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PR ĀG SAMÍKSH Ā (A NATIONAL JOURNAL FOR HISTORY, CULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY)
VOLUME - II AUGUST - 2014 ISSUE -I
Editor: Dr. Shanti Dev Siso dia
Jiwaji university, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh
PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
PRĀG SAM ÍKSH Ā
RESEARCH AREA: HISTORY, CULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X laikndh; Xokfy;j {ks= ¼izkphu xksiknzh½ vFkok Xokfy;j&pEcy laHkkx] ftlds vUrxZr orZeku esa Xokfy;j] eqjSuk] “;ksiqj] fHk.M+] nfr;k] f”koiqjh] v”kksduxj vkSj xquk ftyksa dk foLr`r Hkw&Hkkx lfEEkfyr gSA ;g lEiw.kZ Hkw&Hkkx e/;izns”k ds mÙkjh fgLLks esa vofLFkr gS] blh dkj.k bls **mÙkjh e/;izns”k** ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA le; ds lkFk xksiknzh {ks= esa foLrkj ,oa deh vkrh jgh gS] lkFk gh lkFk lÙkk dk dsUnz Hkh ifjofrZr gksrk jgk gSA Xokfy;j nqxZ ls izkIr izkphure lk{; gw.k “kkld fefgjdqy dk 525 bZ- dk lw;Z eafnj vfHkys[k gSA bl vfHkys[k esa bls **xksikg~o;** dgk x;k gSA blh nqxZ ls fofnr la- 932 ¼875 bZ-½ vkSj la- 933 ¼876 bZ-½ ds izfrgkj dkyhu prqHkZt eafnj vfHkys[k esa bl ioZr dks uke Øe”k% **xksiknzh** vkSj **xksifxfj** feyrk gSA pansy oa”kh jktk /kax ds [ktqjkgksa vfHkys[k ¼fo- la- 1011½ esa Hkh bls xksiknzh dgk x;k gSA Xokfy;j nqxZ ls gh izkIr la- 1150 ¼1093 bZ-½ ds dPNi?kkr dkyhu lkl&cgw eafnj vfHkys[k esa Hkh bldk uke **xksikfnz** feykr gSA ;gha ls izkIr la- 1161 ¼1104 bZ-½ ds f”ko eafnj f”kykys[k esa bldk uke **xksikfydsjk** feyrk gSA rksej dkyhu vfHkys[kksa esa bldk uke xksikpynqxZ ¼fo-la- 1497½] xksikpyx<+ ¼fo-la-1510½ vkSj **xksifxfj** feyrk gSA orZeku Xokfy;j nqxZ dh igkM+h dks izkphu dky esa xksi (Cowherd) dgk tkrk FkkA blh dkj.k i”kqifr ds vfHkys[k esa bls xksi dgk x;k gSA Qty vyh vkSj ghjkeu us bls xksear uke ls mYysf[kr fd;k gSA xksiknzh dh igpku orZeku Xokfy;j ls dh tkrh gSA vfHkys[kksa esa Xokfy;j dks xksikfxfj] xksiknzh] xksikpy] fxfjnqxZ] xksikpynqxZ] xksikpynqxZLFkku] xksi&fxjsUnznqxZ] xksikpy&ioZrkxz] xkso/kZu rFkk fxfjoj dgk x;k gSA ckn esa bls Xokygkj (Gwalhar) ] Xokfyvj (Gwaliar) rFkk Xokfy;j dgk x;k gSA egkHkkjr esa bls xksJax dgk x;k gS vkSj bls fulknHkwfe ds ikl fLFkr crk;k x;k gSA fulknHkwfe dh igpku orZeku ujoj rFkk xksJax dh igpku Xokfy;j ds xksiknzh vFkok xksikfxfj ls dh tkrh gSA flaf/k;k dkyhu vfHkys[kksa esa bldk uke **XokYgsj** feyrk gSA
/kU;okn laiknd Mk -’kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k lgk;d izk/;kid izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] laLd`fr ,oa iqjkrRo v/;;u’kkyk thokth fo’ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e/;izns’k PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
Petron Prof. S. K. Dwivedi, HOD, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M. P., India.
Editorial board Prof. J. N. Pal, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Allahabad University, Allahabad, U. P., India Prof. S. N. Mishra, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur. M. P., India. Prof. S. K. Dwivedi, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M. P., India. Prof. S. K. Jaiswal, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U. P., India.
Advisory bo ard Prof. B. Labh, Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Jammu, India. Prof. Ishwar Sharan Vishwakarma, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. Prof. Birendra Nath Prasad, Department of History, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Locknow, India. Prof. M. P. Ahirwar, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Bhu, U. P. India. Prof. Rahul Raj, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Bhu, U. P. India. Prof. Mukesh Kumar, Department of History, Magadh University, Bodhgaya, Bihar, India. Prof. Avkash D. Jadhav, Department of History, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, India. Prof. Alok Shrotriya, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, M. P. India. Prof. Ramkumar Ahirwar, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Vikram University, Ujjain, M. P. India. Prof. Rashmi Jeta, Department of History, Govt. P. G. College, Damoh, Sagar, M. P., India.
PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
CONTENTS fgUnh
MkW- ‘kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k @ftrsUnz flag vtukyk dqvk ls izkIr lu~ 1857 ds “kghnksa ds iqjko”ks’k 01-02 MkW- dkaerk izlkn oekZ egs”kiqj ls izkIr u`flag izfrekvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u 03-07 MkW- lq”kek nsoh xqIrk izkphu dkyhu Hkkjrh; u`R;dyk ,oa oSfnd lkfgR; 08-14 yYys’k dqekj @MkW ‘kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k xzke dksagkj ls izkIr f”ko ,oa tSu eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k 15-16 MkW- eksgu yky p<+kj
,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa oS’.ko izfrek,¡ 17-37 izks- fouksn laHkkth lksuo.ks fgUnh Hkk’kk dh mUufr vkSj fodkl esa Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh dk ;ksxnku 38-43 fot; y{eh tkVo
T;ksfrokjko Qqys dk ekuorkokn 44-47 ENGLISH Dr. Atula Kumar Pradhan New light on rare coins from pachrahi excavation 48 -56 Tikam Tenwar and J. Manual Brick structures and other remains at dhamna , distt . Shivpuri, as plausible Buddhist remains 57-62 Pratap Kumar Das Buddha and bodhisattvas images in the art of odisha 63-67 Dr. Ram Vijay Sharma Revisiting the archaeological remains of kabirdham district (Special reference to bakela and pachrahi) 68-74 Dr. Pradip Shaligram Meshram/Dr. Vishakha Sanjay Kamble Drugdhamna ( Nagpur )" megalithic circle excavation (2008 -09) 75-78 Mr. Dhiraj Choudhari Two sati inscriptions from eastern Maharashtra 79-81 Birendra Nath Prasad Some recently discovered archaeological sites in the district of nalanda: Preliminary notes from the field. 82-93 PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
Dr. Arjun Singh The Goddesses shrines of kathua district: a historical retrospection 94-102 Abantika Parashar Kamakhya: the living museum 103-108 Photograph 109-136
h PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
vtukyk dqvka ls izkIr lu~ 1857 ds “kghnksa ds iqjko”ks’k MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k lgk- izk/;kid] izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] laLd`fr iqjkrRo v/;;u”kkyk thokth fo”ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e- iz- ftrsUnz flag lgk;d iqjkfofn jksiM laxzgky;] jksiM] iatkc
orZeku esa vtukyk iatkc ds ve`rlj ftys dh rglhy gS] tks ve`rlj ftyk eq[;ky; ls if”peksÙkj fn”kk esa 24 fdeh dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA 13 ebZ] 1857 dh lqcg ykgkSj dh fe;ka ehj Nkouh esa ijsM ds nkSjku caxky usfVo bUQSaVªh dh 26oha jstheasV lfgr 16 ua-] 49 ua- rFkk 4 ua- ykbV dScyjh ds flikfg;ksa ls gfFk;kj ys fy;s x;sA bl dkj.k 26 oha caxky usfVo bUQSVªh esa fczfV”k gqdwer ds fo:) cxkor dj nh vkSj blh jsthesaV ds ,d flikgh izdk”k flag mQZ izdk”k ikaMs us 30 tqykbZ] 1857 dh jkr dks Nkouh esa fu;qDr esatj Lislj dh mlh dh ryokj ls gR;k dj nh ,oa viuh iyVu ds flikfg;ksa ds lkFk ogk¡ ls Hkkx fudykA blh nkSjku ,d vaxzst vkSj nks Hkkjrh; vQlj Hkh bu ckxh flikfg;ksa ds gkFkksa ls ekjs x;sA fgUnqLrkuh flikfg;ksa dk ;g nLrk 31 tqykbZ 1857 dh lqcg 8 cts vtukyk ds ikl jkoh unh ds fdukjs MfM~M;k¡ xk¡o ds cky ?kkV ij igq¡pk] tgk¡ ij mUgsa xk¡o ds tehnkjksa us mu nks fnu ds Hkw[ks&I;kls flikfg;ksa dks [kkus dk ykyp nsdj ogh jksd fn;k vkSj xkWo ds pkSdhnkj lqYrku [kk¡ ds gkFk ;s lwpuk lkSf<;k ds rglhynkj fnoku izk.kukFk dks Hkst nhA rglhynkj us mldh lw>&cw> ls [kq”k gksdj mls rqjUr uxn bZuke fn;k vkSj ckxh flikfg;ksa ds [kkRes ds fy;s bZLV bf.M+;k dEiuh ds f[knernkj ljnkjksa vkSj iz”kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ,df=r dj fy;kA lkFk gh izk.kukFk us ;g lans”k ve`rlj ds fMIVh dfe”uj ÝsMfjd gsujh dwij dks fHktok fn;kA Fkkus vkSj rglhy esa ftrus Hkh flikgh FksA rglhynkj us mUgsa nks ukoksa esa Hkj djds ckxh flikfg;ksa ds [kkRes ds fy;s Hkst fn;kA ekSds ij igq¡prs gh rglhynkj ds flikfg;ksa us fugR;s ckxh flikfg;ksa ij xksfy;k¡ pykuk “kq: dj fn;k] ftlls 150 ds djhc flikgh ?kk;y gksdj jkoh unh ds rst cgkc esa cgdj “kghn gks x;s vkSj ipkl ds djhc us xksfy;ksa ls cpus ds fy;s jkoh unh esa Nykax yxk nh vkSj lnk& lnk ds fy;s yqIr gks x;sA lka; 5 cts ÝsMfjd ,p- dwij vius lkFk 80 ds djhc gfFk;kncUn ?kqM+lckj flikgh ysdj ,oa mlds lkFk vU; LFkkuh; tehankj] ve`rlj dk rglhynkj vkfn Hkh ?kqMlckj flikfg;ksa ds lkFk ogk¡ igq¡psA
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
282 flikfg;ksa dks tehankjksa ,oa xkWo ds yksxksa dh lgk;rk ls xkWo MfM~M;k¡ ls ftank idM+ fy;k x;kA 282 fgUnqLrkuh flikfg;ksa dks jLlksa ls cka/kdj vk/kh jkr ds le; vtukyk yk;k x;kA muesa ls 237 flikfg;ksa dks Fkkus esa can djus ds ckn “ks’k 45 dks txg dh deh ds dkj.k vtukyk dh ubZ cuh rglhy ds cqtZ esa tcjnLrh Bwl fn;k x;kA ,d vxLr dks cdjhn okys fnu lqcg ikS QVrs gh 237 lSfudksa dks 10&10 djds Fkkus ls ckgj fudky dj Fkkus ds eSnku esa xksyh ekj nh xbZA tc Fkkus esa cUn lHkh flikgh “kghn gks x, rks cqtZ esa can flikfg;ksa dks fudkyus dh dk;Zokgh “kq: dh xbZA tc cqtZ dk njcktk [kksyk x;k rks mlds vUnj ds flikgh ?kqVu ,oa Hkw[k&I;kl ds dkj.k dqN rks ne rksM+ pqds Fks vkSj “ks’k csgks”kh dh gkyr esa FksA mUgsa ?klhVrs gq, cqtZ ls ckgj fudkyk x;k vkSj dwij ds vkns”k ij xksfy;ksa ls ekjs x;s flikfg;ksa ds lkFk Fkkus ds ikl gh lw[ks dq, esa Qsddj dq, dks feV~Vh ls Åij rd Hkj fn;k x;kA bl ?kVuk dk ftØ djrs gq, dwij **Økbfll bu n iatkc** esa mDr dq,a dks iwfcZ;ksa dk dqavk] ckfx;ksa dk dqvk¡ rFkk dkyksa dk dqvka uke ls lacksaf/kr djrs gq, fy[krk gSA gekjs flikfg;ksa us ckxh Fkds&ekans flikfg;ksa ij xksfy;k¡ pyuk “kq: dj nh] mudh fxurh djhc 500 FkhA os Hkw[k o FkdkoV ls brus fucZy gks pqds Fks fd unh dh rst ygjksa ds lkeus :d u ldsA jkch dk ikuh muds [kwu ls yky gks x;k FkkA fxj¶rkj flikfg;ksa dks unh ikj ykus ds fy;s jLlksa ls cka/kk x;k Fkk rFkk muds xys esa iM+s ekyk] tusÅ rksM+dj ikuh esa Qsad fn;s x;s FksA ml le; rst ckfj”k gks jgh FkhA mu ftank idM+s x;s 282 flikfg;ksa esa dqN lsuk ds vQlj Hkh FksA 28 Qjojh lu~ 2014 dks xq:}kjk desVh ds lnL;ksa }kjk bl dq,a dh [kqnkbZ djokbZ xbZA ;g dqvk¡ orZeku esa lrg ls 10 QqV uhpk gSA [kqnkbZ ls bl dq,a ls 157 o’kZ iqjkus fgUnqLrkuh flikfg;ksa ds dadky ,oa dqN iqjko”ks’k Hkh fudydj lkeus vk;s gSA bu iqjko”ks’kksa esa pk¡nh ds rhu foDVksfj;k rexs] tks lsuk esa mRd`’V dk;Z ds fy;s fn;s tkrs Fks] dku dh lksus dh ckyh] rhu lksus ds rkcht] vaxwBh] 25 Lo.kZ euds] Lo.kZ vkHkw’k.kksa ds VqdM+s] lsuk dh csYV ds pk¡nh ,oa rkacs ds oDdy] pkanh dh jRu tfMr vaxwfB;k¡] lsuk dh cnhZ esa yxus ckyh pkanh dh nks pyh gqbZ xksfy;ka] cnhZ ds rkacs ds cVu] pkanh ds 83 flDds rFkk rkacs ds 24 flDds izkIr gq, gSA bu pkanh ds flDdksa esa fcDVksfj;k vkSj fcfy;e prqFkZ ds flDds lfEefyr gSA orZeku esa leLr ekuo dadky ,oa iqjko”ks’k “kghnxat xq:}kjk vtukyk ds ikl lqjf{kr gSA lHkh dadkyksa dk Mh- ,u- ,- VsLV djkus ds mijkUr os mu vo”ks’kksa dh iw.kZ fof/k&fo/kku ds lkFk xaxkty esa izokg djuk pkgrs gS ,oa [kqnkbZ ls izkIr leLr lkexzh dks xq:}kjk vkus ckyksa ds fy;s izn”kZu ds fy, j[kus dh mudh ;kstuk gSA
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
egs”kiqj ls izkIr u`flag izfrekvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u Mk W- dkaerk izlkn oekZ eq[; jlk;uK lapkyuky;] laLd`fr ,oa iqjkrRo jk;iqj ¼N- x-½ xzke egs”kiqj] fcykliqj&vfEcdkiqj lM+d ekxZ ij mn;iqj ds vkxs 2 fd- eh- nwjh ij fLFkr xzke ttxh ls nk;sa rjQ dPps ekxZ ij yxHkx 5 fdeh- nwjh ls ck;sa rjQ yxHkx 1 fd- eh- vanj fLFkr gSA ;gk¡ ij vusdksa izkphu f”kofyax rFkk eafnjksa ds /oa”kko”ks’k gksus ls bls egs”kiqj dh laKk nh xbZ izrhr gksrh gSA mn;iqj fLFkr izkphu jkex<+ dh igkM+h esa fLFkr lhrk casxk rFkk tksxh ekjk dh fo”o izfl) iqjkrRoh; LFky ls yxHkx 8 fd- eh- nwjh ij egs”kiqj fLFkr gSA xzke egs”kiqj fLFkr izkphu Vhys jsaM unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gSaA >kj[k.M+ >adkj uked iqLrd ds i`’B 2 esa mYys[k gS fd egs”kiqj esa 12 eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k gSa] ftuesa ls ,d bZaV dk rFkk “ks’k iRFkj ds FksA Hkkjrh; xtsfV;j ljxqtk ds vuqlkj jkex<+ ds iwoZ fn”kk esa yxHkx 9-6 fd-eh- nwjh ij flfj/kh ds fudV vkSj jsgV ds rV ij 12 eafnjksa ds HkXuko”ks’kksa dks 1864 esa fe- Msyxu us mR[kuu dk;Z fd;k FkkA laHkor% ;g LFky orZeku egs”kiqj xzke gks ldrk gSA xzke egs'kiqj ljxqtk ftys dh mn;iqj rglhy ds varxZr nf{k.kh lhek esa mn;iqj ls vfECkdkiqj ekxZ ij pkj fd- eh- nwjh ij fLFkr ttxh xzke ls nk;sa rjQ dsnek lMd ekxZ ij 6 fd-eh- nwjh ls vkxs ck;sa rjQ ekuiqj ekxZ ij 2 fd-eh- nwjh ij fLFkr gSA ;g xzke 22-48 va”a kk mRrjh v{kkal rFkkkk 83--20 nf{k.kh ns'kka'k ij fLFkr gSA xzke ds mRrjh lhekar esa jsaM unh ds fdukjs ls cLrh ds e/; izkphu izLrj Vhyksa ds vo'ks"k fo|eku gSaA jsaaaaaaaM+ unh dk mn~xe ljxqtk ftys esa erfjaxk igkM+ ls gqvk gS tks mRrj fn'kk dh rjQ cgdj egs”kiqj ds lfUudV ls vkxs izokfgr gksrh gSA l`f’V ds fu;e ds vuqlkj tc lalkj ij fdlh izdkj dk d’V vkrk gS vkSj i`Foh esa vR;kpkjksa dk izHkko c<+ tkrk gS rc fo”o:Ik lokZRek lalkj dk fgr djus ds fy;s vorfjr gksdj i`Foh ij /keZ dh LFkkiuk djrs gSaA os yhyk ls vorkj /kkj.k djrs gSa vkSj viuh ;ksxek;k ls LoNUn yhyk djrs gSa rFkk i`Foh dk Hkkj mrkjus ds fy;s vusd :Ik /kkj.k dj vUr esa bldk ifjR;kx dj nsrs gSaA 1 vorkjksa ds }kjk os izR;sd ;qx esa /keZ dh j{kk djrs gSaA vr% vorkj dk eq[; mn~ns”; gS /keZ dh j{kk djuk rFkk v/keZ dk fouk”kA 2 ;|fi vusd nsoksa ds vorkj i`Foh ij gq;s gSa ysfdu muesa fo’.kq ds vorkj loZizeq[k ,oa loZizfl) gSaA fo’.kq ds vorkj rhu izdkj ds dgs x;s gSa&iw.kZ] vkos”k rFkk va”kA iw.kZ vorkj ,d fo”ks’k mn~ns”; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s thou Hkj ds fy;s /kkj.k fd;k tkrk gS] tSls jke rFkk d`’.k
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X vorkjA vkos”k vorkj esa thou ds dqN Hkkx esa gh mn~ns”; dh iwfrZ dj nh tkrh gS tSls ij”kqjkeA va”kkorkj esa Hkxoku dk dqN va”k ek= vorfjr gksrk gSA 3 fo’.kq ds vorkjksa dh la[;k ;|fi T;knk gS ysfdu vusd fo}kuksa us dqy 10 vorkjksa dks gh ekU;rk iznku dh gS ftUgs muds :Ik ds vuqlkj 3 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS%& 1- Ik”kq vorkj& eRL;] dweZ] ojkgA 2- Ekkuoh; vorkj& okeu ] jke ¼nk”kjFkh½] jke ¼HkkxZo½] d`’.k &cyjke] cq)] dfYd rFkk 3- fefJr vorkj&u`flagA buesa ls u`flag vorkj dk o.kZu ;gk¡ ij fd;k tk jgk gS] fgj.;df”kiq dk o/k djus rFkk izgykn dh j{kk djus ds fy;s fo’.kq us u`flg vorkj fy;kA fgj.;df”kiq us czg~ek ls ;g ojnku ekaxk Fkk fd og fdlh izk.kh ls] vkdk”k] i`Foh vkfn ij dgha Hkh] fdlh “kL= ls] fnu vFkok jkr esa u ekjk tk;A blh dkj.k mUgsa ;g fofp= :Ik /kkj.k djuk iM+kA4 fgj.;df'kiq tc vius iq= dks [kEHks ls cka/k dj mls ekjus ds fy;s m|r gqvk ml le; [kEHks dks rksM+dj u`flag nso izdV gksdj xtZu djus yxsA fo".kq iqjk.k esa u`flag dk vorkj dk o.kZu vR;Ur la{ksi esa gqvk gSA fo".kq /keksZRrj esa ,slk izlax izkIr gksrk gS fd gfj us lda"k.kZ ds va'k ls ujflag :i /kkj.k fd;kA 5 fo".kq /keksZRrj ds vuqlkj u`flag dks viuh tka?k ij iM+s gq;s fgj.;df'kiq dk o{k LFky vius rh{.k u[kksa ls fonh.kZ djrs gq;s fn[kk;s tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA 6 oS[kkulvkxe ds vuqlkj u`flag pkj Hkqtk okys crk;s x;s gSa ftlesa ls ihNs ds nks gkFkksa esa 'ka[k] pØ /kkj.k fd;s gq;s rFkk vU; 2 gkFk ?kqVuksa rd QSys gSaA 7 f'kYi jRu esa u`flag nks Hkqtkvksa okys] cSBs gq;s rFkk mUeRr 'kjhj okys cryk;s x;s gSaA8 vfXuiqjk.k 9 u`flag dks [kqys eq[k okyk] ck;sa m: ij nkuo dks Mkydj mldk o{k phjus okyk cryk;k x;k gSA os pØ rFkk xnk /kkj.k djrs gSaA :i e.Mu rFkk f'kYi jRu esa Hkh u`flag ds Hk;kud :i dk o.kZu gqvk gS fdUrq Jhen~Hkkxor esa of.kZr u`flag dk :i vR;ar LokHkkfod gSA [kEHks ls fudydj fgj.;df'kiq ij >iVuk] mls [khpdj] lHkk dh nsgjh ij cSBdj] mls ta?kkvksa ij Mkydj] mldk g`n; phjuk] ;g izlax vf/kd LokHkkfod gS vkSj izfrekvksa esa Hkh ;gh Hkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA 10 LFkw.k u`flag dk :i vf/kd Li"V ,oa O;kid gSA jko xksihukFk egksn; us ekud u`flag vkSj y{eh u`flag ds :iksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ekud u`flag x:M+ ds dU/ks ij cSBs jgrs gSa vkSj vkfn 'ks"k N= ds leku mlds flj ij vius Q.k QSyk;s jgrs gSa fdUrq y{eh u`flag] y{eh ds lkFk jgrs gSaA ❝4 ❞
PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
Ekgs”kiqj ls izkIr dqN izeq[k u`flag izfrekvksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gS&
¼1½ u`flag % & ;g izfrek vfyan esa fufeZr gSaA u`flag prqHkqZth gS ftuds Åijh nk;sa gkFk esa pØ rFkk ck;sa Åijh gkFk esa 'ka[k /kkj.k fd;s gSaA fupyas nksuksa gkFkksa esa ls nka;k gkFk fgj.;d';i dh isV ij rFkk ck;sa gkFk ls xnZu idM+s gSaA u`flag nk;sa iSj ls fgj.;d';i dks nck;s gq, gSa rFkk cka;k iSj Hkwfe ij j[kk gSA u`flag ds nksuksa rjQ uhps dksus esa ,d&,d nsoh dk vadu gS ,oa nksuksa ik'oZ esa ,d ,d nsoh f}Hkax eqnzk esa iznf'kZr gSaaA buds ckg~; Hkkx esa xt O;ky dk vadu gSA mi;qZDr izfrekvksaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ds voyksdu ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ;s pkjksa izfrek;sa fdlh eafnj ds ta?kk Hkkx esa ewyr% iznf'kZr jgh gksxha rFkk eafnj /oLr gks tkus ds ckn vkfnukFk Vhys es ykdj j[kh xbZ gksxhaA bl izfrek dk eki 62 x 71 x 20 lsa- eh- gS rFkk dky 9&10oha 'krh bZa- gS A ¼fp - dz- 1½ ¼2½ u`flag %& ;g izfrek ,d vfyan esa fufeZr gS ftlesa fupys Hkkx dks NksM+dj rhu rjQ dh iV~~Vh lknh gSA izfrek ds fupys Hkkx esa iq’Ik vyadj.k gSA u`flag prqHkqZth gSa tks Åijh nk;sa gkFk esa pØ /kkj.k fd;s gSa rFkk ck;sa Åijh gkFk esa “ka[k /kkj.k fd;s gSA blesa u`flag ck;sa fupys gkFk ls fgj.;d”;Ik dks idM+s gSa rFkk nk;sa fupys gkFk ls mldk isV QkM+ jgs gSa lkFk gh nk;sa iSj ls jk{kl dks nck;s gq;s iznf”kZr gSaA vfyan ds nksuksa rjQ f}Hkax eqnzk esa ukf;dk;sa [kM+h gqbZ vafdr gSaA ukf;dkvksa ds ihNs ik”oZ esa xt O;ky rFkk Åij uhps edjeq[k dk vadu gSA ;g izfrek nks [k.Mksa esa VwVh gS rFkk eafnj ds ta?kk Hkkx esa LFkkfir jgh gksxhA bldk eki 53 ×75 ×23 lsa- eh- gS rFkk dky 9&10oha 'krh bZa- gSA ¼fp - dz- 2½ ¼3½ u`flag %& ;g izfrek Hkh fu”kku i[kuk uked Vhys ds eafnj Ø-1 ls izkIr gqbZ gS A u`flag mdM+w cSBs gq;s iznf”kZr gSa tks viuh nksuksa ta?kk esa fgj.;d”;Ik dks fyVkdj vius fupys nksuksa gkFk ls isV QkM+rs gq;s n`’VO; gSaA u`flag ds nksuksa Åijh gkFk [kf.Mr gSaA u`flag dk eq[k fodjky] dkuksa esa dq.My] xys esa gkj] gkFkksa esa daxu] vkHkw’k.k gSaA fgj.;d”;Ik dk cka;k gkFk uhps dh rjQ yVdk gqvk HkwLi”kZ dj jgk gSA ;g izfrek Hkwjs cyqvk izLrj ls fufeZr gSA bldk eki 45 ×30 ×12 lsa- eh- gSA izfrek dk dky 10 oha “krkCnh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 3½ ¼4½ u`flag %& bl izfrek dk cka;k fgLlk [kf.Mr gS rFkk ;g izfrek Hkh ihys jax ds cyqvk izLrj ls fufeZr gSA ;g izfrek Hkh fdlh eafnj dk Hkkx gSA u`flag prqHkqZth gSa ftlds Åijh nksuksa gkFk [kf.Mr gSa rFkk fupys nksuksa gkFk ls fgj.;d”;Ik dk isV QkM+rs gq;s iznf”kZr gSA u`flag jk{kl dks vius ck;sa iSj dh ta?kk esa fyVk;s gSa rFkk mldk dej ls fupyk Hkkx yVdk gqvk iznf”kZr gSA u`flag dk eq[k fodjky] xys esa ekyk] gkFkksa esa daxu] cktwcan] dfVes[kyk vkfn vkHkw’k.k gSaA u`flag dk nka;k rFkk cka;k iSj ?kqVus ls [kf.Mr gSA u`flag ds nka;s rjQ xt O;ky rFkk uhps dh rjQ ,d
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X lgk;d dk vadu gSA xt O;ky ds Åijh Hkkx esa edjeq[k dk vadu gSA bldk eki 39 ×40 ×20 lsa- eh- gSA izfrek dk dky 10 oha “krkCnh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 4½ ¼5½ u`flag %& ;g izfrek ,d vfyan esa fufeZr gSA vfyan ds Åij tkfydkor vyadj.k gS rFkk uhps iq’i fufeZr gSA vfyan ds nka;s rjQ ,d ukf;dk rFkk cka;s rjQ Hkh ,d ukf;dk vafdr gSA u`flag e/; esa fufeZr gSA u`flag prqHkZqth gS] tks nka;s Åijh gkFk esa pØ] ck;sa Åijh gkFk esa in~e idM+s gSaA nk;sa rFkk ck;sa nksuksa fupys gkFk ls jk{kl dk isV QkM+rs gq, iznf”kZr gSA izfrek dk eq[k [kqyk gqvk rFkk xys esa gkj] nkfguk iSj eqM+k gqvk ,oa cka;k iSj ds cy mdMwa cSBs gq, iznf”kZr gSA ;g izfrek Hkwjs cyqvk izLrj ls fufeZr gSA izfrek ds nksuksa rjQ Åij edjeq[k] e/; esa xt O;ky rFkk uhps Hkkjokgd dk vadu gSA izfrek dk eki 57 ×77 ×18 ls- eh- gSA izfrek dk dky 10oha “krkCnh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 5½ ¼6½ [kf.M+r u`flag %& izfrek dk Åijh Hkkx [kf.M+r gSA u`flag prqHkZth gSa] ftlds Åijh nksuksa gkFk [kf.M+r gSA u`flag vius nksuksa gkFkksa ls jk{k.k dk isV QkM+rs gq, iznf”kZr gSa rFkk ck;sa iSj ls fi’kkp dks nck;s gq;s vafdr gSA izfrek ds ck;sa rjQ fdukjs esa laHkor% y{eh th dh izfrek cSBh gqbZ iznf”kZr gSA u`flag dk xnZu ls Åijh Hkkx [kf.M+Rk gSA buds xys esa gkj] ;Kksiohr rFkk ouekyk /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSaA izfrek dk eki 46 ×45 ×13 ls- eh- gSA izfrek dk dky 12oha “krkCnh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 6½ ¼7½ u`flag %& ;g izfrek prqHkZqth gS ftlds Åijh nk;sa gkFk esa pØ ck;sa Åijh gkFk esa 'ka[k /kkj.k fd;s gSa rFkk nksuksa fupys gkFkksa ls fgj.;d";i dk isV QkM+rs gq, iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA iknihB esa uhps dh rjQ u`flag filkp dks iSj ls nck;s gq;s iznf”kZr gSa rFkk ck;sa ik'oZ esa ,d p¡oj/kkfj.kh [kM+h gqbZ iznf'kZr gSA iknihB ds nksuksa ik'oZ esa xt C;ky dk vadu gSA bl izfrek dk eki 66 ×78 ×33 lsa-eh- gS rFkk dky 10 oha 'krh bZ- gS A ¼fp - dz- 7½ ¼8½ [kf.M+r u`flag %& izfrek dk Åijh Hkkx [kf.M+r gSA u`flag prqHkZth gSa] ftlds Åijh nksuksa gkFk [kf.M+r gSA u`flag vius nksuksa gkFkksa ls jk{kl dk isV QkM+rs gq, iznf”kZr gS rFkk ck;sa iSj ls fi’kkp dks nck;s gq, vafdr gSaA izfrek ds ck;sa rjQ ,d iq:’k izfrek cSBh gqbZ iznf”kZr gSA u`falag dk xnZu ls Åijh Hkkx [kf.M+r gSA buds xys esa gkj] ;Kksiohr rFkk ouekyk /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSaA izfrek dk eki 37 ×33 ×17 ls- eh- gSA izfrek dk dky 12oha “krkCnh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 8½ ¼9½ [kf.M+r u`flag %& bldk eki 68 ×50 ×20 lsa- eh- gSA ;g izfrek Hkh ,d vfyan esa fufeZr gS] tks fdlh eafnj dh fHkfÙk esa tM+h jgh gksxhA u`flag prqHkZqth gSa] ftldk nka;k Åijh gkFk [kf.M+r gSaA u`flag vius nksuksa fupys gkFkksa ls ck;sa iSj dh ta?kk esa fgj.;d”;i dks fyVkdj mldk isV QkM+rs gq, iznf”kZr gSA orZeku esa ;g izfrek vkfnukFk Vhys ij j[kh gSA izfrek dk dky yxHkx 10oha “krkCnh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 9½ ❝6 ❞
PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
¼10½ u`flag %& bldk eki 59 ×40 ×16 lsa- eh- gSA ;g izfrek prqHkqZth gS ysfdu pkjksa gkFk [kf.Mr gSaA izfrek ds fljksHkkx esa xksykdkj vyad`r izHkke.My dk vadu gSA izfrek dk eq[k uhps dh rjQ >qdk gqvk gS rFkk psgjk {kfjr gSA xys esa gkj vkHkw’k.k gSA izfrek dej ls nks VqdM+ksa esa [kf.Mr gSA u`flag vius fupys nksuksa gkFkksa ls fgj.;d”;Ik dk isV QkM+rs gq;s iznf”kZr gSA u`flag vius ck;sa iSj ds ?kqVus esa fgj.;d”;Ik dks fyVk;s gq;s iznf”kZr gSa rFkk iSj ,d vkSa/kh ysVh gqbZ izfrek ds ihB ij j[ks gq;s gSA ;g izfrek laHkor% fgj.;d”;Ik ds fdlh ifjpkjd dh gks ldrh gSA ;g izfrek chp ls nks VqdM+ksa esa VwVh gqbZ izkIr gqbZ gSA dky 11&12 oha “krh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 10 ½ ¼11½ [kf.M+r u`flag %& bldk eki 40 ×75 ×18 lsa- eh- gSA bl izfrek dk dej ls fupyk Hkkx [kf.M+r gSA u`flag vfyan esa fufeZr gS tks prqHkZqth gSA izfrek ds pkjksa gkFk n`’VO; gS] ftlesa ck;sa Åijh gkFk esa pØ rFkk nk;sa gkFk esa “ka[k /kkj.k fd;s gSaA Åijh Hkkx esa ,d&,d ekyk/kkjh fo|k/kj dk vadu gSA u`flag vius nksuksa fupys gkFkksa ls fgj.;d”;i dk isV QkM+rs gq, n`’VO; gS] tks [kf.M+r gSA u`flag ds nksuksa ik”oZ esa ,d&,d poj/kkfj.kh rFkk mlds ckg~; Hkkx esa xt O;ky dk vadu gS] tks [kf.M+r gSaA izfrek fu”kku i[kuk uked Vhys ls izkIr gqbZ gS] ftldk dky yxHkx 9&10oha “krkCnh bZ- gSA ¼fp - dz- 11 ½ bl izdkj ;g fu’d’kZ fudyrk gS fd ljxqtk ftys esa fLFkr egs”kiqj xzke f=iqjh dypqjh dkyhu “kkldksa ds le; yxHkx 9&12oha “krkCnh bZ- esa oS’.ko lEiznk; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUnz Fkk] ftldh iqf’V ;gk¡ ij izkIr fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa esa ls u`flag vorkj dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa izkIr vusd izLrj izfrekvksa ls gksrh gSA lUnHkZ xazFk lwph ,oa ikn fVIif.k;k¡ 1- Jhen~Hkkxor 8A 3A 6A 2- Jhen~Hkkxor 7A 1A 38A 3- feJk bUnqerh] izfrek foKku ] i`’B 185A 4- Jhen~Hkkxor 7A 3A 35&37A 5- gfj] ld"kZ.kka'ksu uj flag o iq/kZj% fo-/k- 78@7 6- fo-/k- 78@4A 7- cS[kk- vk- 42A 8- f'kYi-v- 25@11A 9- vfXu-iq- 49@4A 10- :ie.Mu] v@25A
❝7 ❞
PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
izkphu dkyhu Hkkjrh; u`R;dyk ,oa oSfnd lkfgR; MkWå lq’kek nsoh xqIrk] ofj’B O;k[;krk laLÑr foHkkx] tEew fo” ofo|ky;] tEewA
izkphu Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk thou orZeku dkyhu thou dh vis{kk vf/kd lq[ke; FkkA rRdkyhu yksxksa dks thou&laxzke esa ge yksxksa dh Hkk¡fr vf/kd O;Lr ugha jguk iM+rk FkkA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa yksxksa us le;≤ ij vkuUn dh l`f’V ds fy, euksfouksn ds :i esa dykvksa dk fodkl fd;k FkkA ;w¡ rks nSfud thou esa euksfouksn dks LFkku feyk gh Fkk] fdUrq mldk fo”kn :i ikfjokfjd mRloksa] laLdkj] vfHk’ksd vkfn ds volj ij fn[kkbZ iM+rk FkkA Hkkjrh; izÑfr us Hkh euksfouksn ds vH;qn; esa lg;ksx fn;k gSA og lHkh _rqvksa esa viuh fuR; uwru lq’kek ds }kjk ekuo&ân; dks izQqfYyr ,oa mYyflr djds vkuUn eukus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA izÑfr ds vU; izk.k/kkfj;ksa dh vis{kk ekuo vf/kd fouksn&fiz; gSA ;|fi laLÑfr dh izxfr ds lkFk gh euksfouksn ds fy;s fuR; uohu lk/kuksa dk mn; gqvk gS] rFkkfi bruk rks fu”p;iwoZd dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkphu dky esa euksfouksn dh ek=k vk/kqfud ;qx ls vf/kd gh FkhA dkj.k izR;{k gS & euksfouksn ds fy;s ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk gksuk vko”;d gS] os izkphu ;qx esa vkt dh vis{kk vfr”k; ek=k esa orZeku FkhaA ukxfjdksa dh fuf”pUr eukso`fŸk] le`f)”kkfyrk rFkk izÑfr dh je.kh;rk vkfn euksfouksn dh vfHko`f) ds fy;s visf{kr gSA izkphu dky esa budk ckgqY; rFkk orZeku dky esa vHkko lk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA lekt dk euksfouksn djus ds fy, jktk] le`f)”kkyh ukxfjd rFkk dFkkokpd vkpk;Z viuh vksj ls fuR; uohu ;kstuk,a cukdj mUgsa dk;kZfUor djus esa vius thou dh lQyrk ekurs FksA 1 rRdkyhu yksxksa us Hkh vius /ku ds lnqi;ksx dh fn”kk esa lkoZtfud euksfouksn ds lk/kuksa dks izLrqr djuk iq.; ,oa ;”k dk dk;Z ekuk FkkA izkphu dky ds ukxfjd O;fDrRo ds fodkl ds fy, vfHku;] u`R;] laxhr] dkO; vkfn dykvksa dk Kku ,oa vH;kl vko”;d ekurs FksA dqN yksx rks oa”kkuqØe ls euksfouksn lEcU/kh dykvksa ,oa fo|kvksa dks lh[krs FksA ,sls oxks± esa xU/koZ] fdUuj] lwr] pkj.k] ekx/k] uV] os.k] eS=s;d] eYy] >Yy] uV] xf.kdk vkfn lqizfl) jgs gSaA 2 dkikfyd /keZ ds vuq;k;h bUnztky }kjk euksjatu djrs FksA lHkh /kkfeZd vuq’Bkuksa esa u`R;kfn dh izfr’Bk gks pqdh FkhA oSfnd dky ls gh mi;qZDr euksjatuksa ds vfrfjDr tyØhM+k] dkO;e; fouksn] ¼ukVd] dFkk] dgkuh ,oa dfork&ikB vkfn½ e`x;k ;kfu f”kdkj] dUnqd&ØhM+k] bUnztky] |wr&ØhM+k ¼tqvk½ vkfn dk izpkj gqvkA bu lHkh euksfouksnksa esa ukVdksa dks lH;&lekt us loZizFke LFkku fn;k gSA
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;|fi izkphudky ls gh ukVd euksjatu dk loZizFke lk/ku jgk gS rFkkfi ukVd ds lkSUn;Z dh o`f) djus okys u`R; us Hkh izkphu dky ls gh viuk egŸoiw.kZ i`Fkd~ LFkku cuk;s j[kk gSA eukosrj izkf.k;ksa esa e;wj dk u`R; lnk gh euksje jgk gSA fouksn&fiz; ekuo us e;wj dk u`R; laLÑfr ds vkfn dky ls gh pkoiwoZd ns[kk gSA og Lo;a dc u`R; djus yxk ;g fu”p;iwoZd ugha dgk tk ldrkA vktdy dh ou esa jgus okyh v/kZlH; tkfr;ksa ds u`R;ksa dks ns[kus ls izrhr gksrk gS fd lalkj ds izk;% lHkh HkwHkkxksa esa lqnwj izkphudky ls gh yksxksa ds vius&vius u`R; jgs gSaA muds u`R; dh mRifŸk ,oa fodkl mudh futh laLÑfr rFkk izo`fŸk;ksa dk ifjpk;d ekuk tk ldrk gSA uohu izLrj&;qx esa dqN fp=ksa esa rRdkyhu urZdksa ds u`R;ksa dh >yd vc Hkh feyrh gSA izkphure u`R; dh Li’V :i&js[kk dk ifjp; flU/kq&lH;rk ds vo”ks’kksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA eksgutksnM+ks ls izkIr ,d urZdh dh ewfrZ ¼4 ½” ½ #fpj ,oa Hkko;qDr gSA mlds iSjksa dk Hkkx VwVk gqvk gSA nkfguk gkFk yrkgLr ;k dV;oyfEcr eqnzk esa gSA ckgqvksa esa dVdkoyh ;k caxM+h Hkjh gqbZ gSa ftUgsa _Xosn esa ^^[kkn;%** dgk gSA flj ,d vksj dks dqN >qdk gqvk gS rFkk ml ij ?kqa?kjkys cky gSa] ftudk ihNs dh vksj twM+k ca/kk gqvk gSA vk¡[ksa cM+h ,oa v/keqanh lh gSaA yEch Vkaxksa ,oa Hkqtkvksa ds lkFk lw{e dfV dh eqnzk lwfpr djrh gS fd ;g u`R;dyk esa fpj&vH;Lr fdlh urZdh dh ewfrZ gSA 3 buds vfrfjDr urZdksa dh Hkh nks ewfrZ;k¡ rFkk dqN eqnzkvksa ij vadu feys gSaA rRdkyhu u`R; esa gko&Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr dh tkrh Fkh rFkk vaxksa dk fo{ksi rky ,oa y; dk vkJ; ysdj gksrk Fkk] tSlk fd muds in dh fLFkfr ls Kkr gksrk gSA ,d rkcht+ ds vadu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd u`R; ds lkFk&lkFk ckts Hkh ctk, tkrs FksA ml le; vusd yksx lewg esa Hkh u`R; djrs FksA 4 oSfnd dky esa u`R; dyk oSfnd ;qx esa dykvksa ds vfLrRo dh O;kid lwpuk,a miyC/k gSaA ml ;qx esa dykvksa ds okgd ,oa izorZd rhu izdkj ds dykdkjksa dk irk pyrk gS] ftuds uke gSa & xk;d] oknd ,oa urZdA dykdkjksa dh ;s rhu Jsf.k;ka i;kZIr mUufr ij FkhaA laxhr ,oa u`R; dk fo”ks’k vk;kstu gksrk FkkA muesa iq#’k urZdksa ds vfrfjDr efgyk urZfd;ka Hkh Hkkx ysrh FkhaA okpLifr xSjksyk ds vuqlkj oSfnd&dkyhu ^leu* uked mRlo dk viuk ,sfrgkfld egŸo gSA ;g mRlo jkf= esa vk;ksftr gksrk FkkA laxhr&u`R; ds fy, jkf=dky gh mi;qDr ekuk tkrk FkkA blfy, mudk vk;kstu vf/kdrj jkf= esa gh fd;k tkrk FkkA bl mRlo esa dqekfj;ka LosPNkuqlkj vius fy, oj dk pquko djrh FkhaA bl dkj.k mlesa ;qod Hkh cM+s mRlkg ds lkFk Hkkx ysrs FksA bl mRlo esa ?kqM+nkSM+ vkSj laxhr&u`R; dh izfr;ksfxrk,¡ gksrh FkhaA dqekfj;ksa dh laxhr&u`R; esa n{krk ij[kh tkrh FkhA ;qod vius dyk&pkrq;Z dk izek.k nsrs FksA ;gh ^leu*
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X uked mRlo vkxs pydj ^leTtk* ds uke ls izpfyr gqvk rFkk egkHkkjr dky esa mlus cM+h yksdfiz;rk izkIr dhA bl izdkj u`R;&laxhr vkfn dykvksa dks rc jk’Vªh; lEeku izkIr FkkA 5 oSfnd dky esa xk;u&oknu ds lkFk gh u`R;dyk ds izfr fo”ks’k vfHk#fp dk irk pyrk gSA urZfd;ka vius iSjksa esa ?kqa?k: cka/kdj lkoZtfud :i esa vius u`R; dk izn”kZu djrh FkhaA lksejl dk iku dj iq#’k&fL=;ka lkewfgd :i esa u`R; esa Hkkx yssrs Fks] ftlls rRdkyhu lekt esa u`R;&dyk dh yksdfiz;rk dk lgt gh irk pyrk gSA u`R; ds fofHkUu izdkj ;Fkk & jTtq u`R;] lfyy u`R;] v#.k u`R;] izÑfr u`R;] iq’i u`R; rFkk olUr u`R; vkfn ls Hkh ^u`R;&dyk* dh yksdfiz;rk fl) gksrh gSA 6 ossnkas esa bl izdkj dh izpqj lkexzh lqjf{kr gS ftlls rRdkyhu lekt dh laxhr&u`R; fiz;rk dk irk pyrk gSA _Xosn esa u`R;dyk & _Xosn ds ^m’kl lwDr* esa m’kk lEcU/kh ,d eU= esa urZdh dh Js’Brk /ofur gksrh gSA _Xosn ds izFke e.My esa dgk x;k gS fd m’kk urZdh ds leku fofo/k :iksa dks /kkj.k djrh rFkk xkS ds leku Lru izdV dj nsrh gSA og leLr yksdksa ds fy, izdk”k ls Hkjrh ,oa vU/kdkj feVkrh gSA blls fl) gksrk gS fd lekt esa u`R; dh vPNh izfr’Bk FkhA 7 _Xosn rFkk vFkoZosn ls Kkr gksrk gS fd u`R; ds lkFk vk?kkfV ¼>ky½ uked ok| dh laxfr gksrh FkhA 8 lkFk gh _Xosn ls ;g Hkh fofnr gksrk gS fd u`R; dk izpyu dsoy ekuo lekt esa gh ugha Fkk] nsorkvksa ds chp Hkh u`R; dk izpkj FkkA _Xosn ds izFke] f}rh;] iape ,oa n”ke e.Myksa esa u`R; rFkk ok|ksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA 9 buesa ls ,d _pk dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lk;.kkpk;Z us ukprs gq, nsorkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA 10 ;tqosZn esa u`R;dyk& “kqDy ;tqosZn dh ^ ^oktlusf; lafgrk** ds ^ ^iq#’k lwDr** esa dgk x;k gS fd “kSyw’k tkfr ds yksx O;kolkf;d –f’V ls ukVdksa dk vk;kstu fd;k djrs FksA bl izlax esa dgk x;k gS fd ;K ds fofHkUu voljksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ij u`Ÿk ¼rky&y;c) vfHku;½ ds fy, lwr dks] xhr ds fy, “kSyw’k ¼uV½ dks] /keZ&O;oLFkk ds fy, lHkkprqj dks] euksjatu ds fy, fouksn”khyksa ¼el[kjksa½ dks] Ük`axkj&jpuk ¼lkt&lTtk½ ds fy, dykdkjksa ¼funsZ”kdksa½ dks] le;&;kiu ds fy, jktdqekjksa dks rFkk /kS;Z;qDr dk;ks± ds fy, c<+bZ dks fu;qDr djuk pkfg,A 11 bl m)j.k esa u`R;dyk ds izk;% lHkh rŸo fo|eku gSaA blls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd oSfnd&;qxhu lekt esa u`R;dyk dk O;kid izpkj&izlkj gq, fcuk bl izdkj dh izkekf.kd ,oa foLr`r lwpukvksa dk osn ea=ksa esa lfUuos”k gksuk lEHko ugha FkkA bl mYys[k ls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd ;Kksa ds le; u`Ÿk&xhr ds fy, lwrksa ,oa “kSyw’kksa dks fu;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA bl lkexzh ds vuq”khyu ls irk pyrk gS fd lekt esa dykvksa ,oa dykdkjksa dh i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ Jsf.k;ka cu pqdh FkhaA rRdkyhu lekt ^u`Ÿk&xhr* ds vaxksa ls lqifjfpr gks pqdk FkkA dqN ;Kksa ds volj ij ^^oa”k&urhZ&u`R;** dk vk;kstu gksrk FkkA blesa urZd ckal dk lgkjk ysdj ukprk FkkA 12
