Zhao: Reform Vital to the Country

BeijingR«-!r HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK VOL. 30, NO. 29 Significance of Anti-Japanese War CONTENTS • To mark the 50th anniversary NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 of the beginning of the Chinese Reform: Progressing at Faster People's War of Resistance Rate Against Japan, Hu Qiaomu, EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 Member of the CPC Central Population Policy Key to China's Committee's Political Bureau, Future writes about the significance of the Bureaucratism Under Heavy Fire war and its relevance to the Examinations Spoiling Happy present relationship between Childhood China and Japan, (p. 17). Cadres Applaud Policy of p. 23 Reform FRG Chancellor Visits Beijing Zliao: Reform & Ar^ti-Bourgeois Uberaiization Bi-weekly Chronicle (June 29-July 12) INTERNATIONAL 10-13 • Speaking at a recent conference of cadres Zhao Ziyang Viet Nam: Leaders on No-Win outhned two tasks for propaganda work^(l) deepening the Course struggle against bourgelois liberalization, and (2) strengthening UNCTAD: Seventh Session Faces publicity on reform. He stressed the two key points of the Uphill Battle Chinese Communist F*arty's political line: upholding the four Bonn-Moscow: High-Level cardinal principles and the general policies of reform, openness Contacts Restored and economic invigoration. He also elaborated on the Panama: Peace Seems to Be interrelations of the two and criticized some wrong views in this Coming Late regard (p. 14). Zhao on Reform and Anti- Bourgeois Liberalization 14 One Billion and Five Billion 16 Reform: Progressing at Faster Rate Historic Significance of Anti- \ Japanese War 17 • Despite the great economic and social advances to which Cliina's Three Railway Construc• leasing of state-ow^led enterprises to collectives and individuals tion Projects 23 has contributed, China's economic level is still low, far lower F^ts & Figures: Changes in in• than that of developed capitalist countries. If the Chinese dustrial Ownership Structure 26 people are not quickly helped out of poverty, socialism will lose North American Special its appeal. With the experience gained in the past eight years, it (In Canadian and US issues only) is possible to carry on the reform more boldly and rapidly (p. 4). Teaching Language by Using Theater I A Showcase for Canadian Cliina's Raiiway Construction Publishing IV Stamp Show Conveys Message V A Modern Medici Benefits • China's railways are inadequate to meet the growing China VI demand for transporting freight and passengers, and this is Doris Wan Cheng's Electronic holding back its economic growth. Three major railway Books VIII projects have been initiated to alleviate the problem (p. 23). BUSINESS/TRADE 29

CULTURE/SCIENCE 30-31 Published every Monday by Subscription rates (1 Year): BOOKS 32-33 BEIJING REVIEW LETTERS 34 24 Balwanzhuang Road, Beijing Australia A.$22.00 COVER: The Hengyang (in Hunan The People's Republic of China Province)-Guangzhou Railway is being General Editorial Office Teli 893860 New Zealand NZ.$30.00 expanded for double tracks. Here are English Deportment Tel: 890951-546 UK £12.00 Distributed by Qiino International Book USA US$22.00 the largest bridge and biggest tunnel of Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) the line. LI Shuande P.O. Box 399, Bieli'ng, Chino Canada Can.$21.00 • NOTES FROM THE EDITORS •••••••IMW—I Reform: Progressing at Faster Rate

by Dai Yannian

ecently, dramatic progress has not only a declaration, but a living productivity so that more and Rbeen made in the reform of reality. more people can have a taste of the China's larger enterprises. China decided to quicken the benefits of socialism. Then the In China's largest industrial pace of reform because this is the trend of bourgeois liberalization centre, Shanghai, by the end of only way to quicker development, advocating "complete Westerniz• June, contracts had been signed modernization and the successful ation" will have no market. between factory directors and building of socialism with Chinese As reform deepens, it also needs their superiors—bureaus in characteristics. The defects of the to be accelerated. In the last eight charge and the municipal finance former structure hampered the years, some but not all aspects of bureau — for leasing 330 large development of productivity and the former structure have been state-owned factories to the people's motivation. destroyed; some but not all aspects directors' management for a Since December 1978, as a of the new system have been period of one to two years. The result of the shift of the focus of established. While the new and old leasing fee is based on the profits work to economic construction structures condition each other, the enterprise handed over to the arid the implementation of the they also cause many state last year and the agreement is gefleral policies of reform, open• contradictions. that the enterprise will hand over a ness and economic invigoration, The reform in the last few years set part of any increased profits to China's economy has seen a steady was concentrated on the economic the state and keep the rest for its and sustained development at a structure-, the political structure own use. noticeably faster rate. In the 26 was reformed only in certain Leasing can help motivate years from 1953, when China's spheres — leading cadres' life-long enterprise and workers, so that the First Five-Year Plan began, to tenure system was abolished, income of the state, the enterprise 1978^ China's total industrial and younger cadres were promoted and the workers grows. Although agricultural output value in• and a legal system began to be larger leased enterprises make up creased by 8.2 percent annually, built. An all-round economic less than 2 percent of the city's and in the eight years from 1978 to reform requires commensurate ^ total state-owned factories, they 1986, by 10 percent. Society's total political reform. handed over taxes and profits to output in 1953-78 grew by 7.9 The reform of the political the state which accounted for 60 percent annually and in 1978-86 structure is meant to give new life percent of the total. The city's by 10.1 percent. National income to Party and state organizations, 1,770 state-owned industrial en• in the former period grew by 6 to increase efficiency, overcome terprises will all be leased out by percent annually and in the latter bureaucracy and motivate the the end of July. by 8.7 percent. Over the past eight people and work-units at the How to deepen the reform in years, urban people's per-capita grass-roots level. The reform larger state-owned enterprises was income (in real terms) increased by mainly consists of separating the once a difficult problem. A few 89 percent, farmers' net income responsibility of the Party from years ago the leasing of smaller went up by 150 percent; total retail the government, strengthening enterprises demonstrated the sales grew by 200 percent; the and improving the Party's leader• effectiveness of leasing. Early this production and sales of consumer ship, delegating power to the year a decision was made to lease durables such as colour TV sets, lower levels and reforming various out larger enterprises and rapid washing machines and refrige• organizations. It also includes progress has since been made. rators shot up many fold. revamping the cadre system, Statistics from 11 provinces, Despite these advances, due to selecting and promoting outstand• autonomous regions and municip• historical and other factors, ing younger people; expanding alities show that by the middle of China's economic level is still low, socialist democracy, perfecting the June, this was done in 36 percent far lower than that of developed legal system, and establishing a of such enterprises. capitalist countries. China has system for supervising cadres from The deepening of the reform in chosen the socialist road. But if the the bottom up. larger enterprises is vital, for it will people are not quickly helped out In short, China has ac• promote the development of the of poverty, socialism will lose its cumulated much experience in the whole urban reform. Chinese appeal. So China must quicken the eight-year-old reform. Now it is leader Deng Xiaoping recently pace of reform and, in the light of necessary and possible to carry out stated that China's reform should China's conditions, improve the the reform more boldly and be speeded up. What Deng said is socialist system and greatly boost I rapidly. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 EVENTS/TRENDS

Population Policy Key to China's Future

ow does one respond to the the natural growth rate was 14.08 ensure that China's population is Hnews that the five billionth per thousand, an increase of 2.85 kept at around 1.2 billion by the baby has arrived on the planet? per thousand from a year earlier. end of the century. For Chinese people, the milestone Liang said the main reason for According to Zhou Changhui, must be taken as a warning sign. the jump is that people born another family planning official, China's Premier Zhao Ziyang, during the second "baby boom," the policies will continue to be representing the one-fifth of the which started in 1962, are entering flexible for minority nationalities global population, declared that marriageable and childbearing in remote areas and for those in China can achieve the goal of age. According to official statis• selected occupations. "For in• keeping its total population at tics, 1986 saw an increase of 9 stance," Zhou said, "parents around 1.2 billion by the end of million over 1985 in the number of living in the mountain areas might this century as long as it sticks to women of childbearing age. There have second child, if it is consistent practical and effective policies. He were 9.34 million first marriages in with the local policies." He added .was speaking on a July 8 television 1986, up 560,000 from the that each province and city has its special, "The Day of the 5 Bil• preceding year. own population policies, along lion." sponsored by the United There was also an increase in the with a population target set by the Nations Fund for Population number of second births allowed state. "A local government can Activities and the US Turner for rural families . with severe make its family planning pro• broadcasting system. difficulties, Liang said, and the gramme fiexible, as long as it "China adheres to the policy of proportion of third and more keeps the local population within family planning while boosting its I births was still high. First births the target," he said. economy and controls its rapid j accountedfor 51.2 percent of total population growth so as to keep I births in 1986, second births for China has no family planning the pace of growth in step with 31.5 percent and third and more law, although it intends to enact social and economic development births for 17.3 percent. one. Differing living conditions in and with ecology and the use of He said 1987 is seeing a third various parts of the country make resources. This is the way to baby boom (the first was in the it hard to formulate a national eliminate poverty and make our early 1950s) and stressed that law. But in Sichuan, the country's country strong, our nation unplanned second and more births most populous province with 100 prosperous and our people better- would be strictly forbidden to million inhabitants, the provincial off. And this is a basic policy of China in the period of socialist construction," said Zhao. As the most populous country in the I —Let me fly by myself. — No, honey, we must protect you. You're aii tfsiy chEld. world, he said, China will continue to make its fair contribution to stabilizing the world population, along with other countries. On the same day, the State Family Planning Commission announced that the total popul• ation on China's mainland reached 1,057,210,000 at the end of 1986, up 3.34 milHon from a year earlier. Addressing a press conference, Liang Jimin, spokesman for the commission, said that the birth rate and the natural growth rate both rose in 1986. The birth rate was 20.8 per thousand, up from 17.8 per thousand in 1985, while

JULY 20, 1987 5 EVENTS/TRENDS I

People's Congress promulgated Bureaucratism causes and effects of some serious family planning regulations on accidents which have taken place July 4. Under Heavy Fire in the past couple of years. Educating Parents. Since China Xu Holing and Li Zhao, both introduced its one-child policy in hina is paying more attention deputy directors-general of the the early 1980s, an unprecedented Cto the struggle against Civil Aviation Administration of generation of only children has bureaucracy. Many government China (CAAC), set to work at the appeared, which has drawn the ministers and vice-ministers are country's largest airport, the attention of the whole society. leaving their offices to tackle Beijing Airport, which has often been criticized by passengers and Although there is controversy problems on the spot. State organizations have been the press for poor service. The about whether the only child is the leadership of the Beijing branch of "king" of a family, everyone taking effective measures to fight bureaucracy after summing up the the CAAC was readjusted and agrees that these children are more other changes have followed. The spoiled by their parents and lessons of the recent disastrous forest fire in Heilongjiang Pro• terminal is now cleaner and service grandparents than were previous has been improved. generations. The key problem, vince, in northeast China. Serious according to some experts, is that bureaucratic mismanagement of The Ministry of Water Re• many parents do not know how to fire prevention was uncovered in sources and Electric Power, which raise and educate their only the wake of the fire, which lasted bears the main responsibility for babies. Some of them love their from May 6 to June 2. flood prevention, has urged its only children so much that they Yang Zhong, the forestry officials to stress flood prevention are at the mercy of their offspring, minister, and Dong Zhiyong, vice- while combating bureaucracy. and even do absurd things. minister, were removed from their posts. This sounded an alarm for Minister Qian Zhengying An example was reported officials at various levels, who are pointed out that problems such as recently in a Chinese newspaper. now taking measures to combat mismanagement and irresponsi• To keep their only son healthy and bureaucracy. bility exist in the ministry. Since free from infection, a couple gave As soon as the fifth meeting of early May, she has led 10 working their child only distilled water to cabinet members of the Chinese groups to inspect flood prevention drink for six years. The child died and Japanese governments ended, work and implement various because he lacked immunity. Communications Minister Qian measures along the Changjiang Today more parents are realiz• Yongchang led three vice- River, the Huanghe (Yellow) ing that they need advice to raise ministers and more than 30 River and other important river and educate their children. To officials to east, south and north systems. meet this need, some 20,000 China and the Changjiang (Yang• The Ministry of Coal Industry "parents' schools" have sprung tze) River area. They observed and has organized more than 100 up. Three or four times a year, inspected warehouses, harbours, officials, led by the minister and parents attend lectures by experts vessels and ferries, studying and vice-ministers, to inspect produc• in family education, said Liu Bin. solving problems concerning tion safety in coal mines in Henan, vice-minister of the Stale Educ• transportation operations and Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong ation Commission. safety. provinces, the Inner Mongolia The only child has better Autonomous Region and north• physical development, wider inter• Qian felt he should take east China. ests, a quicker mind, ' stronger responsibility for this year's many The State Planning Com• desire to outdo others and a transportation accidents, which mission urged its officials to greater thirst for knowledge, Liu have caused big losses to the state handle all documents and files said. "But most of them also have and individuals. "Lax disciphne, within a week, permitting no weak points, such as low ability to mismanagement, faulty operating delay. care for themselves, selfishness, procedures and bureaucracy are Zhu Rongji, vice-minister of the wilfulness and arrogance." These the main factors in ship colHsions, State Economic Commission, weak points, he said, arise largely fires, explosions and other acci• called on all staff to improve their because parents pay attention to dents which happened in the past work style and provide good their child's physical and in•few months," he said. service to all regions, departments tellectual development while neg• The communications depart• and grassroots organizations. He lecting moral education. ments are now taking measures to also urged officials to implement The lectures help parents realize overcome problems such as the state guidelines, and to make that they must neither spoil nor be neglect of duty, poor discipline policy in a democratic and rude to their children, Liu said. and insubordination. They will scientific way to avoid mistakes. by Li Haibo also review. ,an(} i.re-eyaluate the

