Family RHINOLOPHIDAE

Rhinolophus maclaudi MACLAUD’S HORSESHOE Fr. Rhinolophe de Maclaud; Ger. Maclauds Hufeisennase

Rhinolophus maclaudi Pousargues, 1898 [publ. 1897]. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. 3: 358. Conakry I., Guinea.

Taxonomy Species-group: maclaudi (Fahr et al. 2002). Synonyms: moderately long and slender. Interpterygoid groove very deep. Palatal none. Smith & Hood (1980) classified R. ruwenzorii (including R. hilli bridge relatively long (45–48% of C–M3; Csorba et al. 2003). Anterior as a synonym) as a subspecies of R. maclaudi. Fahr et al. (2002) showed upper premolar small, within toothrow or only slightly displaced that both R. ruwenzorii and R. hilli are clearly differentiated from R. labially; canine and posterior upper premolar separated. Middle lower maclaudi and re-instated their status as distinct species. Traditionally, premolar small, clearly displaced labially, anterior and posterior lower R. maclaudi was placed in the otherwise Australasian philippinensis, premolars either in contact or separated; anterior lower premolar ca. luctus or trifoliatus species-groups (Andersen 1905c, d, Hill 1942, half to two-thirds of the height of the posterior premolar. Lower molars 1123 Aellen 1973, Koopman 1994). In contrast, Laurent (1940, 1941) medium-sized (cf. R. hilli and R. ruwenzorii). Dental formula /2133 concluded that R. maclaudi is not closely related to any Australasian = 32. For detailed comparison of R. maclaudi with other species in R. form but instead represents an archaic African species. A closer maclaudi group, see Fahr et al. (2002). affinity with African forms was partly supported by Bogdanowicz (1992) and Bogdanowicz & Owen (1992), who studied the phenetic Geographic Variation None. and phylogenetic relationships of the Rhinolophus. Recently, Fahr et al. (2002) revised the taxa allied to R. maclaudi and established Similar Species Three other Rhinolophus in Africa have a greatly the maclaudi species-group to comprise R. maclaudi, R. ziama, R. reduced, low and concave connecting process (Table 14, p. 304): ruwenzorii and R. hilli. Chromosome number: not known. Rhinolophus ziama. Smaller (FA: 60 mm, CrnC: 26.1, 26.2 mm, C– Description Medium-sized with noseleaf (posterior M3: 8.9, 9.0 mm). Horseshoe narrower (11.5, 11.6 mm). Ears component subtriangular with erect tip); on average the largest shorter (35, 36 mm). Skull with highest point clearly behind glenoid rhinolophid in Africa (FA: 64–69 mm); anterior upper premolar process; infraorbital bridge longer and more slender. West Africa. within toothrow; connecting process greatly reduced, low and R. ruwenzorii. Smaller (FA: 55–62 mm, CrnC: 23.7–25.6 mm, C– concave; lancet subtriangular; sella parallel-sided, inclined forward, M3: 8.2–8.9 mm). Ears shorter (32–38 mm) with eight internal with greatly enlarged basal lobes; horseshoe without lateral leaflets, folds. Sella upright and more or less parallel to lancet. Horseshoe median emargination small or absent. Sexual dimorphism: none narrower (10.8–12.6 mm); lateral leaflets present, median apparent. Pelage soft, woolly; mid-dorsal hairs 13–14 mm. Dorsal emargination conspicuous, rims around nostrils semi-circular. pelage pale chestnut to greyish-brown; hairs with slightly paler Skull with highest point clearly behind glenoid process; zygomatic base. Ventral pelage paler than dorsal pelage. Orange-phase: not width < mastoid width; infraorbital bridge stouter and shorter. yet reported. No axillary tufts on adult ((. Ears comparatively Mountains flanking Albertine Rift Valley. and relatively long (40–46 mm, 63.7 [61–70]% of FA, n = 6), each R. hilli. Smaller (FA: 54 mm, CrnC: 23.0 mm, C–M3: 7.9, 8.1 mm). with 10–12 internal folds. Noseleaf with lancet subtriangular, tip Ears with nine internal folds. Sella upright and more or less parallel pointed; height of lancet conspicuously exceeding height of sella. to lancet. Horseshoe narrower (12 mm), lateral leaflets present, Connecting process greatly reduced, low and concave, leaving a deep median emargination conspicuous, rims around nostrils semi- emargination between sella and lancet. Sella naked, inclined forward circular. Skull with highest point clearly behind glenoid process; and therefore not parallel to lancet, almost parallel-sided; top not zygomatic width < mastoid width; infraorbital bridge much shorter distinctly broadened; narial lobes at base of sella greatly enlarged, and stouter. Mountains flanking Albertine Rift Valley. forming a roughly heart-shaped corolla-like cup. Nostrils laterally bordered by conspicuously raised, almost straight and more or less Distribution Endemic to Africa. Only known from ca. 360 km2 parallel rims, which almost reach anterior margin of horseshoe. in the Northern Rainforest–Savanna Mosaic in Guinea. The holotype Horseshoe broad (15.0, 16.0 mm); no lateral leaflets; median is supposedly from Conakry I., but all other specimens are from emargination very small or absent. Lower lip with one groove. Wings three localities (ca. 150 km away) situated along the lower, SE slopes and interfemoral membrane dark grey. First phalanx of fourth finger of the Fouta Djallon highlands between Kindia and Mamou near the relatively long (25.6 [25–29]% of fourth metacarpal, n = 6). Tibia border with Sierra Leone. Specimens from Kagoro, C Nigeria (M. 28–31 mm, 44.4 (43–46)% of FA, n = 6. E. Gartshore in Happold 1987, Koopman et al. 1995), have been re- Skull large, slender; zygomatic arches broad but comparatively identified as R. hildebrandtii (J. Eger in Fahr et al. 2002). Csorba et al. weak, dorsally notched; zygomatic width ≥ mastoid width. Rostrum (2003) listed two separate localities from Guinea (Nyembaro; Salung robust; rostral emargination U-shaped; premaxillae broad. Nasal Plateau), but these represent the same locality. A record from Liberia swellings high-domed; chambers (viewed dorsally) roughly heart- (Koopman 1994, Koopman et al. 1995, Csorba et al. 2003) was re- shaped (with posterior indentation). Frontal depression very deep. identified as R. ziama (Fahr et al. 2002). The distribution pattern of Braincase (viewed dorsally) constricted behind mastoid process; the R. maclaudi species-group strikingly resembles that of the otter- viewed laterally, the highest point is directly above the glenoid process. shrews Micropotamogale lamottei and M. ruwenzorii with a remarkable Sagittal crest moderate anteriorly, low posteriorly. Infraorbital bridge disjunction between the highlands of Guinea, N Liberia and W