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X vFkoZosn esa u`R;dyk& vFkoZosn esa Hkh ^oSfnd ;qx* esa u`R; dh yksdfiz;rk dk ifjp; miyC/k gksrk gSA vFkoZosn ds ,d eU= ls ^gal* ¼gkL;½ ds lkFk u`Ÿk dk mYys[k gqvk gS] 13 ftlls Kkr gksrk gS fd u`Ÿk ds lkFk gkL; ;k fouksn dk Hkh lfEeJ.k FkkA blh vFkZ esa ^u`fr* ¼ukpuk½ “kCn Hkh vk;k gS ,oa ^u`R;* rFkk ^gkL;* esa vxz.kh gksus dk o.kZu gSA14 jk’Vª izse dh mRdV Hkkouk ls izsfjr vFkoZosn ds ^^i`fFkoh lwDr** ds ,d eU= esa xk;u ,oa u`R; dk mYys[k gqvk gSA bl eU= esa Hkwry ds euq’;kas }kjk u`R;&xhrksa ds euksgj vk;kstu dk myys[k djrs gq, fy[kk gS & ^^ftl i`fFkoh ij euq’; ukprs&xkrs gSaA** blh eU= esa fofo/k jkxksa esa xkus okys ds fy, ^^O;Syc** “kCn fn;k x;k gSA 15 ,d eU= esa edku ds pkjksa vksj ?kwedj ukpus dk o.kZu gSA 16 nqUnqfHk dks lEcks/ku djds dgk x;k gS fd og “k=qvksa ds /ku ij ukps17 vFkkZr~ gs ;q) thrus okyh nqanHkh! rw dY;k.kh] /ku thrus okyh] eU= ls rh{.k dh gqbZ ,oa cyorh gSA tSls vf/k’ko.k dky esa ioZr vius y?kq [k.Mksa dks nckrk gqvk ukprk gS oSls gh rw “k=qvksa ds /ku ij vf/kdkj djrh gqbZ u`R; djA fL=;ksa ,oa Dyhc ¼uiqald] fgtM+k½ dks ukpus okyk crk;k x;k gSA ePNjksa ds ukpus dh miek fgtM+ksa ds u`R; ls nh xbZ gSA 18 ^dkBd&lafgrk* esa Hkh u`R;&laxhr ,oa urZdksa&xk;dksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA osnksa dh gh Hkk¡fr ^^czkã.k xzUFkksa**] ^^vkj.;dksa**] ^^mifu’knksa** ,oa ^^’kM+osnkaxksa** esa Hkh u`R;&laxhr lEcfU/kr lkexzh fc[kjh gqbZ gSA ^^rSfŸkjh;&czkã.k** esa ^^vk;ksx**] ^^ekx/k**] ^^lwr**] ^^”kSyw’k** vkfn dykdkjksa ds uke ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA bl lUnHkZ esa u`R; ds lkFk ^^oh.kk** ctk;s tkus dk Hkh mYys[k gqvk gSA 19 bu mYys[kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd oSfnd ;qx esa dykdkjksa ,oa dykvksa dk ,d fuf”pr LFkku cu pqdk FkkA ml ;qx ds lekt dk tks Lo:i lafgrkvksa ,oa ijorhZ oSfnd lkfgR; esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS] mlls ;g Hkh fofnr gksrk gS fd ijekFkZ izkfIr ds lk/kuksa esa dyk dks Hkh ,d lk/ku ekuk x;k FkkA bl izdkj dyk u dsoy ,sfgd thou ds euksfouksn ,oa euksjatu rd gh lhfer Fkh] vfirq mls /keZ v/;kRe ,oa ijekFkZ&izkfIr dk Hkh ek/;e ekuk tkrk FkkA dyk dh vk/;kfRed i`’BHkwfe esa mldh yksdksUeq[kh izo`fŸk;ka Hkh viuk Lora= fodkl dj jgh FkhaA ;|fi og /keZ ds lqugjs rUrqvksa ls ifjosf’Br Fkha] rFkkfi mls lHkh fn”kkvksa esa vkxs c<+us dh Lora=rk izkIr FkhA mldh bu yksdksUeq[kh izo`fŸk;ksa dk ifjp; ^^dkS’khrdh&czkã.k** ¼24 @5½ ds ml izlax ls feyrk gS] ftlesa dykvksa dh foLr`r lwph izLrqr dh xbZ gSA bl lwph dks ns[kdj rRdkyhu tu&thou esa dyk ds lgt izos”k dk Li’V irk pyrk gSA bl lwph esa ftu dykvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] muesa u`R;&laxhr dk Hkh uke gSA 20 u`R;] xhr ,oa ok|] rhuksa dks rc f”kYi ds vUrxZr ekuk tkrk Fkk oSfnd ;qx esa f”kYi dk O;kid vFkZ esa iz;ksx gksrk FkkA dkS’khrdh&czkã.k ds ,d izlax esa f”kYi ds rhu Hksn crk;s x;s gSa & u`R;] xhr ,oa ok|A 21 oSfndksŸkj dky jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkfn esa Hkh ^^f”kYi** “kCn dks blh vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k x;k gSA
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okpLifr xSjksyk ds vuqlkj oSfnd&lkfgR; ds vfUre vax ^^’kM~osnkaxksa** ds le; lekt esa dqN ifjorZu gqvkA ^^f”k{kk**] ^^dYi**] ^^O;kdj.k**] ^^fu#Dr**] ^^NUn** ,oa ^^T;ksfr’k** oSfnd Kku dh bu “kk[kkvksa ds mUuk;d cqf)thoh ,oa fopkjd vf/kd FksA lekt esa Hkh budk izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA dYi&lw=ksa ds fuekZ.kd lekt dk ,d oxZ vf/kdkj izkfIr ,oa in&Js’Brk ds izfr vf/kd ltx fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bl oxZ us lekt esa Å¡p&uhp ds Hksn Hkkoksa dks QSykdj oxZ&la?k’kZ dks tUe fn;k rFkk dykvksa ds mi;ksx ,oa iz;ksx ij Hkh dqN izfrcU/k yxk;sA lkFk gh ;g O;oLFkk nh fd u`R;&xhr vkfn dykvksa esa f}tkfr;ksa dks lfEefyr gksuk oftZr gSA 22 vkxs pydj Le`frdkjksa us dYi lw=dkjksa ds bu fo/kkuksa dks mlh :i esa vaxhÑr fd;kA mlds dkj.k uV] urZd ,oa xk;d vkfn dykdkjksa dks fuEu Js.kh esa ifjxf.kr fd;k tkus yxkA /keZxzUFkksa ds bu izfrcU/kksa ,oa izfr’ks/kksa ds ckotwn Hkh u`R;&laxhr vkfn dykvksa dh tks /kkjk osnksa ds L=ksr ls ogh Fkh] og vck/k xfr ls fujUrj vkxs c<+rh jgh rFkk lekt ds lHkh oxks± us mldks mlh pko&Hkko ls viuk;kA 23 osnksa ,oa oSfnd lkfgR; ds v/;srk eSDlewyj] ysoh ,oa vksYnsuoxZ izHk`fr ik”pkR; fo}kuksa us _Xosn ds lEokn&lwDrksa ds vk/kkj ij ukV~; dh mRifŸk fl) dh gSA osn eU=ksa esa fc[kjh gqbZ lkexzh dk v/;;u&vuq”khyu dj MkWå ,lå ,uå nklxqIrk us Hkh ;g fl) fd;k gS fd rRdkyhu tu&thou esa /kkfeZd voljksa ij cM+s&cM+s lekjksg vk;ksftr gqvk djrs Fks] ftlesa u`R;&laxhr ds lkFk ukVdksa dk Hkh vfHku; gqvk djrk FkkA 24 bl izdkj oSfnd lkfgR; ds lw{e vuq”khyu ls Li’V gks tkrk gS fd oSfnd dky esa u`R; dyk dks lkekftd thou esa vR;f/kd egŸoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr FkkA
lUnHkZ xazFk lwph ,oa ikn fVIif.k;k¡ 1- mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij –’VO; egkjkt [kkjosy dk f”kykys[kA blds vuqlkj mlus vius “kklu ds izFke o’kZ esa 35000 eqnzkvksa ds }kjk iztk dk vuqjatu fd;k rFkk rhljs o’kZ esa eYy;q)] u`R;] xhr] ok|] mRlo] lekt vkfn ds }kjk lkoZtfud euksjatu izLrqr djrk jgkA vFkZ”kkL= esa Hkh jktk dh vksj ls euksjatu izLrqr djus dh ;kstuk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA 2- d- egkHkkjr] lHkkioZ] v/;k;&4] “yksd&7] 37&40A [k- >Yyks eYy”p jktU;kn~ ozkR;kfUufPNfojso pAA uV”p dj.kpSo [klks nzfoM+ ,o pA {k=qxziqDdlkuka rq fcykSdko/kcU/kue~A f/kXo.kkZuka peZdk;± os.kkuka Hkk.Moknue~AA euqLe`fr] v/;k;&10] “yksd&22 &49 i;ZUrA
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Hkjr & v=ksP;rs u [kYoFkZ dafpUu`Ÿkeis{krsA fda rq “kksHkk iztu;sfnfr u`Ÿka izofrZre~AA ukV~;”kkL=] v/;k;&4] “yksd&269A 3- Hkkjrh; dyk dh Hkwfedk & izkjfEHkd ;qx ls rhljh “krh rd] v/;k;&3] i`- 29A 4- Hkkjrh; ukV~; ijEijk vkSj vfHku; niZ.k] i`- 116A 5- Hkkjrh; ukV~; ijEijk vkSj vfHku; niZ.k] i`- 115&116A 6- izkphu Hkkjr dh lkekftd laLÑfr] v/;k;&8] i`- 241A 7- vf/kis”kkafl oirs u`rwfjokiks.kqZrs o{k mlzkSo otZge~A T;ksfrfoZ”oLeS Hkqouk; Ñ.orh xkoks u ozta O;q’kk vkorZe%AA _Xosn] e.My&1] lwDr&92] eU=&4A 8- o`’kkjok; onrs ;nqikofr fpfPpd%A vk?kkfVfHkfjo /kko;Uuj.;;kfueZgh;rsAA ;= o% izs³~[kk gfjrk vtqZuk mr ;=?kkVk% dd±;Z laonafrA rr~ ijsrkIljl% izfrcq)k vHkwruA _Xosn] e.My&10] lwDr&146] eU=&2] vFkoZosn] dk.M&4] lwDr&37] eU=&5 9- ;fPpf) Roa x`gsx`g myw[kyd ;qT;lsA bg |qreŸea osn t;rkfeo nUnqfHk%AA 5 vkonaLRoa “kdqus Hknzek on rw’.kheklhu% lqefra fpfdf)u%A ;nqRirUonfl ddZfj;Z;ka c`g)nse fonFks lqohjk%AA 3 m{kUrs v”ok¡ vR;k¡ bokft’kq unL; d.kSZLrqj;ur vk”kqfHk%A fgj.;f”kiz% e:rks nfo/or% i`{ka ;k Fk i`{krhfHk% leU;o%AA 13 ii`{ks.;feUnzRos ákstks u`E.kkfu p u`rekuks verZ%A l u ,uha olokuks jf;a nk% izk;Z% Lrq’ks rqfoe?kL; nkue~AA 6 bna ;eL; lknua nsoekua ;nqP;rsA b;eL; /kH;s ukGhj;a xhfHkZ% ifj’Ñr%AA 7 _Xosn] e.My&1] lwDr&28] eU=&5] e.My&2] lwDr&34] ,oa 43 eU=&13] ,oa 3] e.My&5] lwDr&33] eU=&5] e.My&10] lwDr&135] eU=&7A 10- Hkkjrh; ukV~; ijEijk vkSj vfHku; niZ.k] i`- 116A 11- u`Ÿkk;kuUnk; ryoe~&30 @20] u`Ÿkk;a lwra xhrk; “kSyw’ke~&30 @6] ;tqosZn oktlusf; lafgrk] v/;k;&30] eU=&6 ,oa 20A 12- ;tqosZn dh oktlusf;&lafgrk] v/;k;&30] eU=&31] rSfŸkjh;&czkã.k] 3-4-17-1]
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
“kriFk&czkã.k] 13-6-2&20A vkuUnk eksnk% izeqnks·Hkheksneqn”p ;sA 13- glks ufj’Vk u`Ÿkkfu “kjhj;uq izkfo”kuAA vFkoZosn] dk.M&11] lwDr&8] eU=&24A 14- izk \pks vxk; u`r;s glk;A lqohjklks fonFkek onse~AA vFkoZosn] dk.M&12] lwDr&2] eU=&22A 15- ;L;ka xk;fUr u`R;fUr HkwE;ka eR;kZ O;Syck%A vFkoZosn] i`fFkohlwDr] dk.M&12] lwDr&1] eU=&41A 16- ;s “kkyk% ifju`R;fUrA lk;a xnZHkukfnu%AA vFkoZosn] 8-6-10A 17- Js;%dsrks olqftr lgh;kURlaxzkeftr~ laf”krks czã.kkflA va”kwfuo xzkokf/k’ko.ks vfnzxZO;u~ nqUnqHks·f/k u`R; osn%AA vFkoZosn] dk.M&5] lwDr&20] eU=&10A 18- Dyhck bo izu`R;Urks ous ;s ÑoZrs ?kks’karkfurks uk”k;keflAA vFkoZosn] dk.M&8] lwDr&6] eU=&11A 19- rSfŸkjh; czkã.k] 3-4-1-15A 20- dkS’khrdh czkã.k] 24&5A 21- f=fo/kks f”kYia u`R;a xhra okfn=a pkA dkS’khrdh czkã.k] 29-5A 22- ikjLdj x`álw=] 2-7-3A 23- Hkkjrh; ukV~; ijEijk vkSj vfHku; niZ.k] i`- 118A 24- Hkkjrh; ukV~; ijEijk vkSj vfHku; niZ.k] i`- 118A
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X
xzke dksagkj ls izkIr f”ko ,oa tSu eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k yYys”k dqekj @MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] laLd`fr ,oa iqjkrRo v/;;u”kkyk thokth fo”ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j xzke dksagkj rsglhy eq[;ky; esgxkao] ftyk&fHk.M+ ¼e- iz-½ ls yxHkx 9 fd-eh- nwj rFkk esgxkao&ekS ekxZ ls iwoZ dh vksj 3 fd- eh- nwj fLFkr gSA ;gk¡ “kSo rFkk tSu eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k izkIr gksrs gSA “kSo eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k xqIr dkyhu izrhr gksrs gS rFkk bu “kSo eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k yxHkx 7oha “krkCnh bZ- eas fd;k x;k gksxkA tcfd tSu eafnj laHkor% ckn esa yxHkx 12oha “krkCnh bZ- esa cuk;s x;s gksxsaA lkFk gh ;gk¡ ls rSfyd la?k ds vo”ks’k ds :i esa YkxHkx 8&10 dksYgw izkIr gksrs gSA ewfrZ;k¡ ,oa eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k xzke rFkk xzke ds vklikl [ksrksa esa fc[kjs iM+s gSa vkSj /khjs&/khjs foyqIr gksrs tk jgs gSA ftys ds vf/kdka”k eafnj ,oa ewfrZ;ksa dks yxHkx 12oha &16 oha “krkCnh ds chp rksM+ x;k Fkk] tc eqLyekuksa dks xkao&xkao clk;k tk jgk FkkA ;gh dkj.k fd fHk.M+ ftys esa dksbZ izkphu eafnj fn[kk;h ugha nsrk gS] ijUrq vf/kdka”k xkaoksa esa xqIrdky ls ysdj xqtZj&izfrgkj dky rd vo”ks’k fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA 17oha &18oha “krkCnh ds chp bu eafnjksa ds vo”ks’kksa ij uohu eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k vkSj ewfrZ;ksa dks eafnjksa esa j[k fn;k x;kA tks ewfrZ [kf.M+r gksrh Fkh] mls fdlh rkykc ;k unh esa folftZr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd orZeku esa unh ;k rkykc esa mR[kuu ds nkSjku eafnj ,oa ewfrZ;ksa ds vo”ks’k izkIr gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr uohu eafnjksa dks Xokfy;j egkjkt us Hkwfe vuqnku esa nh] tks vkt Hkh iwoZor~ :i ls izHkkoh gSA dksagkj ds ,d eafnj dks Xokfy;j egkjkt us yxHkx 150 ch?kk tehu nku esa nh Fkh] tks vkt Hkh iwoZor~ :i izHkkoh gSA Xokfy;j egkjkt ds laca/k esa yksxksa dks vf/kd tkudkjh ugha gSA laHkor% egkjkt thokthjko us mDr eafnj dks tehu nku nh gksxhA tSu /keZ ls lacaf/kr vo”ks’k tSu /keZ ds vo”ks’k ds :i esa gesa rhFkZadjksa dh ewfrZ;k¡ ,oa eafnjksa ds vyad`r izLrj [k.M+ izkIr gksrs gSA ;s xzke esa ,d ihiy ds uhps iM+s gq;s gS rFkk dqN [ksrksa esa fc[kjs iM+s gSA ihiy ds isM+ ds uhps iM+s ,d rhFkZadj in~eklu eqnzk esa i;Zd ij cSBs gS i;Zad ds uhps ,d&nwljs dh vksj eqag fd;s gq, flagksa dk vadu gS rFkk rhFkZadj dk flj [kf.M+r gSA
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PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X tSu ;f{k.kh vfEcdk vfEcdk 22 osa rhFkZadj usfeukFk dh ;f{k.kh gSA vfEcdk dk okgu flag rFkk o.kZ ihyk crk;k x;k gSA muds gkFkksa esa vkEkzyqafEc] ukxik”k] vdq”k rFkk iq= gksrk gSA tSu ;f{k.kh vfEcdk dh izfrek xzke dksagkj esa xzke ds nf{k.k&iwoZ esa ,d [ksr esa fLFkr gSA izfrek ds ikl ,d lrh LrEHk rFkk uUnh fLFkr gSA izfrek nks Hkqth gS vkSj lq[kklu esa gSA mudk nka;k gkFk vHk;eqnzk esa rFkk cka;s gkFk ls iq= ¼fiz;adj½ dks idM+s gq;s gSA iq= vfEcdk dh ta?kk ij cSBk gqvk gSA izfrek ds Åij lIrQ.kh liZ dk vadu gS] ftlds dqN Q.k [kf.M+r gSA izfrek /kfEeyk eqdqV] gkj] dq.M+y] dad.k] dfVlw= vkfn ls vyad`r gSA orZeku esa izfrek dks pwus ls iksr fn;k x;k gS rFkk NSuh ds fu”kkuksa ls Li’V gS fd izfrek dks dksj dj cuk;k x;k gSA “kSo /keZ ls lacaf/kr vo”ks’k f”ko eafnj ds vo”ks’k xzke ds nf{k.k esa rkykc ds ikl fc[kjs iM+s gSaA orZeku esa mR[kuu ds nkSjku eafnj ds vo”ks’k fudyrs jgrs gSaA vo”ks’kksa esa eafnj dk yykVfCkEc] vkeyd] f”kofyax] “kqduklk vkfn gSA yYkkVfCkEc ij f}Hkqth x:M+ e`.kky “kk[kk dks idM+s gq;s iznf”kZr gS rFkk x:M+ ds Åij dhfrZ eqdqV dk vadu fd;k x;k gS ftlds nksuksa vksj mM+rs gq, ekyk/kkjh xU/koksZ dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA yYkkVfCkEc ds lcls Åij pSR;xok{k dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA eafnj dh “kqduklk esa uVs”k dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA “kqduklk dh fo”kkyrk ls izrhr gksrk gS fd eafnj dkQh fo”kky jgk gksxkA eafnj dk f”kofyax ,d oxkZdkj tygjh ij LFkkfir gS ftls LFkkuh; yksxksa us eafnj ds vkeyd ij j[k fn;k gSA eafnj ds vU; izLrj [k.M+ Hkh /khjs&/khj ty dVko vFkok yksxksa }kjk [kqnkbZ ds nkSjku fudyrs jgrs gSA mDr eafnjksa ds vo”ks’kksa dks yxHkx 7oha “krkCnh bZ- dk ekuk tk ldrk gSA ohj LrEHk ohj LrEHk xzke ds iwoZ ,d [ksr esa fLFkr gSA ;g ohj LrEHk xks&xzg.k ls lacaf/kr gSA lcls Åij tSu rhFkZadj dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA tSu rhFkZadj dk vadu izk;% tSu /kekZoyfEc;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA vr% mDr ohj LrEHk fdlh tSu ohj ;ks)k ds ;q) esa grkgr gksus dh Le`fr esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA mlds uhps ds [k.M+ esa LoxZyksd dk vadu fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa ohj xfr izkIr ;ks)k i;Zad ij cSBk gS ikl gh p¡oj/kkjh i;Zpk;d [kM+s gSaA e/; ds [k.M+ esa nks ;ks)kvksa ds chp ;q) dks n”kkZ;k x;k gS] ftlesa ;ks)k /kuq’k&ck.k ls ;q) djrs gq;s iznf”kZr gSA lcls uhps e`r ;ks)k ysVk gqvk gS mlds Åij i”kq p<+s gq;s gSA
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,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk es oS’.ko izfrek,W ¼ fo’.kq dh n”kkorkj izfrekvksa ds fo”ks’k lUnHkZ esa½ MkW- eksgu yky p ,j.k] e/;izns'k ds lkxj ftyk dh chuk rglhy esa lkxj uxj ls 77 fd- eh- mÙkj&if'pe fn'kk esa ¼24 0 5^10^^mŸkjh v{kka'k rFkk 98 0 10^20^^iwohZ ns'kkUrj½ fLFkr gSA 1 fofn'kk ls bldh nwljh 72 fd- eh- mÙkj&iwoZ gSA -2 ,j.k csrok ¼izkphu cs+=orh½ dh lgk;d chuk unh ¼izkphu cs.ok½ ds rV ij fLFkr gSA chuk unh mÙkj&if'pe ,oa iwoZ fn'kk ls ,j.k dks vius ?ksjs esa ysdj v)ZpUnzkdkj :i esa izokfgr gksrh gqbZ] mldks LokHkkfod lqj{kk iznku djrh gS] nf{k.k fn'kk esa rkezik"kk.kdky esa fufeZr lqj{kk nhokj gS unh ds eksM+ ls cus izk—frd v)Zo`Ùk ds Hkhrj lqj{kk nhokj dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA 3 ,j.k ls izkIr rkezeqnzkvksa ds i`"BHkkx ij fufeZr fpàksa ls Hkh mDr rF; dh iqf"V gksrh gSA dfua?ke egksn; ds vuqlkj bu eqnzkvksa ij vafdr v)Zo`Ùk iqjkus ,j.k uxj dh fLFkfr dks iznf'kZr djrk gS rFkk unh dk fpà chuk unh ¼izkphu cs.ok½ dk ladsr djrk gS] ftlds rV ij ,j.k uxj clk gqvk FkkA 4 HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls ,j.k dk egRo vf/kd jgk gS] D;ksafd blds ,d vksj cqUnsy[k.M rFkk nwljh vksj ekyok dk Hkw&Hkkx gS vr% ;g cqUnsy[k.M rFkk ekyok ds e/; ,d izos'k }kj ds lerqY; FkkA 5 iwohZ ekyok dh lhek js[kk ij vofLFkr gksus ds dkj.k ;g n'kk.kZ rFkk psfn egktuin dks tksM+rk FkkA 6 ,j.k rd tkus ds fy, rhu ekxZ gSaA igyk ekxZ [kqjbZ gksdj tkrk gSA lkxj&chuk lM+d ekxZ ls ij [kqjbZ ls 4 fd- eh- dh nwjh ij furZyk uked xzke ls ,j.k rd 16 fd- eh- iDdh lM+d gSA tks flyxk¡o] ysVokl] /kaljk] tkÅ[ksM+h xzke gksdj tkrh gSA nwljk ekxZ chuk&Hkksiky jsyekxZ ij fLFkr e.Mhckeksjk jsyos LVs'ku ls tkrk gSA jsyos LVs'ku ls ,j.k rd 12 fd- eh- dh iDdh lM+d gSA tks xkSgj /kaljk] tkÅ[ksM+h xzkeksa ls gksdj tkrh gSA rhljk ekxZ rglhy eq[;ky; chuk ls ukSxk¡o] esÅyh] dksjtk] lrkSfj;k xzkeksa ls gksdj tkrk gSA lrkSfj;k xzke rd 8 fd- eh- dh iDdh lM+d gSa lrkSfj;k ls chuk unh rd ,d fdyksehVj dPpk ekxZ gS] blds ckn chuk unh dks uko }kjk ikj djds ,j.k iqjkLFky rd igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA ,j.k esa rhljh 'krh bZLoh ls ysdj NBh 'krh bZLoh rd oS’.ko ewfrZ fuekZ.k ijaijk dk Øe'k% fodflr :i ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA oS’.ko ewfrZ;ksa dh f”kYi ijEijk esa vusd uohu izfreku ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa izkIr gq, gSA ,j.k esa oS".ko /keZ dh vusd ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSaA xqIrdky esa ,j.k oS".ko er ds ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUnz ds :i esa fodflr gqvkA oS".ko /keZ dks ekuus ❝17 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X okys dyk eeZK xqIr lezkVksa ds laj{k.k esa ;gk¡ ij vusd oS".ko eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA muesa Hkxoku fo".kq rFkk muds vorkjksa dh izfrekvksa dk fuekZ.k xqIrdky esa fd;k x;kA xqIrdky esa fufeZr eafnjksa dk izkjafHkd Lo:i ,j.k esa feyrk gSaA blh rjg ls izkjafHkd eafnj lk¡ph] frxok] Hkwejk] upuk esa feys gSaA NksVs o likV xHkZx`g] iwtk LFky] mikL; ewfrZ lfgr lknh nhokjksa ,oa f'k[kj gsrq eafnj izkjafHkd xqIrdkyhu eafnjkssa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA 7 ,j.k esa chuk unh ds nf{k.kh rV ij xqIrdky ds eafnjksa ds iqjko'ks"k fo|eku gSaA ,j.k ds ;s eafnj lewg fo".kq o muds nl vorkjksa ls lacaf/kr gSaA eq[; eafnjksa esa fo".kq eafnj ds vfrfjDr bl LFky ij ojkg eafnj ,oa u`flag eafnj Hkh fufeZr fd;s x;s FksA ftuds HkXuko'ks"k vkTk Hkh ,j.k esa vofLFkr gSaA 8 xqIrdkyhu izkjafHkd eafnj lk/kkj.k ❝18 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X egkHkkjr esa mYysf[kr gS fd vukpkfj;ksa ds neu dh y{; iwfrZ ds i'pkr~ bZ'oj vius ewy:i esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA egkHkkjr ds ukjk;.kh;ksik[;ku esa pkj vorkjksa] ojkg] okeu] u`flag rFkk equ";ksa ¼oklqnso&—".k½ dk o.kZu gSA eRL; iqjk.k esa ftu nl vorkjksa dh O;k[;k gS] mlesa ls rhu ukjk;.k] u`flag rFkk okeu nSoh; vorkj gSaA ij”kqjke dks vkos”kkorkj rFkk jke vkSj d`’.k dks iw.kZ vorkj ekuk tkrk gSA fo’.kq ds ckdh vorkjksa dks va”kkorkj ekuk tkrk gSA fo".kq dh izfrekvksa dks vklu eqnzk] LFkkud eqnzk] rFkk 'k;u eqnzk esa oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gSaa & bu rhuksa izdkj dh eqnzkvksa okyh izfrekvksa dks iqu% ;ksx] Hkksx] ohj rFkk vfHkpkfjd ds :i esa oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gSA o`grlafgrk] fo".kq/kekZsÙkj] 11 nsoh Hkkxor] lejkaxr.k&lw=/kkj o vfXuiqjk.k 12 esa fo".kq ewfrZ ds fuekZ.k dks funZsf'kr fd;k x;k gSaA fofHké xaazFkksa esa vorkjksa dh la[;k vyx&vyx crk;h x;h gSA xqIrdky rd fo".kq ds nl vorkj vafre :i ls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk pqds FksA xqIrdkyhu lkfgR;] j?kqoa'k rFkk es?knwr esa vorkjksa dk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA izfrek”kkL= esa fo’.kq ds eq[; 10 vorkjksa dks gh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA dyk esa fo’.kq ds nl vorkj Øe”k% 1- eRL; 2- dweZ 3-ojkg 4-ujflag 5- okeu 6- ij”kqjke 7- jke 8- d`’.k 9- cq) 10- dfYdA dqN fo}ku cq) dks vorkj u ekudj cyjke dks fo’.kq ds vorkjksa esa “kkfey djrs gSA dyk esa cyjke dh vusd izfrek,W cuk;h xbZ gSA 13 xqIrdky esa fo".kq dh ewfrZ;k¡ ,j.k ds vfrfjä eFkqjk] mn;fxfj] nsox<+ esa vklu izfrekvksa ds vfrfjä muds 'ks"k'kk;h :i] ojkg] u`flag] okeu] jke] —".k] cyjke vorkjksa dha gSaA ,j.k xqIrdky esa oS".ko er ds egRoiw.kZ dsUnz ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks x;k FkkA xqIr 'kkldksa ds laj{k.k esa ;gk¡ ij fo”kky fo".kq eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA fo".kq eafnj ,j.k iqjkLFky ij izeq[k eafnj ds xHkZx`g esa fo”kky fo".kq izfrek LFkkud #i esa LFkkfir gSA bl fo".kq eafnj dk fuekZ.k laHkor% pUnzxqIr f}rh; us djok;k FkkA 14 dfua|e bl eafnj dks leqnzxqIr ds le; fufeZr ekurs gSaA ;g fo".kq eafnj vk;rkdkj Lo#i esa cuk gSA bl eafnj dk ckgjh vkdkj 9-75 ehVj yack rFkk 3-90 ehVj pkSM+k gSA bldk xHkZx`g 5-40 ehVj yack ,oa 1-80 ehVj pkSM+k gSA dfua?ke us yxHkx 1875 bZLoh esa tc bl eafnj dks ns[kk Fkk] rc eafnj dh Nr fxj pqdh FkhA ,j.k ds fo".kq eafnj esa ,d fodflr ;kstuk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA eafnj dh cukoV ds vk/kkj ij vf/kdka”k fo}kuksa us bldk fuekZ.kdky yxHkx 400 ls 500 bZLoh ds e/; ekuk gSA xHkZx`g ds e/; esa Hkxoku fo".kq dh fo'kky prqHkZqth LFkkud izfrek izfrf"Br gSA ;g izfrek ,d pkSdh ij vofLFkr gSA ewfrZ dh Å¡pkbZ 13 QqV 5 bap gSA ewfrZ dk eq[k vkaf'kd :i ls [kafMr gSA bl izfrek esa fo".kq dks leHkax&eqnzk esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA fupyk ck¡;k gkFk dV~;koyfEcr gS] 'ks"k gkFk yxHkx [kafMr gSA nks Hkqtk,¡ dwYgksa ij voyfEcr gSaA izfrek ds nkfguh vkSj xnk cus gksus dk vo'ks"k gSA ijarq fo".kq dk ,d Hkh gkFk xnk ls Li'kZ djrs gq, iznf'kZr ugha ❝19 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X fd;k x;k gSA gkFkksa esa idM+s gq, vL= VwV pqds gSa] fdUrq muds gRFks vHkh Hkh fo|eku gSa ftuls gh vL=ksa dh igpku gks ldh gSA izfrek dh Hkqtkvksa ds Hkqtca/k o gkFkksa esa dM+s fn[kyk;s x;s gSaA fo".kq izfrek dk fdjhV eqdqV mR—"V :i ls vafadr fd;k x;k gSA eqdqV ij flag eq[k cuk gqvk gSA Hkxoku xys eas d.Bgkj /kkj.k fd, gq, gSaA ifo= oSt;arh ekyk muds xys esa lq'kksfHkr gSA dkuksa esa d.kZdq.My] vxzoke gLr dh dfu"Bk vaxqyh vya—r eqfnzdk] vaxn] dad.k] dfVes[kyk] /kksrh vkSj iknoy; ls lq'kksfHkr nsork ds eLrd ds ihNs fo'kky izHkke.My gSA d.Bgkj ds e/; esa nh?kZ ouekyk vkSj eqdqV dk vyadj.k vykasfdd gSA izfrek lknxhiw.kZ gS] vyadj.k cgqr de gSA xqIrdkyhu nsoizfrekvksa dh HkkofHkO;atuk ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA izfrek ij nsoR; ds Hkko yk;s tkrs FksA egkfo".kq] izfrek ds us= ;ksfx;ksa dh Hkk¡fr v/kkZsUehfyr gSaA Hkxoku fo".kq dh izfrek dks /kksrh igus fn[kk;k x;k gSaSA i`"BHkkx esa Hkh /kksrh pqéVsa mRdh.kZ dh xbZa gSaA i`"BHkkx esa gh xzos;d ca/ku dks lqUnj rjhds ls ck¡/kk x;k gSA iSjksa ds uhps ,d js[kkadu ds ek/;e ls /kksrh dk vadu fn[kk;k x;k gSA es[kyk ds uhps ca/ks dfViê ds nksuksa Nksj ck¡;h ta?kk dh vksj yVdrs gq, vafdr gSA oSt;arhekyk /kkj.k fd;s gq, ;g ewfRkZ rst cy o ijkØe dks iznf”kZr djrh gS rFkk HkO; :i dk n'kZu djkrh gS ;g izfrek ,d gh fo'kky ik"kk.k [k.M dks dkVdj cuk;h x;h gSaA bldh pkSdh eq[; izfrek ds lkFk fufeZr gSA 'ka[k] pØ] xnk ds vfrfjä os vHk;eqnzk esa dey fy, gq, fufeZr fd;s x;s gSaA egkfo".kq dh izfrek ds lkFk dksbZ ifjpj vafdr ugha gSA dfua?ke us bl izfrek esa ^b"V gj xzgh* ys[k vafdr ik;k FkkA fyfi ds vk/kkj ij ;g izfrek ik¡poha 'krh bZLoh dh gSA 15 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq ,j.k esa 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq dh ewfrZ;ksa dks rhu f'kykiêksa ij mdsjk x;k gSA ;g izfrek xqIrdky esa fufeZr gSA iqjk.kksa] vkxeksa rFk f'kYi 'kkL=ksa esa 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq dks vuar'kk;h ukjk;.k] ty'kk;h ukjk;.k vkSj in~eukHk ds uke ls iqdkjk x;k gSA ;g fo".kq dk vlk/kkj.k ,oa fof'k"V :i gSA oS".ko iqjk.kksa esa bl :i dk foLr`r o.kZu feyrk gSA fo".kq/kekZsaÙkj esa fo".kq ds 'ks"k'kk;h :i dks in~eukHk dgk x;k gSA ty ds e/; fLFkr 'ks"kukx dk flj] QSys gq, Q.kksa esa fo|eku ef.k rFkk jRuksa dh izHkk ls vkyksfdr jgrk gSA 'ks"kukx ds 'kjhj dh cuh gqbZ 'kS¸;k ij pkj Hkqtk okys in~eukHk dks 'k;u&eqnzk esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA vk/;kfRed n`f"V ls l`f"V dh izrhd bl izfrek esa 'ks"kukx }kjk lalkj ds ewyrRo fo".kq }kjk cqf) rRo rFkk czá }kjk iq:"k vFkok thorRo dk izfrfuf/kRo gqvk gSA ikSjkf.kd fparu esa ty fuoklh ukjk;.k dh l`f"V ds vkfndky esa vuar'kk;h ekuk x;kgSA egkHkkjr esa 'ks"k'kk;h&fo".kq dh ewfrZ dk fuekZ.k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA 16 blds vykok fo".kq/kekZsÙkj] in~eiqjk.k] Hkkxor iqjk.k] j?kqoa'k rFkk oS'kkulkxe esa Hkh 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq dh ewfrZ fuekZ.k ls lacaf/kr fooj.k fn;s x;s gSaA 17 ❝20 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ,j.k esa xqIrdkyhu eafnj lewg ds fudV gh dsUnzh; iqjkrRo foHkkx }kjk fufeZr pcwrjs ij yxs f'kykiêksa esa ls ,d f'kykiê ij 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA 18 bl izfrek esa Hkxoku fo".kq dks 'ks"kukx dh 'kS¸;k tks dqf.My;ksa ds :i esa n`"VO; gSa] mu ij ysVs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gS muds flj ij 'ks"kukx ds lkr Q.k N= ds leku QSys gq, gSaA fo".kq ck¡;s gkFk esa pØ vkSj nkfgus esa xnk fy, gq, gSaA fdjhV eqdqV] ,dkoyh] d.kZdq.My] nh?kZ ouekyk bR;kfn ls lq'kksfHkr nsork dh ukfHk ls mn~Hkwr dey ij czák dks cSBs iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ;g izfrek fo".kq/kekZsÙkj iqjk.k ds funZs'kkuqlkj fufeZr gSA czák dh vk—fr [kf.Mr gSA fo".kq ds iSjksa ds ikl y{eh nsoh dks muds iSj nkcrs gq, iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS] muds ihNs vatfy eqnzk esa ,d uj o ,d ukjh cSBs gq, fn[kk;s x;s gSaA iq:"k ds flj ij eqdqV gS] bl dkj.k vuqeku gksrk gS fd ;g vk;q/k iq:"k dh vk—fr gSA bl f'kykiê ij 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq ds ihNs dk n`'; v/kwjk vkSj yxHkx vLi"V gSA f'kykiêksa ij fo".kq] y{eh o uj&ukjh dh vk—fr;ksa esa Li"Vrk ykus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ,j.k ds vykok mn;fxjh ,oa nsox<+ ds eafnj esa bl rjg dh 'ks"k'k;h fo".kq dh vk—fr feyrh gSA 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq dh ;g izfrek fo".kq eafnj ds lehi lqjf{kr gSA ijorhZ xqIrdky es fufeZr ;g ewfrZ [kf.Mr gSa 'ks"kukx ij ouekyk/kkjh] fofo/k vyadj.kksa ls foHkwf"kr fo".kq 'k;u&eqnzk esa fufeZr gSaA fo".kq ds fljksHkkx ds Åij 'ks"kukx dk lIreq[kh Q.k N= ds :i esa 'kksHkk;eku gSa dej ds uhps ;g ewfrZ [kf.Mr gks pqdh gSA 'ks"k dh dq.Mfy;ksa ij 'k;u eqnzk esa fo".kq dks f}Hkqth :i esa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa gkFkksa ds vxzHkkx dykb;ksa ds ikl ls [kf.Mr gSaA nsork dk eq[k Hkh [kf.Mr gSa fo".kq ds 'kjhj ij vyadj.k ds :i esa ouekyk] vaxn] dad.k] tusÅ vkSj dfVes[kyk n`"VO; gSsaA 'ks"kukx ds Q.kksa ds ihNs li{k x#M+ dh ewfrZ ohjklu&eqnzk esa vafdr gSa ekuokdkj x#M+ dh bl y?kq ewfrZ dk xys ds Åij dk Hkkx rFkk nksuksa gkFk [kf.Mr gks pqds gSaA ik"kk.k pkSdh ds ik;ksa ds fudV rhu ekuo ewfrZ;k¡ cSBh gqbZ eqnzk esa fufeZr gSaA rhuksa ekuo ewfrZ;k¡ vLi"V lh gSaA bl izfrek dk fuekZ.k dky NVoha 'krkCnh bZLoh ds yxHkx ekuk tk ldrk gSA 19 x#M+kl hu fo".kq ,j.k iqjkLFky ls ,d x#M+klhu fo’.kq dh izfrek izkIr gqbZ gSA ;g izfrek fo".kq eafnj ds xHkZx`g ds izos'k }kj ds fljny ds yykV fcEc ij x#M+klhu prqHkqZth fo".kq dh vk—fr cuh gSA vk—fr esa x#M+ ds QSys ia[kksa ds chp esa fo".kq cSBs gq, gSaA mudh pkj Hkqtk,¡ gSaaA nksuksa nkfgus gkFkksa esa Øe'k% pØ vkSj xnk gSA ck¡;sa gkFkksa esa 'ka[k rFkk dey gSA i{khjkt x#M+ fo".kq dk okgu gSA fo".kq ds x#M+klhu :i dk o.kZu vusd xzaFkksa esa gqvk gSA bu :iksa esa Hkqtkvksa dh gh fHkérk gSA dgha ij os nks Hkqtk okys] dgha pkj Hkqtk okys] rFkk dgha vkB Hkqtk okys dgs x,s gSaA egkHkkjr] vfXu iqjk.k rFkk Hkkxor iqjk.k esa x#M+ ij vklhu prqHkqZth fo".kq dks n'kkZus ds funZs'k fn;s x;s gSaA f'kYilkj esa x#M+lhu prqHkqZth fo".kq izfrek dk myys[k fd;k x;k gSA ❝21 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X eRL; vorkj leLr iqjk.kksa rFkk ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj Hkxoku fo’.kq dk izkphure vorkj eRL; gSA izkphu lkfgR; esa eRL; iwtk ds vusd mYys[k feyrs gSA egkHkkjr] euqLe`fr esa eRL; dks czãk ,oa iztkifr ls lEcf/kr crk;k x;k gSA Hkxor iqjk.k esa eRL; vorkj dh ?kVuk dk foLrkj ls mYys[k feyrk gSA oS’.ko lEiznk; ds fodkl ds lkFk bl vorkj dks fo’.kq ds nl vorkjksa esa igyk vorkj mYys[k fd;k x;kA xqIrdkyhu dyk es fo’.kq izfrek ds ifjdj esa n”kkrkjksa dk vadu feyrk gSA eRL; vorkj dh izfrek nks izdkj ls cukbZ tkrh gSA izFke eRL; foxzg vFkkZr lk/kkj.k eRL; ds Lo#i esaaa izfrekA nwljh ujeRL; fefJr foxzg vFkkZr m/oZHkkx ujkd`r ,oa v/k%Hkkx EkRL;kd`r izfrekA 20 ,j.k eas x<+h {ks= ls ,d [kf.Mr n”kkorkj f“kykQyd izkIr gqvk gS ftles eRL; vorkj dk eRL; foxzg Lo#i dk eueksgd vadu gqvk gSA ,d 7 fQV yEckbZ dk LrEHk ,j.k ds y{ehujk;.k eafnj esa j[kk gS blesa fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA blesa eRL; vorkj dk eRL; foxzg #i dk lqUnj f”kYikadu gqvk gSA dweZ vorkj Hkkxor iqjk.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkxoku fo’.kq us leqnzeaFku ds le; dweZ vorkj /kkj.k dj viuh ihB ij eUnjkapy ioZr /kkj.k fd;k FkkA 21 dweZ vorkj dh izfrek nks izdkj ls cukbZ tkrh gSA izFke dweZ foxzg vFkkZr lk/kkj.k dPNIk ds Lo#i esaaa izfrekA nwljh ujdweZ fefJr foxzg vFkkZr m/oZHkkx ujkd`r ,oa v/k%Hkkx dweZd`r izfrekA 22 ,j.k eas x<+h {ks= ls ,d [kf.Mr n”kkorkj f“kykQyd izkIr gqvk gS ftles dweZ vorkj dk dweZ foxzg Lo#i dk eueksgd vadu gqvk gSA ,d 7 fQV yEckbZ dk LrEHk ,j.k ds y{ehujk;.k eafnj esa j[kk gS blesa fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA loZizFke blesa eRL; vorkj rFkk blds i”pkr dk dweZ vorkj dweZ foxzg #i dk lqUnj f”kYikadu gqvk gSA ojkg vorkj ojkg dFkk dk loZizFke mYys[k _Xosn esa gqvk gSA _Xosn esa :nz dk lehdj.k ojkg ls fd;k x;k gSA 23 vFkoZosn esa i`Fkh nsoh ojkg ls izse djrha of.kZr gSaA czká.k rFkk iqjk.kksa esa ojkg dk egkfo".kq vFkok ukjk;.k ds vorkj :i esa xq.kxku fd;k x;k gSA rSfÙkjh; vkj.;d esa tyeXu i`Foh dk lkS Hkqtkvksa okys ojkg }kjk m)kj djus dk o.kZu feyrk gSA jkek;.k esa i`Foh dks mBkus okyk ojkg :i czák dk ekuk x;k gSA 24 egkHkkjr esa dgk x;k gS fd lalkj dk fgr djus ds fy, fo".kq us ojkg :i /kkj.k dj fgj.;k{k dk o/k fd;kA Jhen~Hkkxor esa of.kZr gS fd jlkry esa tk igq¡ph i`Foh dk iqu% m)kj djus ds fy, bl :i esa vorfjr gq,A fo".kq iqjk.k esa ojkg dks 'ka[k] pØ] xnk rFkk in~e /kkj.k djus okys] dey ds leku us= okyk crk;k x;k gSA 25 i`Foh] ftlls ❝22 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X czká.k rFkk lHkh tho/kkfj;ksa dh mRifÙk gqbZ gS] ekr`Ro fl)kar dk dk izrhd gSA ojkg] l`f"V fuekZ.k ds ml cy dk izrhd gS] tks lw;Z :i esa nf'kZr vkfnnso vfXu ds e/; esa fØ;k'khy gSA vr% leqnz rFkk ojkg] fge rFkk vfXu rRoksa ds la?k"kZ ds |ksrd gSaA fo".kq /kekZsaÙkj iqjk.k esa crk;k x;k gS fd i`Foh dk m)kj djus esa layXu ojkg dh ewfrZ ojkg foxzg esa vFkok uj&opjkg fefJr foxzg esa cu ldrh gSA ojkg foxzg dh ewfrZ dks ^egkojkg* ¼i'kqojkg½ vkSj fefJr foxzg dh ewfrZ dks ^u`ojkg* dh laKk iznku dh dh xbZ gSA Vh-,- xksihukFk jko us dqN ,slh ojkg dh izfrekvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ftlesa ojkg ds 'kjhj esa euq";ksa dh NksVh&NksVh izfrek,¡ cuh gS vkSj i`Foh nsoh budh nk<+ idM+s gq, gSaA 26 ,j.k esa blh izdkj dh ojkg izfrek n`"VO; gSaA i'k qojkg i'kqojkg dh ;g izp.M ewfrZ esa vofLFkr ojkg&eafnj esa izfrf"Br jgh gSa ,j.k fLFkr ;g HkXu eafnj gw.k 'klu rksjek.k ds izFke jkT; o"kZ dk gSA egkfo".kq eafnj ds nf{k.k esa ojkg eafnj fufeZr FkkA ,j.k ds izkphu eafnjsa esa ojkg eafnj fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA ;g eafnj yxHkx 485&500 bZLoh ds e/; fufeZr fd;k x;k FkkA 27 dfua?ke us ftl le; ;g eafnj ns[kk Fkk] ml le; gh ¼1875 bZ- esa½ ;g /oLr :i esa Fkk vc eafnj iw.kZ:i ls u"V gks pqdk FkkA ijarq ojkg dh izp.M izfrek lqjf{kr gSA bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k rksjek.k dh lEizHkqrk Lohdkj djus okys /kU;fo".kq }kjk djk;k x;k FkkA izfrek esa o{k LFky ij rksjek.k ds 'kklu dky dk vfHkys[k gSA bl vfHkys[k dh [kkst 1838 bZLoh esa dsIVu Vh- ,l- cVZ] }kjk dh x;h FkhaA 28 ojkg dh ;g ewfrZ xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk dk mR—"V mnkgj.k ekuh tkrh gSA ;g ,d fo'kky izfrek gSA i'kq:ih ojkg dh ewfrZ dks cM+s izHkko'kkyh :i esa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA ;g ewfrZ ,j.k xk¡o ds if'pe esa ,d fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr eafnj lewgksa ds nf{k.kh fdukjs ds iwokZfHkeq[k voLFkk esa izkIr gSA ;g izp.M ewfrZ ,d gh iRFkj dks dkVdj fufeZr dh x;h gSa bl izfrek dh yackbZ 13 QqV 2 bap ¼4-19 ehVj½] Å¡pkbZ 11 QqV 2 bap ¼3-32 ehVj½ rFkk pkSM+kbZ 5 QqV 1 1@2 bap ¼1-53 ehVj½ gSA 29 egkojkg dh fo'kkydk; ewfrZ ds laiw.kZ 'kjhj esa _f"k;ksa vkSj nsorkvksa dh vk—fr;ksa dks mdsjk x;k gSA ewfrZ ij de.Myq fy, gq, oYdy oL=/kkjh _f"k;ksa dk vadu cgqr gh dykRed o lkSUn;Ziw.kZ gSA _f"k;ksa os nsorkvksa ds vadu gksus ls bl izfrek dks ;Kojkg Hkh dgk x; kgSa dfri; fo}kuksa us Hkw&ojkg Hkh dgk gSA egkojkg ds xys esa ,d Hkkjh gkj iM+k gSA bl ij vusd rjg ds vyadj.k mdsjs x;s gSaA bu vyadj.kksa ds lkFk dU;k] eRL; vkfn jkf'k;ksa dks mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA jkf'k;ksa ds e/; ekyk/kkjh L=h&iq:"k dh vk—fr mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA egkojkg ds dkuksa ds lehi ekyk/kkjh fo|k/kjksa dh y?kq vk—fr;k¡ fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSaA egkojkg ¼;Kojkg½ ds laiw.kZ 'kjhj ij iafäc) _f"kx.k iapk tSlk oL= igusa gSaA dqN _f"k nk<+h;qä vafdr fd, x, gSaArks dqN dh ❝23 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X nk<+h ugha gSA buds flj ❝24 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X daBgkj igus yq, nf'kZr gSaA xys ds dgkj o gkFkksa ds daxu dh cukoV esa lekurk gSA ojkg ds] nksuksa gkFkksa dh dykb;ksa esa daxu gSa] nksuksa dh cukoV fHkérk fy, gq, gSaA ojkg ds gkFk tk¡?kksa rd yacs] lqanj rFkk cfy"B gSaA ojkg ds eq[k ij rhu vkM+h js[kk,¡ mdsjha x;ha gSaA ewfrZ ds dkuksa dh cukoV cgqr lqanj gSAeq[k ij iryh js[kk }kjk vksBksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSaA HkkSgksa lfgr vk¡[ks Hkh Hkko o vkdkj esa iw.kZrk izkIr gSaA ojkg ewfrZ esa Hkxoku dks viohr /kkj.k djk;k x;k gSA bldks Hkh euksgkjh :i esa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA o{kLFky ij dkSLrqHkef.kdk vadu gSA u`ojkg ikjn'kZd 'kSyh esa vafdru ldPN /kksrh igus gSaA /kksrh dh pqéVsa Hkh ckjhd js[kkvksa }kjk uhps Hkwfe rd fn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA i`"BHkkx esa /kksrh dh mesBu dks eqfädk vyadj.k ls ltk;k x; kgS lkeus dh vksj xzafFk ds ek/;e ls dfViê ds nksuksa Nksj iSjksa ds e/; uhps yVdrs