

We can see the proofs of this dilemma especially after the the after especially dilemma this proofsof the see can We

ensures control of the editerranean ea and the whole and ea editerranean control the of ensures licy was deliberately to ignore the alestinians, to try to try to licy deliberatelythe alestinians, was ignore to Awaisi’s new definition, is the core of the region. Those Those region. of the core the is definition, new Awaisi’s

recognis by

step processes. Always a domestic .. issue, issue, .. domestic a Always processes. step ing Israel’s existence. On the other hand, other hand, the On existence. Israel’s ing must Israeli wars started in started wars Israeli d into a uestion ofduestion a into how alestine

be said that they created a genuine genuine a created that they said be f the top issues on every Arab Arab on issues every top f the ionists

. In the 197 War, gypt, gypt, War, 197 . Inthe strategic and geo and strategic ,

ayt al ayt heir rights, but but rights, heir attempted 198 revealed revealed 198 Israeli wars wars Israeli adis em as a a as em

for for ,

215 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 216 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) estern policies and structure state its and Israel opposite. the ust is ast the while aspects, all in superior human, democratic, as estThe rational, est. developed, seen is the and ast establish the and “Orientalism” Said’s with connection a establish to possible here boo famous in his Said, purposes. contained imperial but innocent not were ast iddle system. hegemonic the of requirements in continued same way and accordance in the with remained system the changed, power governing the of name the while and aims, these following ritain was I of establishment the efore system. hegemonic modern the constructing to begin alestine than place better any be could not there ircle Theory, araah the by proved also is s region. the in existence hegemonic and imperialistic instr an US, as the powers, especially estern the unity between the governments ofregion the governments the unity between the against policy US showing in unique significance of are expressions Said’s region. of the states over the dominance their to secure opportunities several them the region was announced to the world. to the announced was region the corein the of ‘buffer state’ a of as establishment Israel period,the mandate the estern powers mainly the US. The existence of Israel, therefore, of Israel, US. existence the The powersmainly estern for the aim largerorientalist and wider a serve they and residences, previous their with ties its broe never that arabi, in cited world of the parts different e sum a of is amdan, Israel dweller amal by stated as that, is and rule’ policy and as a result div result a as and policy rule’ and Mehmet ŞirinCENGİZ Said also affirms that these interests of the est the of interests these that affirms also Said Today, Today, core of the the the present and those of the past and future and past of the those the presentand between states, between cohabiting communities The relations their present…. discreteness. frozen in seeStates them to the United dynamic by wholeness, encouragedin the regionregimes were polit unit of whose trend, climax was avid the amp agreements,shrin to the been has essence this of The quo. status unstable very historically the is, present,that the only but future the thenor past about neither thought gypt,encouraged S and Israel between of greements Interim the in revealed area, the the whole about commentators in U.S. trend haveremaredthining that ew the area. states in separatingmaintained ealously retaining barriers the …structures concentr unityand of rab significant instrumentypolia, . impe hegemonicsystemdominate designed thus the Orient promoteand to estern The stereotypes ofOrientalism the a by construction to contribute created ment of Israel. Orientalism creates a stereotypical image for both the the both for image stereotypical a creates Orientalism Israel. of ment orld rialism. Therefore, estern imperialism still uses Orientalism as a imperialism a Orientalismstill uses estern as Therefore, rialism. rientalis . oreover, Ilia ypolia argues that ypolia argues Ilia . oreover, ical attention and importance instead of seeing things in their their seeing thingsinstead in importance of ical and attention are shown to the world as the representative of the representative the as world to the shown are

‘ described this situation as modern imperialism. It is It imperialism. modern as situation this described iddle ast iddle ided the region into small de small into region the ided ’

region is invaded by Israel. The argument argument The Israel. by invaded is region

atedshort in a Since then, Israel has been used by by used been has Israel then, Since all these seem all these

, between the problems of of problems the between , ument to continue their their to continue ument sighted way upon ed to be declared declared be to ed ern powers in the the in powers ern facto states. fter fter states. facto ws collected from from collected ws yria andyria