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 thing they wanted was a good, middle-school students, will not Exams Spoiling round-the-clock sleep. In these be enrolled into higher schooling. Happy Cliildliood circumstances, the graduates' Although the city government has health suffers. Exhausted, some promised to settle the unlucky s many as 20 students in fall ill before the exam or in the children in continuing education AYunclieng, Shanxi Province, examination room. About 80 classes, adult education groups or committed suicide in the past five percent of them have eye a variety of vocational training years because of their failure in problems. And some graduates courses, the pressure remains. No college entrance examinations. develop psychological problems parent wants to see their child lose And every exam season, such under the extreme stress. Wu the chance for further schooUng. tragedies are repeated across the Dihua, 18, said he felt full of pent- "It makes my heart ache," one country, said a State Education up anger before one exam. He mother of a 15-year-old son said. Commission official. collected some waste bottles and "But I have to wake him up at 5 For 16 million Chinese senior- tins and smashed them wildly until am (to study). Sometimes he and junior-middle school gradu- he felt better. thinks I'm too hard on him. He will understand me in the future." Another reason for the panic about schooling is the heavy emphasis that the State's person• nel system puts on academic qualifications. As the same mother put it, "People nowadays only recognize a diploma. If you have it, you're a 'dragon', otherwise, you're a 'worm'." Public opinion has repeatedly criticized the cramming method of teaching and learning for tram• pling down the younger gener• ation. And the competitiveness, along with the cramming method, has been extended to primary schools and to pre-school edijcation. Some children who are consi• dered as "hopeless" react to the keen competition by quitting MENG XUEJUN school, the Education Com• students coming from a college entrance examination centre. mission official said. Last year in Tianjin, 11,000 junior middle ates preparing for exams, this Wen Xiaojie, an official from school students dropped out. summer is absolutely miserable. the State Education Commission Reports from Guangzhou say that While other people are spending explained that the anxiety arises some 10 percent of students have their hohdays in the country's because there are insufficient quit middle schools there. Many scenic spots, the graduates work opportunities for higher school• of these children's parents think it into night, poring over endless ing. People are better off in recent would be better for them to earn homework and simulated exam years and have less children, so money, since they cannot compete papers. One senior middle school more parents want their children with the academic stars. graduate, Liu Qi, rubbed the three to get a better education. Also, the To cope with the problem, the black-lettered examination days number of 15 to 17 year olds is official said, the Education off the calendar, saying, "If only growing rapidly because of the Commission called on schools in these damned days would never baby boom in the early 1970s. But 1983 to adjust their goals and ease come!" the State cannot afford to build the students' burden. "But matters A survey among graduates of enough colleges and middle have not been efficiently impro• three Beijing senior middle schools schools to meet the demand. ved," he said. "We need a co• showed that one-third of them In Beijing, for example, some ordinated effort of the whole slept less than five hours a night. 70,000 youngsters aged 15 or 16, society." Many of them said that the only or about 42 percent of junior- by Wang Xin JULY 20, 1987 7 1 EVENTS/TRENDS

purchasing prices of agricultural Cadres Applaud products. Commerce and industry FRG Chancellor Policy of Reform have developed quickly in the Visits Beijing rural areas. Now there are 12 million village enterprises with more than 76 milhon workers, A nationwide survey shows that elmut Kohl, chancellor of the accounting for 21 percent of the "a vast majority of Chinese Federal Republic of Germany, total labour force in the H cadres have full confidence in the his wife and their party arrived in countryside. country's policy of reform and Beijing on July 12 for an eight-day opening up to the outside world. In the past few years, China has official visit at the invitation of Cadres at all levels are the readjusted the structure of owner• Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang. mainstay in carrying out the ship of enterprises in urban areas, It was Kohl's third visit to Party's policies and principles. So developing multiple ways of China. He first visited in the their attitude towards the current management. Economic links capacity of Federal German political situation and pohcies between enterprises have been chancellor in 1984. plays an important role in the encouraged and about 7,000 contry's political future. combinations and groups of Kohl's 110-plus entourage in• Cadres were asked: In the enterprises have appeared, con• cluded Hans Klein, federal process of the struggle against tract and leasing systems have minister for economic co• bourgeois liberalization, what do been implemented in many state- operation, Friendhelm Ost, state you think of the Party's reform owned enterprises. Enterprises are secretary and head of the and open policies, which have now given more power to decide government press and inform• been in effect since the Third their production and marketing ation office, Jurgen Ruhfus, Plenary Session of the 11 th Party plans, prices of products and other secretary of state for foreign Central Committee in 1978. The matters. affairs, and Dieter von Wuerzen, survey was conducted in March by There has been a preliminary state secretary for economics. the Beijing Social and Economic reform of the country's planning The guests were greeted at the Scientific Research Institute. The system and the market mechanism airport by He Kang, chairman of nationwide sample consisted of has begun to play an important the Chinese government reception more than 1,000 government role. committee and minister of agricul• functionaries and leaders of Living standards in both the ture, animal husbandry and institutions and enterprises in 29 cities and the countryside impro• fisheries, and Zhou Nan, vice- provinces, autonomous regions ved. In rural areas, the average minister of foreign affairs. and municipalities. The institute annual per-capita net income During a stopover in Shanghai, also convened three informal increased to 424 yuan in 1986 from discussions in Beijing, listening Kohl met Shanghai Mayor Jiang 134 yuan in 1978. the annual per- Zemin and later gave a reception directly to the opinions of some capita net income of city dwellers cadres. on board the Federal German averaged 828 yuan in 1986 naval training vessel "Deutsch- According to the survey, most compared with 316 yuan in 1978. land," which was in Shanghai on a cadres think that the years of In the past eight years, about 60 friendship visit. More than 300 reform have been years of million people in cities and towns people, including the mayor, other achievement. found jobs. The unemployment Chinese representatives and Since 1978, various reforms rate declined to 2 percent from 5.3 Federal German experts and have been put into practice in both percent. students attended the reception. rural and urban areas. Changes Although there are problems have taken place in fields from with the reform, most cadres Kohl was scheduled to hold production to distribution, from surveyed think that the process is talks with Zhao Ziyang and meet invigorating enterprises to impro• irreversible and people generally other Chinese leaders. Also ving enterprise management sy• want to see it continue. They said planned were visits to Nanjing, in stems, and from ownership and that for the process to develop eastern Jiangsu Province, and management forms to functions smoothly, the reform of the Lhasa, Tibet. and organization of government political structure must be carried Federal Germany is China's administrations. out while reforming the economic biggest trading partner in Western The contract responsibility systems. Europe. In a report on the system was first carried out in the Most cadres think that the administration of the Federal countryside, greatly arousing the policy of opening up to the outside German government in March, enthusiasm of farmers.China world is an important way for the Kohl referred to China as an readjusted its agricultural policy country to develop its socialist especially important and trust• and many times increased the economy. • worthy ally. •

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 Bi-Weekly Chronicle ECONOMIC FOREIGN RELATIONS (June 29-July 12) July 2 July 1 POLITICAL • The first test flight of the MD- • The establishment of dip• 82 airplane, a Sino-US co- lomatic relations between China June 30 production, has been successful, and Israel is currently out of the • Patriotic Tibetan dignitaries Xinhua reports. question, a spokesman for the who are deputies to the local Flying at an altitude of 11,000 Chinese Foreign Ministry says at a People's Political Consultative metres and at a speed of 850 press conference in Beijing, Conference and the People's kilometres per hour, the perfor• Xinhua reports. Congress now in session, express mance of the airplane has been "China's position of opposing at a forum their indignation and good, according to the American Israel's policies of aggression and resentment at the two amend• pilots. expansion has not changed," he ments accusing China of human The joint venture with reiterated. rights violations adopted by the McDonnell-Douglas Aircraft House of Representatives of the Corporation of the United States July 3 United States, the overseas edition is the biggest Sino-American • Chinese President Li Xian- of Renmin Ribao (People^s Daily) project to date. nian and his wife, Lin Jiamei, meet reports. Bangladesh President Hussain They cite their personal expe• Muhammad Ershad and Mrs. rience and many facts to prove July 8 • China's airline companies car• Ershad in Beijing, Xinhua reports. that the Tibetan people are leading Li praises Bangladesh's achieve• a happy life and that human rights ried 6 million passengers and handled 138,500 tons of cargo ments in developing its economy, have been guaranteed since the noting that the country, which has peaceful liberation of Tibet more during the first half of this year, a substantial increase over the same a large population, has made great than 30 years ago. They say the strides in family planning. United States has no right to period last year, Xinhua reports. CAAC, the national flag President Ershad and his party interfere in China's internal arrived in Beijing on July 2 for a affairs. carrier, has opened five intern• ational and seven domestic air state visit to China at the routes since January, and will invitation of the Chinese July 3 president. • Members of the Communist open one more international and three more domestic routes later Party of China (CPC) will be July 11 this year. expelled from the Party if they • Speaking at a meeting with take bribes, no matter how small, July 10 Vernon Walters, US ambassador Renmin Ribao reports. to the United Nations, Chinese In a decision to crack down on • Hebei Province's 1987 intern• ational economic and technolog• State Councillor and Foreign corruption, the CPC Central Minister Wu Xueqian reiterates Discipline Inspection Commission ical co-operation and exports negotiation conference will be China's position of observing notes that the practice of taking strict neutrality on the Iran-Iraq and asking for bribes has become held in the provincial capital, Shijiazhuang, September 1-10, the conflict and actively promoting a rampant in some areas and reconciliation between the two departments. This arouses strong overseas edition of Renmin Ribao reports. countries. Walters is in Beijing on dissatisfaction inside and outside a mission to push for support of a the Party, and even in the world. UN resolution to halt the 7-year- CULTURAL old Gulf War. According to July 8 Walters, the UN resolution calls • In response to a question raised July 6 for a cease-fire, a withdrawal from by some journalists at a weekly • About 2.3 million students occupied territory and an arms news briefing, a Chinese Foreign across the country will sit for the embargo against Iran or Iraq if it Ministry spokesman says the national unified college and refuses to honour the cease-fire. reports by Agence France-Presse university entrance examination, alleging that troops of the Chinese July 7-9, Xinhua reports. People's Liberation Army killed It is expected that about one- Tibetans in late May are only third of those taking the NOTICE rumours. examination will be recruited. In reading our story "Deng Speaks for "There has been nothing of the This year, the number of senior Political Reform" (pp.6-7. No. 28, 1987) you might see also the excerption from kind and this is a rumour middle school graduates totalled Deng's speech, printed in Beijing Review concocted with sinister motives," 1.425 million compared with No. 32, 1986, pp. 15-19. the spokesman says. 790,000 last year. — Ed.

JUl,Y 20, 1987 9 1 INTERNATIONAL

VIET NAM shown that they have no intention of changing the country's aggress• ive foreign policy. They are trying Leaders on No-win Course to steer the country out of its difficulties by adjusting some domestic policies alone. But these More than half a year has passed since the Vietnamese attempts are bound to fail because Communist Party chose a new leader at its Sixth National Viet Nam's economic problems are mainly the result of its Congress last December. But there has been little change in aggressive and expansionist fore• the country's domestic and foreign policies and hopes for a ign policies, although the previous settlement of the Kampuchean problem are still dim. leaders also made some mistakes in domestic economic policies. After unification in 1975, Le Duan and other Vietnamese leaders fter his election last December puppet government of Kampu• focused not on developing the as Viet Nam's new leader, chea and attempting to set up a A national economy but on building Nguyen Van Linh admitted that so-called government of national up Viet Nam's war machine — the leaders of the Vietnamese reconciliation in Kampuchea with expanding the army, intruding Communist Party (VCP) had the Heng Samrin forces as the into Kampuchea and provoking made some great mistakes in main element in the government. formulating and implementing the border conflict with China. The international media has been Viet Nam's army is 1.2 milHon general policy and guiding generally disappointed at the principles. He stressed that the strong. There are a total of 5 words and actions of the new million troops in Viet Nam party should reform and adjust its Vietnamese leadership. economic policies to help the counting all regular and reserve country out of its economic Viet Nam has taken no practical troops, as well as armed police. difficulties, and new measures steps towards resuming normal This represents 8 percent of the were quickly drafted to this effect. relations with China, despite its population. The country is on a Several months have now passed stated desire to do so, and war footing, concentrating a large but there has been no improve• stubbornly clings to its position on proportion of its manpower, ment in Viet Nam's political or the Kampuchean problem, which materials and financial resources economic fortunes. is the main obstacle to re• on military affairs. Military expenditures account for about 50 In foreign policy, Nguyen Van establishing normal relations percent of the total state budget. Linh is following the lead of Le between the two countries. The Duan, the previous general explanation for the failure to improve its relationship with Foreign policy is always the secretary of the VCP. During the extension of domestic policy. new leader's first visit to Moscow China is Viet Nam's insincerity — Viet Nam suggested negotiations Because all countries depend on in May, he called for strengthen• each other for existence, in the ing Viet Nam's "strategic alli• only to relieve its isolation in the international community. absence of a peaceful environ• ance" and comprehensive co• ment, no country can concentrate Viet Nam's new leaders have operation with the Soviet Union on developing its economy. So it is and asked for more Soviet aid. unrealistic for the new Viet• Viet Nam is continuing its namese leaders to try to solve the aggressive war on Kampu• country's problems by relying on chea and went so far as to the support of a big ally and intrude into Thailand, despite adjusting domestic policies with• strong opposition from the out changing their foreign policies countries of the Association of and transforming the intern• Southeast Asian Nations ational environment. (ASEAN). Under its new leader• ship, Viet Nam is still insisting on It is also an illusion if Viet Nam the old principle of a political thinks it can end the eight-year• settlement of the Kampuchean long Kampuchean war by streng• problem, which makes the exclu• thening its attack on Kampuchean sion of the "Khmer Rouge" the resistance forces and its support to precondition for withdrawal of its the Heng Samrin regime, with the troops from Kampuchea. Hanoi is help of the Soviet Union. continuing to emphasize its special After more than eight years of relationship with the Heng Samrin fighting, the Kampuchean re-