gq, vafdr gSA ihNs dh vksj dh /kksrh dh pqéVs ckjhd js[kkvksa }kjk iznf'kZr dha x;ha gSaA miohr o daBgkj dks ihNs lqanj vya—r xBca/ku }kjk ck¡/kk x;k gSA piVh ouekyk] lryM+k pkSM+k piVkgkj] dad.k] xqafQr&dfViê ls ojkg dks vya—r fd;k x;k gSA ojkg ds flj ij y?kq N= iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA 34 i`Foh dh ukjh&:ik vk—fr dk eq[k o 'kjhj jpuk lkSan;Z&Hkko ls vksrizksr gSA fo'kky ojkg ds le{k og y?kq vkdkj dh n`f"Vxr gksrh gSaA ;g y?kqrk o fo'kkyrk Hkxoku ds fnO; o erkuq:i ,oa mikld ds y?kq :i dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy, j[kh tkrh FkhA ojkg ds nkfguh vkSj iSjksa ds ikl uhps dh vksj lqnajrk ls ifjiw.kZ ukjh dh y?kq vk—fr mdsjh x;haa gSaA vya—r :i ls vkHkw"k.kksa ls lfTtr] lqnaj ds'k jkf'k okyh ;g ukjh izfrek jLlh dks [khaprh gqbZ nkfguh vksj >qdh gqbZ iznf'kZr gSA mlds flj ij Hkh N= cuk;k x;k gSA u`ojkg dh izfrek ls QwVk iM+k jgk ikS:"k nqyZHk gSA u`ojkg dh ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k xqIrdky esa cgqr gqvkA ijarq ,j.k ls izkIr u`ojkg izfrek xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk dh mR—"Vrk dks izekf.kr djrh gSaA u`flag u`flag vorkj dk lcls igys rSfÙkjh; vkj.;d esa o.kZu feyrk gSA Hkkxor iqjk.k] eRL; iqjk.k] vfXu iqjk.k] fo".kq iqjk.k] in~e iqjk.k rFkk dweZ iqjk.k esa u`flag }kjk fgj.;d';iq ds o/k dk foLr`r mYys[k feyrk gSA fo".kq/kekZsÙkj iqjk.k ds vuqlkj u`flag dks vkB Hkqtkvksa rFkk foLQkfjr eq[k ,oa us=ksa ls ;qä djuk pkfg,A 35 vfXu iqjk.k esa u`flag ds pkj gkFk crk;s x;s gSaA nks esa os 'ka[k vkSj pØ /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSa vkSj nks gkFkksa esa fgj.;d';iq dks fonh.kZ djrs gksA ,j.k esa u`flag Hkxoku dh izfrek,¡ izkIr gqbZ gSaA buesa ls ,d izfrek u`flag eafnj esa LFkkiuk gsrq xqIrdky esa fufeZr gqbZ FkhaA nwljh ijorhZ xqIrdky dh gS A tks NBoha 'krkCnh bZLoh esa fufeZr vuqekfur dh x;h gSaA ,j.k esa izkIr xqIrdkyhu prqHkqZth u`flag izfrek LFkkS.k eqnzk esa gSaA ;g izfrek Å¡pkbZ esa 7 QqV ¼1-80 ehVj½ gSA u`flag vorkj dk loZfofnr :i tSlk gS] mlh izdkj u`flag dks ❝25 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X fufeZr fd;k x;k FkkA eq[k ij mxzrk Øks/k ds Hkko iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gSaA pkjksa vksj mdsjh xbZ bl prqHkqZth izfrek dk dejiê vkSj v;ky n'kZuh; gSA pkjksa Hkqtk,¡ [kf.Mr gSaA ;g izfrek xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk dk mR—"V mnkgj.k gSA 36 yxHkx ikWpoh lnh bZ- esa fufeZr ;g izfrek ,j.k ds izkphu eafnjksa ds vo'ks"kksa ds e/; ,d pcwrjs ij LFkkfir gSA bl LFkkud izfrek dk tk¡?kksa ls uhps dk Hkkx HkXu gSA bl f}Hkqth izfrek dh nksuksa Hkqtk,¡ HkXu gSaA pkjksa vksj ls mdsjh xbZ bl izfrek dk flag eq[k foLQkfjr us=ksa lfgr dqN [kqyk gqvk iznf'kZr gSA flj ij chpksa&chp ek¡x ls nksuksa vksj yM+hnkj v;kyksa ¼yVksa½ ds vadu dh lqUnj J`a[kyk vkjaHk gksdj ihB] dU/kksa o xnZu ds pkjksa vksj n`"VO; gSA dejiê vkSj ouekyk dk vadu lqUnju :i esa gSA ijEijkxr ewfrZ fuekZ.k 'kSyh esa fo'kky dU/kksa ls ;qä ;g ewfrZ igystiqj ls izkIr xqIrdkyhu u`flag ewfrZ ds ln`'; gh gSA 37 okeu fo".kq ds okeu vorkj dk mYys[k oSfnd xzaFkksa esa feyrk gSA _XoSfnd dky esa gh okeu :i dh dYiuk dj yh xbZ FkhA _Xosn esa dgk x;k gS fd os ,d fo'kky ;qok iq:"k gSaA mUgksaus vius rhu ixksa ls laiw.kZ i`Foh uki yhA 38 egkHkkjr esa okeu :i ysus ds dkj.k os vius rhu ixksa ls rhuksa yksdksa dks ukius ds dkj.k f=foØe dgs x;s gSaA okeu iqjk.k] bUgha ds ;'k dk izrhd gSA jkek;.k esa Hkh okeu dh dFkk of.kZr gSA Hkkxor iqjk.k esa okeu dFkk dk foLr`r foospu fd;k x;k gSA fo".kq/kekZsÙkj] 39 vfXu rFkk eRL; iqjk.k] f'kYijRu vkSj oS[kkulkxe esa okeu izfrek&fuekZ.k fo"k;d funZs'k fn;s x;s gSaA 40 okeu vorkj l`f"V ds fodkl esa izFker% ekuo ds vorj.k ds :i esa O;ä djrk gSA fo".kq/keksZÙkj f=foØe dks ty ls Hkjs es?k ds leku uhy o.kZ dk n.M] ik'k] 'ka[k] pØk] xnk rFkk in~e/kkjh crykrk gSA LoHkkfor ekuo ds leku budk :i ugha gksrk gSA budk eq[k [kqyk gqvk rFkk vk¡[ksa [kwc [kqyh gqbZ gksrha gSaA f'kYijRu esa okeu dks ck¡, iSj ls i`Foh dks nckrs gq, vkSj nkfguk iSj vkd'k rd mBkrs gq, cryk;k x;k gSA okeu vorkj dh ewfrZ;k¡ ewfrZdyk ds varxZr nks :iksa esa vafdr dh x;ha gSa & ¼1½ okeu czãpkjh :i esa] ¼2½ f=foØe esaA f=foØe ,j.k ds eafnj lewg vo'ks"k LFky esa f=foØe izfrek] u`flag izfrek ds ikl gh vofLFkr gSA ;g izfrek prqHkqZth gSa okeu dks f=foØe Lo:i esa fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA blesa nso dks vkyh<+&eqnzk esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA f=foØe dk nkfgu gkFk dV`;koyafcr gSA Åij okys gkFk esa xnk] Åijh ck¡;s gkFk esa pØ gS pkSFkk gkFk HkXu gks pqdk gSA bl izfrek ds uhps N=/kkjh okeu vkSj jktk cfy iznf'kZr fd;s x;s gSaA ;g izfrek okeu ds f=foØe Lo:i dks ewfrZ f'kYi ds ekin.Mksa dh iwfrZ djrs gq, fufeZr dh xbZ gSaA f=foØe dh ;g izfrek oS".ko iqjk.kksa esa of.kZr fooj.k ls cgqr dqN lkE; j[krh gSA ❝26 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X jke n”kjFk tkrd] ckYehdh jkek;.k o iqjk.kksa esa fo’.kq ds jkekorkj dk o.kZu gSA jkekorkj fo’.kq dk iq.kkZorkj ekuk tkrk gSA cjkgfefgj us o`grlafgrk esa jke dh izfrek 120 vaxqy yEch fufeZr gksus dk mYys[k gSA 41 vfXuiqjk.k esa jke dh izfrek f}Hkqth ,oa prqHkZt nksuksa #iksa esa izfnf”kZr djus dk mYys[k gSA /keksZRrj iqjk.k ,oa vfXuiqjk.k ds vuqlkj muds gkFkksa esa /kuq’k gksuk pkfg,A og jkteqdqV igus gksuk pkfg,A ckS[kul vkxe ds vuqlkj jke dh izfrek nksHkqth gksuk pkfg,A ,j.k esa xqIrdkyhu eafnj ifjlj esa ,d f”kykQyd ij jke] d`’.k] o cyjke dks cuk;k x;kA jke dks /kuq’k nk;s da/ks ij /kkj.k fd;s vklu eqnzk esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA izfrek dks dkQh eueksgd <+x ls cuk;k x;k gSA yxHkx 1-5 QqV yEcs f”kykQyd ij cuh gSA —".k fo".kq ds —".kkorkj dh dFkk Hkkxor] fo".kq czãoSorZ] gfjoa'k vkfn iqjk.kksa esa of.kZr dh x;h gSA tUe rFkk ckY;koLFkk ls var rd ftruh Hkh yhyk,¡ Hkxoku us dh mu lcdk foospu oS".ko iqjk.kksa esas gqvk gSA Hkkxor iqjk.k rks —".k pfj= dk gh o.kZu foLr`r :i ls djrk gSA —".k fo".kq ds vorkj FksA 42 —".kkorkj ls lacaf/kr dqN n`'; vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS tSls tUe ds le; ckyd :i] olqnso }kjk mUgsa dkjkxkj ls ys tkus o ;equk ikj dj ;'kksnk rd igq¡pkus] —".k }kjk vusd jk{klksa dk o/k fd;s tkus dh yhyk,¡ ckyd —".k ls lacaf/kr gSaA dkfy;kenZu dk n`'; cM+h HkO;rk ls iznf'kZr gqvk gSA ;g :i ukx lEiznk; vkSj —".k lEiznk; dh izfr}fnark dk izrhd gSA izkphu dky esa ukx iwtk dk vf/kd izpyu Fkk] dkykarj esa —".k lEiznk; dks :i ls izHkkoh n'kkZus ds fy,] —".k dk dkfy;kenZu izfrek dk fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA enzk; E;wft;e esa j[kh dkfy;kenZu dh dk¡L; izfrek esa —".k dkfy;k ukx ds Q.kksa ij u`R; dj jgs gSaA ,yksjk ds dSyk'k eafnj esa Hkh dkfy;kenZu dh izfrek gSA blesa Hkh —".k dkfy;k ds Q.kksa ij u`R; dj jgs gSaA 43 ,j.k ds xqIrdkyhu eafnj lewg LFky esa lqjf{kr xqIrdkyhu f'kykiêksa ij ewfrZdkjksa us vusd ikSjkf.kd n`'; vafdr fd;s gSaA —".k tue rFkk vU; yhykvksa ls lacaf/kr n`'; jkspd rFkk lqanj gSaA dsUnzh; iqjkrÙo foHkkx }kjk fufeZr pcwrjs ds vk/kkj esa yxs f'kykiêksa ij —".kyhyk ls lacaf/kr fofHké n`'; n`"VO; gSaA —".k tUe f'kykiê ij ,d n`'; esa —".k tUe ls iwoZ ekrk nsodh dk flj izlo dh ihM+k ds le; ,d ukjh vk—fr dh xksn esa j[kk iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ikl gh vkf'ounso dks cSBh gqbZ voLFkk esa mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA bl n`'; esa ❝27 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X f'kykiê ij vafdr n`'; esa vkdk'k esa nsorkvksa o 'kL=/kkjh dkjxkj j{kdksa dks Hkh n'kkZ;k x;k gSA dkjkxkj ds }kjk ij ,d j{kd dks funzkeXu iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA dkjkxkj ds }kj ,d j{kd dks funzkeXu iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl n`'; esa uotkr ckyd —".k vkSj nsodh dks ekrk ds :i esa lkSan;Z rRo ls ifjiw.kZ iznf'kZr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA xqIrdkyhu lkSan;Z bl n`'; esa Li"V fu[kj vk;k gSA ,d f'kykiê ij vafdr n`'; esa nsodh ekrk ysVh gqbZ —".k dks nw/k fiyk jgha gSaA ikl gh ,d iq:"k j{kkFkZ [kM+k gqvk gS ,d vU; n`'; esa olqnso }kjk uan dks —".k dks lkSairs rFkk uan dh uotkr dU;k Lohdkj djrs gq, iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA —".kyhyk efUnj ifjlj esa iqjkrÙo foHkkx us ,d pcwrjs ds Åij pkj LrEHk lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls [kM+s fd;s gS] blh pcwrjs esa d`".k yhyk ls lEcfU/kr dFkkud dh vkd`fr;ksa okys NksVs&NksVs vO;ofLFkr f'kykiê yxs gS] bu f'kykiêksa esa d`".k dh cky yhykvksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gS] tks xqIr dkyhu dyk dk mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSA d`".k tUe ls iwoZ ekrk nsodh dk flj izlo ihM+k ds le; ,d ukjh vkd`fr dh xksn esa j[kk gqvk ,d f'kYiê esa iznf'kZr gS] ikl gh vkf'ounsi dks cSBs gq, mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gS] blh n`'; esa ❝28 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X esa iznf'kZr gSaA blh f'kykiê ds cktw esa izyEcklqj o/k vkSj iwruk o/k ds n`'; f'kykiê ij dykiw.kZ ❝29 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X cyjke dqN fo}ku cyjke dks Hkxoku ds n”kkorkjksa esa ekurs gSA Jh—".k ds vxzt rFkk nq;ksZ/ku ds xnk&xq: cyjke ds Lo:i dk fooj.k vusd xzUFkksa feyrk gSA cyjke dks 'ks"k dk vorkj ekuk x;k gSA cyjke izfrek esa ukx iwtk ls ^Q.k* {ks=iky nsork ls ^gy* rFkk ;{k&ewfrZ;ksa ls xnk ;k eqxnj dks xzg.k fd;k x;kA e|iku dqcsj ds izHkko ls cyjke ds gkFk esa p"kd ¼e|ik=½ Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dbZ y{k.kksa dks feykdj cyjke dh izfrek dh dYiuk dh x;h] lad"kZ.k ¼cyjke½ —"kdksa ds nsork gSaA buds ,d gkFk esa ^gy* ftlls vukt cks;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljs gkFk esa ewly jgrk gS] tks ids /kkU; dks dwVus ds dke esa vkrk gSA 49 lkekU;r% 'kkL=ksa esa cyjke ds nks vk;q/kksa & gy vkSj ewly ij fo'ks"k :i ls cy fn;k x;k gSA muds nks gkFkksa esa gy vkSj ewly gksrs gSaA pkj gkFk okyh cyjke izfrek ds gkFkksa esa gy vkSj ewly gksrs gSaA pkj gkFk okyh cyjke izfrek ds gkFkksa esa gy] ewly] 'ka[k vkSj pØ feyrs gSaA mudh ewfrZ ds f'kjksHkkx ij lIreq[kh ukx dh Nk;k jgrh gSAmuds lkFk mudh iRuh jsorh Hkh gksrh gSA jsorh ds gkFkksa esa dey vkSj de.My gksrk gSA izkphu lkfgR; esa cyjke ¼lad"kZ.k½ ds izfrek&y{k.k funsZf'kr gSaA o`gRlafgrk] 50 fo".kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k] vfXuiqjk.k ]51 ok;q iqjk.k] 52 vijkftr i`PNk] lejkxa.k lw=/kkj] gfjoa'k iqjk.k bR;kfn esa cyjke&izfrek ds y{k.kksa dks funsZf'kr fd;k x;k gSA izkphu lkfgR;] ewfrZ foKku rFkk iqjkrÙoh; lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij xksihukFk jko] ts-,u- cuthZ] oklqnso'kj.k vxzoky] —".knÙk cktis;h] jkekJ; voLFkh] bUnqefr feJ vkfn fo}kuksa us vius xzUFkksa esa fooj.k izLrqr fd;s gSaA izFke 'krh bZLoh iwoZ esa yksdfiz; gq, Hkkxor /keZ esa oklqnso vkSj lad"kZ.k ¼cyjke½ dh iwtk eq[; FkhA e/;izns'k esa fofn'kk] eYgkj] rqeSu] iok;k rFkk ,j.k vkfn dyk dsUnzksa esa cyjke izfrek,¡ feyha gSa] tks Hkkxor /keZ ds yksdfiz; gksus dk ifjpk;d gSaA ,j.k esa xqIrkdkyhu eafnjksa ds HkXuko'ks"k ls dqN nwjh ij losZ{k.k ds nkSjku ;g izfrek izkIr gqbZ gSA bl izfrek dks dykdkj iw.kZ Lo:i iznku ugha dj ik;k gS] bl viw.kZ izfrek ij NSuh ds fu'kku Li"V utj vkrs gSaA izfrek fuekZ.k laca/kh f'kYi 'kkL=ksa ds funsZ'kksa dk dykdkj }kjk ikyu fd;k tkuk Li"Vr;k izrhr gksrk gSA bl izfrek esa cyjke dks v)Z&i;Zdklu&eqnzk esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA mudk ck¡;k iSj i;ad ij eksM+dj j[kk gqvk gS] tks nk¡;s iSj ds ?kqVus dks Li'kZ dj jgk gSA i;Zd dk vLi"V vadu gqvk gSA fo’.kq/keksaZRrj iqjk.k ds vuqlkj cyjke gy o ewly ds lkFk gks rFkk us= enksUer gksA cyjke dh Lo=U= izfrek,W de miyC/k gSA Hkxor /keZ ds nks izeq[k nso —".k o cyjke nksuksa dh vk—fr;k¡ ,j.k dh dyk esa fufeZr dh xbZ gSA ,j.k ls cyjke dh f}Hkqth izfrek izkIr gqbZ gSA muds nk¡;sa gkFk esa ok#.kh ik= ;k I;kyk gSA nk¡;k gkFk dqguh ls eqM+dj Nkrh ds lehi rd vk;k gSA ck¡;k ❝30 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X gkFk Hkh blh eqnzk esa gy dks /kkj.k fd, gq, iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA f”kykQyd ij jke] d`’.k] o cyjke dks cuk;k x;k gSA cyjke dh eq[kk—fr HkXu gksus ls us=] eq[k o ukfldk] HkkSgsa rFkk dkuksa dk vadu Li"V ugha gSA izfrek dks fofo/k vkHkw"k.kksa ls vya—r fd;k x;k gSA dykb;ksa esa nks&nks dM+ksa dk vadu] xys esa gkj] dkuksa esa dq.My] flj ij eqdqV dks mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA iSjksa esa vkHkw"k.k ugha gSA cyjke ds ds'kksa dk vadu vLi"V&lk gSA izfrek ds flj ds Åij liZ&Q.kksa dks mdsjk x;k gSA fdUrq dykdkj liZ&Q.kksa dks dksbZ Lo:i ugha ns ik;k gSA flj ij fufeZr N= ls bldh iqf"V gksrh gSA nso /kksrh /kkj.k fd, gq, gSaA53 cyjke dh bl izfrek }kjk ,j.k esa Hkkxor&/keZ ds fodflr gksus dh iqf"V gksrh gSA ,d izfrek cyjke dh vHkh gky esa ,j.k esa xaqIrdkyhu eafnj ifjlj ls cyjke dh Lo=U= lqUnj izfrek izkIr gqbZ gSA blesa cyjke ds flj ds ihNs liZQ.k dykRed <+x ls cuk;s x;s gSA Ikqjk.kksa esa cyjke dks d`’.k dk cMk HkkbZ crk;k x;k gSA cq) vorkj fo".kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k] 54 ds vuqlkj cq) dks d’kk; oL=/kkjh] LdU/k ij oYdy oL= j;ks gq,] in~ekluLFk ,oa nks Hkqtk ds lkFk rFkk mUgsa /;ku;qDr&ojn eqnzk rFkk vHk; eqnzk esa cuk gksuk pkfg,A #ie.Mu ds vuqlkj cq) dks in~eklu esa cSBs gq,] /;kueqnzk esa] vkHkw’k.k jfgr d’kk;/kkjh oL=/kkjh esa cuk gksuk pkfg,A 55 ,j.k iqjkLFky ls ,d cq) dk eLrd izkIr gqvk gSA ;g cq) eLrd ,j.k xzke esa ,d pcwrjs ij ij j[kk x;k gSA egkfo".kq eafnj ds izos'k }kj ds fljny ds e/; Hkkx esa Hkxoku cq) dh /;kueqnzk esa vkd`fr cuh gS blh izfrek ds uhps oke}kj 'kk[kk ds fupys Hkkx esa Hkh dPNiokfguh ;equk o N=/kkfj.kh dh vk—fr iznf'kZr gSaA dYdh vorkj vfXuiqjk.k ds vuqlkj dfYd ds nks ;k pkj gkFk gksuk pkfg,A 56 fo".kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k ds vuqlkj dfYd dks [kM~x/kkjh v”ok#<+ cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A 57 #ie.Mu ds vuqlkj dfYd dks gkFk esa ryokj fy;s gq, v”okjksgh voLFkk esa cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A 58 ,j.k eas x<+h {ks= ls ,d [kf.Mr n”kkorkj f“kykQyd izkIr gqvk gS ftles dfYdh vorkj dk eueksgd vadu gqvk gSA ,d 7 fQV yEckbZ dk LrEHk ,j.k ds y{ehujk;.k eafnj esa j[kk gS blesa fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA vfUre Hkkx esa dfYd vorkj dks v”o ij ckSBs gq, ,d gkFk esa ryokj fy, gq, lqUnj f”kYikadu fd;k x;k gSA xty{eh fo".kq iRuh y{eh txTtuuh gSA f[kys gq, dey ds leku us=okyh os dey ls mRié gqbZ gSaA y{eh gkFk esa dey iq"i /kkj.k djrha gSaA _Xosn ds Jhlqä esa Jhnsoh ;k {kek ds uke ls mudk mYys[k gqvk gSA 59 ;tqosZn esa Jh vkSj y{eh dh ijeiq:"k dh Hkk;kZ dgk x;k gSA vFkoZosn esa Jh ❝31 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X dk] jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr esa Jh rFkk y{eh dk fooj.k of.kZr gSA dkykUrj esa Jh vkSj y{eh dks ,d ekuk tkus yxkA ikSjkf.kd lkfgR; esa fo".kq iRuh y{eh dY;k.k] lkSan;Z rFkk le`f) dh nsoh ds :i esa of.kZr gSaA 60 Jhen~Hkkxor esa y{eh dks xty{eh :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA y{eh dk ;g :i Hkjgqr] lk¡ph] ckS/kx;k] vejkorh rFkk vU; LFkkuksa esa vafdr feyrk gSA buesa xtkfHkf"kä y{eh deyklu ij ;k rks cSBha gSa ;k [kM+h gSa] gkFk esa dey iq"i fy;s gSaA fo".kq/keksZÙkj esa Hkh xty{eh dk Lo:i foosfpr gqvk gSA blesa of.kZr y{eh dk :i laHkor% xty{eh rFkk egky{eh dk fefJr :i gSA xqIrdky esa xty{eh dh vusd izfrek,¡ fufeZr dh x;ha FkhaA ,j.k esa Hkh xqIrdky esa fufeZr xty{eh dh izfrek,¡ rFkk vk—fr;k¡ fufeZr gqbZ FkhA MkW- gjhflag xkSj fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj ds iqjkrÙo laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr xty{eh dh izfrek mYys[kuh; gSA nsoh y{eh dk xty{eh :i izkphu Hkkjrh; ewfrZdkjksa dk fiz; vyadj.k FkkA Jh rFkk y{eh ,j.k ds dykdkjksa dk fiz; vyadj.k FkhaA izkphu Hkkjrh; dyk esa y{eh dks bl :i esa fofo/k :i ls vafdr fd;k x;k gSA ,d xty{eh dh izfrek ,j.k ls izkIr gqbZ gSA nsoh y{eh yfyrklu eqnzk esa fojkteku gSaA bl f}Hkqth vk—fr ds nkfgus gkFk esa luky iq"i xqPN ¼lEHkor% dey½ gS] ck¡;k gkFk HkXukoLFkk esa gSA vr% ;g gkFk ;k rks ck¡;ha tka?k ij fLFkr gksxk ;k blesa /ku dk ?kV fn[kk;k gksxkA nsoh ds isV o tka?kksa dks mHkkj fn;k x;k gSaA eqdqV] rkVad&pØ] xzSos;d] dad.k] pksyh] pqéVnkj lkM+h] ik;y] mÙkjh; vkSj d.kkZHkw"k.k ls nsoh y{eh dh izfrek dks ef.Mr fd;k x;k gSA nsoh ds flj ds ihNs izHkke.My gSA nsoh y{eh ds flj ds nksuksa vksj luky dey ij fLFkr xt] ty&dy'k nsoh dk tykfHk"ksd djrs gq, fn[kyk, djrs gq, fn[kyk, x, gSaA 61 ;g izfrek xqIrdky esa fufeZr ekuh x;h gSA oS’.koh #ie.Mu ds vuqlkj oS’.koh dh pkj Hkqtk,W gksuh pkfg,A mudh Hkqtkvksa esa “ka[k] pØ] xnk],oa ,d gkFk ojn eqnzk esa esa gksrh gSA mudh pkjksa Hkqtkvksa esa Øe”k% “ka[k] pØ] xnk rFkk ,d ojn eqnzk esa gksuk pkfg,A 62 ,j.k iqjkLFky ls ,d oS’.koh dh izfrek izkIr gqbZ gSA ;g izfrek xqIrdkyhu eafnj ifjlj esa ,d pcwrjs ij ij j[kh gSA nsoh dh izfrek LFkkud Lo#i esa cuh gSA izfrek dks prqZHkqth cuk;k x;k gSA ,d gkFk ojn eqnzk esa gSA vU; Hkqtkvksa ds vL=&”kL= [kf.Mr gks pqds gSA x#.k if{kjkt x#M+ fo".kq dk okgu gSA fo".kq ds x#M+klu :i dk o.kZu vusd xzaFkksa esa gqvk gSA bu :iksa esa Hkqtkvksa dh gh fHkérk gSA dgha ij os nks Hkqtk okys] dgha pkj Hkqtk okys] rFkk dgha vkB Hkqtk okys dgs x,s gSaA egkHkkjr] vfXu iqjk.k rFkk Hkkxor iqjk.k esa x#M+ ij vklhu prqHkqZth fo".kq dks n'kkZus ds funZs'k fn;s x;s gSaA f'kYilkj esa x#M+lhu prqHkqZth fo".kq izfrek dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ,j.k ls x#M+klhu prqHkqZth fo".kq dh vk—fr izkIr gqbZ gSA egkfo".kq eafnj ds xHkZx`g ds ❝32 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X izos'k }kj ds fljny ds yykV fcEc ij x#M+klhu prqHkqZth fo".kq dh vk—fr n`"VO; gSA vk—fr ds x#M+ ds QSys ia[kksa ds chp esa fo".kq cSBs gq, gSaA mudh pkj Hkqtk,¡ gSaaA nksuksa nkfgus gkFkksa esa Øe'k% pØ vkSj xnk gSA ck¡;sa gkFkksa esa 'ka[k rFkk dey gSA ^x* /kkrq ls cus ^x#M+* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^Hk{k.k djuk*A _Xosn esa buds fy, ^x#Reku* 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gS vkSj bUgsa vR;ar lqanj ia[kksa okyk dgk gSA ekuo dY;k.k gsrq x#M+ }kjk lkse ykus dk fooj.k Hkh _Xosn esa feyrk gSaA 63 'kriFk czkã.k] rSfÙkjh; lafgrk] rFkk dkBd lafgrk esa li{k x#M+ dks vkfnR;ksRié dgk x;k gSA egkHkkjr esa d';i vksj ofurk ds iq= x#M+ dks lw;Z dk lkjFkh v#.k dk vuqt dgk x;k gSA mä fooj.ksa }kjk ladsr feyrk gSA fd oLrqr% lw;Z jf'e;ksa dks gh x#M+ lqi.k xq#Reku vkfn ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk FkkA dkykarj esa tc lkSj nsork fo".kq us viuh Js"Brk LFkkfir dj lw;Z dk LFkku xzg.k fd;k] tc lw;Z jf'e;k¡ & lqi.kZ fo".kq ds okgu ds :i esa izfrf"Br gqbZaA egkHkkjr esa of.kZr gS fd fo".kq ds x#M+ ls viuk okgu cuus ds fy, bPNk trk;h Fkh] tc x#M+ us mls Lohdkj fd;kA fo".kq us mUgasa viuh /otk ij LFkkfir dj mUgsa mfpr LFkku iznku fd;k vkSj os x#M+ /ot ds :i esa izfrf"Br gq,A fo".kq rFkk x#M+ dk mYys[k lHkh iqjk.kksa esa feyrk gSA oS".ko iqjk.k rFkk x#M+ iqjk.k bUghsa ds egRo dks fo'ks"k :i ls js[kkafdr djrk gSA fo".kq/kekZsÙkj iqjk.k] 64 vfXu iqjk.k] 65 :ie.My 66 f'kYijRu rFkk JhrRo fuf/k esa x#M+ izfrek ds y{k.k cryk;s x;s gSaA xqIrdky esa x#M+ dks euq"; :i esa ewwfrZc) fd;k tkus yxkA ekuo :i esa fufeZr x#M+ dh vk—fr;k¡ LraHkksa ij fufeZr dh x;ha] ftUgsa x#M+&/ot LraHk dgk tkrk gSA bls fo".kq eafnj ds lkeus fufeZr fd;k tkrk FkkA fo".kq ds /otk LraHk ds :i esa Hkh os LFkkfir fd;s x;sA ,j.k ls izkIr eqnzkvksa ij x#M+ dk vadu ,dek= xqIrdkyhu eqnzkvksa ij gqvk gSA ogk¡ mudk Lo:i ewfrZ 'kkL=ksa esa of.kZr Lo:iksa ls loZFkk fHké gSA x#M+ xqIr lezkVksa dk jkT; fpUg FkkA ,j.k esa LFkkfir x#M+ /ot LraHk ds 'kh"kZ ij fufeZr ekuokdkj x#M+ dh ewfrZ ds lkFk ukxksa dk vadu gSA nks vxzHkkxksa okyh ;g ewfrZ vius gkFkksa esa ukx idM+s gq, gSaA bl ewfrZ esa x#M+ }kjk ukxksa dks idM+s tkus ls vk'k; fudyrk gS fd ukx x#M+ ls dkQh Hk;Hkhr jgrs gSaA ukx x#M+ dk Hkkstu gSA ,j.k esa ukxksa dks nyu :i esa ewfrc) fd;s tkus dk ,d vk'k; ;g Hkh fudyrk gS fd ,j.k esa oS".ko /keZ ikyu djus okys xqIr 'kkldksa ls igys ukxoa'kh 'kkldksa dk vkf/kiR; FkkA ukxksa dks ijkftr dj xqIrksa us oS".ko /keZ dk izpkj&izlkj bl {ks= esa fd;kA ukxksa dks ijkftr djus o oS".ko /keZ dk izHkko mu ij LFkkfir gksus dks oS".ko /keZ dks nso ewfrZ;ksa ds ek/;e ls iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA oS".ko laL—fr dh ukx laL—fr ij fot; dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ,j.k ds lqjf{kr okLrq vo'ks"kksa esa x#M+ LraHk vius ewy LFkku ij vkt Hkh [kM+k gqvk gSa ;g x#M+ /ot LraHk dqy 47 QqV Å¡pk gSA xqIr lezkV cq/kxqIr ds lkear ekr`fo".kq rFkk /kU;fo".kq }kjk LFkkfir ;g x#M+ LraHk ❝33 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X lknxhiw.kZ mR—"V dyk dk izek.k gSA LraHk uhps pkSigyw] fdarq 6-1 ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ ds ckn 2-60 ehVj rd vBigyw gS ftlds Åij 'kh"kZ Hkkx gSA 'kh"kZ Hkkx ds fupys Hkkx esa ?kaVkdkj v/kkseq[kh dey dh vk—fr gSA dey ds Åij fufeZr Qyd ds Åijh Hkkx ij ,d nwljs ls ihB lVk;s flag cSBs fufeZr fd;s x;s gSaA ftuds Åij x#M+ dh 1-70 ehVj Å¡ph ekuodkj izfrek [kM+h gqbZ voLFkk esa LFkkfir gSA 67 x#M+ dh ekuok—fr;ksa ds i`"BHkkxksa dks layXu :i ls iznf'kZr djus ds dkj.k i`"BHkkxksa dks la;qä dj fn;k x;k gS ftlds QyLo:i x#M+ dh bl ekuodkj izfrek ds vxzHkkx gh fn[kykbZ iM+rs gSaA x#M+ dh f}Hkqth vk—fr;ksa ds gkFkksa esa ukx dks idM+s gq, iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS] fd ,j.k xqIrdky esa oS’.ko lEiznk; ijEijk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUnz FkkA bl le; ,j.k oS’.ko dyk dk mRd`’V LFky ds #i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA ;gkW dh dyk esa Hkxoku fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa dk izeq[k #i ls f”kYikadu fd;k x;k gSA ,j.k ls izkIr oS’.ko /keZ ls lEcf/kr iqjko”ks’kksa ls bl {ks= dh laLd`fr esa oS’.ko lEiznk; dh O;kidrk fl) gksrh gSA ,j.k ls izkIr ys[kksa esa Hkxoku fo’.k]q rFkk Jh jke&lhrk* dk mYys[k feyrk gSA blls Li"V gS fd bl {ks= esa oS".ko lEiznk; dk lekt esa dkQh opZLo FkkA ,j.k ls izkIr xqIrdkyhu f'kykiêksa ij mRdh.kZ fofHké d`".k yhyk lEcU/kh n`';ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xqIr dkyhu ,j.k {ks= esa Hkkxor lEiznk; dk izpyu FkkA ,j.k dh xqIr dkyhu dyk esa Jhd`".k cyjke o vU; mRd`"V n`';ksa ls dyk dk lkSUn;Z Li"V >ydrk gSA ,j.k esa xqIrdkyhu eafnj ifjlj ds vfrfjDr vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa esa Hkh xqIrdkyhu dykd`fr;ksa esa oS’.ko izfrekvksa dk dkQh vadu fd;k x;k gSA lanHkZ lwph 1- nqcs] ukxs'k % ,j.k dh dyk] lkxj 1997] i`- 3A 2- flag] mn;ohj % ,j.k , pkydksfyfFkd lsVyesaV] cqysfVu vkWQ ,fU'k;saV bf.M;u fgLVªh ,.M vkWD;kZsykWth] lkxj fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj] 1969] vad & 1] i`- 29A 3- nqcs] ukxs'k % iwoksZä i`- 4A 4- dfua?ke] vysDtsaMj % ^fjiksVlZ vkWQ VwlZ bu ekyok ,.M cqUnsy[k.M okjk.klh] 1966] i`- 46A 5- ,yu] ts- % dsVYkkx vkWQ n Dok;al vkWQ ,fU'k;saV bf.M;k] yanu] 1891- i`- 99A 6- f}osnh] pUnzys[kk % ,j.k dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaL—frd bfrgkl] fnYyh] 1985 i`- 99A 7- nqcs] ukxs'k % ,j.k dh dyk] lkxj] 1997] i`- 96A 8- jekUkkFk feJ % Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk] fnYyh] 1978] i`- 127A 9- eksgu yky % ,j.k dh rkezik’kk.k laLd`fr] lkxj] 2009] i`- 37A ❝34 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X 10- cuTkhZ] ts- ,u- % MsoyiesaV vkWQ fgUnq vkbdksuksxzkQh] dydRrk] 1956] i`- 389A 11- fo".kq/kekZsÙkj] 60] 2] 17&18A 12- vfXuiqjk.k] 44] 47&49A 13- cztHkw’k.k] JhokLro % izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk] fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klh] 1998] i`- 24A 14- nslkbZ] dYiuk % vkbdksuksxzkQh vkWQ fo’.kq] fnYYkh] 1973] i`- 75A 15- cktis;h] lrks’k dqekj % xqIrdkyhu ewfrZdyk dk lkSUn;kZRed v/;;u] fnYyh] 1992] i`- 99A 16- egkHkkjr] “kkfUrioZ&12@47@48A 17- jko] Vh- ,- xksihukFk % ,yhesUVl vkWQ fgUnw vkbdksuksxzkQh] [k.M 1] 1968] i`- 92&94A 18- eksgu] yky % ,j.k dh rkezik’kk.k laLd`fr] lkxj] 2009] i`- 38A 19- nqcs] ukxs'k % ,j.k dh dyk] lkxj] 1997] i`- 103A 20- cztHkw’k.k] JhokLro % izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk] fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klh] 1998] i`- 28A 21- Hkxor iqjk.k] 1] 3] 16A 22- cztHkw’k.k] JhokLro % izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk] fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klh] 1998] i`- 30A 23- _Xosn] 1] 61] 7A 24- jkek;.k] 3] 45] 13A 25- fo’.kq iqjk.k] 1] 4] 12A 26- jko] Vh- ,- xksihukFk % ,yhesUVl vkWQ fgUnw vkbdksuksxzkQh] [k.M 1] 1968] i`- 138A 27- xqIr] ijes”ojh yky % xqIr lkezkT;]okjk.klh] 1970] i`- 622A 28- eksgu yky % ,j.k dh rkezik’kk.k laLd`fr] lkxj] 2009] i`- 12A 29- nqcs] ukxs'k % ,j.k dh dyk] lkxj] 1997] i`- 106A 30- nqcs] ukxs'k % ,j.k dh dyk] lkxj] 1997] i`- 107A 31- dfua?ke] ,-] vkD;ksZykthdy losZ vkWQ bfM;k] fjiksZV~l] [k.M 11] i` -42A 32- nslkbZ] dYiuk % vkbdksuksxzkQh vkWQ fo’.kq] fnYYkh] 1973] i`- 74A 33- dfua?ke] ,-] vkD;ksZykthdy losZ vkWQ bfM;k] fjiksZV~l] [k.M 11] i` -42A 34- nqcs] ukxs'k % ,j.k dh dyk] lkxj] 1997] i`- 108 35- fo".kq/kekZsÙkj iqjk.k] 78] 2] 1&5 36- dfua?ke] ,-] vkD;ksZykthdy losZ vkWQ bfM;k] fjiksZV~l] [k.M 11] i`- 88A ❝35 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X 37- nqcs] ukxs'k % ,j.k dh dyk] lkxj] 1997] i`- 178A 38- _Xosn] 1] 22] 17A 39- fo".kq/kekZsÙkj iqjk.k] 84] 55A 40- f'kYijRu] 25] 18A 41- cztHkw’k.k] JhokLro % izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk] fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klh] 1998] i`- 48A 42- fo’.kq iqjk.k] 5@1@2A 43- jko] Vh- ,- xksihukFk % ,yhesUVl vkWQ fgUnw vkbdksuksxzkQh] [k.M 1] 1968] i`- 212] 213A 44- ukxs'k] nqcs % ,j.k dh dyk] 1997] lkxj ¼e-iz-½ i`- 112A 45- eksgu] yky p<+kj] ^^ ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa egkHkkjr dkyhu dFkkud]** lEiknd izks- foosdnRr >kW] cqUnsy[k.M dk lkLd`frd rFkk jktuhfrd bfrgkl] 2006] lkxj] e-iz- i`- 116A 46- ds- Mh- cktis;h ,oa ,l-ds- ik.Ms; % Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa e-iz- dk ;ksxnku] 1967] bykgkckn] i`- 114A 47- ukjk;.k rhFkZ % Jhd`".k yhyk rjxauh] eqnxy VªLV] enzkl] Hkkx & 1] i`- 341A 48- ukjk;.k rhFkZ % Jhd`".k yhyk rjxauh] eqnxy VªLV] enzkl] Hkkx & 1] i`- 341A 49- lkseiqjk izHkk”kadj % Hkkjrh; f”kYilafgrk] ubZ fnYyh] 1975] 96] 97A 50- o`gRlafgrk] 48] 36&39A 51- vfXuiqjk.k] 49] 12A 52- ok;q iqjk.k] 79] 1]&2A 53- ukxs'k] nqcs % ,j.k dh dyk 1997] lkxj ¼e-iz-½ i`- 115A 54- fo".kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k] 85] 81A 55- #ie.Mu] 4] 30&31A 56- vfXuiqjk.k] 49] 9A 57- fo".kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k] 85] 71A 58- #ie.Mu] 4] 34A 59- _Xosn Jh lwDr] 5] 87] 25A 60- >k] foodnRr % cLrj dk ewfrZf”kYi] Hksiky] 1989] i`- 83A 61- ukxs'k] nqcs % ,j.k dh dyk 1997] lkxj ¼e-iz-½ i`- 125A 62- cztHkw’k.k] JhokLro % izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk] fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klh] 1998] i`- 116A ❝36 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X 63- _Xosn] 10@171@1A 64- fo".kq/kekZsÙkj iqjk.k] 3] 85] 46A 65- vfXu iqjk.k] 49] 19&21A 66- :ie.My 3] 48&51A 67- ukxs'k] nqcs % ,j.k dh dyk] 1997] lkxj ¼e-iz-½ i`- 134A ❝37 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ^^fganh Hkk’kk dh mUUkrh vkSj fodkl eas Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh dk ;ksxnku^^ izzk - fouksn laHkkth lksuo.ks] bfrgkl foHkkx] dyk] okf.kT; ,oa foKku egkfo|ky; vksans] rk- fodzexM ft- Bk.ks egkjk’Vª jkT;] Hkkjr egf’kZ Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh vk/kwfud Hkkjr ds egku fpard] lq/kkjd] ns”kHkDr FksA Hkkjrh; lekt eas ,sls dbZ lekt lq/kkjd gq,] ftUgkasus lekt ds ❝38 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X “kkL=kFkZ eas ijkftr fd;kA os ,d laU;klh rFkk ,d egku fpard FksA mUgksaus osnksa dh lRRkk dks lnk loksZifj ekukA Lokehth us deZ fl)kar] iqutZUe] czEgp;Z rFkk laU;kl dks vius n”kZu ds pkj LraEHk cuk;sA pkj o’kZ dh mins”k ;k=k ds Ik”pkr;s xaxkrV ij LokLF; lq/kkjus ds fy;s fQj cSB x;sA ❝39 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X lkgl Hkh flQZ n;kuan eas gh FkkA mUgksus vius izopuksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks jk’Vªh;rk dk mins”k fn;k vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa dks ns”k ij ej feVus ds fy;s izsfjr djrs jgsA muds bl rh[ks mRrj ls fryfeykbZ vaxzsth ljdkj rs mUgs lekIr djus ds fy;s rjg&rjg ds ‘kM~;a= jps tkus yxsaA Lokeh th dk nsgkar lu~ 1883 dks nhikoyh ds fnu la/;k ds le; gqvkA Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh us vius fopkjkas ds izpkj ds fy, fgUnh Hkk’kk dks viuk;kA mudh lHkh jpuk,a vkSj lokZf/kd EkgRRoiw.kZ xzaFk ^lR;kFkZ izdk”k^ ewy #i eas fgUnh Hkk’kk eas fy[kk x;kA fgUnh Hkk’kk dk izpkj fganh dh mUufr vkSj fodkl eas Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh dk ;ksxnku ojnku dh rjg fganh dks feykA ;g lgh gS fd mUgksus vU; fganh fuekZrkvksa dh rjg ,d ltZd dh Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkbZ] fganh lkfgR; dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa eas viuh foiqy ekSfyd l`tukRed laink fganh lkfgR; dks ugha lkSih( ysfdu ,d lq/kkjd fpard vkSj fopkjd dh Hkwfedk esa muds rstLoh fuHkhZd O;DrheRo us vius Hkk’k.kksa vkSj ys[kuh las fganh Hkk’kk dks vHkwriwoZ “kfDr vkSj lkeF;Z fn;kA ftlus jk’Vªh;] lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd tkxj.k ds lkFk&lkFk fganh Hkk’kk vkSj lkfgR; dks Hkh laof/kZr fd;kA fganh ds fodkl ds ml Øe eas tc mldk Lo#i fuf”pr ugha gqvk Fkk] tc og laLd`r vkSj mnwZ ls nch gqbZ Fkh] ml le; Lokehth us turk ds ekul eas xgjs var% izos”k djus okyh Hkk’kk dks ❝40 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X yx tk;saxsaA Lokehth LoHkk’kk] Lo/keZ vkSj LolaLd`fr dks jk’Vªh;rk dk jpukRed vkSj HkkokRed vk/kkj ekurs Fks] blfy;s os fHkUUk&fHkUu Hkk’kk] i`Fkd~ f”k{kk vkSj lkaLd`frd fHkUurk rFkk O;ogkj dk Hksn feVkuk pkgrs FksA Hkk’kk;ha ,drk ds fy;s mUgksus Jh ds”kopanz lsu dh izsjuk ls fganh eas gh vius /kkfeZd fopkjkas vkSj Hkkoksa dks ok.kh nhA fganh gh muds mins”kksa dh laokfgdk cuhA fganh eas gh mUgkaus xzaFk fy[ksA ok.kh vkSj ys[kuh ds lg;ksx ls fganh dk Lo#i fu/kkZj.k djusa eas mUgkasus viuh ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA vk;Zlekt dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk&gh&lkFk Lokeh th us fganh eas gh dk;Z djuk “kq# dj fn;kA laLd`r easa iqoZ izdkf”kr xzaFkksa dk fganh eas vuqokn gqvkA vk;Zlekt dk ewy vk/kkj le>k tku okyk mudk cgqpfpZr xzaFk ^lR;kFkZ izdk”k^ ewy #i ls fganh eas gh jfpr gSaA ^lR;kFkZ izdk”k^ ds n~forh; laLdj.k dh Hkwfedk eas Lokehth fy[krs gS &^ftl le; ;g xzaFk vk;k ml le; vkSj mlls iwoZ laLd`r eas Hkk’k.k djus] iBu&ikBu eas laLd`r gh cksyusa vkSj tUeHkwfe dh Hkk’kk xqtjkrh gksus ds dkj.k eq>dks bl Hkk’kk dk fo”ks’k ifjKku ugha Fkk] blls Hkk’kk v”kq) gks xbZ FkhA vc Hkk’kk cksyus vkSj fy[kus dk vH;kl gks x;k gS blfy;s bl xzaFk dks Hkk’kk O;kdj.kkuqlkj “kq) djds nwljh ckj Niok;k gSA^ ;g LohdkjksfDr bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd mUgksus oSfnd /keZ vkSj fopkjksa ds izpkjkFkZ rFkk tu&tkxj.k gsrq fganh dks viukdj fganh dk ekxZ fdl rjg iz”kLr fd;kA fganh ds m)kj vkSj mUufr dh mUgs fdruh fpark Fkh] bldk Toyar izek.k lu 1878 easa Jh- “;keth d`’.k oekZ dks mudk fy[kk ,d i= gS^&^vcdh ckj Hkh osn Hkk’; ds mij nsoukxjh ugh fy[kh xbZA tks dgha xzke eas vaxzsth i ❝41 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ^iapegk;Kfof/k¼la/;k Hkk’;½] HkkO;kFkZ^]^iksiyhyk^]^izfrekiwtu fopkj^] ^iz”uksRrj gy/kj^] ^iz”uksRrj mn;iqj^] ^HkzeksPNsnu^] ^easyk pkWaniqj^] ^_Xosnkfn&Hkk’;Hkwfedk^] ^_Xosn Hkk’;^] ^;tqosZn Hkk’;^]^osnfo#/n er [kaMu^] ^osnkafr/okar fuokj.k^] ^O;ogkjHkkuq^] ^f”k{kki=h /okar fuokj.k^] ^laLdkj fo/kh^] ^laLd`r okD; izcks/k^] ^lR;klR; foosd^] ^o.kksZPpkj.k^] ^laf/k fo’k;^] ^ukfld^] ^vk[;kfrd^] ^ikfjHkkf’kd^] ^lkSoj^] ^vukfn dks’k^] ^fu?kqaV^] ^ikf.kuh ds xzaFk v’Vk/;k;h^] ^/kkrqikB^] ^x.kikB^] ^f”k{kk vkSj izkfrifnd^ vkSj ^vkyadkfjd dFkk^A vU; jpuk,¡ Lokeh n;kuan n~okjk fy[kh x;h egRoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ & lR;kFkZizdk”k ¼1874 laLd`r½] ik[k.M [k.Mu ¼1866½] osn Hkk’; Hkwfedk ¼1876½] _Xosn Hkk’; ¼1877½] vn~oSrer dk [k.Mu ¼1873½] iapegk;K fo/kh ¼1875½] oYyHkkpk;Z er dk [k.M.k ¼1875½ vkfnA Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dh vxznwr ekuh tkus okyh foHkwfr;ksa easa gh ugha cfYd vk/kqfud fganh fuekZrkvksa eas Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh dk uke geas”kk Lej.kh; jgsxkA mUgkasus fganh xn~; dh “kfDr dks c ❝42 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X lUnHkZ xazFk lwph ,oa ikn fVIif.k;k¡ 1- dqeqn “kekZ] ^fganh ds mUuk;d % Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh^A 2- dBksjs] MkW- fuy] ^vk/kqfud egkjk’Vªkpk bfrgkl^ fon~;k cqd ifCyds”ku] vkSjaxkcknA 3- Hkkjrh; pfjr dks”k] 2011 ¼fgUnh½A 4- Hkkjr fMLdojh iqLrdky;]^f”k{kk Hkkjrh^] fnYyh] i`’B la 3711A 5- iokj] t;flaxjko ^^vk/kqfud Hkkjrkpk bfrgkl^^ A 6- dksykydj] “kjn ^^ vk/kqfud