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in a house (Aellen 1973). Day-roosts were shared with small colonies of Lissonycteris angolensis smithii, Nycteris macrotis, Rhinolophus guineensis, R. fumigatus diversus, R. denti knorri and larger colonies of ruber and H. jonesi (Eisentraut & Knorr 1957, Fahr et al. 2002). Echolocation call-shape likely to be FM/CF/FM (as in other Rhinolophus) and, based on the comparatively large size of this bat, the CF-frequency is likely to be rather low for a Rhinolophus. Roosts singly or in small groups. Eisentraut & Knorr (1957) reported a group consisting of three (( and three && in one cave, and two individuals (including 1 &) in another cave.

Predators, Parasites and Diseases Ectoparasites include some unidentified (Acari) (Aellen 1956a).

Conservation IUCN Category: Endangered. Major threats: occurs in densely populated region affected by continuous destruction of habitat; highly dependent on caves, therefore vulnerable to disturbance at roosts and exploitation as bushmeat. See also Distribution and Abundance.

Measurements Rhinolophus maclaudi Rhinolophus maclaudi FA: 65.8 (64–69) mm, n = 7 Côte d’Ivoire in the West and the mountains flanking the Albertine WS: n. d. Rift Valley in the East. Both the R. maclaudi species-group and the TL: 117.7 (111–137) mm, n = 6 two species of Micropotamogale apparently have a paramontane T: 40.6 (38–43) mm, n = 7 distribution (sensu Koopman 1983), i.e. their distribution is restricted E: 41.4 (40–46) mm, n = 7 to mountainous regions although their altitudinal range covers both NL (breadth): 15, 16 mm, n = 2 lower and higher elevations. Tib: 29.0 (28–31) mm, n = 7 HF: 15, 15 mm, n = 2 Habitat Except for the holotype, all specimens are from a region WT: 31.8 (30.0–33.0) g, n = 6 where the predominant vegetation is bush-tree savanna intersected CrnC: 29.3 (29.0–30.1) mm, n = 7 by forests along rivers and in topographically protected pockets. GWS: 13.7 (13.4–13.9) mm, n = 7 C–M3: 10.6 (10.5–10.8) mm, n = 6 Abundance Uncertain but probably extremely localized and Guinea (IFAN, MNHN [holotype], SMNS, ZFMK, ZMA) rare. Only nine specimens known with gap of 58 years between captures of the holotype (1896) and the next specimen (1954). Not Key References Aellen 1956a; Eisentraut & Knorr 1957; Fahr et recorded since 1968. al. 2002; Laurent 1940, 1941; Smith & Hood 1980.

Remarks Most specimens were taken from their day-roosts in Jakob Fahr caves (Aellen 1956a, Eisentraut & Knorr 1957); one was caught

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