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Cross-Border Trade and Food Security in West Africa the Western Basin : Gambia, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal

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Cross-Border Trade and Food Security in West Africa the Western Basin : Gambia, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal Cross-border Trade and Food Security in West Africa The Western Basin : Gambia, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal March 2010 With the participation of : Financial support from Cross-border Trade and Food Security in West Africa : the Western Basin Table of contents Table of contents ................................................................................................... 2 Acronyms ............................................................................................................. 3 Preface ................................................................................................................. 4 Summary ............................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1. Background and Objectives ..................................................................... 7 1.1 Background .................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Objectives and Partnerships ........................................................................... 7 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Limitations ..................................................................................................10 Chapter 2 : Market Characteristics and Trade Flows ..................................................12 2.1 Market typology ...........................................................................................12 2.2 Trade flow mapping ......................................................................................15 Chapter 3 : Market Efficiency .................................................................................32 3.1 Market structure ..........................................................................................32 3.2 Market Conduct ...........................................................................................36 3.3 Trader’s constraints and capacities .................................................................39 3.4 Market integration ........................................................................................42 Chapter 4. Markets in Adjustment ..........................................................................50 4.1 The impact of the economic crisis ...................................................................50 4.2 Impact of the crisis in Guinea ........................................................................57 4.3 Policy responses to the crisis .........................................................................59 4.4 Markets and food security in the western basin ................................................64 5. Conclusions and Recommendations .....................................................................67 5. 1 Conclusions ................................................................................................67 5.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................70 Bibliography.........................................................................................................72 2 Cross-border Trade and Food Security in West Africa : the Western Basin Acronyms ACA : African Cashew Alliance AFD : Agence Française pour le Développement CFSVA : Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment ECOWAS : Economic Community of West African States CILSS : Permanent Inter State Committee Against Drought in the Sahel CIRAD: International Agronomic Research Center for Development CNC : National Cashew Commission CNDD : National Council for Democracy and Development CSA : Food Security Commission FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization FOB: Free on board FAOSTAT: Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics FCFA: Franc de la Communauté Financière d’Afrique FEWS NET: Famine Early Warning Systems Network GOANA : Great Offensive for Agriculture, Food and Abundance GDP : Gross Domestic Product INSAH: Sahel Institute (CILSS) K2M : Katsina – Kano - Maradi MIS : Market Information System MADR : Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development OECD : Organisation pour la Coopération Economique et le Développement OMA : Observatory of Agricultural Markets OPA : Observatory of Abnormal Practices SWAC: Sahel and West Africa Club. USAID: United States Agency for International Development USD: United States Dollar WAMIS NET: West Africa Market Information Systems Network WFP : World Food Programme 3 Cross-border Trade and Food Security in West Africa : the Western Basin Preface At a meeting in Lomé in 1989, food security experts from CILSS member countries defined the limits of West Africa’s main trading basins. The western basin, the central basin and the eastern basin constitute trading systems that foster opportunities for the region’s food security. In 2008, the western basin – covering an area from Mauritania to Liberia, through Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone – experienced a shock that compromised the flow of imported rice on which national markets have become dependent. This disruption to markets led to short and medium term policy responses to mitigate the impact on vulnerable groups, and to reduce countries’ dependency on food imports. Knowledge of food trade flows, trader incentives and capacity is required to inform food policy responses. The western basin is a system in flux, facing continued instability on the international commodity markets on the one hand, while being blessed with strong agricultural potential on the other. The existence of such high stakes justifies an in-depth assessment of the system’s performance and its influence of household food security. The present study is a joint effort on the part of CILSS, FAO, FEWS NET, WFP and member countries. The document offers an analysis of trade dynamics and food security in the western basin. We hope that decision makers at both the national and regional level may find herein information of use to the implementation of food security programs. Dr. Alhousseini Bretaudeau Executive Secretary, CILSS 4 Cross-border Trade and Food Security in West Africa : the Western Basin Acknowledgements Mahamane Nasser Almajid (FEWS NET), Alpha Oumar Ba (WFP) Adeline Belem (WFP), William Diatta (WFP), Damieta Mendes (WFP), Mouhamadou Ndiaye (SIM/CSA), Moussa Niang (SIM/CSA), Armando Sanca Nogueira (SIM/Guinea-Bissau) and Alpha Sy (WFP) are acknowledged for their participation in primary data collection. Support from Koffi Akakpo, Atsuvi Gamli, Guy Obama and Maliki Amadou Mahamane (WFP) was received for data management and analysis. Mame Abdoulaye Sarr (WFP) produced the maps in this report. Patricia Bonnard (FEWS NET), Moussa Cissé (CILSS), Patrick David (FAO), Laouali Ibrahim (FEWS NET), Aliou Maiga (INSAH/CILSS), Issa Sanogo (WFP), Papa Boubacar Soumaré (FAO) and Salif Sow (FEWS NET) are acknowledged for their contribution to the design of the study and for their comments on successive drafts. Jean-Martin Bauer (WFP) wrote the report. 5 Cross-border Trade and Food Security in West Africa : the Western Basin Executive Summary The western basin – defined for the purposes of this study as the market system linking Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, western Mali and Mauritania – hosts a variety long-distance trade flows that support the livelihoods and coping strategies of households vulnerable to food insecurity. These cross-border flows respond to strong demand emanating from the coast’s urban areas, with the Dakar-Touba area. When trade flows occur freely, the palm oil, livestock, cashew nut and groundnut businesses constitute opportunities for households in the basin to ensure their food security and cope with food crises. The commercial system’s structure offers opportunities and constraints to food security. The western basin’s markets are concentrated, potentially penalizing producers and consumers alike. Sectors that are closely linked to the world market – such as imported rice and cashew nuts – are dominated by a handful of actors. The widespread influence of commercial networks in the wholesale trade is a sign of restrictive entry in that market segment. However, strong social links between retailers and consumers favor food security: retailer’s widespread practice of sales on credit allows households to defend their food access at times of crisis. Markets have the demonstrated ability to respond to additional demand, especially for imported commodities. The markets of Dakar, Touba (Senegal) and Basse Santa Su (Gambia) are ‘leading’ markets in the basin. Kaolack (Senegal) is the leading market for millet. The markets in the basin’s hinterland – and in Guinea – are less integrated with those at the heart of the western basin. Economic and political shocks that the basin has experienced since 2007 have influenced its capacity to support household food security. The increase in commodity prices and the global economic crisis that followed have reduced transacted volumes, shrunk traders’ margins and have reinforced the concentrated nature of wholesale trade. The crisis in Guinea, by disrupting cross-border food trade, has weakened the food security of the forest area’s cash crop producers. The improvement in grain availability in the basin compared to 2007 –especially for local rice – bears witness to the system’s dynamic nature, and to the existence of new opportunities for household food security. Clearly, public actions influence the performance of the market system,
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