Hkkjr^^ Jheaxs”k izdk”k ukxiqjA 7- Hkkjrh; laLd`rhdks”k [kaM 1] Hkkjrh; laLd`rhdks”k eaMG] prqFkZ vko`Rrh] 2004A 8- jked`’.k fe”ku foosdkuan vkJe] jk;iqj n~okjk izdkf”kr iqLrd ^izsjd izlax^A ❝43 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X T;ksfr okjko Qqys dk ekuorkokn fot; y{eh tkVo ¼ ”k ks/k Nk=k½ bfrgkl v/;;u dsUnz] thokth fo’ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j ¼e-iz-½ MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k lgk- izk/;k- thokth- fo- fo- Xokfy;j ekuq’; vkSj euq’;rk T;ksfrokjko Qqys ds lkekftd fopkjkas dk dsUnz fcanw FkkA blhfy, euq’;ksa ds izkd`frd vf/kdkjkas dh dYiuk mUgksaus vius fopkjksa esa izLrqr dhA euq’; tUe ls gh Lora= gksrk gS] ijarq ckn esa lHkh d`f=e ca/kukas esa tdM+ tkrk gSA (Man is born free and every where he is in chains) ÝsUp nk”kZfud :lkas dk ;g fopkj lHkh ekurs gS rFkk ;g fopkj cqf) ds izekf.kdrk ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj mu lHkh fopkjkas dks Qqys us Lohdkj fd;k FkkA Lora=rk] lekurk] cU/kqrk rFkk U;k; rFkk ekuorkoknh rRo muds fopkjkas eas fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA Qqys dk ekuorkokn Lora=rk] lekurk] cU/kqrk vkSj U;k; bUgha rRokas ij vk/kkfjr FkkA Ekkuoh Lora=rk dk fopkj euq’; tUe ls Lora= gS] bl rRo dks T;ksfrokjko Qqys us Lohdkj fd;k FkkA lalkj dk dksbZ Hkh euq’; nwljs euq’; dk xqyke ugha jg ldrkA ekuo dks xqyke cukus dh i)fr dks euq’; us gh cuk;k gS] ,sls muds fopkj FksA izR;sd O;fDr dks U;k; ls oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djus dk vf/kdkj gSA vr% dqN yksxkas dks xqyke cukuk] ekuo Lora=rk ds fo:) gSA ;wukbVsM LVsV~l ¼vesfjdk½ ds yksxkas us xqykeh dh izFkk dks u’V fd;kA bl ckr ls os cgqr izlUu gq, FksA vesfjdk ds lnkpkjh yksxksa us xqykeh dks nklrk ls eqDr djus ds dk;Z esa fujis{krk o ijksidkjh lksp fn[kykbZA blfy, vesjhdh yksxkas dk T;ksrhjko Qqys us ,d vyx vuks[ks ❝44 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Hkh vius fopkj izLrqr djus rFkk vius vuqlkj dk;Z djus dh Lora=rk gksuh pkfg,A blhfy, mUgksuas L=h Lora=rk dk fopkj izeq[krk ls mBk;kA iq:’kkas us L=h dks xqyke cuk;k gS] vr% ukjh dsk xqykeh dk thou thuk iM+kA L=h dh Lora=rk ds laca/k esa Qqys ds fopkj Fks fd ;fn ukjh dks lgh vFkksZ eas xqykeh ls eqDr djuk gS] rks mls f”k{kk nsuh vR;ko”;d gSA og Hkh ,d ekuo gS vkSj mldk ;g U;kf;d vf/kdkj gS] tks mls feyuk pkfg,A Lkekurk dk fo pkj T;ksfrokjk Qqys us ekuo Lora=rk dk fopkj izLrqr fd;kA fuEu “kCnksa esa Qqys us fo’kerk dk fojks/k fd;k& Ekkuo ,d tSlk fuekZrk us cuk,A de ugha cuk;kA fdlh dks AA1AA de &T;knk cqf) ekuo dks fn ;kA fdlh us ugha fy;k A [kkunku lsAA2AA fuekZrk cuk;k ekuo ifo= A de T;knk QdZ cqf) esa AA1AA ijEijk ls cqf) ugha fdlh esa A [kkst djks igys A iwjh rjg AA2AA vFkkZr~ fuekZrk us lHkh ekuokas dks ,d leku cuk;k gSA fdlh dks Js’B ;k fdlh dks dfu’B ugha cuk;kA fuekZrk us lHkh ekuokas dks ifo= cuk;k gSA izR;sd ekuo esa de T;knk cqf) gks ldrh gSA ysfdu fdlh dks Hkh [kkunku vFkok oa”kijEijk ls cqf) izkIr ugha gksrhA Qqys us Li’V fd;k gS fd cqf)eÙkk dh fo’kerk O;fDRkxr gSA vr% o.kZ vkSj tkfr ds vk/kkj ij dqN yksxkas dks cqf)eku rFkk dqN dks eancqf) ekuuk xyr gSA tkfr] /keZ] oa”k vkSj fyax ij cqf)eÙkk fuHkZj ugaha djrhA blhfy, ml vk/kkj ij mueas Hksn djuk okLrfodrk ds fo:) gSA tkfr] /keZ] oa”k vFkok fyax ds vk/kkj ij fo’kerk ekuo fufeZr gSA vr% ,slh lHkh fo’kerkvkas dk Qqys us fojks/k fd;kA T;ksfrokjk Qqys ds lekurk dk fopkj fo”oO;kih gSA fo”o ds lHkh euq’; ,d leku gSaA mueas fo’kerk ugha gS] ysfdu dqN euq’;ksa us dsoy vius LokFkZ ds fy, >wBs xzaFk fy[kdj lekt eas fo’kerk iSnk dhA Qqys us lekurk dk ;g fopkj fof”k’V lekt] /keZ vFkok ns”k rd gh lhfer ugha gS] Qqys rks lEiw.kZ ekuolekt ds lanHkZ eas lekurk dk fopkj izLrqr djrs gSA lekurk ij vk/kkfjr lket dk fuekZ.k djuk gh Qqys ds fopkjksa dk ewy mn~ns”; FkkA ❝45 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X cU/kqrk rFkk U;k; dk fopkj Lora=rk vkSj lekurk ds leku gh Qqys dh cU/kqrk rFkk U;k; dk rRo Hkh dsoy vius ns”kokfl;kas rd gh lhfer ugha gS] cfYd og fo”oO;kih gSA muds fopkj fo”ks’k ekuo lewg rd gh lhfer ugha gSaA os dgrs gSa& f[kLr eqgEen ekrax czkã.kkas dksA yxkvks Nkrh ls A HkkbzZ tSlk AA2AA ekuo HkkbZ lHkh ,d leku A muesa gS geA rqe Hkh AA3AA cqf) lkeF;Z ls lq[k nks yks A nhukas dks ikfy, A tksrh dgs AA4AA lHkh Hkkjroklh ,d&nwljs ds HkkbZ gSaA fgUnw/keZ ds lHkh Js’B o fuEu yksx vkil esa HkkbZ gSaA ,sls fo”ocU/kqRo ds laca/k esa vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ fopkj Qqys izLrqr djrs gSaA /keZ rFkk jkT; ds vk/kkj ij ekuo&ekuo eas Hksn ugha djuk pkfg,] ,slk Qqys Li’V fd;k gSA **bl Hkwe.My ij egku lR; iq:’kkas us ftrus Hkh /keZxzaFk fy[ks gSa] mu lHkh esa ml le; ds vuq:Ik vkSj muds foosdkuqlkj dksbZ uk dksbZ lR; gSA vr% fdlh Hkh ifjokj dh ukjh us ckS) /keZ xazFk i<+dj ;fn mldk eu dgs rks mls ckS) /keZ Lohdkj dj ysuk pkfg,A mlh ifjokj ds mlds ifr pkgs rks bZlkbZ /keZ Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA mlh ifjokj dh mudh iq=h eqfLye /keZ rFkk iq= lkoZtfud lR;/keZ Lohdkj dj ldrs gSA bl izdkj T;ksfrokjko Qqys ,d gh ifjokj ds yksxkas dks vyx&vyx /keZ Lohdkj djus ds fy, dgrs gSaA dsoy bruk gh ugha] efgyk dks ifr /keZ ls vyx /keZ Lohdkj djuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ ,d gh ifjokj ds yksx fofHkUu /keZ ds vuq;k;h gksrs gq, Hkh ,d&nwljs ls }s’k fd, fcuk le>nkjh ls vkuan ls jg ldrs gSA bl dkj.k nwljs /keZ ds ekuus okykas ds ckjs eas gekjs eu eas cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk iSnk gksxhA fo”oca/kqRo dh Hkkouk iSnk gksxh] rks fo”o ds lHkh ekuokas dh nq”euh lekIr gks tk,xhA Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk cU/kqrk ds vk/kkj ij fo”o eas lq[k dk fuekZ.k gksxkA fu’d’kZ T;ksfrokjko Qqys dk ekuokrkokn Lora=rk] lekurk] cU/kqrk rFkk U;k; tSls rRoksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA mudk lkekftd fopkj ekuorkokn ij fVdk gSA mudk ;g ekuorkokn iztkra= dk iks’kd gSA mUgksusa vius fopkj rFkk dk;Z ls Lora=rk] lekurk] cU/kqrk] iztkra=] foKku rFkk vk/kqfud ewY;kas dks cks;k gSA mudk ;g egku dk;Z ,sfrgkfld :Ik ls ØkfUrdkjh dk;Z gSA gekjs ns”k eas iztkra= cuk, j[kus rFkk bldk lao/kZu djus ds fy, tksrhjko Qqys dk ekuorkokn vko”;d gSA vk/kqfud lekt O;oLFkk dh n`f’V ls Qqys ds ekuorkokn ;FkkFkZ rFkk vk/kqfud gSA ekuo lekt dk fodkl djus dh n`f’V ls muds }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k ekuorkokn izR;sd ekuo ds fy, vko”;d gSA ❝46 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X lUnHkZ xzaFk ,oa ikn fVIi.kh 1- v[kaMkfn dkO; jpuk&e- Qqys( lexz okM~e;] 1991]i`- 550A 2- MkW- mÙkejko HkksbZVs( egkRek Qqys ds lkekftd ifjorZu ds fopkj ¼ys[k½ egkRek Qqys xkSjoxzaFk] egkjk’Vª jkT;] f”k{kk foHkkx] ea=ky;] eqEcbZ] 1982A 3- lkoZtfud lR;/keZ iqLrd &egkRek Qqys( lexz okM~e; 1991] i`- 441A 4- xa- ck- ljnkj&egkRek Qqys( O;fDrRo vkSj fopkj] xzaFkkyh] eqEcbZ 1988]i`- 55A 5- MkW- ljkst vkxykos( tksrhjko Qqys dk lkekftd n”kZu ] lE;d izdk”ku]Dyc jksM] if”pe iqjh] ubZZ fnYyh 2005A 6- izk- ufyuh iafMr&tkfrokn vkSj oxZokn ]yksdokM~e; eqEcbZ] tkusokjh]1996 i`- 70A 7- MkW- eerk xaxokj( lkekftd ØkfUr ds iz.ksrk *egRek T;ksrhjko Qqys* lkfgR; fuy; ckS)uxj] dkuiqj 2007A 8- MkW- eq-c- “kgk( Hkkjrh; lekt ØkfUr ds tud *egkRek Tkksrhck Qqys* jk/kkd`’.k izdk”ku ubZ fnYyh] 2006A 9- Xkqykefxjh&e- Qqys( lexz okM~e;] lE;d izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyhA 10- /kuta; dhj&e- Qqys( “kS{kf.kd rRo/kku vkSj dk;Z&ys[k ] e- Qqys xkSjo xaFk 1982A ❝47 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X NEW LIGHT ON RARE COINS FROM PACHRAHI EXCAVATION Dr. Atula Kumar Pradhan Directorate of Cultue and Archaeology, MGM Museum, Civil Linces, Raipur Study of numismatic is one of the important sources for reconstructing history. The introduction of coins is a land mark in the history of civilization and is a great achievemnt of the human race. Coins represent an important source of history, shedding light on the socio- economic, political and cultural aspects of human development. The appearance of coinage in Indian subcontinet during roughly time of second urbanization. Indian coinage is represented by innumerable varieties distinguished by regional, cultural and linguistic features and political associations. In ancient times, this Chhattisgarh region was known as Dakshin-Kosala. This area also finds mention in Ramayana and Mahabharata. Between the sixth and twelfth centuries, Sarabhpurias, Panduavanshi, Somvanshi, Kalachuri and Nagvanshi rulers dominated this region. The Ramayan itself states that after Ram, the kindom of Kosala was divided between his two sons, Lava and Kusa. The former obtained North Kosala and ruled form Sravasti, while the latter got South Kosala and founded the city of Kusavati or Kusasthalipura near the Vindhyas. In the epic Kosala/South Kosala is not the included in the Dakhinapath. But the Allahabad pillar inscription enumerates Kosala along with the territories of the Dakhinapath and associates it with Mahakantara and the kingdoms of the Kalinga region. The traditional account of the origin of Dakshin Kosala is recorded in an unpublished manuscript, the Kosala Khanda . So far as Chhattisgarh is concerned, here all varities of coins are reported from earliest to latest. The rulers of this region issued various coins of various materials. In the medieval period, Kalchuri dynasty ruled for a long time at this region. They issued of coins in the South Kosala region area. In this paper an attempt has been made to reconsturct the history of Kalchuri and Phani-Nagvamsi in a new dimension with findings of their coins. Because such type of coins are not found before Pachrahi excavation. For the first time two gold coins of Pratapmalladev are unearthed from excavation. Earlier only copper coins of this ruller are reported. So it clearly indicate the economic stablility of the then period of Pratapmalla dev. Good number of silver and gold coins of Phani-Nagvamsi dyanasty are also retrived for the first time. It wills helpfull to establish the reing of Phani-nagvamsi in the history of Chhattisgarh. ❝48 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X In recent years the Directorate of Culture and Archaeology, Government of Chhattisgarh has undertaken excavations in various parts of the state. Among these excavated sites, Pachrahi holds an important position. Excavation at Pachrahi opened a new epoch in the history and archaeology of India in general and Chhattisgarh in particular. This particular site is located about 45 k. m. from Kabirdham, the district headquarter. It is situated on the right bank of river Haup, a tributary of river Seonath. The excavation solved many unsolved questions of Chhattisgarh history and archaeology (Yadav & Pradhan, 2008a:50-58; Yadav and Pradhan 2008b:65-79). Among the early medieval settlement of Central India, Pachrahi holds an important position. The present excavation revealed many new facts about the early medieval history of Chhattisgarh. The Directorate of Culture and Archaeology, Government of Chhattisgarh is undertaking the excavation work at Pachrahi in the field session 2007-08 and 2008-09. A brief account of first field session work has already published in the Puratattva No.38 (Yadav and Pradhan, 2008a:50-58). The excavation at Pachrahi (2007-08) revealed many interesting features of Chhattisgarh History and Archaeology (Yadav and Pradhan. 2008a:59-73). The excavation at area-I yielded a house with two fortification walls. Besides one gold coin of Nakkad Dev and silver coins of Sridhar dev and large amount of Kalchuri and Islamic coins are unearthed. The main discoveries on this site were fossil, prehistoric tools of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. Then large number household articles are traced out. The terracotta figurines are majore attraction of this site. Objectives of the Excavation The Archaeological Survey of India was given permission for further excavation at Pachrahi. The following points are main objective of the excavation of this session:- ∑ To know the settlement pattern of the site. ∑ To identify it was trade route or capital city. ∑ To fill up the vast gap from mesolithic/neolithic to post Gupta period. ∑ To give more focus on the formation of fortification. ∑ To emphasize the role of Chhattisgarh in diffusion of trade, culture, religion and ideology through the early medieval times. ∑ To prepare a database of various antiquities both in indigenous and other parts of the country, to have a clear understanding on the material culture of the people. ∑ To give a critical analysis to the archaeological objects to the religious art motifs of the site. ∑ To correlate the archaeological retrieval objects to other excavated sites. ❝49 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X In this session (2008-09) the horizontal excavation was carried out on the main mound (area-I) (Pl.1) and area-IV in this session, Area-V was taken up for the excavation. This area - V is situated on the northern side of the area-I. This particular area is located very close to the river Haup. There are five mounds are selected for excavation. Besides one habitational complex area was also selected for operation. This particular area is divided into two parts i.e. the upper part and the lower part. EXCAVATION The excavation revealed following cultural sequences which are given below. Period-I : Pre Historic Period-II : Post-Gupta period (Panduvansi) Period-III : Kalchuri Period-IV : Phani-Nagvansi Period-V : Islamic The classification of the cultural sequences is determined on the basis of findings of tools, coins, potteries. Structures, art motifs, antiquities and other associated excavation materials. The comparative study of structures of early medieval period is also done here. In the field session of 2008-09, the excavation at area-I revealed a fossil from the trench. So from the nature of statigraphy, it seems that this fossil may transport from other place. This particular excavated of Pachrahi fossil is of Mallusca family. In this family, we found Harpoceras , Hildoceras, Dactylio ceras, Ludwigia , Sonninia , and Oppelia (Woods 1967:326- 333) Period-I This cultural phase is attested with the findings of tools throughout the site. From the upper two layer microliths and very few Upper Palaeolithic tools are found (Pl.2). The excavation was conducted on the lower part of the previous excavation area. So these prehistoric tools are found in very less number. In previous year these tools are recovered from all the stratas from humus to natural bed rock. But due to lower impression, the deposits are very deep here. The tools of microlithis are of lunate, trapze, scrapers, points etc. The raw materials are same as found from previous years. The most interesting feature here is that first time ringstones are found in association with these tools. But this tools and ringstones are found from second habitational layer. So from the nature of the site, it seems that these are in secondary context. Besides these from the humus, many debitage are found. ❝50 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Period-II During this period new features were introduced for the first time. Remains of massive square brick structure were encountered in the area-I (Pl.3). No written records are found in this period. This period assigned to post-Gupta period or Panduvansi (Somvansi) dynasty. This brick structure is well finished and very similar to Post-Gupta structure of Maniyar Math of Rajgiri, Bhihar. The scientific clearance at the mound Kankalin Tila , in Area-I, revealed also many plaques of Parvati, Kartikeya and other unidentified figure. These plaques are very similar to the retrieved plaques of Mallahar (Bajpai 2008:5-7). Earlier many doorjambs and sculptures of Panduvansi period are found from this site and now exhibited in the Khairagarh University museum (Sharma 1990:24-25, Jha 2007:35-38). Very few architectural and sculptural remains of this period are encountered. Such examples are unique and have been rarely reported from the site. The brick structure of this period consist two apartments and a Pradakshinapath on the outside. The complete plan of this brick structure could not expose because it filled up by the stone structure of period-III in outer surface. This early brick structure is encircled by a brick boundary wall on its three sides except eastern direction. From the plan of this structure, it seems that this brick structure may face towards western direction because the Pradakshinapath wall closed the eastern side of this structure. This phase of period II only encountered at the mound Kankalin Tila and one trench. The potteries of this period are plain red ware. Some potsherds of red ware have decoration in appliqués technique and engraved lines. Some sherds have thumb impressions in prominent manner. Red slips are also applied to the pottery. The main shapes of pottery are vases, bowls and handis. Numbers of stone plaques are discovered from the Kankalin Tila. The discovery of a slightly broken Parvati stone plaque in reddish Khandolite datable to circa 6th/7th century A.D. is of immense archaeological importance. The ornaments and garments of this sculpture is very simple and low relief. Similar type of this sculpture was discovered from the Mallahar excavation by K.D.Bajpai and S.K. Pandey of Sagar University, Madhya Pradesh (Bajpai 2008:5-6). Besides, other two stone similar sculptures of Kartikeya and unidentified figure are traced out. Period-III The habitational deposit of this cultural phase was excavated in north direction of the site. This period is represented by the archaeological remains of temple structure, sculptures, inscriptions, coins and other cultural materials. The cultural deposit of this period is about 1.5m. Interestingly, an isolated discovery of a partly broken fossil was found in this cultural ❝51 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X level. As mentioned the excavation was carried out in the northern direction of the site, which revealed the antiquities from geological times to late medieval periods. The Temple structure This temple structural activities are encountered in the same Kankali Tila of site-I. The scientific clearance at this mound revealed a base of the temple. Originally this temple is latter added in the former brick monuments. The platform (base of the adhistan ) of this temple is constructed of massive undressed stone blocks of sand stone which are locally quarried. This temple consist Garbhagriha (sanctum) and a Mandampa (porch) in front of it. These two structures of the temple are rested on the same level. From the plan of the temple, it seems that it is a Saptarath in design, and facing towards east. Good numbers of stone and terracotta sculptures are traced out from this phase. The excavations revealed three fragmented stone inscriptions. One inscription is inscribed on the lower pedestal of a fragmented image.There are three lines of letter in Devanagri script are inscribed. The letters are deciphered as- Line-1: Rank...... Ku (mar) Line-2: Deya Jal Line-3: koomaga (ra) Other two fragmented stone inscriptions are very small. One fragmented stone contains only three letters like U la pu & Ro (so) in Devanagri script and others are missing. The last fragmented stone cantains the two line letters deciphered as:- Line-1 Ra Sri Tikamh Line-2 Ditam COINS This cultural phase is very rich in the field of numismatic evidences. There are about twenty coins are discovered from excavated trenchs. All these coins are retrieved from third and fourth layer of the cultural deposits. There are about foure gold coins of Kalchuri rulers are found. Two gold coin of Ratan Dev of Kalchuri dynasty is retrieved from the excavation (Pl.4a&4b). On the obverse of this gold coin Shri Ratan Dev in Devnagri script and on reverse some unidentified figure are minted. There are numbers of dots/die marks are minted on the boundary of reverse of the coin. Other two gold coins of Pratapmal Dev of Kalchuri dynasty are also traced out (Pl.5a&5b). On the obverse the name of the king 'Srimad Pratpmal Dev' in Devnagari script and on the reverse the figure of Hanuamn (?) and other unidentified figure are minted. Some scholars are giving different views about the figure of Hanuman of Pratapmal Dev's gold ❝52 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X coin. But here it is mentioned that the rulers of Kalchuri dynasty issued Hanuman types of coins, which are of copper in metal. For the first time, this type of gold coin is traced out from excavation. Besides these gold coins, more than twenty copper coins of this Kalchuri dynasty are found from this excavated site. The coins of Jajjalya Dev, Prithiv Dev, and Ratan Dev etc are found. Findings of that large number of coins of this dynasty show the strong holds at this site. For the first time the gold coins of Pratapmall Dev are retrieved from the excavation at Pachrahi. Period-IV The cultural period belongs to Phani-Nagvansis. This cultural phase is represented by the findings of silver coins and other sculptural and architectural motifs and structures. Earlier in this phase one gold coin of Nakkad Dev(Pl.6a&6b) and silver coins of Shri Dhar Dev are traced out (Yadav & Pradhan 2008a: 50-58). But during this session only silver coins of these rulers are found. There are about seven silver coins are retrieved from this cultural deposit. One silver coin of Yosaraj Dev of this dynasty was found for the first time in Chhattisgarh. Beside this two small silver coins which special mentioned. These two silver coins are found in the second layer at the depth of 45 c. m. On the obverse a symbol (?) and the name Dev in Devnagari script is minted and on the reverse two highly projected dots and four small projected dots are minted. Porf. C.S.Gupt identified these coins are of Paramar dynasty of Central India. But the above discussed types of rare coin are also found for the first time in this state now the study is going on to identity theses coins. The scientific clearance at area-IV yielded a huge temple complex (Pl.7). Earlier the excavation yielded only a Sanctum of the temple (Yadav and Pradhan 2008a:50-58). In this session, it is noticed that a long high impression mound is going towards western direction from the excavated temple remains. So the scientific clearance is carried out in area-IV/very near to the temple. This mission revealed another three strictures which are likely saivite in nature. Because a small shrine is found this is very close to the earlier excavated temple. This small shrine contains a Sivling with Jalhari which is found intact. A large number of fragmented sculptures are found in this cultural phase. These sculptures are made up of sand stone. One sculpture of Uma-Maheshwar is found from excavation (Pl.8). Number of iron implements and copper objects are traced out. A huge amount of spinning implements is found. Spinning is done with most simple implement, which has not changed much as known so for (Gupta and Pathak 2008:136-149). There are large number spindle whorls are found from surface and also from excavation. Two implements of this type are also encountered in the survey with ringstones and Mesolithic tools. This type of implements are also found from ❝53 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Neolithic site (Sharma 1982:23), to early late historical sites also (Gupta & Pathak 2008:136- 149). The retrieved spindle whorls are various size and a single whole in the middle. Evidences of the Phani-Nagvansi dynasty found so for (before Excavation) a) One fragmented stone inscription found from Mandwa Mahal, Kawardha, and Chhattisgarh. b) Two image inscriptions of Bhoramdev and Sahaspur, Kabirdham district, Chhattisgarh. c) One name Gopal Dev of type dynasty is found in Kalchuri inscriptions. But scholars area not giving satisfactory answers . The Phani-Nagvansi: The Dark Age? Besides these fragmented stone inscriptions, no coins and settlements pattern of this particular dynasty are traced out in Chhattisgarh. So this dynasty is known as Dark Age in Chhattisgarh history. The fragmented stone inscription of Mandwa Mahal, dist Kabirdham recorded mainly the genealogy of this dynasty. (Sharma 1990:40, Jain 2005:30-31). The rullers are i.e. i)Ahiraj ii)Rajalla, ii) Dharanidhar , iv) Mahimdev, v) Saktichandra, vi) Gopaldev, vii) Naldev, viii) Bhuvanpal, ix) Kirtipal, x) Jaytrapal, xi) Mahipal, xii)Visampal, xiii) Janhu, xiv)Janpal, xv) Yasoraj , xvi) Kannad dev (Nakkad dev ), xvii) Laxmiverma, xviii) Khadga Deo xix) Bhuvanaikamalla, xx) Arjun, xxi) Bhim, xxii) Bhoj, xxiii)Laxman, xxiv) Ramchandra, xxv)Arjun. New Evidences from excavation For the first time the excavation revealed more than ten coins of gold and silver. One gold coin of Nakkad Dev and three silver coins are of Shridha Dev ( Dharanidhar ?) are found. Two silver coins of Yasoraj Dev are also traced out. If we compare these coins to the genealogy, which described in inscription of Mandwa Mahal, some fresh light shed on the history of Chhattisgarh. The gold coin of Nakkad dev is described as the 16th ruler of this dynasty where as Yasoraj Dev and Dharanidhar Dev is the fifteenth and third ruler of this dynasty respectively. Besides these the settlement pattern and other antiquities of this cultural phase are also discovered from the excavation. So the term, 'Dark Age' for Phani-Nagvansi in Chhattisgarh history is no more. The fresh evidences from excavation opened a new chapter in the Indian history in general and Chhattisgarh history in particular. Period-V This cultural phase is demarcated by the findings of coins. In this session more than five coins are found from the excavation. Two copper coins of Alauddin Khilji are found. The overse side contains the tile of the Sultan as As-Sultan-Ul-Azam Alaul-Dunyawad-Din in Arabic and on the reverse and the reverse side contains Shri Sultan Alawadin in Nagari ❝54 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X version, and date in Nagari figures: 708 being the date of striking of the coin in Hijri era which corresponds to 1308-09 A.D. (Khwaja 2009:107-108). Other coins are in process of decipherment. Besides this one silver coin of British period (Pre- independence) is traced out from the humus layer. So it indicates that the site might be used during that time. DISCUSSION The excavation at Pachrahi focuses some fresh light to the history and archaeology of Chhattisgarh. For the first time this huge amount of coins especially gold coins are discovered from excavation in Chhattisgarh. This is the first site in Chhattisgarh where such huge amount Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic tools are traced out so for. The Maikal hill provides raw materials for tools where as the river Haup provides a clear cut settlement for early man in this region. The remarkable discovery from the excavation is the fossil which shows the geological time scale of these regions. The period-II which assigned Post-Gupta period (Panduvansi), is marked by the structural activities and sculptural motifs. For the first time two gold coins of Pratapmal Dev of Kalchuri dynasty is found, and one gold coin of Ratan Dev clearly indicate that this site served as an important centre during that period. The fourth period is attested by the findings of a number of coins of this dynasty. The rulers like Dharanidhar Dev, Yasoraj Dev and Nakkad Dev issued their coins which are recovered for the first time here. These evidences of this period not only give the clues about the political history but also the economic condition of the then society. The rulers of this dynasty left their foot prints in the form of temples, sculptures and tanks which found from excavation at Pachrahi. So far as historical period is concerned, this site flourished from early historical to late period without any break up. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Shri S.S.Yadav, the Director of the Pachrahi excavation for permitting to research at this site and providing necessary facilities. The author is very grateful to local residents and labourers (real excavator) who worked faithfully and produced many hidden treasures from this site. References and Notes Bajpai, S.K. 2008. Dr. Hari Singh Gour Puratattva Sangrahalaya, Sagar me Sangrahit Mallahar Utkhanan se Prapt Durlbha Puravses (in Hindi). Kosala, No. 1 , Raipur. Charu Smita Gupta and Anamika Pathak.2008. Cotton: A Probe into Archaeological Evidences. Puratattava. 38. ❝55 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Jha, Manglananda. 2007. Silli Pachrahi: Ek Puratattvika Anwesan. Kala Vaibhav, Vol. XVI, Khairagarh. Khwaja, G.S.2009.Medieval Coins Discovered in Chhattisgarh. Kosala, No-1 Sharma, A.K. 1982. Excavations at Gufkral. Puratattva 11 . Sharma, Sitaram. 1990. Bhoramdev Kshetra: Paschim Dakshin Ki kala (Hindi), Ajmer. Yadav, S.S. and Atula Kr. Pradhan, 2008a. Excavation at Pachrahi (2007-08), Puratattva, No.38 Yadav, S.S. and Atula Kr. Pradhan.2008b. Settlement Pattern of Haup Valley with Special Reference to Pachrahi, Kosala, No.1 Yadav, S.S. and Atula Kr. Pradhan, 2008c. New Light On Jain Archaeology of Haup Valley, Chhattisgarh. Pracheen Teerth Jernodhar. Vol.08 (74). Woods, Henry. 