provides provides srael, srael, the unity between the governments ofregion the governments the unity between the against policy US showing in unique significance of are expressions Said’s region. of the states over the dominance their to secure opportunities several them therefore, of Israel, US. existence the The powersmainly estern for the aim largerorientalist and wider a serve they and residences, previous their with ties its broe never that arabi, in cited world of the parts different e sum a of is amdan, Israel dweller amal by stated as that, is estern policies and structure state its and Israel opposite. the ust is ast the while aspects, all in superior human, democratic, as estThe rational, est. developed, seen is the and ast establish the and “Orientalism” Said’s with connection a establish to possible here boo famous in his Said, purposes. contained imperial but innocent not were ast iddle system. hegemonic the of requirements in continued same way and accordance in the with remained system the changed, power governing the of name the while and aims, these following ritain was I of establishment the efore system. hegemonic modern the constructing to begin alestine than place better any be could not there ircle Theory, araah the by proved also is s region. the in existence hegemonic and imperialistic instr an US, as the powers, especially estern world. to the announced was region the corein the of ‘buffer state’ a of as establishment Israel period,the mandate the div result a as and policy rule’ and Today, Today, core of the the est the of interests these that affirms also Said the present and those of the past and future and past of the those the presentand between states, between cohabiting communities The relations their present…. discreteness. frozen in seeStates them to the United dynamic by wholeness, encouragedin the regionregimes were polit unit of whose trend, climax was avid the amp agreements,shrin to the been has essence this of The quo. status unstable very historically the is, present,that the only but future the thenor past about neither thought gypt,encouraged S and Israel between of greements Interim the in revealed area, the the whole about commentators in U.S. trend haveremaredthining that ew the area. states in separatingmaintained ealously retaining barriers the … significant instrumentypolia, . impe hegemonicsystemdominate designed thethus Orient and promote to estern The stereotypes ofOrientalism the a by construction to contribute created structures concentr unityand of rab ment of Israel. Orientalism creates a stereotypical image for both the the both for image stereotypical a creates Orientalism Israel. of ment orld rialism. Therefore, estern imperialism still uses Orientalism as a imperialism a Orientalismstill uses estern as Therefore, rialism. rientalis . oreover, Ilia ypolia argues that ypolia argues Ilia . oreover, ical attention and importance instead of seeing things in their their seeing thingsinstead in importance of ical and attention are shown to the world as the representative of the representative the as world to the shown are

‘ described this situation as modern imperialism. It is It imperialism. modern as situation this described iddle ast iddle ided the region into small de small into region the ided ’

region is invaded by Israel. The argument argument The Israel. by invaded is region

atedshort in a Since then, Israel has been used by by used been has Israel then, Since all these seem all these

provides provides srael, srael, This plan could not be better achieved than by by than achieved better be Thiscouldplan not of onapar ofcopy those carbona is uslimstates the from the clear is It , who was one of many uslim scholars assassinated by Israel. by assassinated uslimscholars one of whomany was , (1928 Hamad scholar Gamal Egyptian by mentioned was significance Egypt’s of establishment the continents representing arious and languages different arious races speaing arious as of Israelites, the descendants are ews current the that stating lie the refute to first the who was amdan, by described was dominance of Isr dominance non the of power orld re forthe only condition the argue that and coups military several ‘ Said’s with uslim and rab of the leadership claiming are the and gap to fill the attempting are rabia Saudi including States region. of the states the Arabs.” for Palestine failing toregain by the Arabs among leadership leadership withoutEgyptian that argues e in gypt. world to airo family” the Arab meeting place of ofsignificance boo, established any relations with the rest of the of rest the the relationswith any established non of leader potential the as Turey, on dependence political to regard its with state failed a as named be cangypt wars, ongoing Iraqwith and in Syria no are states there hile in poli experienced Syria Iraq Turey.oth and and Iraq, Syria araah ircle Theory to of regionthe according the significantstates ideologically. also militarily but the between for power struggles to ongoing ofleads gypt Thisabsence Similar negative consequences are also experienced by the other three other three the by also experienced are consequences negative Similar states and communities Said, .states Said, communities and maretable view of things highly own its interests maing its institutions, the and states, the people, betweenmediate the to itself upon States it The United took void null… and Egyptian Personality Egyptian is the unity of gypt as the power of the rab uslims and Turey as the the as Turey and uslims rab the of power the as gypt of unity the is orld orld , several merican invasions of Iraq and the ongoing war in Syria. Syria. in war ongoing the and of Iraq invasions merican several , ”

cited in arabi, . The ritish and rench invasions prior to to prior invasions rench ritishand The . in arabi, cited rientalism with the support of Israel. It is possible to associate these struggles struggles these possible is to It associate supportIsrael. of the with gypt for the rab world stating that that stating rabworld for the gypt

Interpretation of the Establishment of Israel According to the Barakah Circle Theory ael and the other estern powers. other estern the and ael rab uslims. It will then be possible to end the existence and and existence the end possible be to then will It uslims. rab above above Israel divided the political unity of the Ottomans and g and Ottomans political the unity of divided Israel ’ as the Westerners did not only conqu only notdid Westerners the as ’ quotes that the policy of the US to separate the unity of of unity the separate to of US policy the the that quotes

the , cited in araat, , he empha he , araat, in cited , it is probably as true to say that Egypt would lose its Egypt as that true probably say to is it the substitute for regional cooperation betweensubstitute cooperation forregional the

shadowing

and resembles the place of gypt in the rab rab in the gypt of place the resembles and awaening of the region and the uslim uslim regionthe and the of awaening “If it is true that there is no Arab unity unity no Arab is there true that is it “If

rab uslims, until recently has not not has recently until uslims, rab

of US policies. Thus, it is possible to to Thus, possible is it policies. of US ‘ the iddle ast iddle tical disorder after the ulf ar ulf ar the after disorder tical

“a patched “a and the United rab mirates mirates rab United the and

buffer state of Israel buffer state “Egypt has always beenhas always the “Egypt te, amartine and the rits. rits. the and amartine te, ’ Israel and the US. US. the and Israel

up up mainly because of becauseof mainly state containing containing state er the region region the er

In his famous In hisfamous

sis

es the the es which

ypt.

