Efficacy Evaluation of Fungicides and Insecticides

MTT Agrifood Research Finland 2011 Herbicides, Fungicides and Insecticides

CARAWAY / CONTROL OF CARAWAY MOTH (DEPRESSARIA DAUCELLA)

Study directors: Erja Huusela-Veistola and Jarmo Ketola

Trial ID Variety Location Experimental starting and completion I-11-091-06 Sylvia Jokioinen May 24th and December 15th 2011

Purpose of trial: To test efficacy of chemical control of Karate 2.5 WG (lambda-cyhalothrin 25 g/kg a.i.) against caraway moth applied at different growth stages on caraway. SUMMARY

Insecticide Karate 2.5WG at 0.25 kg/ha (lambda-cyhalothrin 6.25 g a.i. ha) was tested in the efficacy trial in 2011. The product was tested as a foliar spraying with the volume rate 300 l/ha. The trial was a continuation of an insecticide trial with Decis EW 50 Mega at 0.15 l/ha (deltamethrin 50 g/l) against caraway moth in 2010. In both trials the sprayings were made once to twice per treatment with five different timings. The timings of the sprayings in both trials were the followings:

Year 2010: Descriptive Temperature Crop height cm Application code growth stage at sum at and date application application A: 26.5.2010 Flower buds < 169°C 35 10% visible B: 31.5.2010 Flower buds 194°C 45 visible 30 % C: 2.6.2010 Flower buds 216°C 53 visible 70 % D: 26.5 and Flower buds 169°C and 35 and 53 2.6.2010 visible <10 % 216°C and 70 % E: 4.6.2010 Flowering 60-70 234°C 70 %

Year 2011: Descriptive Temperature Crop height Application code growth stage at sum at cm and date application application A: 18.5.2011 Flower buds < 125 °C 14-45 10% visible B: 26.5.2011 Flower buds 171°C 23 visible 30% C: 3.6.2011 Flower buds 235°C 43 visible 40% D: 18.5.2011 and Flower buds 125°C and 14-45 and 43 3.6.2011 visible <10% and 235°C 40% E: 6.6.2011 Flowering 60% 270°C 45

The timings in 2011 were fixed as beforehand to presume the most potential stage of caraway moth for the application by lambda-cyhalothrin 6.25 g/ha (a.i.). An untreated control was included in the trial. The trial was located in the field in Jokioinen. The number of flowers damaged by caraway moth larvae was counted per net plot area (4x0.5 m²) in June (Figure 1). The number of damages of caraway moth per plant stem (length 50 cm) was assessed after harvest in August (Figure 3). The yield was harvested on the 27th of July (Figure 4). The crop stand of the 3rd yield year was not good anymore, because of uneven crop growth and a lot of weeds, for example scentless mayweed, in the trial. The thousand seed weight was assessed from the sorted yield (Figure 5). Percentage and number of damaged flower umbels were log transformed prior to analysis as necessary to satisfy conditions of normality and homogeneity of variance. Log-transformed values are used in tables, but original means are presented in the figures.

Efficacy of insecticide treatments compared to control was clear but no differences in caraway seed yield were detected between application timings. However, least damages of caraway moth were detected when two MTT Agrifood Research Finland 2011 Herbicides, Fungicides and Insecticides

insecticide treatments were done. Because of very sharp increase of effective temperature sum after cool period in May timings of applications were slightly delayed. First small larvae of caraway moth in the trial were detected 23rd May (DD 155.9°) and the first insecticide application was done before it. This was the last part of two years trials and therefore graphs of year 2010 are also presented in the next part. The conclusion is that application timing should be adjusted just before the flowering of caraway.

Untreated 80.0

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha A 17.5

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha B 19.3

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha C 11.1

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha D 1.8

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha E 5.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Number of damaged flower umbels per m² Trial ID: I-10-091-06

Untreated 66.63

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha A 22.38

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha B 12.25

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha C 7.88

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha D 2.17

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha E 1.63

0 20 40 60 80 Number of damaged flower umbels per m² Trial ID: I-11-091-06

Figure 1. Number of damaged flower umbels per square meter in June 2010 (above) and 2011.

Untreated 28.8

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha A 6.9

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha B 10.0

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha C 4.7

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha D0.8

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha E 3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Proportion (%) of damaged flower umbels per m² Trial ID: I-10-091-06

MTT Agrifood Research Finland 2011 Herbicides, Fungicides and Insecticides

Untreated 44.69

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha A 9.69

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha B 8.38

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha C 6.25

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha D 1.42

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha E 1.19

0 10 20 30 40 50 Proportion (%) of damaged flower umbels per m² Trial ID: I-11-091-06

Figure 2. Proportion of damaged flowers per square meter in June 2010 (above) and 2011(below).