1967. Paleontology Invertebrate , Eighth Edition Reprinted, Cambridge University Press. ❝56 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X BRICK STRUCTURES AND OTHER REMAINS AT DHAMNA , DISTT . SHIVPURI, AS PLAUSIBLE BUDDHIST REMAINS Tikam Tenwar and J. Manuel INTRODUCTION The site came to notice when the present authors went to search for the associated context of the 17 Copper - Iron hoards objects with the Shivpuri Museum; to Karotha a neighbouring and larger village about 2 kms west of Dhamna and enquired about the archaeological remains in the area. The site near Dhamna village(Lat 25º 30’ N ;Long 78º 12’ E) can be approached from Karotha village of Karera tehsil headquarter, in Shivpuri district located about 62 km from the district head quarters. The archaeological remains can be approached from Shivpuri by a detour to the left of about 7km towards Bilhari-Khurd, for Karera after 55 km on the Shivpuri- Jhansi Road. The remains mostly brick mounds and stone uprights are better approached- especially during rainy season- from the road north of the village after passing the road on the Bilrau river dam. .On being informed by Shri Ramji Lal, a contract teacher at Karotha, about large brick structures at Dhamna, which according to him could be stupas the authors treaded up to the village and saw the actual possibilities. Further visits and wider area exploration was organized which yielded several brick structures and platforms besides enclaves of orthostats, albeit in a square or rectangular manner unlike the circular disposition of the megalithic structures. REMAINS NEAR DAM Contiguous to the road over the dam a mound has been cut for the construction of road, which revealed a maze of brick structures on both sides. The maximum number of brick courses counted from the vertical cutting is 16. The higher side of the mound across the road has walls of bricks (FIG 1) the space between them being filled with soil and cobble. Curiously one of such gaps between two brick walls was largely filled up with cobble. The roundish to sub-angular nature of the stones show that these have been collected and deposited from the nearby river or may have been deposited by nature in the empty space left free between walls, during high flood levels. The brick structure conspicuously devastated by nature and man has no firm outlines but the same was bordered by large unfinished granite boulders. The square/rectangular outline of granite (FIG-2) encompassing the brick structures have similarity with those found in Buddhist stupa sites like Sanchi, Satdhara, and Kharwai in Raisen Distt. of Madhya Pradesh. On the other side across the road also the brick structure ❝57 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X may have extended as part of colossal brick structure, while in the same breadth it may also be said that both the parts may be of different structures. On the other part of the mound, fragmented by the road the brick structure in its amorphous shape had maximum length of 16 to 19 m with about 10 to 12 courses visible from two sides. Pertinently, the brick walls jutting out of the section caused by the road may be part of a huge stupa with radial walls and soil and other inert materials filled in the gaps. Though, the radial disposition of the walls could not be made out due to soil and debris cover. Such construction types are seen in stupas at famous sites like: Taxila, Sanghol and Jaina Stupa at Kankali Tila Mathura (Smith 1901 Reprint 1994: 10). Digging in the brick structures have been noticed, perhaps done with the intent to search for treasures. BRICK FLOOR NEAR MODERN TEMPLE Towards south of the brick structures there is a modern temple bearing loosely aggregated Brahmanical sculptures. Another temple has an exquisite figure of Vishnu. The temples and other architectural and sculptural remains, lying loose show the existence of the habitation thriving around the 9 th -11 th century AD. Facing this temple there are some architectural remains of stone besides traceable outline of brick built structures. Pertinently, large patch of brick floor or some residual structure here is of interest. At least even if it was floor the same was not one course thick as in some smaller patches other courses are seen. Embedded in soil from all side it is not clear that whether the apparent leveled disposition is floor of the courtyard of a monastery, or a large room or else the peeled off surface of a thick built structure (FIG-3). The sizes of bricks that could be measured were 40 x 22 x 6 cm and 35 x 20 x 5 to 6 cm. OTHER BRICK MOUNDS To the south and south west of the area near the modern temple there are several brick mounds and outline of temples the latter marked by semi dressed stone architectural members. The most prominent among these is the brick mound (FIG-4) towards the south of the modern temple not far from the village highway. The brick mound shows bricks on the top and occasionally some courses of bricks peeps out of the dense vegetation spruced up by monsoon. The height of the mound is between 150 to 200 cm maximum from the ambient surface. Neither any circular disposition nor any other shape of the brick structure could be discerned due to the weed, grass and vegetation and also due to the devastating effect of brick robbing besides the deleterious effect of nature across time. In fact deep digging either for brick robbing or for other intention could be seen at one spot in the mound. The central plateau portion of the brick structure had a depression which had a rather apparent oblong ❝58 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X trend obscured by grass. It could not be discerned whether the depression was caused by brick robbing or treasure hunting or due to the possibility of it being a chamber even it be of the garbhagriha of a temple due to soil cover and vegetation and the resolve not to indulge in investigations without appropriate sanctions. Other brick structures are also noticed towards the south west of the above mentioned area of which two are quite close to each other. Although smaller the topography and the peeping bricks hint towards the fact that these could be very well the remains of ancient stupas ravaged by man and nature. Similarly, a small number of outlines and brick structures are often seen in the smoothly undulating surroundings of the village. Pertinently, most of the brick structures show a square/ rectangular boundary of natural boulders, partly shaped large boulders and occasionally some finely dressed, but less ornate, architectural members like pillars, brackets and ceiling of granite (FIG 5). The rarely observed sculptures found from this site are made of sandstone and bears testimony to the fact that these are of a later period. ENCLAVES OF ORTHOSTATS There are clusters of stone uprights in the area between the meandering river and further southern area of the modern temple. These are square to rectangular in layout and consist of undressed elongate boulders of the locally available granite (FIG-6), jutting about 50cm to over a meter from the ambient surface. The interior of the boulder bordered area is having a length and breadth of at least 4 m, some of them have more than 6 m breadth and over 8 m in length which in most cases could not be ascertained due to the absence of the boulders at other end. The purpose of such stone enclaves is not ascertainable due to the fact that no associated materials were found and also due to vegetation. Mere guesses could include: cattle pen, storage for agricultural produce, or basal remains of mud houses. However, similar orthostats having same disposition in plan have been observed from different places of Madhya Pradesh (Hashmi & Shende, 2011:274), some of which have been mentioned as of megalithic affinity on the basis of associated remains in the vicinity, the latter being universally acknowledged as belonging to such funerary practices. Pertinently, it may not out of place to mention that on the hill top of Sanchi in the south west portion, such an enclave of vertical uprights has small stupas of stone believed to contain the mortal remains of monks. It is too early to say whether the present findings at Dhamna is related to megalithic funerary practices or Buddhist rites or make these as one more evidence of the megalithic practices in genesis of the stupas unless excavations are done. ❝59 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X DISCUSSION The site in its degenerate state although does not give anything very specific, which can be positively identified with Buddhism yet some of the similarities when comparing other early Buddhist sites definitely hint to the same being Buddhist in affiliation at least during the first phase of its active existence. It is not that this site is an isolated such find having bearing towards Buddhism and therefore such affiliation cannot be ruled out cursorily. Amongst the earliest site, although not directly associable with Buddhism, is Gujarra, in Datia Distt bestowed with Asokan Inscription, about 35 km east of Dhamna, as the crow flies. While, Chhotti Badauni (Manuel, J. & O.P. Mishra 2005: 215-226) in Datia Distt. a Buddhist site (near Sonagiri) of early medieval period is hardly 30 km north east of Dhamna. Incidentally, from Badauni, typical Gupta pottery and a few pieces of Roman pottery were also reported (IAR 71-72:27). According to Dwivedi (1997:601) a Buddha image stuck within a tree was noted nearly 60 years back at Badouni. He asserts that around 7 th 8th Cent AD, Buddhism thrived in the region of Badauni, which was uprooted later by the Shaivites in the centuries that followed. Directly north of Dhamna at about 30 km distance there is well known site of Pawaya which amongst other important finds like the terraced temple have also yielded sculptures of Buddha (Garde 1952:15,16 ; IAR 1973-74: 51). Sharma (1999:14,15) writes that besides Manibhadra Yaksha, Nagraj and Buddha image the earlier excavations had hinted the fact that Pawaya located on the grand trade route, was a centre of Buddhism also. To the southwest, about 45 km from Dhamna, an image of Buddha (Dwivedi 1997:601) obtained from Kota, in Shivpuri Distt, is presently displayed in the Gujari Mahal Museum, Gwalior. In the southern side also there are three known. Buddhist sites namely Rajapur (Cunningham 1885:178,179) Gudar, a Mauryan site (Yadav 2010:79) and Tumain (Ashoknagar Distt.) an excavated Mauryan site (Bajpai & Pandey 1985: 1-18) about, 60 km, 63 km and 125 km far, respectively. The Rajapur Stupa is built entirely of stone, with a square base 60 feet and 9 inches side over which lies a succession of two cylindrical drums, surmounted by the hemispherical dome 22 feet high. Pertinently, the square base of Rajapur has thematic similarity with square outline of large boulders confining the brick structures at Dhamna. On the other hand, although concrete Buddhist evidence is not discernible at Dhamna the fact that from the Mauryan period the region at large, around Dhamna, has yielded some or other evidence indicate Dhamna also may have been part of the network of routes from Mathura to Vedisa and the brick structures could as well be stupas and monasteries like seen elsewhere. ❝60 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X The different walls seen on the west facing section of the mound cut by the road could as well be the radial brick walls of stupa consisting of radial and concentric walls filled in with inert material to save bricks in the course of constructing huge stupas as seen elsewhere. Alternatively, these could be walls of the cubicles of a monastery. Similarly, the stone uprights at Sanchi have been used as boundary of an enclave containing smaller votive stupas could very well have been replicated here also. However, the few assumptions mentioned above can only be validated if further investigation including excavations, are taken up. CONCLUSION Although, there is not paucity of firm outline of the brick structures, nor there are any supporting Buddhist artifact association, yet on several grounds the ruins around Dhamna is very likely of Buddhist affiliation. The fact that there are several sites around Dhamna within Shivpuri District and beyond in adjacent districts, along the trade route indicate the network of communication and travel in which Dhamna also participated. Although all of them are not of the same time period, also shows the large period of time when the trade and pilgrimage routes passed through this region and Dhamna was a part and parcel in one bracket of time. The large spread of brick ruins as almost amorphous but yet discernible circular mounds, with 10 to 15 courses visible from sections of brick robbing hint strongly that these are stupas. Besides, there is evidence of other brick structures with conspicuous patch of floor yet visible, may have been monasteries. The square outline of boulders or coursed stones around stupas and other Buddhist structures so commonly seen elsewhere is also traced at Dhamna albeit of granite, here. Besides platforms for small shrines and the very word Dhamna with ‘Dham’ as prefix shows the Buddhist affiliation. Further the fact that there were no ornamentally carved bricks or even pieces seen during the explorations nor reported by the local people show that the brick mounds cannot be remains of brick temples as like at Kherat in Distt. Bhind (M.P.). All the above indicate with high degree of certainty that this place was a significant Buddhist site in the early historic period. There are many finely carved architectural members and few sculptural remains of the early medieval period, in sandstone, whose affiliation could not be ascertained, which forms the second phase of activity of this site. ❝61 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X References and Notes Bajpai, K.D & S.K. Pandey 1985 Excavations at Tumain. Directorate Archaeology and Museums, Bhopal. P.1-18. Cunningham, A. 1885 Report of a tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883-84 and of A Tour in Rewa, Bundelkhand, Malwa and Gwalior in 1884-85. Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi (Reprint 2000) :178,179 Dwivedi, H.N.1997. Badauni May Diwakar Mitra Kay Ashram Ki Khoj (in Hindi) the Bounteous Tree (ed) Chakravarti, K.K. and Mishra O.P., Sharda Publications, New Delhi P.601. Garde, M.B. 1952 Padmavati, Indian History Congress, Gwalior, P.15, 16. Hashmi, I. A. and A. S. Shende, 2011, New Discovery of Megalithic in the region of Gajana (Ajaygarh), district Panna, Madhya Pradesh, in Kosala Vol. IV , Directorate of Culture and Archaeology Govt. of Chhattisgarh, p. 274. ; Recent Findings of Megalithics in the Region of Chanderi, District Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh by the above authors, in press (Personal communication) Indian Archaeology 1971-1972: A Review, P. 27. Indian Archaeology 1973-1974: A Review,P. 51. Manuel, J. & O.P. Mishra 2005 Buddhist Society: Their Use and Sustenance of Trade Routes, Technology and Art Forms on the basis of Antiquarian Remains from Madhya Pradesh. Proceedings of National Seminar on Buddhism, Hyderabad. 215-226 Sharma, D.K. 1999 Pawaya kay Boudh Avshesh: Ek Vivechnatmak- Shoudhlekh (in Hindi) Masik Dhammsena, P. 14, 15. Sircar, D.C. Gujjara Inscriptions of Asoka, Epigraphia India, Vol. XXXI, P. 205-209. Smith, V.A 1901 the Jain Stupa and Other Antiquities of Mathura, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi. Reprint 1994: 10. Yadav, Yogesh, 2010' Uttari Madhya Pradesh ka Bhotik tatha Sanskratik Jeevan (Prarambh se Barhvi sati esvi tak) in Hindi' unpublished Phd. thesis, Jiwaji University Gwalior, P. No. 79. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES FIG 1 Walls of bricks in brick mound cut by road FIG 2 Outline of granite boulder surrounding mounds FIG 3 Floor of brick structures FIG 4 Large brick mound south of modern temple FIG 5 Ceiling of granite FIG 6 Enclave of granite boulders placed vertically. ❝62 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X BUDDHA AND BODHISATTVAS IMAGES IN THE ART OF ODISHA Pratap Kumar Das (Research Scholar) SOS in A.I.H.C&Archaeology Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Buddhism had a great impact on the history and geography of Orissa. Though the there are few Buddhist religion people currently living in Orissa but it has great impact in Oriya life and culture. As thery belive Lord Buddha as a avatar of Lord Vishnu.The great Kalinga war, which transformed Asoka into a devout Buddhist and a great champion of Buddhism, had been fought on the Orissan soil on the banks of the river Daya, not far from the temple city of Bhubaneswar. From here the light of Buddhism radiated to different Far Eastern countries like China and Japan. It is here that the foundation of a great religion and culture was laid. Orissa held the torch of peace and non-violence (Dhamma) to the whole world. This great transformation which literally changed the whole world could be felt and experienced when one walks through the vistas of Buddhism in Orissa. As a testimony to this great transformation we have the famous major rock-edicts of Asoka at Dhauli near Bhubaneswar and Jaugada in Ganjam district. Through the years, from the 3rd century B. C., Orissa had nurtured a number of Buddhist centres of learning, art and establishments in several places which flourished up to the 12th 13th century A.D. In fact, these places of Buddhist interest had been a great source of attraction to outside visitors from as early as the 7th century. The famous Chinese traveler Hiuen T'sang had visited the Buddhist centres in Orissa in the 7th century A.D. Orissa occupies an important position in the socio religious and cultural history of India through the ages. Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism have left behind a rich cultural wealth in the form of temples, caves monasteries and large number of sculptures reported from different part of Orissa 1. Orissa a state accomplishes the fundamentals of civilized and cultured life fully upholding the great traditions of India. It is reckoned as a seat of glory rich in architectural remains and sculptural wealth and paramount centre of Buddhist heritage since time immemorial. The antiquity of Buddhism is as old as that of Lord Buddha though he never visited ancient Orissa (Kalinga ) during his life time. In Lalitavistara 2 there is a reference lord Buddha’s kesati (Hair relic) emerging in ancient Odra (Orissa) country through two illustrious traders Tapasu and Vallika . In succeeding period, the nail and the tooth relics of Lord Buddha too were brought to Odra . Unfortunately we don’t have a continuous chronological history of the development of Buddhism in Orissa. After a gap of over 300 years, the demise of Buddha we come across the Kalinga war of Asoka and his devotion to Buddhism 3.The entire state is practically littered ❝63 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X with images of Mahayana, Vajrayana pantheons, mention may be made of some noteworthy Buddhist sites Ratnagiri, Udaygiri, Lalitgiri, Kuruma, Radhanagar, Langudi, Actutrajpur, Aragarh, Khiching, Raniabandha are noteworthy 4. Throughout the years from third century B.C. the land of Orissa had fostered a large number of Buddhist centres of learning art, architecture and sculpture in several places which prospered up to 12 th 13 th century A.D. Before going to study the Buddha and Boddhisatva images, it is imperative to know the religious background in which way, the images came into being. In the religious history of India, images in what so form particularly in the form of Stone came into being during Kushana period around 1 st century B.C. to 1 st century A.D. Now the state of Buddhism towards 1 st century B.C., could throw some light on this aspect. It is to be mentioned here that many works have done in this aspect in India and the images so far discovered at Mathura, Gandhara, Sanchi, Ajanta, Amaravathi, Nalanda, Deccan caves have been studied and published by many learned scholars are like R.C. Sharma; N. Dutta, J. N. Banerjee, M. Dhavalikar, D.Mitra, R.D. Banerjee etc. In Orissan context, sporadic work has been done particularly on images by N.K. Shau, R.D. Banerjee M. Mitra T.E. Donaldson has done excellent work on ‘Buddhist Art of Orissa.’ Since, many Buddhist sites have been taken for excavation and there were good number of Buddha and Boddhisatva images have came to light. So in this research paper an attempt is made to explore the gradual development of Buddhism through the iconography of Buddha and Boddhisatava images in Orissa. A survey of literature, numismatics and sculptures reveal that the images were known and were excited in the Mauryan period. There are also reference to the making of paintings and status of Mahavira and Buddha during his time. Early Indian art is anionic and the Buddha does not apper in anthormorphic from till late 1 st century B.C. or early 1 st century A.D. However the theory of image making and its philosophy needs little discussion so far Buddhism is concerned. Generally Buddhism developed in three forms or stages in India - Hinayan, Mahayan, and Vajrayan . The Hinayanist preach, arahanthood as the highest emancipated state and Buddhahood not to be attained by every being while the Mahayanist are of opinion that every individual is pure in origin and can acquire Buddhahood and help others in getting emancipations. The Mahayan incorporates the concepation of countless Buddha and Boddhisattavas, advocates the worship of images of gods, demigods, and goddess and recommended the use of mantras for attaining emancipations. In the later pahses between 7 th and 13 th century A.D. more complex development was seen in the Mahayan with the use of mantra mandala Dharani mudra etc, along with esoteric practices which lead the way for development of ❝64 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X tantrayan or Vajrayan 5. Vajrayan attaches much importance to the worship of various gods and goddesses. It considers everything as Vajra (void) of sunyata . The ultimate reality in Vajrayana is identified with the conception of a lord supreme (Bhagabat) as vajrasttava , sometimes also called vajradhara. He is the supreme god because he is non-duel state of sunyata and Karnana. Those who relise Vajrasattava became Vajrasattva 6. In border Inidan context images of Buddha first appeared at Gandhara and Mathura about 1st century A.D . By the Gupta period, these images developed their distinct stylistic features with sensitive modelling; spiritual expressions Buddha images probably appeared in Orissa about 5th century combining the image and the Stupa in a composite manner 7. the Buddha images of Orissa can be divided into following distinct forms (a ) standing image of Buddha (b) seated image of Buddha in Bhumisparsha mudra, dharmachakra mudra , dhyana mudra, Abhaya mudra and varadha mudra (c) muculinda Buddha. DHYANI BUDDHAS/BODDHISATTVAS Bodhisttava means one who is on the way to attainment of perfect knowledge that is a Buddhist saint when he has only one birth to under go before obtaining the state of supreme Buddha and Nirvana . Buddha was Bodhisattava in his previous birth and in that capacity he figures in several Buddhist jatakas. The main difference between Buddha and Bodhisttava in that the former has attained the enlightment and the later is in process of attainment. Dhyani Buddha are reported from Udaygiri excavated stupa and some monolithic stupas of Ratnagiri, It is very distinct at Udayagiri central stupa .This is also called Tathagata as recorded Tantra in Guhya samaj -,which prescribe each of the five tathatagatas is given a direction , a mantra , a colour , a prajna , and a guardian of the gate . According four of the dhyani Buddhas face, cardinal directions while the fifth is placed within the stupas or mandala 8. The Dhyani Buddha usually appears in the crown of their emanations. Independent images of Dhyani Buddha are rarely found .The following tables gives the names of Dhayani Buddha, their mudras and corresponding Bodhisattavas. NAMES MUDRAS BODHISATTAVAS DIRECTION Amitav Samadhi Padmapani, avalokiteswar West Aksobha Dhumisparsa Vajrapani East Vairocana Dharmachakra Samantabhadra Inner shrine Ratnasamba Varada Ratnapani South Amagosidhi Abhaya Visvapani North Number of Bodhisattavas images like Avalokitesvara, Maitreya and Manjusri found in Orissa is taken for description. ❝65 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X AVALOKITESWAR Most popula and beautiful icon of Buddhism is Avalokitesvara the spiritual son of Dhyani Buddha, Amitabh and pandra . Antiquity of Avalokitesvara can be traced from 1st century B.C. who looks around in order to make free the devotees from sufferings. The earliest Avalokitesvara images are found at Mathura, Gandhra Ajanta and now in Orissa . The image is very popular in Nepal, Tibet, as well in China. The images of Avalokietswar and aboundantely found at Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri, and Udayagiri. But the life size found at Lalitagiri (6 nos), Ratnagiri and Udaygiri at Orissa. An interesting image in the entrance wall at Ratnagiri monastery is found having four armed holding akshy mala, in upper right hand, a lotus flower in upper left hand, lower right is in varadha mudra and a sprinkler in lower left hand. A tiny image of Amitabh is seen in the crown belongs to 9 th century A.D. MAITREYA The image of Maitreya are known from Gandhara Deccan, Mathura, Saranath Kausambi, Ratnagiri, Laligiri and other places of India. The appearance Maitreya in stone date back to 1 st Century A.D. Maitreya is represented as a standing figure, adorned with rich ornaments and holds a stack of lotus in his right hand, and Amrita ghata in his left hand. He is distinguished from Padmapani Avalokiteswar mainly be the figure of a small chaitya which he bears in his crown there are large size individual images are found in orissa, which were undoubtedly meant for worship as cult images many life size standing figures were reported from the vicinity of Lalitagiri and Udaygiri of Orissa also two seated images and tow monolith stupas depicting maitreya found from Ratnagiri. These images presumably datable to 7 th to 10 th A.D. In the hoard of bronze image of Achutarajpur, there are icons can be identified with maiterya. However the numbers of maitreya images found in orissa tend to point that Orissa was under spell of different cult of Buddhism for a quite long period. MANJUSRI Manjusri is considered by the Mahayanists as one of the great Boddhisatvas. They believe, that the worship of Manjusri can confer upon the wisdom, retentive memory, intelligence, and enable them master many scriptures. Majusri probably entered into Buddhist pantheon very late as his name occurs for the first time in Aryamamjusri-mulakalpa . These images are not found in Gandhara and Mathura however his images are found plenty in the sculptures of Saranath, Magadha, Bengal, Orissa and Nepal. Fortyone sadhanas in the ❝66 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X sadhanamala are devoted to the worship of Manjusri. In his simplest form manjusri carries the sword in his left hand and prajna paromita manuscript in his left hand. In Orissa particularly from Ratnagiri and Lalitagiri number of images were reported which are preserved in the site museums. They are altogether twenty one votive stupas presenting his five different forms found at Ratnagiri. Two images from Lalitagiri one each from Ayodhya and which are also reported. There is some life size images of 8 th – 9th century A.D. displayed in Orissa state museum discovered form Vajragir. Thus the gradual development of Buddhism and its diffusion into various cultures can be glimpsed through the sculptural art of Orissa. The cult of Mahayan Buddhism was widespread in eastern India which had cultural links with Nalanda , Nagarjunakonda, Dhyanakatak, Pranalanka and south East Asia . The cultural interaction between south East Asia and eastern India can well be studied with the Buddha and Buddhisatva images of Orissa. Orissa is great respiratory of art and culture and attracted attention of erudite scholars who have left invaluable reports, articles and books highlighting the cultural weatlth of the provience, But inspite of this ,more interest is needed so as to further enrich Orissa’s precious heritage, that may adding new chapter on art ,architecture, religion, iconography and culture of Orissa. References and Notes 1. Moharana, S. K., Tantric Buddhism, New Delhi, 2001, P. 1. 2. Sahu, N. K., Buddhism in Orissa, Cuttack, 1958, P. 101. 3. Basa, K. K. P. Mohanty, Archaeology of Orissa, Vol. –II, Delhi, 2000, P. 441. 4. Ibid, P. 443. 5. Joshi, L. M., Studies in Buddhist Culture in India, New Delhi, 1977, P. 63. 6. Pattanaik, S. K., Buddhist Heritage of Orissa, Bhubaneswar, 2000, P. 112. 7. Behera, K. S., Thomas Donaldson, Sculpture masterpieces from orissa- Style and iconography, New Delhi, 1998, P. 55. 8. Bhattacharya, B. The Indian Buddhist Iconogrphy. ❝67 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X REVISITING THE ARCHAEOLOGCIAL REMAINS OF KABIRDHAM DISTRICT (SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BAKELA AND PACHRAHI) Dr. Ram Vijay Sharma Department of Revenue, Government of Chhattisgarh District Kabirdham extends in 4447.05 Sq K.M. areas between 21.32' to 22.28' North latitude and 80.48' to 81.48' east longitude. Boundaries of district touch Dindori in north, Bilaspur and Durg in east, Rajnandgaon in South, and District Balaghat in west. The northen and western parts are surrounded by Maikal mountain ranges of Satpura.The main rivers of the district originate generally from Maikal mountain range. Haup, Phok and Sakri rivers after emerging from north-west of the district flow towards south-east and in the end after going in District Durg fall in river Shivnath. The present day tehsil of Kawardha was a princely state, formed in the first half of the 18th century. The Gond and Baiga tribe dominates the populace. This region is full of archaeological treasures from Prehistoric to modern days. The archaeological antiquities in the form of prehistoric tools, coins, temples, sculptures are found in various parts in this area. There are numbers of archaeological sites like Pachrahi, Bakela, Bhoramdev, Cherki mahal, Mandwa Mahal; Kamti etc are located in this region. The site Pachrahi is located in the Kabirdham district of Chhattisgarh. This site is about 45 K.M from the district headquarter and 17 k.m. from Bodla block. It is situated on the right bank of the river Haup, which originated form Banki village of Kabirdham district. This excavated site is located western side of the river Haup. Though it is a small river, it contained a large number of archaeological antiquities from prehistory to culture to late medieval period. This river origin from Banki village of Kabirdham district. It is flowing in the districts of Kabirdham and Durg and joins Sheonath. Excavation at Pachrahi opened a new epoch in the history and archaeology of India in general and Chhattisgarh in particular. The excavation solved many unsolved questions of Chhattisgarh history and archaeology 1&2 . A brief account of first field session work has already published in the Puratattva No.38 3. The further excavation at Pachrahi was resumed again due to encourage by the outstanding results of the first session. The excavation was carried out on the main mound (area-I) and area-IV and area-V. A brief summary of the results of the excavation are being given below. Period-I : Pre Historic Period-II : Post-Gupta period (Panduvansi) Period-III : Kalchuri ❝68 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Period-IV : Phani-Nagvansi Period-V : Islamic A large number of artifacts in the form of surface scatter were noticed here covering a large area mostly confined to the both bank of the river Haup. On the basis of the typo- technological features of the artifacts it is clear that the assemblage belongs to the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic cultural phase. The Upper Palaeolithic assemblage comprises backed blades, points, lunetes and scrapers. The simple artifacts such as blades, blade cores, flakes, flake cores etc are found from the excavation. Besides many microlithics with ringstones are found. The blade artifacts are mostly fabricated on chalcedony and few are jasper. Besides these, the authors also discovered a large Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic site at Bakela, just opposite of the excavated site. From the upper two layer microliths and very few Upper Palaeolithic tools are found. To assign the date of the first period, we take the discovered rock painting in this Haup valley. Because no absolute dates of Mesolithic period in Chhattisgarh are available. So from exploration of Haup Valley, the present authors noticed some circular red paintings 4. This period assigned to post-Gupta period or Panduvansi (Somvansi) dynasty. This brick structure is well finished and very similar to Post-Gupta structure of Maniyar Math of Rajgiri, Bhihar. The scientific clearance at the mound Kankalin Tila , in Area-I, revealed also many plaques of Parvati, Kartikeya and other unidentified figure. These plaques are very similar to the retrieved plaques of Mallahar 5. Earlier many doorjambs and sculptures of Panduvansi period are found from this site and now exhibited in the Khairagarh University museum 6&7 . Very few architectural and sculptural remains of this period are encountered. Such examples are unique and have been rarely reported from the site. The brick structure of this period consist two apartments and a Pradakshinapath on the outside. The thickness of walls ranges from -1 mt. to 1.25 mt. The complete plan of this brick structure could not expose because it filled up by the stone structure of period-III in outer surface. This early brick structure is encircled by a brick boundary wall on its three sides except eastern direction. From the plan of this structure, it seems that this brick structure may face towards western direction because the Pradakshinapath wall closed the eastern side of this structure. Numbers of stone plaques are discovered from the Kankalin Tila. The discovery of a slightly broken Parvati stone plaque in reddish Khandolite datable to circa 6th/7th century A.D. is of immense archaeological importance. The ornaments and garments of this sculpture is very simple and low relief. Similar type of this sculpture was discovered from the Mallahar ❝69 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X excavation by K.D.Bajpai and S.K. Pandey of Sagar University, Madhya Pradesh 8 .Besides, other two stone similar sculptures of Kartikeya and unidentified figure are traced out. Period III belongs to Kalchuri dynasty deposit which was marked by the discovery of a coin of Kalchuri king Jajjalya dev Deposits of this period were found in all the trenches at area - I. The ceramic types of the cultural period are buff red ware, red ware. The shapes of pottery are vases, jars, and bowls, dishes, basins, lids and miniature pots. Good numbers of stone and terracotta sculptures are traced out from this phase. From the trench ZB8 of site-I, an image of Saraswati is found. She