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 sistance has not been wiped out — revitalizing and developing the has made economic restructuring it has grown stronger. economy, and thus remove the and development more difficult. If the new Vietnamese leaders main barriers to normal relations • Mounting protectionism, really want to overcome the with China and ASEAN countries marked by growing non-tariff present difficulties and develop and end Viet Nam's isolation. barriers, has hurt global trade and the country's economy in the Nguyen Van Linh said during his deprived many developing nations interests of its people, they must visit to the Soviet Union, "Viet of their overseas markets. change their foreign policy, stop Nam is going to open a new • Third world debt problems their aggressive war on Kampu• chapter in its relations with China are worsening. According to chea and withdraw their troops. and ASEAN countries." But estimates by the World Bank, Only in this way can they relieve international community is more developing countries owed a total the Vietnamese people from interested in action than in talk. of US$1,035 trillion at the end of disaster, centre their attention on by Ji Wen last year and the figure will soar to US$ 1.08 trillion at the end of 1987. Principal and interest payments on their debts will cost them on the order of US$100 billion a year. UNCTAD • Finally, the current intern• ational environment is unfavour• able to the developing countries. Seventh Session Faces Uphill Battle The gap between the North and South continues to widen while People are looking to the United Nations Conference on the dialogue between the two sides Trade and Development for concrete measures to boost the remains stalled. world economy, especially the economies of third world Last March, the Group of 77 countries. developing countries called three separate regional meetings in Asia, Africa and Latin America, eads of state, prime ministers countries. Many developing na• and issued a unanimous call for H and other government mini• tions regard UNCTAD as the only greater unity in fighting for higher sters from more than 160 countries trustworthy UN organization in prices for their primary products, have gathered in Geneva for the the fields of international trade better trade conditions, more Seventh United Nations Confer• and economics. development funds and an easing ence on Trade and Development The meeting takes place as the of the foreign debt burden. These (UNCTAD), July 9-31. world faces slow economic countries hope that the UNCTAD The conference is scheduled to growth, unstable money markets, meeting will make headway in discuss resource development, mediocre trade, mounting protec• reforming the world economic commodities, international trade tionism and third world debt order, boosting the global and the problems of the least problems. Since UNCTAD last economy and rejuvenating their developed countries, among other met in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, the individual economies. topics. Based on these discussions, world economy has undergone UNCTAD will evaluate the world many changes that are harmful to Some developed countries, economic situation with a view to developing countries: however, although sympathetic promoting multilateral co• • Falling prices of primary towards the difficulties of the third operation and revitalizing the products have stripped third world and admitting verbally that global economy. world nations of export earnings. they share a special responsibility UNCTAD, which convenes The International Monetary Fund to .improve the international every four years, was set up in estimated that in 1986 alone, these economic situation, bypass their 1964 at the instigation of third price drops reduced developing duties on the pretext that third world nations that were seeking to countries' earnings by US$118 world countries must first adjust promote international trade, work billion, or a drop of 16.8 percent their economic policies. There are out relevant principles and from 1985. signs that some developed coun• policies, and find ways to tries do not want the UNCTAD implement them. The organiz• • Foreign capital is scarce as meeting to produce any reso• ation has played an increasingly international lending agencies and lutions or decisions that will lead important role in pressing for the industrial countries grow increas• to concrete actions to improve reform of irrational international ingly reluctant to lend or invest international economic relations. economic relations and in uphold• more money in developing This reflects a pitiable short• ing the rights of third world countries. The shortage of capital sightedness.

JULY 20, 1987 11 INTERNATIONAL

The world economy today is an Nobel Prize winner Lawrence missiles in Federal Germany. interrelated and interdependent Claine, has suggested a way out of Moscow has made it clear that the whole. Developing countries are this impasse. In a recent speech, he Pershing-IA, which falls into the anxious to develop their said the developed countries shorter-range class (500-1,000 economies, but they are seriously should cut their huge military km), must be removed from hindered from attaining their goal expenditures and use the money Federal Germany if a Euromissile by the irrational international instead to help raise their agreement is to be reached with economic order. They cannot purchasing power. In this way, Washington. acquire the capital they need to Professor Claine argued, the Federal Germany has 72 buy technology and equipment developed countries can achieve Pershing-IAs, with a range of 185 that will enable them to export good economic results. For to 740 km. The missile's warheads more than just primary products. example, if each developed nation are under US control. The United At the same time, the developed contributed 0.7 percent of its gross States, however, says the missile industrial nations are having national product (GNP), a total of belongs to Federal Germany and trouble finding new markets. about US$50 billion would be that a US-Soviet agreement Their products are beyond the available to help third world should not cover weapons of a purchasing power of many third countries develop their third country. Early last month. world countries, while the markets economies. This, in turn, would Kohl said his country will support in developed countries are highly open new markets for industrial a US-Soviet accord on Euromis- competitive and already over- countries. Unfortunately, the siles only if Bonn is allowed to saturated. As a result, economic military expenditures of the keep its Pershing-IAs. The issue expansion is impossible for both superpowers currently take up figured high in the Weizsacker's the developing and industrial around 10 percent of their GNP. talks with Soviet leaders. nations. by Hua Zhi During the two rounds of talks One American economist, between the Federal German and Soviet presidents, no agreement was reached on this issue. Federal BONN-MOSCOW Germany maintains that the Pershing-IAs must stay to counter what it says are superior Soviet High-Level Contacts Restored shorter-range missile forces. Although Federal German and Soviet leaders have agreed to Gromyko warned that Bonn's build a solid and enduring relationship, some questions facing insistence on keeping 72 Pershing the two countries have yet to be resolved. lA missiles could endanger a superpower Euromissile deal. ;deral German President Ri• period in bilateral relations. "Such a stand can spoil the job: A Pchard von Weizsacker may Bonn-Moscow relations cooled ship may be wrecked before being well say he has completed his in the eariy 1980s after Federal launched," said the Soviet mission to "open up a new chapter Germany allowed US medium- president. in German-Soviet relations" dur• range missiles to be deployed on During the talks, Gorbachev ing his recent visit to Moscow. But its territory. There have since been challenged Federal Germany's observers noticed that his talks no high-level official visits be• sincerity towards the 1970 Mos• with Soviet President Andrei tween the two countries. cow treaty on which Soviet- Gromyko and leader Mikhail Last October, Federal German German relations are built, Gorbachev did not overcome Chancellor Helmut Kohl made a because Federal German officials differences on some major statement comparing Soviet repeatedly raise doubts about the bilateral and international issues. leader Gorbachev to Nazi propa• borders of their "eastern lands" The visit, at the invitation of the ganda chief Josef Goebbels, and and the validity of the Potsdam Presidium of the Supreme Soviet bilateral relations deteriorated and Yalta agreements. They also (parliament), took place on July 6- even further. say the question of unity of the 11, after a two-month delay Weizsacker's visit coincided two Germanys is still open. reportedly because of the Federal with the continuing Soviet-US When the Federal German German role in Soviet-US dis• negotiations to ehminate medium- president spoke of the German armament talks. It was the first and shorter-range missiles in nation, Gorbachev said there are visit by a Federal German Europe. Despite signs of possible two German states with different president to the Soviet Union in 12 US-Soviet agreement on these socio-political systems, and his• years and represents the resump• rockets, one stumbling block still tory will determine what happens tion of high-level contacts between remains: Washington-Bonn in• in the future. Weizsacker also the two countries after a chilly sistence .on, retaining Pershing-IA raised the case of Mathias Rust

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 with Gorbachev. Rust is the 19- Soviet side said the talks should suspended, including freedom of year-old West German who focus on forms of co-operation, movement and expression. Press landed a light plane on Red such as joint-ventures, which censorship was introduced and Square in Moscow on May 28. would benefit the economies of three opposition newspapers were Weizsacker refused to give any both countries. closed, depriving the regime's details of the discussion. The two sides agreed that Soviet opponents of the outlets they were Another topic was trade and Foreign Minister Eduard Shevar• using to urge the population to economic contacts. Federal Ger• dnadze will probably visit Bonn take to the streets in the "civil many, Moscow's largest Western this autumn. Weizsacker also disobedience" campaign. trading partner, is anxious to renewed an invitation to Gorba• The opposition met the reverse a downturn in the bilateral chev to visit Bonn, and also invited government's tough stand with trade volume, which dropped Soviet President Gromykp. But, the decision to try to topple the de from 7 billion roubles (about Weizsacker added, "We will not facto military-controlled govern• US$10.5 billion) in 1985 to 5.5 discuss dates" for a Gorbachev ment. The United States also took billion roubles (about US$8.3 visit. the opportunity to express its billion) in 1986. However, the by Chang Qing disapproval. Only a day before Colonel Diaz's allegation, 1? US PANAMA Congressmen issued an open letter to the Panamanian people. The Peace Seems to Be Coming Late letter said the United States was concerned about Spadafora's With US involvement, the political situation seems to he death, as well as human rights violations, drug trafficking and growing increasingly complicated. corruption in Panama. Washin• lthough Panama's National ity to call on the people to take gton escalated its criticism on the A Assembly called off the state action. Early last month, 26 heels of the declaration of the state of emergency after 19 days, peace businesses and organizations of emergency. A resolution has returned to the country slowly. jointly launched a "civil crusade" adopted 84-2 by the US Senate on Demonstrations, including one of to press for the resignation of June 26 urged the Panamanian 7,000 women, continued to take Noriega. They also formed a government to suspend Noriega, place to demand the resignation of committee to investigate the pending an impartial investigation General Manuel . Antonio charges. into allegations of murder, Noriega, commander-in-chief of The civil crusade led to street election fraud and corruption. The the armed forces. A massive riots. Clashes between riot police US Senators also called for free protest at the United States and demonstrators were reported elections in Panama. Embassy demanded the repudi• and many demonstrators were The Panamanian legislature ation of a US Senate resolution on arrested. The opposition urged responded by charging the United Panama and an end to US President Eric Arturo Delvalle to States with intervention in intervention in Panama's internal give up his post to Arias and Panama's affairs, and voted to affairs. demanded the resignation of the declare US Ambassador Arthur The political disturbances, a cabinet and leaders of the armed Davis persona non grata. result of deepening differences forces. The resolution must be approved between the opposition and the Since the last general election, by the executive branch before authorities, were sparked by the there has been a widespread Davis can be forced to leave, an allegation that Noriega helped rig feeling in Panama that the civilian action equivalent to breaking off the 1984 presidential election. government has become a mere diplomatic relations. Former Armed Forces Chief of formality and that the military in President Delvalle has agreed to Staff Roberto Diaz Herrera the government, headed by an immediate investigation into charged on June 8 that election Noriega, have been abusing the allegations against Noriega fraud cost opposition leader human rights and discriminating and said he is in favour of a Arnulfo Arias the presidency. against those who hold different dialogue between his government Colonel Diaz also said Noriega views. The country's poor and opposition parties. He said, ordered the killing of opposition economic situation has made "This is necessary in order to fulfil leader Hugo Spadafora in 1985 matters even worse. our destiny and assume with full and was involved in the murder of To prevent the political crisis responsibility the control and former Panamanian leader Omar from escalating further, the operation of Panama Canal in Torrijos, who died in a plane crash government declared a state of 1999," the common goal of all in 1981. The charges made by Diaz emergency on June 11. Some Panamanians. gave the opposition an opportun- constitutional guarantees were by Xin Di JULY 20, 1987 13 •1 ARTICLES

Zhao On Reform and Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization The following are excerpts from an Important speech made by CPC Central Committee Acting General Secretary Zhao Ziyang this year to an audience of propaganda, theory, Party school, and other cadres on opposing bourgeois liberalization and upholding reforms and the open policy. Zhao criticized the view that set the two against each other. He noted that reform has become a trend in socialist countries, without which there would be no way out.

ourgeois liberalization refers poverty. At present, we are still make the majority of our people Bto rejection of the socialist practising socialism, but only understand what the four cardinal system and advocacy of the when we have reached the level of principles are, why we must capitalist system on the mainland. medium developed countries in uphold them and how we can The call for "complete Westerniz• the middle of the next century will uphold them." ation" is characteristic of this we be able to declare that our With the four cardinal prin• trend. socialism is superior to capitalism ciples striking deep root in the Zhao Ziyang, acting Party and that we are practising genuine hearts of the people, with the general secretary, addressed the socialism." remarkable successes for reform and opening to the outside, and problem of bourgeois liberaliz• Zhao said Deng's words were with our country changing every ation when he spoke at a Beijing worth thinking about, and added, day, the market for bourgeois meeting of cadres on May 13 this "We are still in the primary phase liberalization will shrink greatly," year. His speech was featured on of socialism. Due to historical Zhao added. the front page of all the major factors, our productivity lags far Chinese newspapers on July 10. behind that of developed capitalist Abroad people felt that China's Summing up the struggle countries. Although our people struggle against bourgeois Ube- against bourgeois liberalization, have felt the benefits of socialism, ralization and its stress on Zhao said, "Great changes have the superiority of socialism has upholding the four cardinal taken place in the political and not been and cannot be made principles meant that China had ideological fields, and the spread manifest, and bourgeois liberaliz• changed or given up the policies of of bourgeois liberalization has ation finds some audience in opening to the outside world and been checked The situation China. This determines the reform. The view which set anti- has been brought under control. protracted nature of the struggle. bourgeois liberahzation against Compared with last winter, In the long process, it is impossible these policies was found at home Zhao said China is more stable, to require bourgeois liberalization too. which would guarantee a steady not to express itself. However, In his speech, Zhao warned and sustained development of the through ideological and political people about four false claims national economy. This proved, education, and with the deepening which cast doubt on the reforms Zhao said, that the struggle of the reform and the gradual and open policy: display of the superiority of against bourgeois liberalization — China's current economic was necessary, and the Party socialism, we should be able to diminish the influence of bour• structural reform has left the Central Committee's policies country's economy in a "mess." concerning the struggle were geois liberalization, and certainly — Contracting out and leasing correct and realistic. to stem any major tide of bourgeois liberalization such as enterprises to individuals or For the future, Zhao said, "We we witnessed last winter." collectives is "practising private should carry on the struggle in a ownership," introducing the dir• deep-going, healthy and sustained Talking about the four cardinal ector or manager responsibility way." principles (namely, the socialist system is "negating the Party's Zhao quoted Deng Xiaoping road, the people's democratic leadership," and implementing speaking to the Czechoslovak dictatorship, leadership of the the rural household responsibility Premier Lubomir Strougal in Communist Party, and Marxism- system is "damaging the base of Beijing last April, "We should Leninism and Mao Zedong the collective economy." adhere to socialism. To build a Thought) Zhao said that in the There are still some people who socialism which is superior to process of deepening the struggle say the planned economy and the capitalism, Tirst we must build a against bourgeois liberalization, commodity economy are mutually socialism which is free from "It is most important for us to exclusive and that only the