Untreated 1.70

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha A 0.90

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha B 0.58

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha C 0.32

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha D 0.17

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha E 0.20

0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0

Number of damages in plant stem of larvae of c. moth Trial ID: I-10-091-06

Untreated 1.30

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha A 0.30

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha B 0.33

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha C 0.10

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha D 0.00

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha E 0.02

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Number of damages in plant stem Trial ID: I-11-091-06

Figure 3. Number of damages of caraway moth in plant stem (length 50 cm) after harvesting in 2010 (above) and 2011(below).

MTT Agrifood Research Finland 2011 Herbicides, Fungicides and Insecticides

Untreated 126

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha A 517

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha B 506

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha C 582

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha D 615

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha E 664

0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800

Seed yield kg/ha Trial ID: I-10-091-06

Untreated 0.04

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha A 0.11

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha B 0.19

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha C 0.12

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha D 0.10

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha E 0.10

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Seed yield kg/plot Trial ID: I-11-091-06

Figure 4. Yield of caraway in 2010 (above) and 2011 (below). The yield in the trial in 2011 was low due to uneven crop growth in the area and therefore only the yields per plot are presented in the graph. However, the yield in the untreated was low compared with all other treatments.

Untreated 3.36

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha A 3.00

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha B 2.94

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha C 2.78

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha D 2.68

Decis EW 50 Mega 0.15 l/ha E 2.72

0.0 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.5

TSW g Trial ID: I-10-091-06

MTT Agrifood Research Finland 2011 Herbicides, Fungicides and Insecticides

Untreated 2.68

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha A 2.37

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha B 2.33

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha C 2.23

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha D 2.17

Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 kg/ha E 2.18

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 TSW g Trial ID: I-11-091-06

Figure 5. Thousand seed weight (g) 2010 (above) and 2011(below).

26/1/2012 (I-11-091-06) Confidential Trial Treatments Page 1 of 1 MTT Agrifood Research Finland

CONTROL OF CARAWAY MOTH (DEPRESSARIA DAUCELLA) ON CARAWAY

Trial ID: I-11-091-06 Protocol ID: I-11-091-06 Location: Jokioinen Study Director: Erja Huusela-Veistola and Jarmo Ketola Investigator: Jarmo Ketola

Trt Treatment Form Form Lot Rate Appl No. Name Conc Type Code Rate Unit Code 1 Untreated 2 Karate 2.5 WG 25 WG L109129 0.25 KG/HA A -lambda-cyhalothrin 25 6.25 g AI 3 Karate 2.5 WG 25 WG L109129 0.25 KG/HA B -lambda-cyhalothrin 25 6.25 g AI 4 Karate 2.5 WG 25 WG L109129 0.25 KG/HA C -lambda-cyhalothrin 25 6.25 g AI 5 Karate 2.5 WG 25 WG L109129 0.25 KG/HA D -lambda-cyhalothrin 25 6.25 g AI 6 Karate 2.5 WG 25 WG L109129 0.25 KG/HA E -lambda-cyhalothrin 25 6.25 g AI

Replications: 4, Untreated treatments: 1, Conduct under GLP/GEP: Yes (GEP with audit trail), Design: Randomized Complete Block, Treatment units: Treated plot size, Dry Form. Unit: g/kg, Treated plot size Width: 2.5 meters, Treated plot size Length: 8 meters, Application volume: 300 l/ha, Mix size: 3 liters, Format definitions: G-All7.DEF, G-All7.FRM 26/1/2012 (I-11-091-06) Confidential Site Description Page 1 of 2 MTT Agrifood Research Finland

CONTROL OF CARAWAY MOTH (DEPRESSARIA DAUCELLA) ON CARAWAY

Trial ID: I-11-091-06 Protocol ID: I-11-091-06 Location: Jokioinen Study Director: Erja Huusela-Veistola and Jarmo Ketola Investigator: Jarmo Ketola

General Trial Information Study Director: Erja Huusela-Veistola and Jarmo Ketola Affiliation: MTT Agrifood Research Finland Postal Code: 31600 Investigator: Jarmo Ketola Trial Location City: Jokioinen Postal Code: 31600 Country: FI N -Latitude of LL Corner °: 60.81697 E -Longitude of LL Corner °: 23.49241 Map Reference: WGS84

Conducted Under GEP: X

Objectives: To test the efficacy of Karate 2.5 WG (lambda‐cyhalothrin 25 g/kg) against caraway moth (Depressaria daucella) on caraway.