is in sitting posture with four hands. She has a good headgear with ear ornaments. She carries Kamal in her upper right hand and vina in here upper left and lower right hand. On the lower left had she carries pustak (?) and Hansa (?) is her vehicle, which not clear. From this cultural level, two stone miniatures Ganesh and terracotta Ganesh are found There are three gold coins of Kalchuri rullers are found. One gold coin of Ratan Dev of Kalchuri dynasty is found from the Qd-I of ZA7 trench, in the 65 c.m. in depth. On the overs of this gold coin Shri Ratan Dev in Devnagri script and on reverse some unidentified figure are minted. There are numbers of dots/die marks are minted on the boundary of reverse of the coin. Other two gold coins of Pratapmal Dev of Kalchuri dynasty are also traced out. On the overse the name of the king 'Srimad Pratpmal Dev' in Devnagari script and on the reverse the figure of Varahi (?) and other unidentified figure are minted. Some scholars are giving different views about the figure of Hanuman of Pratapmal Dev's gold coin. But here it is mentioned that the rulers of Kalchuri dynasty issued Hanuman or Varahi types of coins, which are of copper in metal. For the first time, this type of gold coin is traced out from excavation. Besides these gold coins, more than twenty copper coins of this Kalchuri dynasty are found from this excavated site. The coins of Jajjalya Dev, Prithiv Dev, and Ratan Dev etc are found. Findings of that large number of coins of this dynasty show the strong holds at this site. There are large number of terracotta figurines are found. The figures of calf, horse, camel, elephant etc are traced out. Besides there human figures with well designs are also discovered. Some of them are burnt with well fired and some are made with clay. The cultural period belongs to Phani-Nagvansis. This cultural phase is represented by the findings of silver coins and other sculptural and architectural motifs and structures. Earlier in this phase one gold coin of Nakkad Dev and silver coins of Shri Dhar Dev are traced out. There are about seven silver coins are retrieved from this cultural deposit. One silver coin of Yosaraj Dev of this dynasty was found for the first time in Chhattisgarh. Beside this two small silver coins which special mentioned. These two silver coins are found in the second layer at ❝70 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X the depth of 45 c.m. On the overse a symbol likes fish (?) and the name Deb in Devnagari script is minted and on the reverse two highly projected dots and four small projected dots are minted. These coins are identified as the coins of Bhojdev of Paramar dynasty. The scientific clearance at area-IV yielded a huge temple complex. Earlier the excavation yielded only a Sanctum of the. The scientific clearance is carried out in area-IV/very near to the temple. This mission revealed another three strictures which are likely saivite in nature. Because a small shrine is found this is very close to the earlier excavated temple. This small shrine contains a Sivling with Jalhari which is found intact. A large number of fragmented sculptures are found in this cultural phase. These sculptures are made up of sand stone. One sculpture of Uma- Maheshwar is found from the trench at the depth of 35c.m. From the iconographical analysis, it seems that this sculpture is of Ravanugraha form and the lower part is broken. Besides these other master pieces like Krishna Balaram, Chamunda, Rajpurusha, Varahi etc are retrieved from the excavation. There are large number spindle whorls are found from surface and also from excavation. Two implements of this type are also encountered in the survey with ringstones and Mesolithic tools. These types of implements are also found from Neolithic site, to early late historical sites also 9.The retrieved spindle whorls are various size and a single whole in the middle. For the first time the excavation revealed more than ten coins of gold and silver. One gold coin of Nakkad Dev and three silver coins are of Shridha Dev ( Dharanidhar ?) are found. Two silver coins of Yasoraj Dev are also traced out. If we compare these coins to the geneology, which described in inscription of Mandwa Mahal, some fresh light shed on the history of Chhattisgarh. The gold coin of Nakkad dev is described as the 16th ruler of this dynasty where as Yasoraj Dev and Dharanidhar Dev is the fifteenth and third ruler of this dynasty respectively. Besides these the settlement pattern and other antiquities of this cultural phase are also discovered from the excavation. So the term, 'Dark Age' for Phani-Nagvansi in Chhattisgarh history is no more. The fresh evidences from excavation opened a new chapter in the Indian history in general and Chhattisgarh history in particular. The excavation is carried out in area-V which yielded a huge brick boundary wall which is 15 mt. in length, 80 c.m. widths and about 9mt. in depth. Besides this, the lower portion of this mound revealed a long stone boundary wall which is 50 mt. in length and 40 mt. in breadth and the thickness of this wall is about 1.5 mt. to 2mt. The inner portion of this stone boundary wall revealed many domestic structures. From the nature of this stone boundary wall, it seems that it may be a royal complex. This cultural phase is demarcated by the findings of coins. In this session more than five coins are found from the excavation. Two ❝71 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X copper coins of Alauddin Khilji are found. The overse side contains the tile of the Sultan as As-Sultan-Ul-Azam Alaul-Dunyawad-Din in Arabic and on the reverse and the reverse side contains Shri Sultan Alawadin in Nagari version, and date in Nagari figures: 708 being the date of striking of the coin in Hijri era which corresponds to 1308-09 A.D 10 . Other coins are in process of decipherment. Besides this one silver coin of British period (Pre- independence) is traced out from the humus layer. So it indicates that the site might be used during that time. The excavation at Pachrahi focuses some fresh light to the history and archaeology of Chhattisgarh. For the first time this huge amount of coins especially gold coins are discovered from excavation in Chhattisgarh. This is the first site in Chhattisgarh where such huge amount Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic tools are traced out so for. The period-II which assigned Post-Gupta period (Panduvansi), is marked by the structural activities and sculptural motifs. For the first time two gold coins of Pratapmal Dev of Kalchuri dynasty is found, and one gold coin of Ratan Dev clearly indicate that this site served as an important centre during that period. The excavation revealed a huge royal comjplex from the area V 11 . The fourth period is attested by the findings of a number of coins of this dynasty. The rulers like Dharanidhar Dev, Yasoraj Dev and Nakkad Dev issued their coins which are recovered for the first time here. These evidences of this period not only give the clues about the political history but also the economic condition of the then society. The rulers of this dynasty left their foot prints in the form of temples, sculptures and tanks which found from excavation at Pachrahi. The last period which marked by findings of coins and some rudimentary structures. So far as historical period is concerned, this site flourished from early historical to late period without any break up. For the first time new coins of Phani Nagvamsi and Kalchuri are traced out from the excavation.So the excavation at Pachrahi revealed a new epoch in the history of Chhattisgarh. To trace out the glorious history of Kabirdham district, the exploration works are carried out various parts of the district and the river Haup Valley 12 . The exploration yielded many prehistoric sites and other historical sites. These sites are given in short notes below. One Mesolithic site at Padri Pani is found on the bank of river Haup. The tools comprised blade, burin, lunate etc of semi precious stones are retrieved from the site. Another site named Chhui gaon which is situated on the right direction of the Bodla Dal Dali road of Bodla block of Kabirdham district. Here some low mounds with potsherds and brick bats are noticed. These mounds contain microlithics and medieval ceramics, including bowls, jars and handis of black ware and buff red ware ceramics are noticed. One place named Jogimandi which contains some fragmented images. These images are altogether in a platform and the local people ❝72 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X worshipped it. Just opposite of the site, some brick walls and brickbats mounds are located. These bricks are no doubt of the medieval period. Other mesoloitic sites are like Komo and Bakela. BAKELA Located on the left bank of Haup River, the village Bakela is famous for prehistoric remains and Jain monuments. During the survey of Haup River a large Mesolithic site is discovered at Bakela. The prehistoric tools comprised the Mesolithic as well as upper and middle Paleolithic tools with ring stones are retrieved from the site. There are two big mounds are located at the site. Various images of Jain sects are scattered in Bakela. The fragmented sculptures of Santinatha, Dharmanath, and Parswanath are found. At the end of the village of Bakela, some Brahminical images are worshipped under a tree. One master piece of Vishnu is identified and other fragmented sculptures are also scattered in this area. A hill named Baba Dongri which contained some fragmented sculpture at the top. A series of stone steps are accidentally discovered by the villagers, these steps are goes up words to the hilltop. A Jain doorjamb also found during this work. One masterpiece of Parswanth image is transported to Pandaria and now it is housed in a Jain temple at Pandaria. Another village Boria which is located on the right bank of river Haup, contains the fragmented sculptures of Chamunda,ganesh,Vishnu, Uma-Maheswar and many architectural features are found. It is said that this particular village was donated or established by the king, who ruled in Pachrahi (Kankali Tila)13 . Large numbers of Mesolithic sites are found at Silli, Baijalpur and Andheri Ka Chhar villages. Pandaria is located on the left bank of the river Haup. In the late medieval period there was a small state or riyasat . Here some Brahminical temples of Maratha period are noticed. The ruined structures of this state Pandaria now clearly visible here. The Chhattisgarh Feudatory State records the evidence of Pandaria and its relation with the Gond kings of Mandla, Bhonda and Kawardha. At the end of the village of Pandaria a modern temple stored some images of Uma-Maheswar and other important secular images which might be transported from Pachrahi. Another site near Panatarai a small village Sidhapur (Navagaon) which located on the left side from Pandaria Kawardha road. Here a Shiva temple is located on the western bank of a pond. The sculptures are of Uma-Mahaeswar, Hanuman, Rajpurusha, Ganesh, LakhmiNaryana, Buddha are fixed on the niches of the temple. According to the local legends these temple is construed with transported sculptures and architectural pieces of Kankali tila of Pacharhi. The other important sites of Kabirdham district which contained the archaeological remains are Babandai Temple (Jhiria), Bisesara, ❝73 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Dasarangapur, Jaleswar, Devpura (Rajwada), Kunda 14 and Khamti. One site Rajbenda is located in the Bodla block of Kabirdham district. At the end of the village of Rajbenda, there are about four mounds are visible which contains the ancient temples ruin and some habitational remains. One big mound which contains huge Shiva Ling with Jalahari , Kalasha , and other architectural pieces of the temple. A huge sculpture of standing Ganesh is worshipped under a tree which is made up of laterite stone. Besides these various sculptures are housed in the temple of old tehsil of Kawardha. The systematic explorations and excavation at some sites in the Kabirdham district is no doubt revealing a glorious history of Chhattisgarh. References and Notes 1. Yadav, S. S. and Atula Kumar Pradhan, Excavation at Pachrahi (2007-08), Puratattva , No. 38, New Delhi, 2008, P. 50-58. 2. Yadav, S. S. and Atula Kumar Pradhan, Settlement Pattern of Haup Valley with Special Reference to Pachrahi, Kosala, No.1, Raipur, 2008, P. 65-79. 3. ibid. 4. Yadav, S. S. and Atula Kr. Pradhan, New Light on Jain Archaeology of Haup Valley, Chhattisgarh. Pracheen Teerth Jernodhar. Vol. 08 (74) , 2008, P. 23-25. 5. Bajpai, S. K. Dr. Hari Singh Gour Puratattva Sangrahalaya, Sagar me Sangrahit Mallahar Utkhanan se Prapt Durlbha Puravses (in Hindi). Kosala, No. 1 , 2008, Raipur, P. 5-7. 6. Sharma, Sitaram, Bhoramdev Kshetra: Paschim Dakshin Ki kala (Hindi), Ajmer, 1990, P. 24-25. 7. Jha, Manglananda, Silli Pachrahi: Ek Puratattvika Anwesan. Kala Vaibhav, Vol. XVI, Khairagarh, 2007, P. 35-38. 8. Bajpai, S.K. ibid. 9. Charu Smita Gupta and Anamika Pathak, Cotton: A Probe into Archaeological Evidences. Puratattava. 38. New Delhi, 2008. 10. Khwaja, G. S., Medieval Coins Discovered in Chhattisgarh. Kosala, No-1, Raipur, 2009, P. 107-108. 11. Yadav, S. S & A. K. Pradhan, Excavation at Pachrahi (2007-2009) , Raipur, 2010. 12. Yadav, S. S & A. K. Pradhan, Archaeological Remains of the Haup Valley, Raipur, 2009. 13. Yadav, S. S & A. K.Pradhan, Op.cit , 2010. 14. Yadav, S. S & A. K.Pradhan, Op.cit, 2009. ❝74 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X DRUGDHAMNA (NAGPUR)" MEGALITHIC CIRCLE EXCAVATION (2008 -09) Dr. Pradip Shaligram Meshram Rtd. HOD, Deptt. of A.I.H.C. & Archaeology PGTD, RTM Nagpur University. Dr. Vishakha Sanjay Kamble Assistant Professor, V.N.I. Govt. Institute of Art and Social Science, Nagpur. Megalithism has always been a subject of deep interest for the scholars since one hundred and eighty five years. The main factor behind this curiosity is the unknown world and mysterious myths related to it. Every man from pre birth till his death is affiliated with cultural rituals of his caste, creed and clan. The unknown world behind the whole theme is what we mean with the various assumptions imaginations presumed to be a part of the ancestral world, by the living being. The megalithic cultural monuments are reported from the whole world, in the neighbourhood of the Indian - sub contintient the presence of this culture is noticed in Iran, Baluchistan extending up to Pakistan. The Indian Peninsula is more prolific in this culture. But undoubtedly are of the main concentration of megalithic structure in the world is central and south India. There have been many excavations and research works undertaken by many Universities all over India. It was felt that a region wise study of this culture would present better understanding than all over assessment and description of this culture. The history of these megalithic monuments also is about a century old. The eastern part of Maharashtra known as Vidarbha recorded a good number of stone circles. In relation to Vidarbha, there have been many attems made but whatever they produce it is a part of the genera! Topic in relation to the cultural pattern of this region. More than a hundred reported megalithic sites in Vidarbha region, being located in a 50 km. radius from Nagpur city. Last three decades Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, of the Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj, Nagpur University, Deccan College Pune and Deptt. of Maharashtra has excavated megalithic. Circles and habitation sites at Takalghat-Khapa, Junapani, Mahurjhari, Borgaon, Dawalamethi, Raipur-Hingana, Naikund, Bhagemahiri, Khairwada, Dhamana-Linga and Vyahad etc. The megalithic culture is one of the earliest known cultures and the Iron which makes rather a sudden but wide spread appearance arrived either with this megalithic culture or closely followed it. This is a culture which has its deep roots sown in burial culture. ❝75 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Megalithic burials provide a uniquely rich source of material to archaeologist for reconstructing the life style of ancient societies. They are particularly nemours in the Iron age. There were many researches, exploration, excavation works executed in Vidarbha, with a narrow perspective which failed to produce matter with specific intention. Keeping all these factors with a specific objective of knowing more details about the architectural and cultural features of megalithic monument and their builders whether it would give data similar to or otherwise, that from the other sites. Much of the work pertaining to the Vidarbha Megaliths has been done by the Department of A.I.H.C. & Archaeology. In the field season 2008-09 at Drugdhamana (Late: 21 9' N. Long: 78 51'E) in Tehsil and district Nagpur, proposed to excavate. The site is 3 km west of the National Highway No. 6 on Amravati Road and 25 kms from Zero mile stone of Nagpur. The village is just near the local Nala, Just opposite the village Dawalameti. Under the Direction of present author assisted by the students of M.A. Part I & II, research students Ekta Dharkar, Dhiraj Choudhari, Vijay Gedam and technical staff, Chandraprakash Saharkar, Vandana Khedikar and Sunil Khotpal, of the Department. Now present megalithic site is a part of Nagpur City. It is still a living site. Some stone circles are completely disturbed by the localities. The site is rich in Mesolithic tools such as scrapers, arrow-head, blades etc., were scattered everywhere. The site was a burial ground. There are near about 7 hills in the vicinity, near about 1 km away from the present excavated burial, temple remains of sand stone are noticed. Drugadhamana is the only site which has a huge megalithic circle. There must have been some more, but the fast expanding village, and real estate property dealers has destroyed others. Generally Quadrant method of excavation is used for the Megalithic Burials has also been used in excavating the burial at Drugdhamana in a systematic way. Megalith having a diameter of EW 10 meters outer, NS 8 meter was distinguished by a double circle of boulders with rubble packing in between. The pattern of filling was more or less uniform, the topmost being pebbles. At the center of this Megalith had a heap of round basalt pebbles of varying size. The big stone appears to be dressed noticed in quadrant NW placed in NE and NW. Maximum number of stone assamolage is found in SE quadrant not uniformly arranged. This strange structure however, did not yield anything. The total filled up burial has an average thickness of 35 cm to 40 cm. approximately at the highest and few cm at its peripheral slops. ❝76 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ❝77 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X 1) MRW- Fragment, probably a handi, out-turned rim, prominent carination just below the shoulder. Four grooves on the inner surface. 2) MRW- Fragment, probably a pot out turned rim. Short neck thin section, groove on shoulder on inner side. 3) Coarse Red Ware. - Fragment, probably a pot, out turned rim, thin section shallow grvooves on the inner part. 4) Course MRW- Fragment, pot, out turned rim, rough surface. 5) Course MRW- Fragment, Pot, out- turned rim, shallow grooves on neck. Thin section rough surface. The burial happens to be a purely symbolic. Excavation of megalithic from Drugdhamana provides clear evidence for fractional or secondary mode of burial this burial may be described as 'Secondary' or 'Fractional'. It is quite likely that like other megalithic populations these groups too had hunting and gathering subsistence pattern and required to move around in quest for food, returning to their Ancestral land only during a specific period. It death occurs while the group is away from their land; cremation was probably an acceptable mode of disposal of the dead. The secondary nature of the burial indicates prolonged mortuary practice. The stone circle thus; represent the final stage of the mortuary rituals of creating a permanent abode For the dead person, which would also serve as a monumental reminder of his status and position, reasserting the same for his living descendants. The Megaiithic stone on the basis of purely negative evidence are ageless. No carbonized matter has been recovered from the circle to determine their age. However, certain positive inferential clues to assign them a more or less definite chronological nick, between the 8th and the 4th Century B.C. The clues come from C-14 dates from other Vidarbha megalithic sites in close vicinity of Drugdhamana. References and Notes Deo, S.B: Excavations at Takalghat & Khapa, Nagpur. 1970. Deo S.B: Mahurjhari Excavation (1970-1972) Nagpur 1973. Deo, S.B. & Jamkhedkar, A.P: Naikund Excavations 1978-80, Mumbai. 1982. Deglurkar G.B. & Lad Gauri P: Megalithic Raipur (1985-1990), Pune. 1992. Dikshit M. G: Excavations at Kaundinyapura, Mumbai, 1968. Indian Archaeology - A Review Vidarbha Sanshodhan Manda Varshiki. ❝78 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X TWO SATI INSCRIPTIONS FROM EASTERN MAHARASHTRA Mr. Dhiraj Choudhari Curator, Marine Museum, Training Ship Rahaman, campus, Nhava village, Taluka Panvel, District Raigad 410206 New Mumbai, Maharashtra. Sati was a custom, in which a widow was sacrificed herself life after the death of the husband. The Sanskrit word sati means virtuous woman or faithful and devoted wife. Since the self-immolation of a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre came to be regarded in India as the supreme demonstration of wifely devotion to her husband, we get many such examples recoded on stones supported by Inscriptions. This Sati custom existed in ancient period and also got recognition more in medieval and late medieval period even upto 18 th Century. However, ample archaeological & literary evidences are witness to this custom. In the Indian context sati stone and bearing Inscriptions are found in large number in Southern India, but, Maharashtra having scanty Inscribed Sati stones. Vidarbha is situated in the eastern part of Maharashtra bearing 11 districts. In this region a very few memorial stones have been found without Inscription. But only two inscribed Sati stones are noticed. Among the first inscribed Sati Samadhi Inscription noticed is from Sindkhed Raja in Buldhana district. It was only given notice without description and editing. Another Sati stone recently discovered with Dr. Pradeep Meshram during field work at Achalpur in the Amaravati District. The present paper is intended to highlight two Inscribe Sati stones to scholars. A) SATI INSCRIPTION AT SINDKHED RAJA: Introduction Sindkhed Raja is a tehsil place in the Buldhana district of Maharashtra state. It is about 64 kms away from Buldhana. Sindakhed Raja is having a cemetery of Jadhav family. There is a beautiful monument of Raja Lakkhuji, the father of Jijabai (Shivaji mother). In front of this monument are many situated cemeteries belonging in to Jadhav family, among one Samadhi bears a grave with Inscription. This Sati Inscription is brought to light by Mr. Vijay Deshmukha who has given only text of this inscription 1. Description The present inscription is engraved on grave (Samadhi) which is constructed on high platform. There is a small entrance carved this grave. The inner side engraved horse rider ❝79 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X having a sword in his left hand and a reign in right hand. The female hand bend. The inscription is engraved in front side of entrance gate. The inscription is written in four lines. Script, Language and Period The inscription is written in Nagari script in Marathi language. It is to be noted that in third line word ‘Sha’ is used for ‘kha’ (Shandoji) the inscription is dated in “ Śake 1637 Manmatha Samvase Ashavin Sudi Dashami Me Divashi Mortab.” The date corresponds to the tenth day of month of Ashavin in 1715 A.D. Text: 1. Śake 1637 Manamatha N ām Savatasare A 2. shivi(na) sudhi dashami me divashi Mortaba 3. Shndoji Yadhav Ardhangi sorajabai 4. Sati II Sevak tejaji Narayan Jadho Translation On the tenth day of Ashivin month in 1715 A.D. Sorajabai who is a wife of Khandoji Jadhav has committed Sati (for is purpose) a grave has been constructed by a servant named Tejaji Narayan Jadhav. Discussion The purpose of the present inscription is the ritual of Sati which Sorajabai, wife of Khandoji Jadhava had committed. It is probable that Khandoji was warrior in the clan of Jadhav family and was died on battle field while fighting bravely. There are no references of Khandoji Jadhav in history because we have little information on the Jadhav family of Sindkhed Raja in the form of written a history. Khandoj Jadhav who is son, it is also cannot clearly be state that this funerary monument was constructed by a servant named it is Tejaji is the first information found in Vidarbha. The important of the present inscription is that it is the first Sati inscription in Vidarbha. B) SATI INSCRIPTION AT ACHALPUR Introduction Achalpur is a tehsil place in the district of Amaravati in eastern Maharashtra. It is about 40 kms away from Amaravati. Some year before, this Sati inscription was found while constriction of Achalpur police station. Presently it is kept in the premises of this police station only. The first information about it provides by Dr. Anand Bhoyar who is working in the department of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of Maharashtra state, Nagpur. This site ❝80 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X was later on visited by Dr. Pradeep Meshram with the present author. This is being edited for the first time. Description This Sati stone is engraved on a sandstone slab. It is 115 cms in height, 64 cms in length and 5 cms in breadth. The upper portion of stone is triangular arch shape with decorations. The central part is engraved on the female hand. The sun and moon symbols are engraved by the side. The two line inscription is engraved in central part and rest one line is engraved below the figure. Language, Script and Period This inscription is written in Devanagari script and language is Marathi. The Characters are of inscription of circa 17 th century A.D. Text: 1. Anadara Liluna 2. bai Savdhi 3. Salladaranala----- Kara Discussion Some letters are not legible but there is a mention of female named Lilunabai. It is possible that she would have committed Sati. The purport of third line is not clear. It is more probable that in this line mentioned of the name of her husband would have been made. Generally Sati stone are engraved on Shivalings or other religious symbols but this Sati stone not engraved such religious respect. In the light of this fact inscription is important say that to which clan Lilunabai Savadhi was belonged to the find spot of the epigraphs Achanpur was under the Mughal Empire on the observation of this Sati stone it seems that she belonged to some tribal group. The Importance of this inscription is the first Sati Stone Inscription in Vidarbha region except Sati grave (Samadhi). References and Notes 1. Sindkheda Raja, Mumbai, 1982, P.20. ❝81 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X SOME RECENTLY DISCOVERED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE DISTRICT OF NALANDA: PRELIMINARY NOTES FROM THE FIELD. Birendra Nath Prasad Assistant Professor, History Deptt. B. B. Ambedkar University, Lucknow INTRODUCTION Over the years, a welcome shift has taken places in studies in the archaeology of Indian Buddhism: it is a shift away from the monumental architecture of the monastery to the surrounding landscape in which a particular monastery emerged, functioned and declined. The need for undertaking such studies was highlighted in a previous study. 1Some impressive studies have been attempted through this methodology in the case of the Buddhist monastic site of Sanchi. 2 I too had an opportunity to undertake a similar study of the landscape of Nalanda by undertaking a village to village archaeological survey in 2007 and 2008, findings from which were presented at various national and international conferences. 3 The data generated from my study is reserved for some future publications. The aim of this paper is very preliminary. I will basically make an attempt to catalogue some of the sites discovered during my survey. The antiquarian heritage of these sites is facing an acute threat of extinction due to intensive agriculture, and theft and smuggling of sculptures. Theft and smuggling of sculptures are quite rampant in the study area. This paper aims to provide a preliminary account of the data from some of the sites to the academic community before they are lost forever. This paper has some obvious limitations. Most of the sculptures encountered in the survey are fragmented .Generally villagers put them in some open air shrines (called th ān in local dialect), and start worshipping them after putting vermilion etc. on them. As many of them are in active worship, it was possible to take the measurement of sculptures in some cases only. Barring the V ārāhī from Meyar, most of the fragmented and intact sculptures I encountered belong to the Pala period (c. late 8 th to 12 th century). Most of them are too badly broken to allow us a century wise dating, but I have attempted that wherever it was possible. Site catalogue 1. Gorawan PS: Silao. Block: Rajgir. The whole village appears to be located on a low mound. A big tank (300× 50× 50 m) is visible in the village. Potshreds include NBPW (few pieces) and slipped red ware. In terms ❝82 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X of Pala period black stone sculptural findings, this site offers some interesting findings. It includes a 9 th /10 th century image of the Buddha in bh ūmispar śa mudr ā (48× 35× 20 cm); a 10 th or 11 th century broken pedestal of a big image in pancaratha style , having elephant and horse in the pedestal; Jambhala (80× 27× 20 cm); Gaṇeśa; Vi ṣṇ u (17× 14× 9 cm) and a broken Ga ṇeśa (18× 22× 12 cm). 2. Kahata. PO: Nahu; PS: Chhabilapur. In this village, one may notice big mounds scattered over a major part of the village in an area of around one square Km. The whole village appears to be situated on an elevated spot. Outside the village too, one notices several low-lying mounds in the agricultural fields. These mounds are now being eroded continuously due to agricultural operations by the villagers. At this site, 22 ancient ringwells, with some modifications, are in use even now .They are used by the villagers for fetching water. One may easily obtain BSW and NBPW in the village. I also discovered one shred of BRW. As a whole, early historic occupation pattern at this site is quite impressive and excavations may well-prove its urban character in the same phase. Early medieval pottery is rather absent though some Pala period sculptures may indicate the continuity of settlement at this site in the early medieval phase as well. Sculptural findings include a c. 9 th century grey stone S ūrya (50×27×10 cm), kept in the niche of a modern temple at the site ; broken Um āmahe śvara, c. 10th century; black stone broken figure in backslab format with two gandhrava or Vidy ādhara in the upper portions of the image, C. late 10 th or 11 th century CE. 3. Chandaura. PO: Meyargarh, PS: Chhabilapur; Block Rajgir. This village, at present, doesn’t contain any mound though ancient ceramics (BSW and slipped Red Ware) are widely scattered over the whole village. In the Goraiy āth ān and Dev īth ān of the village, several Pala period black stone broken image, broken beyond identification, or covered with a thick layer of lime and vermilion, are kept. Barring an image of S ūrya and Vishnu, others are unidentifiable. 