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 planned economy is socialist. holding the four cardinal "The two aspects are a unity," They think that the development principles." said Zhao. Neither should be of commodity economy is the root emphasized at the expense of the After quoting Deng Xiaoping's cause of bourgeois liberalization. other. Only the combination of the recent statement that "reform and — The struggle against bour• two is the whole of the line since the open policy are not only to be geois liberalization counteracts the Third Plenary Session of the adhered to, but also speeded up," political structural reform. This 11th Party Central Committee Zhao said that there are two places political structural reform and forms the basis for socialism fundamental aspects to building on a par with the negation of the with Chinese characteristics — a socialism with Chinese character• leadership of the Party and is socialism that is vibrant, real and istics: one is upholding the four sceptical about the division of scientific. cardinal principles, and the other work between the Party and is persisting in reform, opening to Zhao highlighted a tendency in government. the outside world and invigorating the study of economic theory the domestic economy. He said, which he said merited attention: Some people dare not mention methods which have proved promoting socialist democracy or "Reform has become a trend in socialist countries and there would helpful to liberating the produc• emancipating the mind when tive forces and promoting the opposition to bourgeois liberaliz• be no way out without it. Upholding the four cardinal country's socialist modernization ation comes up; and some drive are considered capitalist and consider people's just demands for those that hinder the development democracy as "liberalization" and of productive forces, however, are use the struggle against it to called socialist. suppress the masses'criticisms of the shortcomings in our work and The spread of bourgeois Zhao said that the productive unhealthy tendencies. liberalization has been forces and the relations of — Opening to the outside world production should be studied as a is at the root of bourgeois halted. But the struggle whole. To study them separately Uberalization, this view misrepres• against it should be carried does not tally with Marxist views. ents China's foreign policy as out in a thorough, healthy and He said that the extent to which "leaning to the East in the past and th? productive forces are freed the West now." sustained way. should be the major criterion for There is still a tiny number of judging progress. Practice is the people who say that "in the sole criterion forjudging truth. In struggle against political liberaliz• the field of economic theory, he ation it is necessary to oppose principles is fundamental; reform, said, there are still many outdated, economic liberalization," that opening to the outside world and stagnant and rigid views. They are "the current struggle against invigorating the domestic divorced from reality and still liberalization is only directed at economy is the general principle dominate the thinking of some those who advocate liberalization, and policy for our socialist people. Therefore, in the course of but not those who practise modernization drive." reform and opening to the outside liberalization," and that "the He said that neglect of the four world, it is necessary to constantly source of bourgeois liberalization cardinal principles will cause one curb the influence of habit and lies in the economit sector." to slide down the road to discard outdated and ossified Zhao said, "Since the reforms bourgeois liberalization; absence views. are a new concept in China, it is of reform will encourage this Zhao Ziyang made the speech at understandable that people's com• trend. Only reform can give a meeting attended by leading prehensions differ." He believed greater scope to people's initiative officials of propaganda depart• that these different views will and creativeness, said Zhao, for it ments, theoretical research in• gradually be unified through the can greatly boost productivity, stitutes, press units and Party practice of reform. fully exhibit the superiority of schools. In the speech, he called on As for extending the struggle socialism and allow socialism to people to make efforts to further against bourgeois liberalization to hold real appeal. The absence of develop Marxism in China, to the economic field. Premier Zhao reform will fetter the development follow Deng Xiaoping's example said, "This irresponsible state• of the productive forces, which in combining the universal truth of ment is politically wrong, and is will restrain the display of the Marxism with the practice of organizationally against the advantages of socialism, prevent China's construction and reform, Party's discipline. It has nothing in socialism from being popular and and to study the new situation and common with our aim of opposing allow bourgeois liberalization to answer new questions that may bourgeois liberalization and up• flourish. '• crop up in practice.

JULY 20, 1987 15 m ARTICLES

which are economically relatively One Billion and Five Billion backward and have low living standards. Rapid population — Beijing Rally for "The Day of the 5 Billion" growth in these countries retards their economic and cultural by Our Correspondent Yang Xiaobing development. The rapid popul• n the Day of the 5 BilUon (July "China, being a developing ation growth and economic O 11) a rally was held at the country, knows only too well the backwardness of the developing Great Hall of the People in economic and social problems countries are closely associated Beijing. At the rally Chinese and caused by a too high population with the irrational international UN personages delivered speeches growth. We feel strongly pressed economic order." on the population question in by the task of population Bi Jilong, president of the China and the world, control," Wang said. "China has a United Nations Association of Mr. Manfred Kulessa, a UN population of 1.057 bilhon and is China, said in his speech, "The representative in China, said, "It is faced with a new baby boom," he trend of growth of the world's significant that here in China, as continued. "We are hoping to population and the high rate of we mark the Day of the 5 Billion, hold the total population of China population growth in the develop• the government has shown its full to about 1.2 biUion at the turn of ing countries will inevitably have commitment to a family planning the century, leaving a better grave consequences, which affect programme that has been intern• population structure for the next directly or indirectly the economic ationally acknowledged as one of century." stability and development in the the most successful efforts in the In his speech, Xu Dixin, a developed countries as well as world today The overall famous economist and president world peace and development. growth rate achieved worldwide, of the Population Society of The population problem is which has been reduced to about 2 China, said, "Thanks to the therefore both a national and an percent a year, is largely due to the implementation of the state policy international issue. While each achievements of the Chinese of family planning, a blind country should take the problem family planning programme. population growth is becoming a seriously and work hard to tackle "One of the main things we have planned one. According to the it according to its own conditions, to observe as the human species fertility rate of 1970, 200 million all countries in the world should lives on this earth is the fact that births have not taken place during come together to address the physical resources are finite," he the last 16 years in China. If China problem and make joint efforts to said. allowed the population to grow solve it and alleviate its effects. "Since the supply of land is not blindly instead of practising "The experiences accumulated likely to expand, care must be family planning over the past 10 by China in solving the population taken that the number of people years, the world population would problem are still limited in scope dependent on this land should be have surpassed the 5 billion mark and depth. We feel strongly that limited," he said, adding, "China substantially by now." the tasks facing China and the is actively working towards a China has carried out family world as a whole are formidable, model of how social and economic planning on a voluntary basis, and and sustained efforts must cont• factors can be harnessed together. heightened people's awareness inue to be made," Bi continued to As China reduces its rate of through unremitting education in say. population growth, it also en• patriotism and socialism, Xu said. "We are in no position to hances its economic It would be impossible to carry out content ourselves with what has development." family planning in the whole been done," Bi emphasized. "On country if the public were against the contrary, we should keep Wang Wei, Minister in Charge it, and moreover, China's family calling on all the governments and of the State Family Planning planning is closely associated with people in the world to make Commission, said in his speech material production. In order to further studies of the implications that China has achieved "a achieve production goals, he of the population problem and notable decline in birth rate and added, family planning must be pay it greater attention. We should infant mortality rate, and a practised at the same time. Only also step up and strengthen marked extension of average life by doing so, can there be enough various forms of bilateral and expectancy. The gradual decrease goods to ensure the people's multilateral co-operation to strive in the proportion of China's physical health and better educ• for ever greater achievements. The population to the world's total is a ation too. progress and success of those sign of the contribution made by Xu said. "Ninety percent of the endeavours will be a great China to the stabilization of the world's population growth takes contribution to world peace and world population. place in the developing countries development." •

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 Historic Significance of Anti-Japanese War by Hu Qiaomu*

n July 7, 1937, a Japanese Japanese Aggression Japanese. Duan Qirui, the Anhui O invading army launched an warlord who later headed the attack on Chinese troops stat• Beijing government, surpassed ioned at the Lugou (Marco Polo) Japanese imperialists had long him in this regard. The nationwide Bridge. The incident marked the harboured the wild ambition of May 4th Movement in 1919 beginning of the Chinese armed subduing China as a prelude to launched by patriotic students, forces and people's eight-year War dominating the world. The which marked the beginning of of Resistance Against Japan. It aggressive war against China China's new democratic revo• not only greatly accelerated the which was launched in 1894-95 lution, erupted when imperialist course of China's revolution, but forced the Qing court to send Li powers — the United States, also changed fundamentally the Hongzhang to Japan to sign the Britain, France, Italy and abnormal relations which had humiliating Treaty of Shimono- Japan — decided to grant all the existed between China and Japan seki, which ceded Taiwan and the privileges enjoyed by imperialist for the preceding century. After smaller islands around it to Japan Germany in China's Shandong defeating the Japanese aggressors, and allowed Japan freely to Province to Japan at the Paris the Chinese people won a quick esst^blish consulates and factories Peace Conference, and the Duan victory in the three-year War of in China's trading ports and to Qirui regime (with Xu Shichang as Liberation, and established the dump its machinery in China. The its titular president) was about to great People's Republic of China. treaty also stipulated that China sign the treaty. The anti-Japanese could not arrest Chinese traitors patriotic movement' started by Thanks to the protracted and who served Japanese troops. strenuous efforts of the Chinese Beijing students quickly spread to government, of friendly per• Japan was not the first become a nationwide strike by sonages and organizations in both imperialist country to invade students, workers and others. It countries and far-sighted poli• China, but what merits particular forced the Beijing government to ticians in Japan, as well as the attention is that it occupied remove on June 10 Cao Rulin, Lu development of the international China's sacred territory Taiwan Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang, situation, visiting Japanese Prime for more than half a century. After the three most notorious pro- Minister Kakuei Tanaka, in World War II, Taiwan was Japanese traitorous ringleaders, conformity with the historical returned to China; and when the from their posts. trend of the times, co-signed in two countries established dip• Beijing with Chinese Premier lomatic relations, Japan re• But the struggle did not end Zhou Enlai a joint government cognized Taiwan as an inalienable there, for the treaty problem statement on September 29, 1972, part of the territory of the People's persisted. Students, workers and for the normalization of relations Republic of China. However, other people in Shandong, Beijing, between the two countries, which there are still people in Japan Shanghai and elsewhere continued is of historic significance. today who claim that "Taiwan's their struggle. On June 27, prior to In 1978, the two countries status remains unsettled" and the signing of the peace treaty, concluded the Treaty of Peace and advocate "one China, one Chinese workers (who had been Friendship. The rivers and Taiwan" or "two Chinas" in sent to France as part of China's mountains remain as they were, various guises. effort in the European war), but the world situation has After the 1894-95 Sino- students and overseas Chinese in changed beyond recognition. This Japanese war, a pro-Japanese France surrounded the residences eventuality was, of course, beyond faction grew within China's ruling of Lu Zhengxiang and other the expectations of the Japanese class which only disappeared after Chinese representatives and imperialists when they launched the founding of the People's warned them against signing the the aggressive war against China. Republic of China. treaty. Terrified, Lu Zhengxiang, Yuan Shikai, the northern China's plenipotentiary represen• warlord who usurped the fruit of tative, refrained from attending the signing ceremony and sent a * The author is a member of the the 1911 Revolution (led by Political Bureau of the Communist Party China's leading revolutionary coded message to the Beijing of China Central Committee. democrat Sun Yat-sen) was pro- government, saying, "Careful

JULY 20, 1987 17 •1 ARTICLES studies needed and (we) have to be figures in the Kuomintang-ruled invasion," which well suited the absent from the signing." areas had never given up fighting. needs of the Japanese aggressors. Thus, the organized, nation• The decade in which the After the September 18th wide revolutionary mass struggle Kuomintang exercised counter• Incident the Communist Party of waged by Chinese students, revolutionary rule and engaged in China did its best to support the workers and other urban people, the counter-revolutionary civil anti-Japanese "local wars" led by the first in contemporary Chinese war was also the decade in which Generals Ma Zhanshan, Cai history to oppose Japanese and Japanese aggressive forces resor• Tingkai, Feng Yuxiang and Fu other imperialists, warlords and ted to barbarous methods to Zuoyi in their command areas. It traitors, won a great victory annex large stretches of China's also led the anti-Japanese guerrilla considering the times. In terms of territory and completely denied wars in northeast China, sent an achievement, it far exceeded the the dignity of the Chinese nation expeditionary force of the Red 1911 Revolution. It dealt a heavy and state. Immediately after it Army in Jiangxi Province to blow at the arrogance of Japanese occupied the three provinces in march northward against Japan, imperialists and pro-Japanese northeast China (Liaoning, Jilin and directed the Central Red Chinese traitors. and Heilongjiang) in 1931, Japan Army to march eastward to enter The detailed description of the began to stretch its tentacles of the anti-Japanese front. Ji Hong- May 4th Movement here is aggression into Inner Mongolia chang, Yang Jingyu, Fang intended to show that this national and eastern Hebei Province. For a Zhimin, Liu Zhidan and other struggle against Japanese ag• time they also occupied Shanghai. outstanding national heroes sacri• gression gave the impetus to the The Japanese imperialists' plan ficed their lives in these battles. Chinese people's new democratic of aggression against China was It was not until 1936, a year revolution. Other major achieve• being formulated as early as 1927, before the nationwide War of ments in its further development three months ofter Chiang Kai- Resistance Against Japan broke were the founding of the Chinese shek betrayed the revolution. In out, that fundamental changes Communist Party—the leading his memorial to the emperor in had taken place in the anti- force of the people's war against July 1927, Gichi Tanaka, prime Japanese battlefront. After the Japanese aggression 16 years minister of the then Japanese Red Army completed the 25,000-// later — and eventually the first cabinet, said: "To subjugate Long March and arrived in the round of co-operation between the China it is imperative to conquer northern Shaanxi Province in Kuomintang and the Communist Manchuria and Mongolia first, October 1935, the Central Com• Party. and to conquer the world it is mittee of the Communist Party of Ever since its founding, the imperative to subjugate China China won over Generals Zhang Chinese Communist Party first." History showed that Japan Xueliang and Yang Hucheng and struggled hard to oppose Japanese actually followed this plan step by their troops stationed in Shaanxi aggression. The May 30th Move• step. in northwest China to the ideas of ment in 1925, for example, began Until Japan launched its attack ceasing the civil war and setting up with the killing by a Japanese on Pearl Harbour, Britain and the a national united front of capitalist of Gu Zhenghong, a United States had watched the resistance against Japan. They Shanghai workers' representative Japanese invasion of China with boosted the anti-Japanese na• from a textile mill and a folded arms, causing Japan to tional salvation movement among Communist Party member. The believe that it could act unim• the people of Shaanxi, and that movement marked the start of the peded in East Asia. (Prior to Pearl greatly influenced the rest of Great Revolution in 1925-27, Harbour, the United States was China. which unfortunately came to a negatiating a big deal for scrap The patriotic December 9th premature end because the iron and steal with Japan. It Movement (1935) launched by Kuomintang reactionaries be- declared war on Japan ofter Pearl Peiping (Beijing) students under trayecf it in April 1927 and turned Harbour. Britain did the same, but the leadership of the Communist on the bewildered Communists, its influence had become smaller.) Party's underground organization Kuomintang leftists and revo• Japanese militarists were even for resistance against Japanese lutionary workers and peasants in contemplating joining their forces aggression, national salvation and a bloody "white terror." This with Hitler's somewhere in Asia. the suspension of the civil war compelled the Communists to go For five years after the September inspired people in all walks of life to the countryside to conduct an 18th Incident in 1931, Chiang Kai- across China, and gained a more agrarian revolution, establish the shek repeatedly ordered Kuomin• powerful momentum than the people's revolutionary army and tang troops to practise "non- May 4th Movement in 1919. engage in a bitter 10-year civil war. resistance" to Japunese troops, Many social celebrities, university Of course, Communists, revo• while preferring'Miiiternal pacific• professors, overseas Chinese and lutionary people and progressive ation i0 rskistance • to ^foreign patriotic personages in the