Cooperator/Landowner Cooperator: MTT Field Services Country: FI Organization: MTT Agrifood Research Finland Phone No: +358 3 41881 City: Jokioinen Postal Code: 31600

Crop Description Crop 1: CRYCA Carum carvi Caraway, common Variety: Sylvia BBCH Scale: BDIC Planting Date: 10/7/2008 Depth, Unit: 3 CM Row Spacing, Unit: 12.5 CM Seed Bed: FINE Harvest Date: 27/7/2011 Harvest Equipment: Sampo SR 2010 Harvested Width, Unit: 2 M Harvested Length, Unit: 7.25 M

Pest Description Pest 1 Type: I Code: DEPRSP Depressaria sp. Common Name: Depressaria sp. Description: Kuminakoi

Site and Design Plot Width, Unit: 2.5 M Site Type: FIELD Plot Length, Unit: 8 M Tillage Type: CONTILL Replications: 4 Study Design: Randomized Complete Block

Previous Crops Previous Pesticides Year 1. Oat MCPA, Glyphosate at autumn 2007

Soil Description Texture: SILTY CLAY

Moisture and Weather Conditions Closest Weather Station: Jokioinen Distance: 0.5 Unit: KM 26/1/2012 (I-11-091-06) Confidential Site Description Page 2 of 2 MTT Agrifood Research Finland

CONTROL OF CARAWAY MOTH (DEPRESSARIA DAUCELLA) ON CARAWAY

Trial ID: I-11-091-06 Protocol ID: I-11-091-06 Location: Jokioinen Study Director: Erja Huusela-Veistola and Jarmo Ketola Investigator: Jarmo Ketola

Application Description ABCDE Application Date: 18/5/2011 26/5/2011 3/6/2011 6/6/2011 Time of Day: 11:00 9:00 8:45 8:45 Application Method: SPRAY SPRAY SPRAY SPRAY Application Placement: FOLIAR FOLIAR FOLIAR FOLIAR Applied By: JK ER AH JK ER JK AH HH JK AH ER Air Temperature, Unit: 13.2 C 12 C 18 C 18.1 C % Relative Humidity: 60 54 57 44 Wind Velocity, Unit: 1.3 M/S 2.9 M/S 2.2 M/S 1.8 M/S Dew Presence (Y/N): NNN N Soil Moisture: ADEQUATE ADEQUATE ADEQUATE ADEQUATE % Cloud Cover: 20 30 30

Crop Stage At Each Application ABCDE Crop 1 Code, BBCH Scale: CRYCA BDIC CRYCA BDIC CRYCA BDIC CRYCA BDIC CRYCA BDIC Height, Unit: 14 CM 23 CM 40 CM 45 CM

Pest Stage At Each Application ABCDE Pest 1 Code, Disc., Scale: DEPRSP I DEPRSP I DEPRSP I DEPRSP I DEPRSP I Stage Majority, Percent: ADULT ADULT ADULT LARVAE Stage Minimum, Percent: EGG EGG EGG

Application Equipment ABCDE Appl. Equipment: PLOT SPRAYER PLOT SPRAYER PLOT SPRAYER PLOT SPRAYER Operating Pressure, Unit: 2.4 BAR 2.4 BAR 2.4 BAR 2.4 BAR Nozzle Type: HARDI4110 HARDI4110 HARDI4110 HARDI4110 Nozzle Size: 12 12 12 12 Nozzle Spacing, Unit: 50 CM 50 CM 50 CM 50 CM Nozzles/Row: 555 5 Boom ID: KSU 1 KSU 1 KSU 1 KSU 1 Boom Length, Unit: 2.5 M 2.5 M 2.5 M 2.5 M Boom Height, Unit: 50 CM 50 CM 50 CM 50 CM Ground Speed, Unit: 1.0 M/S 1.0 M/S 1.0 M/S 1.0 M/S Spray Volume, Unit: 300 L/HA 300 L/HA 300 L/HA 300 L/HA Mix Size, Unit: 5.0 LITERS 5.0 LITERS 5.0 LITERS 5.0 LITERS Propellant: AIR AIR AIR AIR Tank Mix (Y/N): NNN N 26/1/2012 (I-11-091-06) Confidential AOV Means Table Page 1 of 2 MTT Agrifood Research Finland

CONTROL OF CARAWAY MOTH (DEPRESSARIA DAUCELLA) ON CARAWAY

Trial ID: I-11-091-06 Protocol ID: I-11-091-06 Location: Jokioinen Study Director: Erja Huusela-Veistola and Jarmo Ketola Investigator: Jarmo Ketola