4. Meyargarh PS: Chhabilapur; Block Rajagir. In the central portions of this village, a big mound is still surviving, on which the bungalow of the ex-Jamindar of this area is constructed. That has, however, disturbed the ceramic assemblage of the mound. As a whole, one may easily discern a thin scatter of Black- Slipped Ware in the village. Ceramics of the later period are largely absent at this site. Sculptural finding include a grey stone Vārāhī with a broken rounded halo, c. 6 th - 7th century; ❝83 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X a fragmented black stone image, probably of the four armed Vishnu, 10 th or 11 th century; a Pala period broken image of the Buddha probably in the dharmacakrapravartana mudr ā (30× 20× 8 cm). 5. Badhauna PS: Chhabilapur; Block Rajagir. A small mound, being continuously eroded due to intensive agriculture, survives in the village. Villagers informed that earlier this mound was having an area of around 200 ×200× 25 m. Villagers reported that they frequently come across large sized bricks and fragments of burnt rice in the course of their day to day agricultural operations in the village, which makes one suspect that this site contained some structural remains of the past. On the mound, one may easily pick up sherds of the NBPW and Black-Slipped Ware (BSW) and slipped Red Ware. Pala period black stone images include a Sahasrabuddha panel (40 ×20 cm) ; a broken Buddhist sculpture (probably some variety of Tara in Lalit āsana) having a St ūpa in the upper portions of the image, c.9 th century; Um āmahe śvara, black stone (22×16× 15 cm), c. 9 th century; a broken sculpture of Um āmahe śvara, c. 9 th century; four-armed Visnu, (18× 11 ×4 cm ), c. 9 th century; a broken miniature grey stone figure, probably T ārā in Lalit āsana (10×4.5 ×7 cm), c. 9 th century. 6. Goraur PS: Chhabilapur; Block Rajagir. A small mound has survived in the southern portion of the village. On the mound; one may easily pick up BSW and slipped Red Ware. This village has an impressive collection of Pala period black stone sculptures, which are kept in the Mah ādevasth āna, Goraiy āsth āna, Dev īth ān, and Brahmasth āna of the village. In the Brahmasth ānaalone, one may notice not less than 50 fragmented black stone sculptures. Most of them are fragmented beyond recognition. Some of the identifiable broken sculptures in the Brahmasth ānaare a circular Sahsrabuddha panel (12 ×18 cm); Buddha with the monkey legend of Vai śā lī (i.e. monkey offering honey to the Buddha) 32× 36× 13 cm; Vi ṣṇ u (45× 46× 25 cm), c.9 th century AD; Ga ṇeśa (34× 28× 16 cm); a small broken Um āmahe śvara, c. 9 th -10 th century AD). I also observed two granite pillars: 112× 21 ×15 cm; 70 ×30× 22 cm. In the Dev īsth āna I saw broken images of Vi ṣṇ u and Um āmahe śvara. In the north-western of the village, many black stone fragmented images are kept including an Um āmahe śvara (35 ×30 ×12 cm), c.9 th century; sitting Buddha; Ga ṇeśa (50 ×38 ×16 cm); and Vi ṣṇ u (22 ×26 ×10 cm) flanked by two Āyudhapuru ṣas, c. 9 th century. Similarly, in the Jagdamb āth ān, many Pala period black ❝84 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X stone broken sculptures are kept including that of the Buddha in bh ūmispar śa mudr ā (40× 40 ×18 CM). 7. Sikandarpur-Barakar PS: Rajagir. Post Office: Malikapur; Block: Rajagi A mound of the height of approximately 2 meters has survived in the central part of the village on which one may pick up BSW and slipped Ware. Pala period broken or intact black stone images include the Buddha, in bh ūmispar śamudr ā; the Buddha in dharmacakrapravartanamudr ā. Pillar/Doorjamb (60× 17 ×12 cm), the Buddha in bh ūmispar śamudr ā, c. 9th - 10 th century AD; Probably a broken image of four- armed Vi ṣṇ u; broken Ga ṇeśa. 8. Sakraura Block: Noorsarai. In the southern outskirts of the village, a mound having an area of 70 ×60× 5 meter has survived. On the mound, I discovered many fragments of BSW. Another mound is surviving within the village itself and I discovered BSW here as well. Villagers have reported that during the construction of a village road, a wall made of large sized bricks was exposed. Wall was around 4 feet wide. Even now, by sporadic diggings, villagers regularly discover jar pieces of slipped Red Ware and BSW. I also came across many pieces of large sized bricks (30 ×20 ×6.5 cm). Pala period black stone sculptures or architectural fragments are scattered in the entire village. They include a decorated doorjamb; Buddha in bh ūmispar śamudr ā, 2 pieces; a votive St ūpa; Vi ṣṇ u(measuring 84× 42 cm ), fixed to the walls of the modern temple by the villagers, c. 9 th or 10 th century AD; another image of Vi ṣṇ u( 73 cm × 32 cm), fixed to the wall of the same temple, c. 10 th century AD; another Votive St ūpa; Sahasrabuddha panel; and a broken sculpture of the Buddha in dharmacakrapravartanamudr ā. 9. Mandachh PO: Dumrawan. P.S.: Dipanagar. Block: Biharasharif The central portion of the village is located on a mound (250× 200× 8 m), densely occupied by modern habitation. I discovered shards of BSW and slipped Red Ware (which occurs more profusely) at the mound. Pala period black stone sculptural findings include miniature icons of the Buddha; the Buddha in bh ūmispar śamudr ā; and 2 stone panels containing the miniature images of the Buddha. 10. Kewaidih ❝85 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X PO: Dahpar, PS: Noorsarai, Block: Noorsarai In the central portions of the village, a mound survives (200× 200 ×3 m) though the villagers have cut its larger part for agricultural purposes. Villagers reported that human bones are frequently discovered from this mound on digging for agricultural operations. Villagers also informed of the presence of many ringwells in the village. All these ringwells have been filled up now and I could not locate any. BRW and BSW are scattered over the entire village, but not much evidence for early medieval pottery is discernible. Fragmented black stone sculptures, broken beyond identification, kept in the Goraiy āth ān may be an indication of continuation of the site in the early medieval phase as well. 11. Arawan PO: Parawalpur; PS: Nāland ā, Block; Ben. A big mound exists in the southern part of the village. Almost half of it has been leveled off due to frequent cuttings by the villagers. At present the mound is around 12 meter high and is spread in an area of around 1 bīgh ā. This massive size indicates that in the early medieval phase, the site had developed like a big monastic site. Brickbats and potsherds are scattered over the entire mound. BRW, BSW and portions of big jars of Slipped Red Ware are easily available on the mound. Villagers informed that this village had earlier not less than 300 pieces of sculptures in black stone and all of them have been stolen by now. Surviving black stone pieces include a c. 9th century Um āmahe śvara; a fragmented of Um āmahe śvara; and a Buddha in bh ūmispar śamudr ā. 12. Koshnara (PO: Eksara; PS: N āland ā .Block: Ben) The mound in the southern part of the village measures approximately 100× 60× 12 meter. I picked up BRW, BSW and NBPW shards from the mound. Slipped Red Ware is the most common form of pottery here also. Portions of big jars of slipped red ware are quite abundant on the mound as well as in the surrounding parts of the village. Surviving black stone Pala period sculptures are only Buddhist and they include a broken Buddha in bh ūmispar śa mudr ā; another broken image of the Buddha; Buddha in dharmacakrapravartana; a standing Buddha; as well as architectural fragments a doorjamb. 13. Makhdumpur PO: Gurusharanapur, PS: Silao, Block Ben. ❝86 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X The surviving mound (approx. 60 ×60 ×10 m) the south-eastern corner of the village is being cut away intermittently by villagers. In terms of pottery finds, I collected BSW, slipped Red Ware from the mound as well in the village. I could not find any NBPW but when I showed the shards of NBPW to the villagers, they identified it and told that earlier they used to find it in significant number. Presence of an early medieval Buddhist monastery at this site is quite apparent. This is also indicated by the presence of a terracotta seal, found on the surface of the mound, under the possession of a local villager. Thickness of the seal is 2 cm, diameter is 6.5 cm. In the central part of the seal, one may notice the depiction of a big St ūpa, flanked by a tree in both sides. This seals is very similar to the monastic seals from N āland ā. This site could have been a site of one of the affiliate monasteries of N āland ā Mah āvih āra. Black stone Pala period sculptural findings are impressive and they include Ga ṇeśa, (40 ×25 ×10 cm), C. 9 th century AD; broken Um āmahe śvara; A broken Sahastrabuddha panel; a panchamukh Śivali ṅga; another Śivali ṅgawith with Yonipatta. 14. Bichhakhol PO: Karjara, PS: Silao, Block: Rajgir. This site doesn’t have any surviving mound, nor could I notice any potshard. But early medieval presence at this site is indicated by the presence of Pala period black stone sculptures, accidently dug out by the villagers from their agricultural fields. They include a black stone pedestal measuring 41×50×59 cm; a broken image the Buddha; and Um āmahe śvara (21×17×12 cm) 15. Bhui PO: Bhui .PS: Silao. The whole village appears to be situated on elevated spot though the mound as such has not survived. Slipped Red Ware is scattered over a large part of the village. I couldn’t find any early historic pottery at this site. Pala period black stone sculptures kept in the different parts of the village include a fragmented Um āmahe śvara (44×32×16 cm), c. 9th century AD; broken image of the Buddha (25×23× 12 cm); another broken image of the Buddha (9×10×4 cm); and unidentifiable sculptural fragments. 16. Ka ah ih PO & PS: Silao In this village, one notices a small mound on which the primary school of the village is located. Ancient archaeological material has been badly disturbed by modern settlements in the village. I did not find any pottery. This village yielded many Pala period black stone ❝87 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X sculptures .They includes a broken votive St ūpa (17×9×9 cm), a broken Um āmahe śvara; and unidentifiable sculptural fragments. 17. Mitawan-Gadahpar PS: Silao. Block: Silao In the eastern side of the village, one may notice the remains of a small mound. This village, including the mound, is under intensive occupation. No pottery could be collected. A modern temple in the village houses many Pala period black/grey stone images including a broken image of the Buddha in dharmacakrapravartanamudr ā (28×2×/9cm); a Sahasrabuddha panel (33×16×6 cm); an ekamukha linga (29×8×9 cm); as well as a door jamb (146×29 cm) 18. Katari PO: Goraur. PS: Chhabilapur. Block: Rajgir. Neither potshards nor mounds have survived in the village. But there are some Pala period broken sculptures in the Goraiy āsth āna and Brahmasth ānaof the village including Simhav āhin ī Durg ā (25× 22 ×8 cm ); broken sculpture of the Buddha in bh ūmispar śa mudr ā; and unidentifiable sculptural fragments. 19. Surumpur PO: Ghostama. PS & Block: Silao. This whole village is situated on an elevated spot. The average elevation of this village is around 1.5 meter above the level of the surrounding fields. This village is densely populated and that has adversely affected the archaeological heritage of the village. At present, neither any mound nor any potshard is visible at the site. I saw some unidentifiable fragmented black stone Pala period images as well as a fully decorated doorjamb, probably of a temple. 20. Gandhupur PO: Ghostama, PS: Silao. This village, under dense occupation and habitation, appears to be situated on a big mound. Apart from some broken sculptures in black stone, which are broken beyond recognition, this village doesn’t seem to have any other antiquarian remains. 21. Belaur PO: Chandimau, PS: Rajgir. Block: Rajgir. This site is adjacent to Chandimau, which has many St ūpa and monastic remains. One may reasonably suspect that that Belaur could have been related to Chandimau in some way. This village is surrounded by three big tanks in three sides. A mound is represented by an ❝88 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X elevated spot within the village. On the mound, slipped Red Ware is profusely scattered. In the modern temple of the village, some Pala period black stone sculptures are kept such as Avalokite śvara 4 (160 ×70 ×27 cm); Vi ṣṇ u (40× 22× 5 cm); Ekamukhi Śivali ṅga and an architectural fragment. 22. Dumrawan PO: Dumrawan, PS: Dipanagar, Block: Biharasharif. The whole village appears to be situated on a big mound. Sculptures are also found scattered in the entire village. Villagers are deeply suspicious of anybody enquiring anything about the archaeological remains, particularly about sculptures as most of them have been stolen by now. Hence not much enquiry was possible and our findings are quite tentative and sketchy. But I could see an 11 th or 12 th century AD stone panel, depicting the main events of the life of the Buddha. Only the upper portions of almost triangular stela has survived, which contains a representation of the reclining Buddha .Other sculptural/ architectural fragments include a Pala period broken image of the Buddha; a decorated doorjamb, 67 ×69× 6 cm; and two more broken black stone doorjambs; broken Um āmahe śvara; an 11 th - 12th century AD image of the Buddha in bh ūmispar śa mudr ā ( 93×75×32 cm). In the last image, some events of the life of the Buddha are depicted in the left and right side of the main image. 23. Daruara PO: Daruara. PS: Noorsarai .Block: Noorsarai. This village is densely occupied. We could not found any EH or EM pottery in this village nor could we discover any mound in the same. In this village, I came across some badly broken black stone sculptures including a Pala period Um āmahe śvara. 24. Kundi PO: Daruara; PS: Noorsarai .Block: Noorsarai. At least two mounds still survive; one in the eastern part of the village, covering an area of around 1 acre; and another in the western part of the village, covering almost the same area. On both mounds, I found shards of slipped red ware. No diagnostic EH pottery could be found. Pala period black stone sculptural findings from this site include the Buddha in bh ūmispar śa mudr ā, c. 9 th -10 th century AD; S ūrya, c. 9 th -10 th century AD; a stone pedestal containing the figures of the Buddha in different mudr ās; a broken image of Um āmahe śvara, late 8 th or 9 th century AD; an intact c. 9 th century AD Um āmahe śvara image , now kept inside the home of a villager; and a broken S ūrya. 25. Shahari ❝89 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X PO: Parawalpur; PS: Silao; Block: Ben. In the southern part of the village, a small mound (25×25×6 meter) is surviving now. On the mound, portions of jars of slipped red ware are seen. Villagers reported that this village had earlier a good collection of black stone images. All of them have been stolen by now. In the Goaraiayasthana, an unidentifiable badly broken black stone image is still lying. 26. Nosha PO: Gurusharanapur; PS: Silao; Block Ben. A big mound is visible in the central portions of the village. Extant height is around 10 meter. Area of the mound is around 10 bigha. Potsherds of slipped Red Ware are found scattered over the whole mound. No NBPW or any other early historic pottery could be detected. Some Pala period broken black stone sculptures, broken beyond identification, including a door-jamb, probably of a temple, 48×14×14 cm; are kept in the in the Goraiy āsth āna of the village . 27. Karjara PO: Karjara, PS Silao, Block Ben. The whole village appears to be situated on a low-lying mound. A mound is visible in the western portions of the village. Mound is under cultivation and also under modern settlements. Slipped Red Ware fragments (portions of a big jar) are scattered over the mound. Not much antiquarian remains have survived in the village except some badly broken black stone sculptures (the Buddha etc.). I also came across a Pala period sculpture of Simahav āhin ī Durg ā (measuring 100 ×70 ×20 cm.) Kept in the outer portions of the house of a villager. 28. Hasanpur PO Nahu, PS: Rajgir. This village has many mounds, tanks and ring wells. A mound is locally known as Kali Tila: 210X 180X 2 m. This mound is located around 1 KM to the south of the village. Around 1 KM to the west of the village, another mound is observable, measuring 219X 190X 2.5 m. In terms of pottery, only slipped Red Ware shards could be found .No early historic diagnostic pottery could be found. Sculptural findings are negligible. 29. Nahu PO: Nahu, PS & Block: Rajgir. Two mounds are surviving separately to the north of the village. Their area is 400 X500X 7 m & 385X 295X 5 m respectively. On both mounds, as well as in much of the ❝90 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X village, one may observe the scatter of slipped red ware. No early historic diagnostic pottery could be found. Black stone sculptures, broken beyond identification, are kept in the village. In the Goraiyasthan of the village, I came across many Pala period black stone votive St ūpas. 30. Nirpur PO: Nirpur, PS: Nāland ā, Block: Silao. This village is situated on a small mound. Black stone sculptures, broken beyond identification, are kept in the Goraiy āsth āna of the village. No potsherd could be found. 31. Salim Bigha PO: Eksara, PS: Nāland ā, Block: Ben. Villagers reported the existence of a mound in the village in the past, which has now disappeared due to intensive occupation and cultivation. No potsherds are available now. A Pala period image of S ūrya, 23X 29 X7 cm, in black stone is kept in the home of one villager. 32. Khedu Bigha PO: Eksara, PS: Nāland ā, Block: Ben. The whole village appears to be situated over a mound. It is under dense occupation. Broken sculptures in black stone are kept in the Goraiy āsth āna. They are broken beyond identification. I could not find any potshard at the site 33. Maheshpur PO: Saurre, PS: Silao, Block Ben. This village is situated over a small mound. But no potshard could be detected. A black stone votive St ūpa with the image of the Buddha engraved on the same is kept in the Dev īth ān of the village. This St ūpa measures 20X 16X 12 cm. 34. Ranu Bigha PO: Gurusharanpur, PS: Silao, Block Ben. This whole village appears to be situated over a small mound. Some badly fragmented Pala period black stone sculptures are kept in the Dev īth ān and they defy identification. 35. Bhatu Bigha PO: Eksara, Block Ben, PS: Nāland ā. This whole village appears to be situated over a small mound. 3 pieces of Pala period (?) black stone sculpture, broken beyond recognition, are kept in the Dev īth ān. 36. Paharpur ❝91 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X PO: Biharsharif. 2 Km to the south of Biharsharif, 1 Km to the east of Chora Bagaicha. This whole village appears to be situated over a small mound. A black stone votive St ūpa is kept in the Goraiy āsth āna. Concluding observations The data from the above mentioned sites make us aware of the complex religious situation in the hinterland of the Nalanda Mah āvih āra. Buddhism was just one of the religions present here and it had to negotiate the presence of Brahmanical cults in various ways. References and Notes 1. Birendra Nath Prasad, ‘Major Trends and Perspectives in Studies in the Functional Dimensions of Indian Monastic Buddhism in the Past One Hundred Years: A Historiographical Survey’, Buddhist Studies Review , Journal of the UK Association for Buddhist Studies, London, Vol.25, No.1, 2008, P. 84. 2. Julia Shaw et al, ‘Sanchi and its Archaeological Landscape: Buddhist Monasteries, Settlements and Irrigation Work in Central India’. Antiquity, Vol. 74 2000, P. 775–96; Julia Shaw et al, ‘Ancient Irrigation Works in the Sanchi Area: An Archaeological and Hydrological Investigation’. South Asian Studies Vol. 17, 2001, P. 55–75; Julia Shaw et al, ‘Water Management, Patronage Networks and Religious Change: New Evidence from the Sanchi Dam Complex and Counterparts in Gujarat and Sri Lanka’. South Asian Studies 19, 2003, P. 73–104. 3. Birendra Nath Prasad, ‘Nalanda Mah āvih āra in Its Archaeological Landscape: Archaeology of Religious Transformation in Early Medieval Bihar’, paper presented at the 20 th World Congress of the UNESCO sponsored International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR) , University of Toronto, Canada, August 15-21, 2010; Birendra Nath Prasad, ‘Art and Archaeology of a Village Pratibaddha to the N āland ā Mah āvih āra: A Note on the Socio-economic and Cultural Dynamics in the Hinterland of Nāland ā Mah āvih āra , paper presented at the National Seminar on “Recent Researches in Buddhist Art”, Bihar Puravida Parishada , Patna , December 19-20, 2010; Birendra Nath Prasad, ‘Cultural Processes in the Hinterland of the Monastery: A Case Study of a Village in the Neighborhood of Nalanda’, paper presented at the National Seminar on “ Heritage of Nalanda: Icons and Symbols, Thoughts and Literature’ , Nava Nalanda Mah āvih āra (A Deemed University), Nalanda, 11-13 February, 2011; Birendra Nath Prasad, ‘Recent Archaeological Explorations in the Neighbourhood of Nalanda’, paper presented at the ICHR sponsored National Seminar on Recent Archaeological Excavations and ❝92 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Explorations in the Ganga valley , organized by the Bihar Puravida Parishad, in collaboration with the Archaeological Survey of India , Excavation Branch III , Patna ; February 27-28 ,2012; Birendra Nath Prasad, ‘Rethinking the Decline of Buddhism in the Nalanda Area: An Analysis in the Light of Some Recently Discovered Sculptures’, paper presented at the 10 th international Congress of Bengal Art, Patna , jointly organized by The International Centre for the Study of Bengal Art, Dhaka, and Khudabaksh Oriental Public Library , Patna , February 21-24 , 2013. 4. As the head of the sculpture was thickly covered with vermilion, I could not properly identify the Jina Buddha present there. So I have not been able to provide a more exact identification. ❝93 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X The Goddesses Shrines of Kathua district: A historical retrospection Dr. Arjun Singh Department of History University of Jammu, Jammu INTRODUCTION Kathua district considered to be the gateway of Jammu and Kashmir lies in the south- east of the state. It is bound on the east by Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh and on south by Shakergarh tehsil of Pakistan and Gurdaspur district of Punjab. Ramnagar tehsil of Udhampur district and Bhadarwah tehsil of Doda district fall on its north while Samba district on its north west. On the south-west lies Indo-Pak border. The district is located 32 o17 o to 32 o55 o north latitude and 75 o32 o to 76 o16 o east longitude and spread over an area of 2651 sq. kms. For administrative purpose, the district has been divided into five tehsils, namely Kathua, Hiranagar, Billawar, Basohli and Bani. Bani are the newly created tehsil of the district. A large number of shrines dedicated to various forms of Devi are found scattered all over the district of Kathua 1. CHAMUNDA DEVI OF BASHOLI The shrine of goddess Chamunda, destroyer of Chanda and Munda, two generals of the Asura army, is located at Tehsil Basohli of Kathua district. The shrine lies near the bus Stand of Basohli and is very easy to approach 1.The construction of the shrine is attributed to Raja Vishwapal of Basohli who ruled around 17th century A.D. According to a legend, the goddess chamunda manifested at Basohli as a result of severe penance made by a person belonged to the Upadhaya clan of Ujjain. The goddess so granted him the boon that his descendants would be well versed in the science of Ayurveda 2 . Later on a temple of Chamunda was built by Raja Vishwapal who sacrificed the prisoner and installed the Pindi of Chamunda 3. The temple constructed by raja Vishwapal has undergone many repairs. The present temple structure which is renovated by the priestly family is very simple and is of usual temple style. It is a square chamber surmounted by a shikhara followed by two Ang-Shikharas with Kalshas on the top. The temple contains a few feet ‘Pradakshinapath’ runs around the temple. Besides temple has a huge courtyard approach by a few flights. A figure of lion mythologically considered as a traditional vahana of the Goddess Durga has been kept in one of the corner of the courtyard. It is built in brown stone. Image of the Goddess Chamunda has been installed on a wall like pedestal, just a few inches high and about two feet in length. The image is a natural Pindi Triangular in shape. Apart from the image of Chamunda a very small ❝94 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X image of the Goddess Durga engraved on a stone slab and an image of Rama have been placed on both the sides of the Pindi of Chamunda. The administration of the shrine is run by the descendants of that upadhya family. The Goddess Chamunda Devi is highly venerated by the people of Basohli and various other areas of Jammu region. Different castes groups visit the shrine to perform the tonsure ceremony of their children. Goats were sacrificed on the occasion, but the practice has been stopped. 2. BALA SUNDARI The Goddess Balasundri is a prominent local goddess of the people of Kathua Region. Bala Sundari is also one of the goddess of regional importance. The shrines of this goddess are built in various villages of Jammu region. One of the shrines is located at village Dralta 4 and another at Basohli. Both these shrines are considerably old. But the most prominent shrine of Bala-Sundari is located at village Parol-Nagari of Kathua district. The village lies in the outskirts of the town and is about seven miles from Kathua town. A curious legend is woven around its existence which is recounted by the local population. It is said that once a Brahman named Goswami Tarpuri, an inhabitant of Parol-Nagari, while cutting grass struck his sickle against a piece of stone and blood appeared on it. He was astonished to see the blood as his hands were not at all injured. At night a dream of the goddess asked him to install a pindi under a banyan tree. Brahman installed the Pindi on indicated spot. Later he had another dream in which the goddess told him the location of another pindi 5. Brahmana searched for that Pindi and had it installed besides the previous pindi. When this became known to the people of the area they began to flock offer prayers to the goddess. A temple was erected in due course of time. The fame of the shrine spread far and wide and according to an oral tradition, emperor Akbar visited the shrine and it is said that the emperor doubted the sanctity of the shrine and he Immediately got stung by a swarm of bees 6 and have was not able to see anything .It is said that he fell on his feet, begged forgiveness and payed obeisance to the goddess. As a consequence he donated 18 Ghamao of land to the shrine. This made the shrine even more famous and people began to flock in large numbers for spiritual satisfaction and for the fulfillment of their desires. It is difficult to say with certainty about the date of erection of the temple. Local people have different views about it. An inscription has been found in the temple, but is defaced, hence difficult to read. According to a tradition shrine was erected by a few Kashmiri families who came in the village Parol- Nagari from Kashmir many years ago. These families began to reside permanently in this ❝95 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X village and therefore erected the temple for their Kuldevi (Bala-Sundari) and this inscription was engraved by them in Sharda script. The temple lies in a tall grove of mango trees. It is a square chamber having ceiling with plain walls without any paintings. The pindies are installed on the ground. From outside the chamber is surmounted by Shikhara having Kalshas and Amla. It is surrounded by Anga- Shikhara on four sides. The central and main Shikhara has a brass kalshas while others have cemented Kalashas. The shrine has a big courtyard sheds for yatries have been built on both of its sides. On the opposite of the shrine a few pindies of Bhairava are installed on a cemented platform. The temple complex also contains a few Deries (a sort of samadhies) while belong to the people of various castes. A mela is held on these Deries on Purnima of Ashad and Kartik months. At present the temple is managed by the descendants of Tarapuri who are responsible for worship activities. Previously the expenses on worship articles (Dhup, Dip etc.) were incurred by the Dharmarth Deptt. Although name of the temple is not indicated by the Budget Estimates of the Dharmarth Deptt., but the Archival Records indicate that the temple was under the control of Dharmarth Deptt. till 1904 A.D7. These records further indicate that temple was given in maufi to the temple priests 8 on Kartik 1976 (1919A.D.). 3. SUKRALA DEVI One of the most important Devi shrines which is also a popular pilgrimage centre in the shrine of Sukrala Devi or Mal Devi located village Sukral of Billawar tehsils of Kathua district. 9 The village is about half a dozen miles towards the northeast of Billawar and situated on the side of pine-covered hill at the height of 3500 ft 10 . The name Sukral is derived from the term “Sukhna”. According to a local legend the goddess had fertilized a dry tree in the jungle, so she became popular as Sukrala 11 . Perhaps it would be more correct to derive it from the Sanskrit term “Sharhikalya”. Sharika is another name of Sharda 12 . About origin of the shrine, it is believed that there was a great saint at Basohli, he had paid visit to a number of shrines and performed the austerities of the goddess, to please with his worship and penance and blessed him with her darshan and also promised to appear in his area. Accordingly the goddess appeared in the time of one of his grandsons named Shivnandan. A shila was seen emerging miraculously from the spring and was accepted as the emblem of the goddess. He started to worship it. The temple over it was built by the Chamba prince Madhni Pal or Madho Singh, who ruled around 1703 A.D 13 . The legends related with this informs us that once a while Madhni Singh had gone to Delhi his wazirs revolted against him and installed his younger brother on ❝96 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X the throne. Thus exiled Madho Singh happened to come to Billawar during his wondering and shot a number of animals in dense forest of Sukral. Soon after the incident the king fell ill and did not recover despite all available treatment. Prince then consulted Shivnandan – who interpreted his illness to have been caused because of sacrilege act of hunting in the sacred forest. It was also predicted that the prince should return to Chamba immediately where his entry would not be stopped. He was also asked build a temple of the goddess here with material from Chamba 14 .Soon after the prince left for Chamba, he came to know that the ruling prince was dead and the people accepted him as the ruler. In the rivalry of his new status, the prince forgot about his promise but he was painfully reminded of it. Next day he started for Sukral with a large entourage, carrying building material etc. then the temple was duly erected. The temple is a small square chamber. The inner chamber was built of huge marble slabs brought from Chamba. The upper portion is built ordinary material. From outside it is surmounted by a Shikhara with Kalashas 15 . Outer walls have offsets on all the sides. The left inner side of the jamb of doorway bears a crudely carved figure of Hanuman, with a mace in either hand. Opposite is an equally crude figure of Bhairva. Externally on the right jamb are small panels containing figure of a four headed Brahma, and Shiva seated crossed legged with Ganga flowing from his locks twisted upwards. On the lintel of the doorway is seated four-armed of Ganesha with two rats underneath. Above the lintel of the doorway on the wall of Shikhara there is affixed a stone slab engraved with the figures of Brhama, Vishnu and Mahesha. Temple has “Pradikshnapath” around it. In front of the temple there are three lines with protruding tongues. Two of them are crudely executed in stone while third is made of white marble. On the plinth of the temple inside the Pradikshnapath, there is a small shrine with a stepped roof in which a few coarse sculpture are enshrined. The chief among them are Shesh-Chhaya Vishnu; a four-armed Ganesha; a five faced Shiva linga with heads encircled by a snake and a plain linga on a lotus base. The main chamber of the goddess contains figures of Sukrala as a central figure riding a lion, a little behind it on its left side there is a four-armed figure of Mahishamardini in standing posture severing the head of Mahisha. This image was installed later on in the shrine by Raja Brijraj Singh 16 of Jammu, son of Ranjit Singh Dev 1775 A.D. On the right side of the image of Sukrala there is Chaturbhuji Vaishnavi riding a lion. All these images are engraved on stone slabs and are installed on different pedestals. The descendents of Shivnandan are ❝97 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X responsible for all religious activities of the shrine. About 20 acre land is attached with temple which is also managed by the priest in charge. 