18 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 Kuomintang represented by the Japanese from the beginning completely discredited KMT was Soong Ching Ling, actively joined of the war and because from 4 939 being acknowledged widely in the movement. All this, in turn, on, it adopted the reactionary China and in the world. influenced the situation in Shaanxi policy of passive resistance to The Chinese Communist Party and China as a whole. Japanese aggression and active headed by Chairman Mao Zed• Chiang Kai-shek went to Xian opposition to the Communist ong, on the other hand, politically in December 1936 to urge Zhang Party and the people, most of its persisted in continuing the war of Xueliang and Yang Hucheng to troops lost their combat effective• resistance, stood for unity and continue in "suppressing the ness. In 1944, one year prior to progress and opposed surrender, Communists." He rejected their Japan's surrender, the Japanese split, surrender and retrogression. patriotic demand to cease the civil invading army was still able to Militarily it adopted flexible war and unite against Japanese mount a large-scale offensive from strategies and tactics. The soldiers aggression. Zhang and Yang Henan and drive southward to and civilians were as dear to each detained Chiang in what became Guangxi and Guizhou, which other as members of one family known as the Xian Incident. The caused a great panic in Chong• and fought bravely for a common Communist Party quickly sent a qing, the wartime capital. destiny. None reviewing their delegation to Xian to prevail upon Meanwhile the bureaucratic earthshaking struggle could fail to Chiang to see sense. This led to the capitalist class headed by the four be proud of them, to emulate their peaceful solution of the Xian big fanjilies of Chiang Kai-shek, fine style during the war and to Incident and laid the foundation T.V. Soong, H.H. Kung and the respect those who gave their lives for the second round of co• Chen brothers (Chen Li-fu and in the war and take them as good operation between the Kuomin• Chen Guo-fu) took advantage of models. tang and the Communist Party, the national calamity to make a The people's resistance led by and the nationwide mobilization fortune for themselves. The for the all-out war of resistance. the Chinese Communist Party Kuomintang reactionaries' com• greatly raised its prestige and As for the two patriotic generals, plete corruption outraged democ• who had rendered meritorious expanded its strength during the ratic parties and all patriotic eight-year war. By 1943 the Eighth services to unity in resistance, people. Even General Joseph Zhang Xueliang has been to this Route Army, the New Fourth Stilwell, commander-in-chief of Army and other anti-Japanese day deprived of his freedom by the the allied forces in the China- Kuomintang authorities, while armed forces under the leadership Burma-India theatre and Chiang of the Communist Party were Yang Hucheng was arrested after Kai-shek's chief of staff, and many the beginning of the war of engaging 64 percent of the diplomats in the US Embassy in Japanese invading forces and 95 resistance and was murdered on China urged the United States to the eve of the liberation of percent of their puppet armed reduce its aid to Chiang Kai-shek forces. Chongqing. The Northeast Army (actually all of it was used to and Northwest Army under their prepare for a new civil war instead In April 1945 the Communist command were also disbanded of to resist the Japanese). They Party had 1.2 million members as immediately ofter the peaceful proposed that America should against a few tens of thousands on setflement of the Xian Incident. assist the Communist Party the eve of the war and the instead. revolutionary armed forces led by In the winter of 1943, Zhang the Party had expanded to 910,000 Engine of Revolution Zhizhong, a noted patriotic people, not including the numer• general who enjoyed the confid• ous militia troops. The population Thus the War of Resistance ence of Chiang Kai-shek, said to in the Party-led liberated areas Against Japan began half a Chiang: "What we should worry reached 95.5 million. Although century ago, with the Communist about today is mostly the people the people's revolutionary forces Party of China always keeping the turning against us and the sinking led by the Communist Party were political initiative both prior to of the army's morale As for the far fewer than the Kuomintang and during the war. criticisms from our friends, forces, their quality was far Today we fully affirm the pafticulariy the sneers and superior. One was flourishing and meritorious services of all patrio• criticism from the government and the other was declining. The tic commanders and fighters of the public of the United States with Communist Party enjoyed obvi• Kuomintang government forces, whom we have such intimate ous potential advantages. particularly those who fell in relations, they have grown to an After the war, Chiang Kai-shek battle. But because the Chiang extent beyond our forbearance." clung obstinately to his course and Kai-shek regime adhered to the (Quotations from the Remini• was active in preparing a civil war. wrong policy of allowing only the scences of Zhang Zhizhong.) As a Finally he launched an all-out civil army but not the people to fight matter of bact, mm ©f the war in June 1946. He believed.that

JULY 20, 1987 19 ARTICLES

with his forces, which had that the Kuomintang ruling clique Changes in the Far East conserved their energy in the rear is not doing too badly in Nonetheless, as we said earlier, during the anti-Japanese war, developing its economy in the eight-year war of resistance were better armed and backed up Taiwan. It is true. But there are was very significant in bringing by the US government's military historical factors at work here too. about radical changes in the and financial aid, he could The Kuomintang ruled the development of the Chinese eliminate within three months the mainland for 22 years and the revolution, and in reshaping the "Communist bandits." But his• people were subject to the political situation in the Far East. tory mocked him. Chiang Kai- oppression and exploitation of Before the end of Japan's shek did not achieve his goal, but bureaucratic capitalism. The aggression against China, Japa• looked on helplessly as the economy was on the brink of nese imperialists had been running People's Liberation Army crossed collapse. Chairman Mao Zedong out of steam. In August 1945, the the Changjiang (Yangtze) River once said, "In the past there were Soviet Red Army annihilated the and liberated the mainland — all reasons for others to look down Japanese Kwantung Army and this within three years. In the end upon us. For we had little to entered Korea. The US forces won he had to flee to Taiwan. contribute, steel output registered victory after victory in the Pacific only .several hundred thousand War, and on August 6 and 9 they The fall of Chiang Kai-shek tons a year, and even that was in dropped two atom bombs on from power in the mainland the hands of the Japanese. Under Hiroshima and Nagasaki (it is well demonstrates history meting out the despotic rule of Chiang Kai- known that China always opposes its justice. Things will move in the shek's Kuomintang, which lasted this means of war). opposite direction having reached 22 years, steel output was only one extreme. The relative political The Chinese people's anti- some tens of thousands of tons a and military strengths after the Japanese forces launched an all- year." Why did the Kuomintang anti-Japanese war weighed heavily out counterattack on Japanese which now rules Taiwan do so in favour of the great victory of the troops entrenched in larger cities. badly on the mainland in the 22 people's liberation war. Chiang On August 15, Japan declared years of its domination? Was it Kai-shek, who knew nothing unconditional surrender; on Sep• due to the "disruption" of the about dialectical materialism, tember 2, Japan formally signed Communist Party? No. The found this very difficult to that surrender document. Article Kuomintang ruled most of the understand. nine of the peace Constitution mainland by force. Taiwan adopted by Japan's Diet clearly became a province of China only stipulates: Japan renounces for The great victory of China's in 1946. We admit to its ever the use of war launched by War of Resistance Against Japan development (although it can be state power and of armed threat or and the War of Liberation proved nothing but an "orphan" in the the exercise of armed force as a a truth: In China a poHtical party international community before means of settling international can lead the country and take it its unification with the mainland), disputes. Japan denies its own onto the road of prosperity and but at the same time recognize that right to declare war. democracy as long as it can take that is due basically to the strong From January 1946 to Novem• the worker-peasant alliance as its support of Japan and the United ber 1948, the Far East Inter• basis and unite 95 percent of the States. The question is: Is it national Military Tribunal com• patriots in solving the problem of possible for the United States and posed of representatives from 11 national independence. (Japan, Japan to give the same support to countries including China, the China's neighbour, invaded China socialist New China? To say Soviet Union, the United States and occupied vast territories for nothing of the blockade they laid and Britain tried Japan's arch war quite a long time. The Chinese on China for dozens of years. Even criminals. Hideki Tojo, Kenji nation was then on the verge of after bilateral economic and Doihara, Koki Hirota, Seisiro destruction; opposing Japanese cultural exchanges between China Itagaki, Heitaro Kimura, Sekkon aggression was primary in na• and these two countries expanded Matsui, Akira Muto were hanged. tional independence.) The party following the establishment of Within less than a year, the must also resolve the land problem diplomatic relations in the 1970s of the peasants who make up 80 People's Republic of China was (the Chinese government is proclaimed. The days when China percent of the population. While determined to make further efforts the Communist Party solved these was stigmatized as the "sick man to develop these exchanges of the East" have gone for ever. It two problems, the Kuomintang according to the principle of failed. There was really no other has been proved that those who go equality and mutual benefit), still against the principle that "things choice than the one the Chinese miracles have not happened and people made. which have reached their extreme will not happen. All this is very turn into their opposites" will Some people point to the fact clear, 'u; , inevitably be punished. 20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 Things that happened in Japan China has helped 40,000 Japanese reproaches itself." In the joint around the time of Japan's nationals trapped in China by the declaration the Japanese side surrender are long past. We do not war to return home and Japanese reaffirmed its full understanding want to bring up the past, but organizations have sent back the of the three principles for restoring things are going contrary to our remains of over 3,000 Chinese Sino-Japanese diplomatic rel• wishes. Some people in Japan martyrs who died in Japan. Over ations which the government of deliberately try to forget and 1,000 Japanese war criminals who the People's Republic of China change these unforgettable and were held in custody in Fushun had set forth: The government of unalterable historical facts. Some were released before serving their the People's Republic of China is people praise the war of full terras of sentence and the sole legal government of aggression and the criminals who repatriated to Japan. China; Taiwan is an inalienable launched it; some people are After returning home, many part of the territory of China; and influencing pubhc opinion against Japanese army officers and the Japan-Chiang Kai-shek treaty the Tokyo trial. This trend soldiers have become activists in is illegal, null and void and should naturally arouses the anxiety of the move for "no more war be abrogated. It also stressed that peace-loving people in Japan, between Japan and China," and Japan adheres to its stand of China and other countries and for friendship between the Japa• complying with Article 8 of the regions in Asia who suffered from nese and Chinese peoples. Potsdam Proclamation.^ Japan's aggression. However, throughout this Prior to this, Chairman Mao China suffered most from period, the development of the Zedong met with Japanese Prime Japanese aggression. During the friendly relations between the Minister Kakuei Tanaka on eight-year war of resistance, a peoples of China and Japan has September 27 and the two had total of 10 million Chinese people been repeatedly hampered by the earnest and friendly convers• were killed and 11 million were Japanese ruling circles hostile to ations. Since then China and injured and the material losses China. Japan have established diplomatic reached US$60 billion. The In 1958 the late Chinese Premier relations of equality. This has put Nanjing massacre, which shocked Zhou Enlai set forth his famous an end to China's long-term the world, saw the killing of over threie political principles, demand• suffering from Japan's aggression, 300,000 people. ing that the Japanese government and the two countries' relations However, socialist New China (1) not follow a policy of hostility have embarked on an unpre• has always held that China and to China; (2) not foster a "two- cedented track. This represents a Japan are close neighbours, China" conspiracy; and (3) not valuable contribution made by separated only by "a strip of obstruct the normalization of Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou water," and have a history of relations between China and Enlai and Japan's far-sighted friendship going back 1,000 years, Japan. With the attitude of the statesmen on behalf of the people with bad relations prevailing for Japanese Ikeda Cabinet (formed of both countries. The Chinese only less than 100 years. New in 1960) becoming positive, the people will always remember the China has held that the war of activities to promote friendship contributions made by those aggression against China was a carried out by Kenzo Matsumura, Japanese organizations and indiv• crime committed by Japanese a veteran statesman of the iduals who have been campaign• imperialists, of which the Japanese Japanese Liberal Democratic ing and working hard for Japan- people were also victims. In view Party, and other people in pohtical China friendship and the nor• of this, China has since 1949 and trade circles developed to a malization of relations. devoted its efforts to overcoming new stage. In 1964 two agreements the obstacles set up by the were signed, one for the offices of Japanese government, to develop• Liao Chengzhi and of Tatsuno- Rocky Friendship ing friendly contacts between the suke Takasaki to set up permanent Chinese and Japanese peoples and liaison offices in each other's Japan's friendship with China exchanges in the economic capitals and the other for China developed further with the (mainly among smaller enterpr• and Japan to exchange resident establishment of diplomatic rel• ises), cultural, scientific, religious, news correspondents. ations. In August 1978, China and industrial, communications and The China-Japan Joint Declar• Japan signed the Treaty of Peace agricultural fields. ation signed by the two govern• and Friendship, which states: Back in 1952 China received ments on September 29, 1972, "The above mentioned Joint three Japanese Diet members — proclaims: "The Japanese side is Declaration constitutes the basis Kei Hoashi, Tomi Kora and keenly aware of Japan's responsi• of the relations of peace and Yoshi-suke Miyagoshi — and bility for causing enormous friendship between the two signed a non-governmental trade damage in the past to the Chinese countries and that the principles agreement with Japan. Since 195.3 people through war and deeply enunciated in the Joint Declar-