Pest Type I Insect I Insect I Insect I Insect Pest Code DEPRSP DEPRSP DEPRSP DEPRSP Pest Name Depressaria sp. Depressaria sp. Depressaria sp. Depressaria sp. Crop Code CRYCA CRYCA CRYCA CRYCA BBCH Scale BDIC BDIC BDIC BDIC Crop Name Common caraway Common caraway Common caraway Common caraway Crop Variety Sylvia Sylvia Part Rated STEM C STEM C SEED SEED Rating Date 11/8/2011 11/8/2011 27/7/2011 Rating Data Type DAMPES DAMPES YIELD 1000WEIG Rating Unit NUMBER NUMBER kg/plot g Sample Size 50 50 14.5 Sample Size Unit STEM STEM M2 G Number of Subsamples 50 50 1 3 Crop Stage 99 99 99 99 Crop Stage Scale BBCH BBCH BBCH BBCH Assessed By TV,AH TV,AH ME ER Days After First/Last Applic. 66 66 51 Trt-Eval Interval 85 DA-A 85 DA-A 70 DA-A Plant-Eval Interval 1127 DP-1 1127 DP-1 1112 DP-1 802 DP-1 ARM Action Codes TS[1] T2 APOC T5 APOC Number of Decimals 1122 Trt Treatment Rate Appl No. Name Rate Unit Code 1 2 4 12 1 Untreated 1.3 a 1.1 a 0.04 b 2.68 a (100%) (100%) 2 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA A 0.3 b 0.2 bc 0.11 ab 2.37 b (264%) (88%) 3 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA B 0.3 b 0.3 b 0.19 a 2.33 b (443%) (87%) 4 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA C 0.1 b 0.1 bc 0.12 ab 2.23 b (291%) (83%) 5 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA D 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.10 ab 2.17 b (246%) (81%) 6 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA E 0.0 b 0.0 c 0.10 ab 2.18 b (241%) (81%)

LSD (P=.05) 0.27 0.11t 0.060 0.139 Standard Deviation 0.18 0.07t 0.040 0.092 CV 52.94 8.41 35.85 3.96 Bartlett's X2 32.24 27.504 3.539 6.042 P(Bartlett's X2) 0.001* 0.001* 0.617 0.302

Replicate F 2.046 2.166 1.373 8.405 Replicate Prob(F) 0.1506 0.1346 0.2893 0.0016 Treatment F 28.922 35.198 5.409 17.281 Treatment Prob(F) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0049 0.0001

Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=.05, Student-Newman-Keuls) t=Mean descriptions are reported in transformed data units, and are not de-transformed. Column 2: TS[1] = SQR([1] + .5) Column 3: T2 = ([C10]/100)*[C3] Column 4: T5 = [C11]*10 26/1/2012 (I-11-091-06) Confidential AOV Means Table Page 2 of 2 MTT Agrifood Research Finland

CONTROL OF CARAWAY MOTH (DEPRESSARIA DAUCELLA) ON CARAWAY

Trial ID: I-11-091-06 Protocol ID: I-11-091-06 Location: Jokioinen Study Director: Erja Huusela-Veistola and Jarmo Ketola Investigator: Jarmo Ketola

Pest Type I Insect I Insect Pest Code DEPRSP DEPRSP Pest Name Depressaria sp. Depressaria sp. Crop Code CRYCA CRYCA BBCH Scale BDIC BDIC Crop Name Common caraway Common caraway Crop Variety Sylvia Sylvia Part Rated STEM C STEM C Rating Date 24/6/2011 24/6/2011 Rating Data Type PESSEV PESSEV Rating Unit NUMBER % Sample Size 1 1 Sample Size Unit M2 M2 Number of Subsamples 1 1 Crop Stage 65 65 Crop Stage Scale BBCH BBCH Assessed By EH-V EH-V Days After First/Last Applic. 18 18 Trt-Eval Interval 37 DA-A 37 DA-A Plant-Eval Interval 1079 DP-1 1079 DP-1 ARM Action Codes TL[16] APOC TL[18] APOC Number of Decimals 1 1 Trt Treatment Rate Appl No. Name Rate Unit Code 17 19 1 Untreated 62.0 a 41.2 a (100%) (100%) 2 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA A 20.1 b 9.0 b (32%) (22%) 3 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA B 11.1 b 7.8 b (18%) (19%) 4 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA C 7.0 b 5.5 b (11%) (13%) 5 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA D 1.8 c 1.2 c (3%) (3%) 6 Karate 2.5 WG 0.25 KG/HA E 1.0 c 0.8 c (2%) (2%)

LSD (P=.05) 0.40t 0.33t Standard Deviation 0.27t 0.22t CV 27.13 26.65 Bartlett's X2 2.112 4.986 P(Bartlett's X2) 0.833 0.418

Replicate F 0.327 1.067 Replicate Prob(F) 0.8060 0.3946 Treatment F 17.551 20.761 Treatment Prob(F) 0.0001 0.0001