4. CHANCHALO DEVI One of the prominent shrines of local goddess is located at Basohli Tehsil of Kathua district. The shrine is popular by the name of Chanchaloi 17 Devi. It is situated on a hillock inside a fortress and is approached by Bani-Bhadrawah road. The shrine is said to have been built by Raja Rattanpal of Basohli who ruled around 17 th century A.D 18 . According to a legend, it was built in the memory of a girl named Chanchalo, daughter of Dhani Ram, a resident of a village in Basohli. Chanchalo had committed suicide after her marriage in Dubey 19 clan when her palanquin was being taken into the palaces. The Raja had introduced a custom that the brides were to be taken to his palaces before entering the groom’s home. Being taken into king’s harem Chanchalo committed suicide by jumping into Ravi River after cursing the king. It is said that soon after this incident the king was attacked by leprosy and could not recover till he constructed the shrine after the name of Chanchalo, who later on became popular as Chanchaloi Devi. The shrine has been built on a little higher platform. It is a round chamber from inside as well as from outside. From outside the chamber is surmounted by a dome having two kalasas. The shrine has a few feet “ Pardakshinapth ” runs around it. The images enshrined on a little higher pedestal carved out in front wall of the entrance. It is embedded in white tiles. The shrine houses the image of goddess on simha having eight hands holding Chakra, Sword, Dhanush (Ban) in her right hands while the fourth right hand is in Abhya Mudra. She is holding conch, gada (mace) flavor and perhaps trident in her left hands. The image is built in white marble. Apart from the image of Durga a few small Pindies are enshrined in the chamber. The pindi which represents Chanchalo Devi is of black colour. There is a small stone slab brown in colour containing two human figures which are depicted as Kuldevatas of the Rajput Zamindars (landlords). The shrine is highly venerated by the people of Basohli who often visit it. The newly married couples after marriage visit the shrine. At the time of cutting of the harvests, the landlords offer grains in the shrine and before performing any auspicious ceremony people visit the shrine to give their offerings to the Goddess. 5. SUNDARI KOTE The shrine of goddess Sundari kote is situated on the top of a cliff of a mountain 20 . It was a strategical point from where one could view the surroundings easily. It led the feudal ❝98 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X lords of Bhaddu to use it as watchtower thus a makeshift small fortress was constructed here with boulders forming the outer wall. The name itself suggests of a fort, Kote meaning fort 21 . Almost in the centre of this fortress existed the shrine of Mata Sundari? It is situated almost twenty kms. from Kathua and seven kms. from Parnala by the side of Dhar road leading to Udhampur. One has to climb more than hundred steps to reach the shrine. The temple of the goddess is situated almost in the centre of a plateau with Shikhara style of simple edifice. The walls of the temple have several niches decorated with the images of gods, goddesses. Here and there we find the chiseling tendrils on the outer walls of the temple. We find a berry tree outside the temple circumambulation. It is said that it was the spot where the image of the goddess was found and was installed in the temple nearby the shrine. From artisan perspective, the temple is of simple type. Its upper portion is not at the height of more than 10 mts. There is a circular path within the temple complex. The idol of Devi is installed in the centre of temple. The upper portion of temple is newly constructed. According to local people, the upper portion has been fallen down after its breakage. Mahatma Purangir is said to have reconstructed it. There was a chhater on the head of idol on which an inscription was written in Sharda script. The inscription has not deciphered as it in the possession of Mahatma Purangir. 22 According to a legend the temple was constructed by a rich man of Akhnoor who was blessed by Devi with amale baby on the fulfilled of his desire, he first the temple constructed. The temple of the goddess is situated almost in the centre of a plateau with Shikhara style of simple edifice 23 . 6. JODEYAN MATA The shrine is situated at the distance of 4.5 kilometers from Banjal. The devotees have to track the whole route with minimum facilities. The shrine is situated on a plateau having height of 7000 ft. above the sea level, covered by lush green plateau and surrounded by snow capped peaks in forest area of Banjal. During winter days, due to heavy snowfall the doors of the temple remain closed 24 . As the legend goes, the goddess appeared in a dream before a local person named Paraga and asked him to install its image in a temple in dense forest so as to live in peace. He not only installed the stone image of the goddess but also erected a wooden temple for the goddess. It is his progeny who is serving the goddess as priest. The temple of the goddess is having pure hill style of design with simple cella and the image is installed on a small dais almost in the centre of the cella. There is no authentic record regarding the construction of the temple. The design of the temple is of the hilly style. At present, the temple is renovated and upper part of the temple is newly constructed. The image of the Devi is not permanently installed inside the ❝99 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X temple premises and the priest brings the image from his home every morning and takes it back to his home in the evening. All this is done due to the fear of thieves who can steal the image and offerings. The goddess is believed to be the kuldevi of various clan of the locality as such animal sacrifice in the shrine on certain occasions is common phenomenon. The devotees when blessed with their boon sacrifice a ewe there to pay their obeisance to the goddess. Devotees fasten threads around a tree planted in the lawn of the shrine and unfasten them only when their wishes are fulfilled. A rather overpowering ceremony commences around seven or eight days on Dussehra morning. People from the neighboring villages, as well as some distant ones, bring over goats for sacrifice, either or thank Jodeyan Mata for some wish granted, or to ask her for a new boon. Typically, more than a hundred goats are lined up. The chela goes into a trance 25 . Then one by one someone other than the chela chops off the heads of all the sheep. The pilgrims gather at this sacred place during the occasion of the Navratras festival. 7. JAGADAMBA TEMPLE The Jagadamba shrine situated at the centre of Mahanpur village, some 10 kms. to the south-east of Bhadu, it is said to have been founded by Raja Manshakiya of Basohli 26 . The temple faces east in the south-east corner of the temple above the level of doorway is an inscription. According to the Takri inscription 27 , character and local dialect, this runs as follows “ Sam, 1583 sam. Sri Devi da dahra Sri Gusai, Suraj Gird a chela Gusain Lal Gir Panchagni kae Raja Sri Rai Man Singh da betadha Kirpalu Chodhri Mal. Likhatam Shavula Jandheal.” Translation: “Samvat 1583 (A.D. 1526). The temple of Sri Devi was built by Kirpalu Chowdhri, superintendent of Stores of Raja Rai Man Singh. Guisan Lal Gir Panchagni, chela of Gusain Suraj Gir.” The lower part of it is in stone, the upper part has been covered with a coat of gypsum plaster; but it seems probable that the whole was originally built in stone. The upper portion collapsed and fell into disrepair, but was afterwards built on a somewhat smaller scale, as is shown by the straight-lined pyramid, which originally must have been curvilinear. The lower part of the vertical wall consists of two friezes divided from each other by a string course of rosettes. The lower springs from a torus moulding. On the jambs of the doorway and in some other parts of the external surface are a few sculptured slabs embedded in the masonry, which seem to have belonged to the original structure. The lowermost two recesses contain standing figures of two dvarapalas armed with spears pointed at both sides. The figures are moustache and wear garlands. Above the dvarapala of the right-hand jamb are carved two peacocks, one ❝100 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X picking grain and the other pecking own tail. Above this is Krishna playing the flute, standing in the midst of his companions, who are waving chauris over him. One of them is a female. Above them are three birds, probably swans, billing and cooing. On three sides of the temple are niches with two fluted columns each. Underneath the southern niche is a small panel containing two figures, one of whom is seated on a throne smoking a hookah, and the other waves a chauri over him. In the niche above is a figure armed like a dvarapala 28 . The western niche contains a four-armed figure of the goddess Kali riding a lion. In the right upper hand she brandishes a sword, in the left she holds a trident; in the right lower a pot (of blood), and in the left a head, by its locks. The northern niche contains the figure of Hanuman. The porch is modern. Internally the temple is square. The dome consists of concentric corbelled circles, narrowing as they ascend one over the other. References and Notes 1. Ganhar, J.N., Jammu Shrines and Pilgrimages, Ganhar Publication, New Delhi, 1986, P. 25. 2. Most of the members of Upadhya clan of Basholi have been the Rajvaidya of the Basholi Rulers. 3. According to Gannar the Pindi of Chamunda seems to have been worshipped before image-making became the vague. Ganhar, op. cit. p. 158. 4. A List of Temples in Jammu and Kashmir Province, - 17692, Srinagar, Central Jail Press, 1919, P. 20-21 5. Ganhar, J.N., op.cit. P. 21. 6. Ibid. 7. File no 915 Samvat year 1981- the State Archives Repository Jammu. 8. Ibid. 9. A List of Temples in Jammu and Kashmir Province,- 17692, Srinagar, Central Jail Press, 1919, P.17 10. Ganhar, J.N., Op. cit. P.17. 11. Billawaria, Raj, Mata Sukrala ki Puri Kahani, P.7. 12. Kak, Ram Chandra, the Antiquities of Basholi and Ramnagar, Sagar Publication, New Delhi, 1972, P.14. 13. Vogel, J.Ph, Gazetteer of Chamba State, P.256. ❝101 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X 14. Ganhar, J.N., op. cit. p.18. 15. Shiv Nirmohi, Duggar ke Mandir, Shivalik Prakashan, Penthal, Udhampur, 2005, P. 56- 57. 16. Ganhar, J.N., Op. cit. P.1. 17. Chanchloi, due to regional tone of Language. 18. Kak, Ram Chandra, op.cit. P. 1. 19. Interview with Nirmal Singh. 20. Devan, Parvez, Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh, Manas Publication, New Delhi, 2007, P. 294. 21. Nirmohi, Shiv, Duggar ke Ma Shivalik Prakashan, Penthal, Udhampur, 2005, P.55. 22. Former priest of the Temple, 1992. 23. Nirmohi, Shiv, op.cit. , P. 55 24. Devan, Parvez, op. cit., P. 298. 25. Ibid. P. 294 26. Charak, S.D.S, History and Culture of Himalayan States, Vol. 6, Ajaya Prakashan, 1988, P.165. 27. Kak, Ram Chandra, op. cit. P.7. 28. Ibid. ❝102 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X KAMAKHYA: THE LIVING MUSUEM ABANTIKA PARASHAR PROJECT ASSISTANT, CULTURAL ARCHIVES INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL CENTER OF THE ARTS NEW DELHI The Kamakhya temple in Assam is one of the most venerated Shakti shrines in India and is regarded as one of the prime Shakti Peethams associated with the legend of Shiva and Daksha yagna. According to Kaliak Purana, an ancient work of Sanskrit, Kamakhya is the yielder of all desires and giver of salvation. Goddess Kamakhya is the most dominating name in the early history of Assam. It was under her banner that the early empire of Assam was built. It was over her emergence and recognition as the presiding deity of the state that the Vaishnavite and Shaivites went into silent conflict and Naraka, the builder of the state lost his life. Later religious history also centers on her and her varied manifestation. In terms of religious practices, Assam is a secular state. It has got numerous religious institutions of different ideologies, some of which are said to be thousands and thousands of years old. All these institutions, whether temple of the Hindus or the mosques of the Islamic or the church of the Christians or the Xotro of the Vaishnavite, are known for its own unique tradition and have its own cluster of devotees. But amongst them all, Kamakhya stands out to be the most prominent one. Apart from being one of the most ancient temples of the state, its origin and concept is associated with a much bigger ideology i.e. the concept of mother goddess and Shaktism, which has represented it with a much wider spectrum. Although little is known about the early history of the temple, the first reference to this place has been traced back to the Allahabad inscription of Emperor Samudragupta. The Kamakhya temple is very significant for Assam and its indigenous people, not only for its religious significance but for being an epitome of historical, cultural, social and spiritual traditions and scenic beauty. The main shrine of the temple is situated at the top of the Nilachal Hill, which is situated at the heart of Guwahati and surrounded by the mighty Brahmaputra on one side. The main temple compound is surrounded by several mini temples and shrines which are somehow related to the Shakti cult. ❝103 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Apart from the religious viewpoint, the most significant aspect of the Kamakhya temple is that it’s a living document of Assam history, being one of the oldest temples of the state. In the past many ancient dynasties, which ruled over Assam in different time period were somehow related to this temple and has left significant evidences of their existence. Besides, this temple once used to be the hub of many practices, which now do not exist. The practice of human sacrifice can be mentioned in this regard. In course of time, Kamakhya has turned into a hub of aural traditions and history. The history of this temple has matured with the contribution of different rulers, starting from the ancient times. The aural history about this temple is mostly comprised of different mythological believes as well as historical evidences, which have their root in ancient Sanskrit texts. But what is interesting to see is the strong attachment between the local people and this mythological believes. Due to this attachment, Kamakhya is forbidden for some people while it has become a mystic centre for some others. Now coming to the present day situation, one has to admit that a different way of living style has developed around this temple. The locality is mostly dominated by the Brahmins who are the Panda or priest of the temple by profession. Their society revolves around the temple only and henceforth in spite of being situated at the heart of a modern city, one can still perceive a spiritual way of living. They have their own way of celebrating different occasions, which is totally different from the people from the rest of the city. Thus in course of time, the temple compound has become a preservation centre, mostly of the intangible heritage of the Shaivite cult of Assam, which is decaying at fast rate in its competition with concepts like modernisation, globalisation etc. The mythological stories or the ancient practices may not have a solid historical evidence to prove its existence, but one cannot deny the fact they have their share of contribution in building the collective identity of Assamese people. Some facts of such a mysterious practice, i.e. of human sacrifice, is discussed below- Akshinah kachhapa graha matshya nawabidhah mrigah Mahisho godhika gawaschhago ruruscha shukarah. Khargacha krishnasarachha godhika sarabho harih Sardulascha naraschhaiwa swagatrurudhirang tatha. (KALIKAPURANAM) (According to Kalika Purana, birds, tortoise, fish, nine varieties of deer, buffalo, cow, goat, lion, own body part of the devotee and human can be sacrificed in front of the goddess.) ❝104 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Since long the debate regarding human sacrifice in Kamakhya has been continued. Based on the verses of Kalika Puran and Yogini Tantra, which includes human in the list of living beings that can be sacrificed, some scholars are of the opinion that in Kamakhya human was sacrificed long ago. On the other hand, some others are of the opinion that the concept of human sacrifice in Kamakhya is nothing but a myth. Dr. Surya Das, a renowned scholar who has studied the concept of human sacrifice in Assam, has opined that there is no definite proof of the fact that, human sacrifice was conducted inside the main shrine of Kamakhya .According to him, beneath the main temple building; there is the temple of Bhairavi, Bala Bhairavi or Tripura Bhairavi. The upper part of this temple is believed to be destroyed by the mighty Mughals. The place where the temple is presently situated is very mysterious and circulated by various myths. Especially the amalgamation of a young girl with a Nagadaitya (a demonic snake), who lived beneath the earth is very interesting. However, it is guessed that human was sacrificed in this temple long ago. Interestingly, the sword or the Dao used for human sacrifice is still believed to be inside the storage of the main temple. Dr. Das has opined that the perfect place for the sacrifice here is the Heruk or Bhairav Smashan. Even the Kalika Puran has also mentioned it as the best place for human sacrifice. This Smashan has been divided into three parts- the area towards the east is Bhairav, which is for meditation or Tapashya. The area towards the south is the place for Devi Bhairavi. Here the goddess should be offered human head along with necklace of human head (human sacrifice) and in Heruk, situated towards the west, the blood should be offered. On the other hand, the medieval history of the state is silent of any practices like human sacrifice. But an old Assam history has opined that in the year 1615, the son of the Mughal general Satrajit, Kamarchand was captured and was sacrifice in Kamakhya temple. However, the acceptability of this evidence is to be questioned. As a museum like institution of intangible heritage, the real treasure of Kamakhya temple or of the Nilachal is the numerous festivals (Puja). Although, worship of the shakti shrine is the dominant practice here, different festivals (e.g.Holi, worshipping of Lord Shiva and goddess Saraswati) are also celebrated throughout the year. The Ambubachi festival (associated with the concept of mother earth having her annual menstruation), Manasha Puja and Deodhani Nritya or Dance, Durga Puja, Lakshmi and Kali Puja, Nabanna( celebration for new crops), Pushyabhishek ( Symbolic marriage of Lord shiva and Parvati), Durga Daul, Janmastami, Shivratri, Madan Chaturali, Saraswati Puja, Daul yatra( like Holi) are few of them. ❝105 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X THE WOMEN CENTRIC PRACTICES OF KAMAKHYA Although Kamakhya revolves around the concept of mother goddess, the females don’t have any direct role to play in the process of worshipping. They are not given the equal status with males in the social hierarchy and henceforth their duties and role is always passive. Although with the advancement of modern culture and practices, the females have come out of the four walls of the household, till a few years ago, their role, especially of the Brahmin caste (the Panda families), was confined to the four walls of a house only. Apart from managing the house and giving birth, one of their (the Brahmin females) prime duties was to prepare foods, which was offered to the temples or to the devotees in different course of time. However, in spite of living in a male centric society, the females of Kamakhya has kept alive some practices and tradition, which were once common to each and every corner of Assam. These practices are indeed somehow related to spirituality, but their simple believe and own interpretation of some complex spiritual concepts has given them a different taste. One such dying practice is the Pohan Biya. When the daughter in law of a Brahmin family conceives for the first time, then the Pohan biya is celebrated. Pohan biya aims for the goodness and wellbeing of the upcoming child of the family. Apart from the rituals, a very significant aspect of this practice is the songs, which are continuously sung throughout the Biya. Through these lyrical compositions, the females pray for a healthy child and a prosperous future of the family. Their musical quality is something to think of for the researchers, but the appeal of these songs can touch each and everybody and are important part of Assamese culture. The women folk, not only of Nilachal, but of entire Assam land, are simple by nature. Because of this simplicity they prefer to give everything their own interpretation. For this reason, the heavenly figures, who controls the world according to Hindu Mythology, has been compared to normal human being and has been criticized or questioned in many occasions. For them the simple remedy of every problem is to pray to god. According to them god is behind each and every action of this world and so only god can cure them. According to them, the reason behind disease like pox is the anger of goddess (whose name is Sitala) and so they try to cure the infected one with some lyrical compositions. Such lyrical compositions, which are commonly Known as Nam are also sung in other occasions like marriage, religious gatherings etc. These folksongs, which are alive among the women folk, are some precious jewels of Assamese culture. But in the modern time, they have become out of practice and therefore a centre for their documentation as well as preservation has become an urgent need. ❝106 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X BOTANICAL HUB The Nilachal is a small mountain with rich vegetation. Although for constructing new buildings a huge amount of it has been chopped down, but Nilachal is still a residence of many rare trees. The Keteki flower is one of it. Keteki is a local flower which has an amazing fragrance. This flower is now hardly found in Assam, but till few years back, it was plenty in Nilachal and even now one or two samples of this flower are found here. Apart from it, many other precious trees and medicinal plants are available here. So we can sum up that, Kamakhya can be easily termed as an institution, which is a centre of social, cultural, religious and spiritual practices of Assam and in the same time safeguarding many dying traditions of Assam. From this point of view Kamakhya can indeed be termed as a living museum. References and Notes 1. Boylan, P. (1992) ‘is yours a classic museum or an Ecomuseum/’ new’ museum? Museum journal, 94(4), 30. 2. Corsane, G. (2005) .From ‘outreach’ to ‘inreach’: How Ecomuseum principles Encourage community participation in museum processes. Paper presented at the Communication and exploration –International Ecomuseum forum. Guizhou, China. 3. Davis, P. (1999). Ecomuseums: a sense of place.Stefano, M.L and Corsane, G.E. (2008) ‘the applicability of the Ecomuseum ideal in safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in north east England. 4. Dutta, Papori; Mahateertha Kamakhya; Beena Library, Guwahati, Assam.2012. 5. Bordoloi, Nirmal Prabha; Devee, Sahitya Prakash, Tribune Building, Guwahati, Assam.1989. 6. Sharma, Rajeev; Shree Shree Kamakhya Devee aru Kamrupar Mahatmya, Assam Book Hive, Guwahati, Assam.2011. 7. Kakati, Banikanta; the Mother Goddess Kamakhya. Publication Board, Assam.2004. 8. Kalika Puran 9. Darang Banshawali 10. Choudhury, Rabin Dev; Asamar Puratatwik Adhyayanar Agragati. Parvati Prakashan, Guwahati, Assam. 1992. ❝107 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X 11. Davis, Peter; Ecomuseology. Leicester University Press, New York.1999. 12. Crook, Elizabeth; Museum and Community: Ideas, Issues and Challenges. Routledge, New York.2007 13. Choudhury, Madhuri; Sowaranir Rup Katha.published by Dipu Choudhury, Guwahati, Assam. 1999. 14. Journals of Kamrup Anushandhan Samiti, Guwahati, Assam. ❝108 ❞ PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X vtukyk dqvka ls izkIr lu~ 1857 ds “kghnksa ds iqjko”ks’k MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k@ftrsUnz flag fp= Ø - 1 fp= Ø - 2 fp= Ø - 3 fp= Ø - 4 fp= Ø - 5 fp= Ø - 6 ! 109 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X vtukyk dqvka ls izkIr lu~ 1857 ds “kghnksa ds iqjko”ks’k MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k@ftrsUnz flag fp= Ø - 7 fp= Ø - 8 fp= Ø - 9 fp= Ø - 10 fp= Ø - 11 fp= Ø - 12 ! 110 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X vtukyk dqvka ls izkIr lu~ 1857 ds “kghnksa ds iqjko”ks’k MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k@ftrsUnz flag fp= Ø - 13 fp= Ø - 14 fp= Ø - 15 fp= Ø - 16 fp= Ø - 17 fp= Ø - 18 ! 111 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X egs”kiqj ls izkIr u`flag izfrekvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u MkW- dkerk izlkn oekZ fp= Ø - 1] vkfnukFk Vhyk] egs'kiqj] u`flag fp= Ø - 2] Vhyk Ø- 3] fo".kq eafnj] fu'kku i[kuk fp= Ø -3] fu'kku i[kuk] egs'kiqj] Vhyk Ø- 3] fp= Ø - 4] fu'kku i[kuk] egs'kiqj] Vhyk Ø- 3] ! 112 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X egs”kiqj ls izkIr u`flag izfrekvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u MkW- dkerk izlkn oekZ fp= Ø - 5] dqfj;k Hkqjdh Vhyk] egs'kiqj] u`flag fp= Ø - 6] dqfj;k >qjdh] Vhyk egs'kiqj fp= Ø - 7] fu”kku i[kuk Vhyk egs'kiqj] u`flag fp= Ø - 8] vkfnukFk] Vhyk egs'kiqj] u`flag ! 113 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X egs”kiqj ls izkIr u`flag izfrekvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u MkW- dkerk izlkn oekZ fp= Ø - 9] u`flag vkfnukFk Vhyk] egs'kiqj fp= Ø - 1] u`flag ]dqfj;k >qjdh Vhyk]egs'kiqj fp= Ø - 11] fu”kku i[kuk] Vhyk egs'kiqj] u`flag ! 114 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X xzke dksagkj ls izkIr f”ko ,oa tSu eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k yYys”k dqekj@MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k fp= Ø - 1 fp= Ø - 2 fp= Ø - 3 fp= Ø - 4 fp= Ø - 5 fp= Ø - 6 ! 115 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X xzke dksagkj ls izkIr f”ko ,oa tSu eafnjksa ds vo”ks’k yYys”k dqekj@ MkW- “kkfUrnso fllkSfn;k fp= Ø - 7 fp= Ø - 8 fp= Ø - 9 fp= Ø - 10 fp= Ø - 11 fp= Ø - 12 ! 116 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa oS’.ko izfrek,sa eksgu yky p<+kj fo’.kq eafnj] oS’.koh ,oa f=foØe f”kykQyd fo’.kq izfrek ! 117 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa oS’.ko izfrek,sa eksgu yky p<+kj “ks’k”kk;h fo’.kq] lkFk esa y{eh iSj nckrs gq, fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa lfgr eafnj dk LrEHk Ik”kqojkg izfrek ! 118 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa oS’.ko izfrek,sa eksgu yky p<+kj fo’.kq ds n”kkorkjksa ds lkFk eafnj dk LrEHk u`ojkg izfrek ! 119 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa oS’.ko izfrek,sa eksgu yky p<+kj u`flag izfrek d`’.k yhyk f”kykQyd] xk; pjkrs gq, d`’.k] cyjke o “k[kk rFkk d`’.k }kjk dkfy;kukx enZu dk n`”; d`’.k yhyk f”kykQyd ] ldVekspu dFkkud ! 120 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa oS’.ko izfrek,sa eksgu yky p<+kj “ks’kukx ds lkr Q.kksa ds lkFk Ckyjke izfrek fo’.kq eafnj ds le{k LFkkfir 48 fQV ÅWpk x#.k LrEHk ! 121 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X ,j.k dh xqIrdkyhu dyk esa oS’.ko izfrek,sa eksgu yky p<+kj Ckq) izfrek dk flj ! 122 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X New light on rare coins from pachrahi excavation Dr. Atula Kumar Pradhan Plate.1, General view of the Excavated site -I Plate.2, Prehistoric tools Plate.3, Excavated Temple structure, Plate.7, Exposed Temple structures, Area -IV Kankalin tila (after excavation) Plate.4a, Gold coin of Ratan dev Plate.4b, Gold coin of Ratan dev (reverse) ! 123 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X New light on rare coins from pachrahi excavation Dr. Atula Kumar Pradhan Plate.5b, Gold coin of Pratapmalldev Plate.5a,Gold coin of Pratapmalladev (reverse) Plate.6a,Gold coin of Nakkad dev (Obverse) Plate.6b,Gold coin of Nakkad dev (reverse) Plate.8, Ravanugraha image ! 124 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Brick structures and other remains at dhamna, distt. Shivpuri, as plausible Buddhist remains Tikam Tenwar and J. Manuel Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig 5 Fig 6 ! 125 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Buddha and bodhisattvas images in the art of odisha Pratap Kumar Das Pl.1.Standing Pl.2.Sitting Buddha in Khadiravanitara,choudar,Odisha Vikhyanmudra,Choudar, Odisha Pl.3. Mutilated Sitting Pl.4.Buddha in Bhumisparsa mudra,Choudar Buddha,Choudar,Odisha ! 126 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Revisiting the Archaeological remains of Kabirdham district Dr. Ram Vijay Sharma 1. Bhoram deo temple, Kabirdhan 2.Ambika, in the compound of Bhoram deo temple ! 127 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Revisiting the Archaeological remains of Kabirdham district Dr. Ram Vijay Sharma 3. Excavation site, Pachrahi 4.Krishan balaram, pachrahi excavation ! 128 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Revisiting the Archaeological remains of Kabirdham district Dr. Ram Vijay Sharma 5.Jain sculpture, Pandaria 6.Bhairav image, Pacrahi excavation ! 129 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Drugdhamna (Nagpur) Megalithic Circle Excavation (2008 -09) Dr. Pradip Shaligram Meshram Dr. Vishakha Sanjay Kamble Before excavation After Excavation ! 130 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Drugdhamna (Nagpur) Megalithic Circle Excavation (2008 -09) Dr. Pradip Shaligram Meshram Dr. Vishakha Sanjay Kamble Pottery from Drugdhamana Megalithic Circle ! 131 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Two Sati Inscriptions from Eastern Maharashtra Mr. Dhiraj Choudhari (Fig.2. Sati Inscription, Sindkhed Raja) (Fig.1. Sati Grave(Samadhi) , Sindkhed Raja) (Fig.3. Sati Stone Inscription, Achalpur) ! 132 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Some recently discovered archaeological sites in the district of Nalanda: Preliminary notes from the field Birendra Nath Prasad Arawan , view of the mound Arawan broken sculptures Fatehpur broken sculptutres Koshnara view of the mound Makhadumpur view of the mound Makhadumpur view of the mound_1 ! 133 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Some recently discovered archaeological sites in the district of Nalanda: Preliminary notes from the field Birendra Nath Prasad Meyar , Varahi fixed to a wall and painted with red ! 134 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Kamakhya : The Living Museum Abantika Parasar Fig 1 Fig 2 ! 135 ! PRAG SAMKISHA/VOL. II/ISSUE -I/AUGUST/2014/ISSN 2321 -659X Kamakhya : The Living Museum Abantika Parasar Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig 5 ! 136 ! A NATIONAL JOURNAL FOR HISTORY, CULTURE & ARCHAEOLOGY sq6ffeil S0NAL #9425338V27