JULY 20, 1987 21 •1 ARTICLES

ation should be strictly observed." development of the Sino-Japanese engages in all-round diplomacy The treaty outlines the prin• friendship. and foreign trade, and whose ciples guiding the development of These incidents show that, on a international position becomes the relations, and says, "The number of major issues, the increasingly important with each Contracting Parlies shall, in a Japanese authorities have only passing day. Japan gives China the good-neighbourly and friendly been paying lip service to the Sino- cold shoulder, China will not spirit and in conformity with the Japanese Joint Declaration and accept it quietly. It is Japan that principles of equality and mutual the Treaty of Peace and Friend• will suffer in the end. benefit and non-interference in ship, and have not taken any each other's internal affairs, concrete action to implement As we mark the 50th an• endeavour to... promote ex• them. In the meantime, Japan's niversary of the Lugou Bridge changes between the peoples of the defence budget has surpassed the Incident, we ardently hope that two countries The Contracting ceiling of 1 percent of its gross China's soldiers and civilians, the Parties declare that neither of national product, arousing great young people in particular, will them should seek hegemony in the concern among Japan's neigh• review the 50-year history of Asia-Pacific region or in any other bours. It has been noted that in blood and tears and the history of region and that each is opposed to Japan there are people who are revolutionary struggle, keep a efforts by any other country or attempting to sabotage the hard- close watch on the development of group of countries to establish earned Sino-Japanese friendship Sino-Japanese relations, and such hegemony." by denying the truth of Japan's make concerted efforts with the invasion of China and even by Japanese people to sustain the In October that year, Deng reversing the verdict of history in development of the two countries' Xiaoping, then vice-premier of the many cases. relationship on the basis of the State" Council, exchanged the Sino-Japanese Joint Declaration instruments of ratification of the This flying in the face of history and the Treaty of Peace and China-Japan Treaty of Peace and has served to sharpen the eyes of Friendship. Friendship on behalf of the the peoples of China and Japan. In Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping Chinese government and paid a fact, many far-sighted people in recently said that China's general friendly visit to Japan thereafter. Japan's political and social circles policy of maintaining long-term Between 1982 and 1983, China are unhappy with the situation friendship with Japan will not and Japan confirmed the four and have appealed for closer change, but certain unpleasant principles guiding the Sino- observation of the Sino-Japanese aspects should be handled in a way Japanese relations: peace and Joint Declaration and the Treaty that benefits the two countries and friendship, equality and mutual of Peace and Friendship. their peoples. Referring to ob• benefit, mutual trust, and long- The Osaka court's decision in stacles in the bilateral relations, term stability. favour of the Taiwan authorities' ownership of the student dormi• Deng said, "Frankly, the responsi• However, the development of tory, they say, means the bility was never China's. None of the relations between China and recognition of another China or the past and present troubles was Japan has not been smooth. an independent Taiwan. "Distort• caused by China. We stress the Recent years saw a rise in disputes, ing history will do harm to rather attitude of looking ahead, not including the one over the than benefit Japan's friendly ties asking for trouble and avoiding Japanese Education Ministry's with China. Japan's own dignity any more unnecessary disputes." revision in 1982 of a textbook on will be harmed too," they say. We This represents the voice of the 1 the history of Japanese militarists' are convinced that in the long run, billion Chinese people. aggression towards China; and the reason will prevail and there will The Chinese government, army one over the Japanese prime be more and more people working and people cherish the friendship minister and cabinet members' for the development of Sino- between China and Japan and official visit to the Yasukuni Jinja Japanese relations. In implement• look forward to furthering that Shrine in 1985. (The shrine ing policies concerning China's friendship. This requires that no commemorates the Japanese war interests, any serious-minded more trouble be made. Knotty dead including Hideki Tojo and Japanese politician, no matter problems that have already arisen other war criminals—Tr.) At whether he admits that Japan should be handled properly in present the Kokario case about a owes China more historical debts, accordance with the principles student dormitory looms largest. than it does any other country, enumerated in the Sino-Japanese A Japanese court in Osaka ruled must consider the existence of an Joint Declaration and Treaty of that the student dormitory which independent and unyielding Peace and Friendship. Only by is China's property, is owned by power on the other side of the sea, constantly removing obstacles can Taiwan. All this obviously is not a power which follows the policy good-neighbourly relations de• favourable to the long-term of peace and ffieindShip' and velop smoothly, bringing happi-

22 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 ness to peoples of both countries. the start. The movement was therefore an 4th Movement opposed the Paris Peace Confucius said, "Now my way is anti-Japanese patriotic movement. How• Conference which was dominated by to hear their words, and look at ever, the sponsors of the Paris Peace Western powers, it is an anti-imperialist Conference were the United States, Britain patriotic movement, even though no anti- their conduct." We await the and France (Japan, like the United States, .imperialist slogans were advanced. Japanese government's next did not really take part in the war). In his ' (2) Article 8 of the Potsdam Proclam• move. two amendments, US President Woodrow ation stipulates: Japanese sovereignty shall Wilson later proposed the joint manage• be limited to the islands of Honshu, ment of Shandong by the United States, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such (1) The decision on the question of Britain, France, Italy and Japan instead of minor islands as we determine. Shandong at the Paris Peace Conference his former suggestion of temporary was proposed by the Japanese government trusteeship by the Peace Conference. This (Translation of an article and adopted at the insistence of the is imperialist aggression by five powers originally printed in "Renmin Japanese government. The May 4th instead of one. This proposal dashed the Movement of 1919 was driven by hopes of many Chinese that the end of the Ribao", July 8. The author opposition to the conference, and much of European war would represent the victory made revisions during the its force was directed against Japan from of truth over power politics. Since the May translation.)

China's Three Railway Construction Projects by Ling Wancheng

hina's railway system for shipping, while east China's Scientists and technicians began Cboth passenger and freight flourishing industrial areas need designing and surveying this new transportation is suffering from coal to produce electricity. The route in July 1983. Some 60,000 inadequacies that are impairing its State Statistical Bureau estimated workers affiliated with the Minis- contribution to national economic that if east China could receive growth. The main problems are 1,000 tons of coal a year, the The No. 1 Railway Bridge, 311.3 metres poor facilities in the southern region's annual gross value of long, being built across the Zhanghe sections of the Beijing-Guangzhou industrial output would increase RWer In Guangdong Province. and Tianjin-Pukou routes, two big more than 17 billion yuan. Also, CHEN XUESI arteries going across China from exports of high-quality coal can north to south; shortage of earn large amounts of foreign equipment that prevents the exchange. abundant coal reserves in Shanxi In fate September 1983, the Province from being shipped to Chinese government decided to other areas; saturation of marsh• build a new 653-kilometre-long alling facilities in the four major railway route to move coal from stations of Xuzhou, Zhiizhou, Shanxi to Qinhuangdao, a har• Fengtai (west) and Zhengzhou bour city on the Bohai Sea. The (north); and unloading difficulties leading group in charge of the faced by some big iron and steel Datong-Qinhuangdao railway plants, power plants, ports and construction agreed at its first such big cities as Shanghai and meeting held in January 1984 that Guangzhou. shipping coal from Shanxi via The country has, therefore, Qinhuangdao to other provinces embarked upon three major would play an important role in construction projects designed to solving these regions' energy speed up rail transportation. crisis. The new route, when completed, will allow almost 100 million tons of coal a year to be Datong-Qinhuangdao Line shipped to Qinhuangdao and The autonomous regions of thence to the coastal areas in inner Mongolia and Ningxia and southeast China. This will mean a the Province of Shanxi all have vast improvement in the supply of large quantities of coal ready for energy resources. , ..

JULY 20, 1987 23 The Datong-Qinhuangdao Line in the Making

A new 650-kilometre-long railway line intended for transporting coal from Datong in Shanxi Province to Qin- huangdao in Hebei Province is being built. This will be the first electrified, double-track, heavy-duty railway in China, and is one of the key projects of the Seventh Five-Year Plan period (1986-90).

Building the line at The electrification facilities its western end. near Datong are complete. CHEN ZONGUE Boring the Jundushan tunnel. yu HUIRU

Building the Yongding River Bridge. ^HAOLUVNSHENG

The Yuhe Bridge will be 2,000 metres long and 22 metres high.

Working in the tunnel. YANG ZONGYOU

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ •i ARTICLES

No.4 Design Institute, an affiliate 'of the Ministry of Railways, is in charge of designing, and 60,000 workers in six construction companies are carrying out the work. By the end of 1986, the whole project was 80 percent completed. The new route, when commis• sioned as scheduled, will be travelled by 100 round trips a day, compared with 49 at present. Annual transport capacity will grow from 15 million tons to 30 to 50 million tons, a major relief from the present traffic tension.

LIU VONGQIANG A train on the Xinghe line, from XInxiang in Henan Province to Heze in Shandong Province. East China Rail System

try of Railways began working on leaving Hunan for other pro• East China, including Shang• it in January 1985. By the end of vinces. As a result, Guangdong hai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, last year about 80 percent of the receives only 50 percent of the Anhui and Fujian, is economically project's first-phase workload of materials it needs to be brought in crucial to the nation as a whole, as, roadbed preparation had been from other provinces. for example, it turned out 31 completed. Coal shipments are At the end of 1985, the percent of the nation's total expected to begin in 1988. The government decided to double- industrial and agricultural output second-phase construction is track the Hengyang-Guangzhou value in 1985 and has 23 percent of scheduled to be finished in 1991. section before the end of 1988. The China's total population. This will be the first electrified, government solicited bids to select However, the area has only double-tracked, heavy-duty rail• a construction unit for the project, 5,000 kilometres of railway track, way especially for transporting which is being carried out under or only 10 percent of the nation's coal in China. It will be computer- the investment responsibility sy• total. Of China's four "over• controlled, a new standard for stem. Guangzhou Railways burdened" bottlenecks three are in China's railway management. Bureau was granted the bid. The this area. As a result, half of the

Building a new line in northern Xinjiang. CHEN ZONGLIE Hengyang-Guangzllou Line

The Beijing-Guangzhou Rail• way, a vital communication line in China, runs 2,300 kilometres from north to south. Although the northern section has been rebuilt and double-tracked the 520- kilometre-long southern section from Hengyang in Hunan Pro• vince to Guangzhou, built in 1936, remained single-tracked and poor• ly equipped, constituting a bottleneck to the traffic. Statistics show that this block• age prevents 4 miUion tons of materials a year from being transported from Guangdong Province to the interior and another 1.5 million tons from

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 materials needed cannot arrive. In the following routes: Starting in January last year the addition, passenger trains from —The Beijing-Shanghai Route. Ministry of Railways adopted an Shanghai have been overcrowded; Its capacity will be expanded and economic responsibility system, or of each day's 490,000 passengers, new equipment, including popularly called the "contract 100,000 have to stand. electricity-powered trains and system," in railway construction, In an attempt to solve this computers, will be added. Also, a a breakthrough from the old problem, in 1986 the Ministry of new Shanghai Railway Station for practice of turning in all the Railways upgraded some trains, passengers is expected to open at profits, if any, to the state, asking added more tracks and shortened the end of 1987. This will become for allocations if losses arose and loading and unloading time. But China's first modern railway having no say in financial these steps were not enough. So in route. management. Now the ministry August 1986, the Ministry of — Two new railway routes, one gives the state a certain share of Railways invited specialists, from Shangqiu to Fuyang and the profits and taxes and keeps the scholars, and leading cadres to other from Xuancheng to remaining part for its capital work out a plan for improving east Changxing, will be built, and the construction and payroll. In other China's railway network. Changxing-Hangzhou Railway words, the Ministry of Railways During the Seventh Five-Year will be renovated. has taken over its own decision• Plan period (1986-1990), the making. — The Shanghai-Hangzhou government will build 1,726- Route will be double-tracked and China's history shows that it is kilometre-long new railways, so part of the Hangzhou- not enough for the state to commit double-track and electrify the old Nanchang Route. itself to building a modern railway ones in the area, and renovate 17 system. It must also enlist the large and medium-sized projects. — The Yingtan-Xiamen Route will be electrified. efforts of the railway system's 3 This plan, much more fund- million staff and workers and of consuming than the Hengyang- the people of the whole country. Guangzhou or the Datong- New Approach However, it is the adoption of the Qinhuangdao project, will ac• responsibility system that has count for 20 percent of the state's These three major projects will consume the lion's share of the made the railway departments total investment in railway begin these three projects. projects during the coming five Ministry of Railways' human, years. financial and material resources, as their total consumption is (Originally carried in "Outlook Specific projects in east China expected to reach 14.9 bilHon Weekly" Overseas Edition, include improving and expanding yuan. issue Nos. 5 and 6)

FACTS & FIGURES Changes in Industrial Ownership Structure by the State Statistical Bureau

s a result of the implement• state enterprises owning 92 villages or smaller units) 220 Aation of the policy of reform, percent of industry's fixed assets percent. Individually owned in• opening up and economic invigor- and turning out 80 percent of the dustrial enterprises in the cides ation, rapid progress has been total output value. Since 1979 and towns have developed from made in various economic sectors China has in addifion introduced scratch and in 1986 made 2.92 since 1979 while keeping the individual ownership and at• billion yuan in output value. The predominance of state ownership. tracted foreign investment in output value produced by foreign- In the process many changes have various forms. funded enterprises (including taken place in the ownership The nation's total industrial Sino-foreign joint ventures, co• structure of industrial enterprises. output value doubled between operative enterprises and wholly 1. Development of various 1978 and 1986, that of the state foreign-owned enterprises) was 4 economic sectors. Before 1979 sector increased by 81 percent and billion yuan last year and by co• industrial enterprises were state- of the collectively owned enterpr• operatives (including those run and collective-owned, with the ises (not including those run by jointly by the state and collecfives.