217 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 218 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) harness nature uslims are ut of bn ushd or rationality the bn Sin(icenna a as it was once impossibl was it as uslim the Therefore acquiesced t and in foralestine state a ews the ionistsdemanded why is That impotence intellectual and to knowledge distance the is disunity and cowardice uslim process peace ultimate firstfor an circle (the aqdis l ofliberation ayt in the first step the factors take to consideredkey are tyrants monarchsand the between especially region of the states the between relations the to strengthen attempting and Egypt liberating science be the first step in re in step first the be resolingEgyptian waisi of the World only target the Holy the only target not does threat sraeli ionist the oreoer entity inclusie creatie unique and peacefulwith and land toharmonious this biggest dilemma the been has i resulted and world modern the of history in the unprecedented is ionism by to subected been ales that catastrophe the Howeer diersity ethnic and religious its despite harmony and peace in people liing its and location geographical its with with the unity of the the unity of the with possibleonly be will liberationto worldthe so ofthe entire alestine etends powersin the Western ciilis s wisdom and eistence human of element indispensable (11 Sadra olla CONCLSION Kalın, 2016). Bayt al Bayt 2016). Kalın, Mehmet ŞirinCENGİZ

the the boe all these treats consider knowledge as t as knowledge consider treats these boe all To resole the ionist threat and to reand threat ionist the resole To ation can be reached by liing with different people different with liing by can reached be ation

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Kalın, (2016). İbrahim Haggman, B. (1998). Rudolf Kjellén and modern Swedish geopolitics.Rudolf modern and (1998). Kjellén Haggman, B. the lies of ord BIBLIOGRAPHY Öke, M. K. (1982).M. K.Öke, aa, . . Öcn S A, Kr Z T (2003). T. Z. Kor, & A., S. Özcan, T., F. Yaşar, Awaisi,A. M.(2000). A. F. AssuranceUmar’s of Safetythe peopleto of Aelia(Jerusalem): ournal of Islamic erusalem tudies erusalem ournal Islamic of uly of and urey ussia...reaty Islamicerusalem tudies Islamic tudies erusalem İstanbul: İHH İHH İstanbul: İnsani Yardım Vakfı. ociety apoleonic

Ortadoğu Değişen Ortadoğu Dengeler

Interpretation of the Establishment of Israel According to the Barakah Circle Theory iyonim e ilistin orunu orunu ilistin e iyonim he uestion of Palestineof uestion he Arab attitudes to Israel to attitudes Arab he history of the decline and fall of the oman Empire oman the of fall declineand the of history he ehemet Ali ord Palmerston ussia and rance Position England of and ord ussia rance ehemet Palmerston Ali he Arab world ociety culture and state culture and world Arab ociety he Palestine A our housand ear istory housand A our Palestine apping Islamicerusalem. uaddime

Ben, Öteki Ve Ötesi Ve Öteki Ben,

Introducing Islamic

. İstanbul:İnsan. , Ankara: Rehber , Ankara: Yayıncılık apoleonic cholarshipapoleonic ontrealInternational ritish ournal of iddle Eastern tudies iddle Eastern of ritish ournal

orld uslim he

Siyonizm Düşünden İşgal Gerçeğine Filistin Gerçeğine İşgal Düşünden Siyonizm

EIP eports erusalem ournal of Islamicerusalem tudies of ournal . İstanbul:Üçdal Neşriyat.

eopolitics

ī

ournal of ournal ournal of ournal

219 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (2) 220 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (2) 2 1 ENDNOTES Mehmet ŞirinCENGİZ

olding, illiam. illiam. olding, a widera connotation.For a detailed Al Seeral names hae een used for slamicjerusalem throughout the history including Jerusalem, (2011). From Aelia to Al to Aelia From (2011). siese n kie uds and Bayt al

, () , sies

undee:AM ress. (199) l Madis. hese names were used either to refer to the city or sometimes with Awaisi, (200). K. he names of slamicjerusalemin the rophetic period. te e ties uds: he ames of slamicjerusalem in the arly Muslim eriod.

ies study on the names , ol., summer8, 200 and l

. ew ork: Berkley ork: ew

of slamicjerusalem, refer to .

Awaisi, K. (200) l Awaisi, K. K. Awaisi, in