JULY 20, 1987 27 ARTICLES by the state and individuals or by majority of enterprises and 1. Multiform ownership enter• collectives and individuals) provides the material and tech• prises have promoted industrial topped 11.8 billion yuan. nological foundation for the other production. In 1986 the output The various sectors developed sectors. Its production scale is value of collectively and individu• at different speeds. During the expanding swiftly. Its enterprises ally owned and foreign-funded 1978-86 period, the state sector's are in the important industrial enterprises was 201.3 billion yuan, share dropped from 80.2 percent fields of metallurgy and energy. 3.5 times what it was in 1978. This to 68.7 percent of all industrial They form 99 percent of the accounted for 42 percent of the enterprises, the collectives in• nation's petroleum enterprises, 98 nation's total increase. Collec• creased from 19.1 percent to 29.2 percent of electric power produc• tively owned enterprises' output percent (or 35.2 percent if those tion, 90 percent of metal value went up by 182.2 billion run by villages are included), production, 83 percent of coal, 73 yuan (or 3.3 times), a yearly private enterprises accounted for percent of chemicals, 89 percent of growth rate of 16.6 percent on 0.3 percent, foreign-funded enter• raw materials production and 68 average. These collective enterpr• prises for 0.4 percent and co• percent of the precision machinery ises developed 100 percent more operative industrial enterprisfes for and technology-intensive quickly than state-owned enterpr• 1.3 percent. industries. ises and their increased output 2. Varied ownership systems value accounted for 38 percent of Urban and rural collective the nation's total increase. coexist. A total of 1,766 co• enterprises process farm produce operative enterprises with "differ• and service big urban enterprises. 2. Vitality of enterprises im• ent ownership systems have In the last eight years the number proved. The coexistence of various appeared since 1979. In 1980 the of collective enterprises tripled economic sectors has promoted first wholly foreign-owned enter• and last year, 90 percent of them the reform of the industrial prise and two Sino-foreign joint engaged in processing raw management system and increased ventures were established. By the materials from the local farming the vitality of enterprises, thus end of 1986 China had 28 and the big state-owned industrial bringing better economic results enterprises run by overseas enterprises. From 1978 to 1986 the to these enterprises even after the Chinese and entrepreneurs from proportion of collective enterpr• prices of raw materials, workers' Hong Kong and Macao, 391 Sino- ises processing grain and edible wages and production costs rose. foreign joint ventures and 34 oils increased from 3.3 percent to In 1985 these industrial enterprises wholly foreign-owned enterprises. 9.2 percent; of textile mills went up handed over to the state 81.7 3. Socialist ownership has been from 11.6 to 28.8 percent, and the percent more in profits and taxes further strengthened. State-owned building materials industry from than in 1978, a yearly growth rate enterprises have been introduced 40.2 to 50.5 percent. The share of of 7.7 percent on average. Their to reforms which aimed at greater enterprises producing machine financial resources grew, their independence and added vigour. parts for big urban enterprises ability to re-equip themselves By the end of last year, 67.4 increased from 27.3 percent to increased and their workers' percent of the state-owned 33.3 percent. Small coal mines, income rose. industrial enterprises replaced small hydroelectric power stations handing over their profits with tax and small iron and steel enterpr• 3. The commodity economy payments, 42.6 percent introduced ises also increased. has developed. As the economy the director-responsibility system diversified and the market grew, and 3,069 small state-owned Foreign-funded enterprises the percentage of the commodities enterprises were leased out or were have introduced advanced tech• regulated by the state plan managed by collectives. The nology to China. They are mostly dropped as market regulation reforms brought better economic technology-intensive enterprises expanded. The market in capital returns to these enterprises. producing machines, electronics goods is taking shape. Of the sales 4. Various ownership systems and household electrical app• of the means of production the complement one another. All liances. They are located in coastal share of those regulated by the industrial enterprises have sought cities; half of them are in state plan dropped from 75.8 the best way to operate. Guangdong Province. Most of percent in 1981 to 55.2 percent in State-owned raw materials and these enterprises are equipped 1985. The market in other the large-scale precision equip• with modern machines, have products has expanded. The ment enterprises have rapidly imported many automatic pro• varieties of light industrial pro• developed. Although the propor• duction lines and modern manage• ducts produced and sold accord• tion of state-owned enterprises ment expertise. All this has helped ing to the state plan decreased dropped, the state-sector is still the improve China's technical and from 117 in 1978 to 80 in 1986 and backbone of the national management ability and increase most of those were turned out economy. It still includes a its export earnings. according to the guidance plan. •

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 BUSINESS/TRADE

New Japanese with a design capacity of 880,000 Trade News in Brief kw for the Tianshengqiao Hy• Loans to China draulic Power Station, costing • The 1987 Hebei Symposium on 54.14 billion yen. Half the International Economic and apan and China signed an generators are expected to go into Technological Co-operation will J agreement on July 6 in Tokyo operation in 1991. be held from September 1 to 10 in for Japan to lend China 85 billion 7. Telephone updating projects Shijiazhuang, the capital of the yen (about US$580 miUion). The in Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangz• Province. loan is part of the second group of hou, costing 27.703 billion yen. Under discussion will be 149 loans (474 billion yen) which The projects include the install• projects which have been made Japan has promised China for the ation of a total of 150,000-channel available for foreign investment, 1984-90 period. Loan agreements programme controlled exchanges 50 economic and technoligical co• signed in the last four years were in the three cities before 1989. operative projects which have yet worth 281.3 billion yen. All seven projects are desig• to be offered and exports as well as The Japanese loans are being nated key projects for the Seventh other projects such as export of used to undertake seven projects. Five-Year Plan period. They are labour, contract projects, bringing They are — expected to play a major role in the in scientists and technicians, 1. The double-tracking of the development of China's national technological transfers, cultural 540km Hengyang-Guangzhou economy. exchanges and tourism. The co• Railway Line, costing 70.294 China began to use Japanese operative means include purchas• billion yen. Upon completion of loans in 1979. The first group of ing goods for cash, joint ventures, the project in 1988, the line's Japanese loans was worth 33.09 co-operative management, com• handling capacity will have billion yen. Six projects were built pensatory trade, processing with increased by 29 million tons a with the loans, including the supplied materials and intern• year; 300,000-ton ethylene project at ational leasing. 2. The double-tracking and Daqing Oilfield. • It was reported that Hebei electrification of a 684km stretch Province is working on regul• of the Zhengzhou-Baoji Railway ations for encouraging foreign Line, costing 61.691 billion yen. investment. Upon completion of the project by Yantai Helps Its • China's first public relations the end of 1988, the line's annual Foreign-Aided Firms company, the China Global handling capacity will have Public Relations Co., has served increased by 39 million tons; over 100 enterprises and mass 3. Construction of six log, grain antai, one of China's 14 open organizations at home and abroad and sundry goods berths at Y coastal cities, has this year since its establishment in May Qinhuangdao's Bingding Har• settled over 70 difficult problems 1986. It has done so by arranging bour costing 18.816 billion yen. for foreign-funded enterprises. news conferences, opening cere• Upon completion of the project in These included the supply of 425 monies of various kinds, Sino- 1989, the harbour's annual tons of steel products, 2,100 tons foreign technical exchanges and handling capacity will have of cement, 150 tons of coal, selling forums, market investigation and increased by 3.5 miUion tons; 5.95 million yuan's worth of consultancy services. In order to 4. Construction of five con• shares to Chinese companies, help foreign clients develop their tainer, log and grain berths as part arranging US$500,000 of loans in Chinese business and Chinese of the second phase of construc• foreign currency, and 7.29 million clients enter foreign markets, and tion project of the Lianyungang yuan loans in Renminbi. to promote Sino-foreign technical Harbour, costing 31.213 billion From 1984 to mid-1987, Yantai exchange, the company has yen. Upon completion of the and foreign businesses have signed concluded a co-operative agree• project in 1991, the harbour's 33 agreements on joint ventures ment with the US Burson- annual handling capacity will have and co-operative management, of Marsteller Co. to act for each increased by 4 million tons; which six projects have gone into other's clients. 5. Construction of six mineral operation; two are under trial- • The Fujian Investment Enter• ore, coal, sand, log and sundry production. The rest are under prise Co. has issued 10 billion yen- goods berths at the Qingdao construction. Thanks to the city's denominated bonds in Tokyo. The Harbour, costing 17.443 billion efforts in helping foreign inves• term is for 10 years, the interest yen. Upon completion of the tors, the six Sino-foreign joint rate, 4.8 percent. The money is for project by 1991, the harbour's ventures that have been put into major construction and moderniz• annual handling capacity will have operation are expected to make a ation projects in Fujian Province's increased by 17 million tons; profit this year. industry. So far, China has made 6. Installation of generators by Yao Jianguo 14 separate bond issues in Japan.

JULY 20, 1987 29 Painter Fan Zeng—Talented and Diligent

A native of Nantong, Jiangsu evolved in the past hundreds of Province, Fan showed his talent years." for painting when he was young Using brush-and-ink techni• and was considered a child ques. Fan blends calligraphy and prodigy. But, at 17, he failed the ink painting to create an organic entrance examination of the whole, with splashed ink and line Central Academy of Fine Arts. drawing complementing each The same year, he was admitted to other. His paintings gave a the history department of Nankai rhythmic and harmonious im• University. Two years later, he pression through intertwining transferred to the Central Acad• light and dark brush work. Fan Fan Zeng. xu XIANOJUN emy of Fine Arts, where he first said: "Xian paper* is a merciless majored in the history of fine arts mirror that can ruthlessly deter• an Zeng is one of the most and later studied Chinese painting mine the value of brushwork. Fenergetic painters in China techniques. ! Before the mirror, no dishonesty today. In the past decade, his work At the academy, he was under | and conceit is possible. Mediocre has been displayed in Japan, the the tutorship of the famous artists will be revealed in their true United States, France, Federal Chinese painting master Jiang colours, while able people can Republic of Gemany, Italy, Zhaohe. Master Jiang considered vividly depict our times and Canada, Britain and Singapore, that freehand brushwork in individual characters. It can be winning much public acclaim. In traditional Chinese painting must said that the writing brush is an 1984, Japan's Okayama County be characterized by vivid ex• expansion of the nerve endings of set up a special gallery containing pression and bold outline. He a true artist." more than 80 of Fan's paintings, encourages his students to portray Following the basic principles making him the first Chinese mental outlook on the basis of fine of Chinese painting. Fan seeks to painter to have works perma• line drawing. Guided by Jiang, portray historical figures with nently displayed in a foreign Fan gained a good command of their own individual character and country. line drawing. Fan was also heavily message. He can paint historical Professor Fan, 49, is head of the influenced by Master Li Keran, figures skilfully almost in one Oriental Arts Department at who is famous for his bold style breath* never using a pencilled Nankai University in Tianjin. The and consummate skill in ink-and- draft. Wielding his brush, he first department was founded in 1984, colour painting. delineates the eyes and head, then with the aim of systematically Fan has developed a style of his the body, and finally the pupil of studying the arts of various own. His works — painted with a the eyes, or a beard. When oriental countries, mainly paint• vigorous and bold hand—carry a completed, the figure seems to ing and music. It is planned that profound message. He often uses come alive on the paper. the department will gradually historical figures from ancient Fan believes artists must seek develop into an oriental arts books and records as subjects for sources of inspiration from life. research centre. his paintings. Under his brush They must cultivate moral and "As people of one of the have appeared vivid images of good personal qualities, and train birthplaces of oriental civilization, historical figures, including themselves in true-to-life mode of we Chinese have devoted less than Zhuang Zi, Lao Zi, Qu Yuan, Cao thinking. To master Chinese sufficient study on oriental Cao, Xie Lingyun, Li Bai, Du Fu painting techniques, he studied culture," said Fan. All the arts and Cao Xueqin. He also paints and copied paintings and calli• evolved by the peoples of China, figures from fairy tales, such as graphy by the masters of various India, Japan, Korea and other Zhong Kui and Nu Wa. Fan said: dynasties. He also studied Wes• countries in Southeast Asia should "My work can find favour with tern drawing techniques and has a be studied in an all-round way, he the public because the subjects qf wide knowledge of contemporary added. my paintings reflect China's Chinese and foreign paintings. splendid history. I extol heroes To show his support to this who devoted their lives for the undertaking, he has contributed * A high quality paper made in 1.2 million yuan gained from sales existence and development of the Xuancheng, Anhui Province, especially of his paintings in Japan to the motherland, and eulogize the fine good for traditional Chinese painting and department. virtures and moral standards calligraphy. 30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 south, Dongs, Zhuangs, Yaos, Chinese Originate Miaos, Bais and Gaoshans, and From 2 Groups the Hans in Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Taiwan Province as well as in Kunming show the same ome scientists in Shanghai percentage of people containing S have proved through blood the factor ag, while in the north, group research that the Chinese the Huis, Koreans, Uygurs, nation, which has become an Mongolians, Kazakhs and integral whole through several Tibetans, as well as the Hans in thousand years, originates from Shanghai, Dalian and Shandong two distinct groups — one in the Province share a similar percen• north and the other in the south. tage of the factor afb. This Previous studies of fossils and division coincides with the cultural relics have suggested that traditional conception of group• the Chinese people originate from ing the Chinese people into two the-^ Huanghe (Yellow) River categories—northerners and valley in the north. southerners. But there are two Zhao Tongmao, head of the exceptions. Tibetans who live in Immunity and Heredity Office at the south still fall into the northern the Shanghai Institute of Blood category, while Shanghai-landers Transfusion, and his colleagues at the mouth of the Changjiang started their research in 1982, (Yangtze) River in the south fall when scientists around the world into the northern Gm blood began to study blood serum group. groups as a means to trace the Perhaps the Changjiang River is origins of nations. The Shanghai the line that divided the original team examined data on 320,000 Chinese nation in two. • Painted by FAN 7,ENG people from various parts of Legendary figure Zhong Kui. China and found the Chinese Fan's talent was recognized nation is divided into two blood Five Diseases when he was still a student at the serum groups — northern and central academy. He was inspired southern. Blood serum groups are Seen as Top Kiilers by an inscription given to him by different from the ABO blood groups which relate to the type of his teacher Li: "In spite of 72 e five top killers in China are dangers and disasters, Monk agglutinogens contained in the red blood cells and show the blood rheart disease, respiratory Tripitaka went on a pilgrimage for illness, cancer, accidental death Buddhist scriptures." The inscrip• relation between parents and their children. and digestive tract problems, a tion encouraged Fan to study survey shows. The results of the harder. He knew he could never Concretely, gamma globulin survey were presented at the recent become a famous artist by relying (Gm) contains some factors that national symposium on re• on talent alone. He has devoted are passed on from generation to spiratory illness held by the decades to study of Chinese generation. To date, 18 Gm Chinese Medical Association in calligraphy, traditional art, and factors have been discovered. Qingdao city. the wonder of sketching by a Some of them are unique to the brush, and has drawn more than different races. For example, the The Shanghai No. 4 People's 10,000 paintings modelled on fb factor is found only in Hospital investigated the cases of classic works of various dynasties. Caucasians, the st factor only in 7,844 people who lived on two His diligent work has resulted in the brown people and the C3 streets near the hospital and died permanent injuries to his chest and factor only among the black between 1976 and 1985. The back. people. Besides the st factor, there results showed that 1,960 people, But Fan has his reward. His are five other Gm factors common or 25 percent, died of respiratory paintings are known internation• to the Chinese people, but these illness. The most frequent illness ally for their unique style. And factors occur with different was cor pulmonale, followed by through his work at Nankai frequencies in different ethnic lung cancer, pneumonia, bronch• University, he is making a unique groups. Differing percentages of itis and pulmonary emphysema. the factors ag and afb show that and valuable contribution to the Medical research shows that study of oriental arts. two distinct groups make up the by Zhang Wei Chine;^e_ natiipn. ;i.;i,In..,j the (Continued on p.33J

JULY 20, 1987 31 Oppressive Imperial Life Disclosed

palatial residence was taken to took advantage of the turmoil to symbolize a powerful and absolute march into China proper and central governmental rule. establish a new dynasty — the This was indeed the case. After a Qing. minor civil war. Emperor Yongle Difficult as it is to imagine, defeated his nephew who was I some of the 14 Ming emperors rumoured to have fied from the I were weak and incompetent, while throne and to be roaming the I others neglected state affairs for country disguised as a monk. As a decades. Emperor Jiajing (1522- prince, Yongle had his fief in 1566), for example, not only Beijing, therefore upon his refused to give audience to his usurpation of the throne, he ministers and generals but moved decided to build a new palace in to the Winter Palace (now Beijing. Zhongnanhai and Beihai Park), Beijing was enclosed by three where he devoted himself to and a half walls, the innermost of Daoism, studied alchemy, made which surrounded the Forbidden elixirs and eventuaUy poisoned City and is one of the few city wa'ls himself to death, jiajing's grand- remaining in China. I son Emperor Wanli (1573-1620) The Purple Forbidden City is its \e underground palace (i.e., full name. Purple suggests bliss, I his tomb) has now been opened to good fortune, happiness and so the public, also had a long reign. Inside Stories of on. It was a closed city: it was Refusip'* follow the advice of forbidden to enter, and forbidden his chief r,;{iicler, he left many the Forbidden City to disclose anything from within. official posiiic iS unfilled. A great Written by: Er Si, Shang Hongkui Despite the fact that all visitors deal of secretariji! work was and others to the Purple Forbidden City are unattended to and in various Pages: 165, illustrated deeply impressed by the mag• ministries there were few persons Published by: New World Press, nificence of the building sur• to receive appeals from the Beijing rounded by the high wall and common people, let alone to Distributed by: China Interna• struck by the luxury of their present petitions to the emperor. interiors, it suffered damage by Their rule of a century featured tional Book Trading Corpora• fire on many occasions and for corrupt politics and desolate tion (Guoji Shudian), P.O. Box long periods of time. A few years palaces, in sharp contrast to the 399, Beijing, China after the completion of the grandeur and magnificence of today's Palace Museum. he imperial palace of the Ming imperial buildings, the three main T (1368-1644) and Qing (1644- ones within the outer court and the Although the Qing rulers were 1911) dynasties, Beijing's For• two main ones within the inner Manchus, a minority nationality bidden City was constructed from court were destroyed and com• with a very small population, their 1407 to 1420 by order of the pletely razed to the ground. The rule was a big improvement over Emperor Yongle (1403-1424). The reconstruction of these halls that of the Ming court. After its Ming Dynasty, founded in the required astronomical sums of stabilization, the Qing court south where its first emperor led money and each time it took a compiled a Ming Dynasty history peasant uprisings along both sides quarter of century to restore them. which took 60 years (1679-1739) of the Changjiang (Yangtze) The first emperor of the Qing to complete. Many highly know• River, had its early capital in Dynasty never had the privilege of ledgeable ministers were appoint• Nanjing (Southern Capital). As sitting on the throne in the Hall of ed as compilers and writers while a soon as he ascended the throne he Great Harmony. This structure fair number of scholars at the sent troops and officers to have the had been burnt by a peasant army grass-roots level were also invited beautiful, imposing Yuan Palace which toppled the Ming Dynasty, to join in the effort. In today's in Beijing pulled down, as a making way for the Manchus who phraseology, the Qing emperors. 32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 especially the second, third and mind against Yuan. The last Forbidden City. The writers of this the fourth, adopted dual tactics century proves just how successful illustrated book have faithfully towards intellectuals: while merci• they were. reported the deaths of the two lessly suppressing those found young emperors of the Qing lacking in obedience, they made The historical records kept in Dynasty. To introduce all the facts good use of those who helped the Palace Museum are volumi• related to these last two important them to govern and carry out nous in spite of the fact that a large dynasties in a book of such a small administrative work. number of important ones were scope would however be practi• removed to Taiwan, and today cally impossible. Of the 25 dynastic histories, the provide ample source material for Take the Qing Dynasty for History of the Ming Dynasty is research into particular historical believed to be the best, not only in instance. Of the ten emperors, five events. For instance, we can now were mere boys less than eight structure and style but also in learn on which day what medicine descriptions of historical figures years old when they were put on an emperor or empress took. After the throne. It was a dynasty which and events. Yuan Chonghuan the fall of the Qing Dynasty, many (1584-1630), a Ming minister who began with an empress dowager, a stories about the lives of these regent and a boy emperor seven fought against the invading rulers were spread about. How• Manchus, was executed by the last years old and ended also with an ever, although some were based on empress dowager, a regent and a Ming emperor on charges of secret historical materials, others were connections with the enemy. He boy emperor of seven. To describe mere conjecture or just pure all such events from beginning to was regarded as a traitor by the fiction. people for 100 years. But when the end is not the aim of this book and is beyond its capacity. compilers of the History of the In order that the true historical Ming Dynasty returned to the facts should be brought to light, I highly recommend Inside Manchu archives they discovered various researchers and scholars Stories of the Forbidden City as that Yuan was himself the victim of the histories of the Ming and reference material for all those of treachery. It appears that the Qing dynasties used the materials studying the histories of the Ming Manchus used two captured to which they had access to write a and Qing dynasties, and as eunuchs to bring about Yuan's number of articles on the excellent background reading for downfall. In return for their Forbidden City and its inhabi• those interested in modern China release (staged to look like an tants. New Wodd Press has and its past. escape), the eunuchs were to go published them in an interesting and poison the Ming emperor's book entitled Inside Stories of the by Chang Dunyi

( Continued from p.31) ANNOUNCEMENT Five Diseases Fundamental Issues in Present-Day China smoking and air pollution are the This book includes 44 of Deng's most important speeches main causes of respiratory illness, since December 1984. TIte author has made many important the country's No. 2 killer. Because expositions on upholding the four cardinal principles, combating smoking is closely related to lung bourgeois liberalization, and the reform of the economic and cancer, as well as bronchitis and political structures, and opening to the outside world. This pulmonary emphysema which can 85,000-word book includes photographs of the author. lead to cor pulmonale, not The English, Russian and Japanese editions of the book will smoking is one of the effective be published and distributed before the 13th National Congress of ways to reduce respiratory illness. the Chinese Communist Party in October this year and the To combat pneumonia, experts French, Spanish, German and Arabic editions will appear before call for the effective use of the end of this year. antibiotics. The book is to be published by the Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, China and distributed by the China International Book Air-pollution-related respira• Trading Corporation (Guoji Shudian) P.O. Box 399, Beijing, tory illnesses are still a problem in China. China, despite the country's efforts at pollution control. •

JULY 20, 1987 33 LETTERS m

Help Understand China 42 should have been in colour. insert more pictures to fill up the Other pictures may continue to be spaces, and ensure that your magazine is lively. I have been one of your readers in black and white because colour would not enhance them. Bettina Brum for 20 years. You always send me a F. R.G. little gift when I renew my I especially like the inside back covers, because from which I can subscription. This time I'm I have no criticisms of your sending you something! a photo• learn something about modem Chinese works of art. Some of front and inside front covers. But graph of my 6 year-old daughter, could you enlarge the pictures on standing in front of the Franco- these art pictures should be published with their original the inside back cover and print Chinese friendship tree. Look them in colour? after three years how much the colour, because the colours are tree has grown! often important in artistic Andre Tatter G. D.R. It has not been easy for China to expression. find a special way to develop itself You should develop the inside It would be better for both the on the principle of self-reliance. back cover gradually from front and back covers to be colour We all know the limitations of presenting plastic arts to other art pages. If you could give us bourgeois democracy and the forms. For example, showing captions for all of them that would problems with certain socialist music and Chinese national also be good. I think the back "models," so, China is bound to musical instruments. cover is a good place for find its road tortuous. Of course I know the inside advertising. A socialist society with Chinese front and back covers are printed I suggest you always include a characteristics will be a great together, so that colour for one sketch map when reporting on achievement. But you should not inevitably means colour for the specific places, so that readers can set yourselves up as "big brother," other, and I do not lose sight of the understand better. For example, still less withhold support for the cost factor. But you seemed to when you reported on Guizhou, I people of other countries. You have overcome those problems had no idea where it is. should first support third world very nicely in your No. 1 issue, which had a colour centre spread. H.M. Haddad countries, which are struggling Algeria against big-power control. Then Hans Wagner you should support countries in F.R.G. the intermediate zone, such as the My suggestions are that you European countries which are It would be good if Beijing print more figure paintings on the being united ever more closely. Review changed the pictures and front and back covers, and also Such support will enhance the its inside back cover into colour. It print more maps of each province connections between working would also be better if more in the reports. people, and be more effective in articles were illustrated with Farkas Jacques developing a common cause. pictures. So, I think you should France Jean-Paul Metz France Beijing Review SiJscnSe ^11 oiu! Front Covers and Photos Please enter my subscription to Beijing Subscription Rates Review for_ ycar(s). County lyear 2 years 3 years I enclose —in payment thereof. Generally, I think BR's layout is 22 3? 52 alright, but I feel the front covers Name USA (US$1 of Beijing Review Nos. 31 and 34, England (£| 12 22 30. Rest ol Europe (USS) 16 27 37' 1986 were not up to standard, Job litle Australia |AS| 22 37 52 because the pictures and headlines Address in them seemed to be inco• New Zealand INZSI 30 52 72 ordinate, their colours clashed Canada ICS) 21 36 50

too. It would be a good idea to Switierland |SF| 45 77 108 cancel the horizontal lines be• W. Germany IDM) 50 90 125 tween the headline and the picture. Couniry' (Schl 330 560 The front-cover pictures are Austtra 780 usually vivid, but the inside Italy (Lire) 29,000 49.000 68.000 pictures showing the ancient Please mail this form, together with your payment, to your local dealer or either of the following addresses; • Clima InlernalFonal Bort Trading Corporalioo |CuO|i Shudian) PO 6o> 399. Bailing, Clima: • Manajetnent artistic buildings in No. 35, 1986 DeparlmBtit. Bei)ing Re/iew, 24 Baiwan/huang Road, Beijing, China Readers in China may subscribe to Beijing Review at local postal offices and the festival celebrations in No.

34 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 29 I ' (.rT/L f r ^ -I f'i f f # *f Iff flfl^f^ll

ART PAQE

Traditional Chinese Paint• ings by Lai Shaoqi

Lai Shaoqi, a famous Chinese painter, cailigrapher, writer and poet, was born in 1915 in Guangdong Province, and in now chairman of the Anhui Provincial Federation of Literary and Art Circles. These are his landscape paintings. Combining traditional Chinese painting with Western techiques, he produces clear, complicated shapes of great power. The 3rd Shanxi Symposium on international Economic and Technical Co-operation, The 1st Shanxi Import/Export CJ ^ -.-v-* -v-v^ r^>- -• '-yf L.'-^-""^

The 1st Shanxi Folk Art Festival.

From August 26 to September 5 in Talyuan, Shanxi

We would like fo see all of our friends from trade, financial and cultural fields, both at home and abroad.

Look at the ways you can benefit! products of 50 types in the fields of coal, and other minerals, hardware, nonferrous metals, metallurgy, The 3rd Shanxi Symposium on International medicine and handicraft will be exhibited in 16 Economic and Technical Co-operation will exhibition halls that cover a total area of 7,500 announce about 100 projects for economic and square metres. The provincial import and export technical co-operation and more than 100 projects corporations will have business discussions with for technical export and transfer in the fieldsof foreign businessmen on the spot. machinery, textiles, light industry, chemicals, metallurgy, building materials, coal, electronics, Our folk art festival is a guaranteed good agriculture, animal husbandry and medicine. We will utilize foreign funds, undertake the import and time! export of technology and handle Internationd Located in the Huanghe River Valley, Shanxi economic and technical co-operation in various Province is the cradle of China's ancient culture. forms. Some examples are joint ventures, Shanxi's folk arts have a long history. At our first compensation trade, leasing, processing with ever Shanxi Folk Art Festival, well-known artists materials provided by clients, trading on account will perform colourful folk songs, dances and local and by cosh purchase. We will offer preferential operas. Among them, "At the Night of the Lantern treatment to investors, partners and clients in Festival," "Waters of the River" and economic management, taxes, payment of foreign "Accompanying Wife to Her Parents' Home" hove exchange^ procedures for examination and won prizes from the state. There will also be other approval, providing, places, resources, labour art forms such as walking on stilts, a lion dance, service, building materials, communications and bangzi opera, yangge dance, puppet opera and transportation for joint ventures and co-operative acrobatics. All the performances reflect our local enterprises. culture. Exhibitions of fine arts, photography and handicrafts will also be held during the festival. To help you make business contacts Some of the works, such as Jiangzhou Chengni inkslabs, reproductions of calligraphy and steles The 1 St Shanxi Import/Export Commodity Fair from different dynasties, folk papercuts, dough will exhibit the industrial and agricultural products models, wood carvings, stone carvings and of Shanxi Province. More than 3,000 varieties of puppets will be sold at the exhibition.

SHANXI ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Tel: Secretariat 386044 Symposium 386695 Commodity Fair 441436 Festival 227963