EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 n the 20th-century Architecture of Frank

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

State Party of America State Arizona, , Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, Wisconsin Name of Property The 20th-Century Architecture of The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a serial nomination that refers to structures designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), spanning the years 1905-1959 and located in six states across the United States of America.

Geographical Coordinates to the Nearest Second

Name of component Site City / state Geographical Coordinates

Unity Temple Oak Park 87°47'47.767"W Illinois 41°53’18.308”N

Frederick C. Chicago 87°35'45.053"W Illinois 41°47'23.001"N

Taliesin Spring Green 90°4’12.979”W Wisconsin 43°8’27.962”N

Hollyhock House 118°17'34"W California 34°5'0.54"N

Fallingwater Mill Run 79°27'59.312"W Pennsylvania 39°54'20.055"N

Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House Madison 43° 3' 30.8874"W Wisconsin 89° 26' 29.7594"N

Taliesin West S c ot t s d a l e 111° 5 0 '4 4 . 31" W Arizona 33°36'32.834"N

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum New York 73°57'35.353"W New York 40°46'57.72"N

n 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Textual Description of the Boundaries of the Letter Size Maps of the Nominated Property, Showing Nominated Property Boundaries and Buffer Zones The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a series of eight component Global/National Map Sources: sites located in six states within the United States of America. The boundaries of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Great Lakes Information the eight component sites total 26.369ha. All component sites within the series Network, National Atlas, National Hydrography Dataset, National Oceanic have buffer zones proposed, totaling 710.103ha. For those components whose and Atmospheric Administration, Natural Earth Data, United States Census, natural setting supports the Outstanding Universal Value, the buffer zones are United States Department of Agriculture, United States Geological Survey, consequently larger. United States . Generally, the boundaries for each component site were developed based on State Map Sources: their respective National Historic Landmark boundaries, which are shown on the accompanying maps. Under United States law, the nominated property can- Columbia University, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, State of Arizona, not exceed those boundaries. These boundaries were used for five of the eight State of California, State of Kansas, State of New York, State of Wisconsin, components: , the Frederick C. Robie House, , the Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA), The Pennsylvania State University, Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Taliesin Preservation Inc., University of Arizona, University of Hawaii, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. For Taliesin, , and , which are located in expansive nat- ural settings, the boundaries are proposed to encompass the primary designed Local Map Sources: buildings and their immediate settings, while the much larger boundaries of the City of Chicago, City of New York, City of Scottsdale (Arizona), Cook County National Historic Landmarks contribute to the buffer zones, thus ensuring that (Illinois), Iowa County (Wisconsin), Los Angeles County (California), Maricopa the larger settings are protected. This is explained further in Sections 2.a and County (Arizona). 3.1.c in response to the comments made by ICOMOS in their 2015 evaluation. Other Map Sources: www.openstreetmap.org, www.thematicmapping.org.

3 n The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright National Locator

n 4 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Unity Temple,Temple, Oak Oak Park, Park, Illinois Illinois – Regional Regional Locator Locator

Wisconsin Lake Michigan Michigan Lake Iowa !! Enlarged ¨¦§94 area at right

Ohio Arlington Indiana Heights Illinois 94 Palatine ¨¦§ Evanston 90 Mount Lake ¨¦§ Prospect Hoffman Michigan Missouri Estates Des Plaines Skokie

1:10,000,000 Kentucky Kane §290 0 100km ¨¦ Oak Park Location of ¨¦§355 ! Nominated Property Wheaton ! Berwyn Chicago DuPage 88 ¨¦§ Cicero

CANADA Aurora Naperville 55 ¨¦§ Cook 294 Bolingbrook ¨¦§ Oak Lawn 90 !! ¨¦§ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Orland Gary Park Hammond Joliet ¨¦§80 Tinley ¨¦§65 Park Lake MEXICO 0 1,000 km 1:60,000,000 57 Will ¨¦§ 1:700,000 Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 0 10 km Production Date: September 2014 ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University Grundy

5 n The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois

87.800° W 87.795° W 87.790° W

Erie St N Grove Ave Grove N

41.8902° N, 87.7947° W Ontario St 41.8901° N, 87.7992° W E E 41.890° N 41.890° N Austin Garden Park

Scoville Park

N Euclid Ave Euclid N

N Linden Ave Linden N

Forest Ave Forest

N Oak Park Ave Park Oak N N Kenilworth Ave Kenilworth N

Lake St

Unity Temple !

41.888° N 41.888° N E 41.8878° N, 87.7995° W E North Blvd 41.8874° N, 87.7946° W

South Blvd

41.886° N

41.886° N

Home Ave Home

S Grove Ave Grove S S Euclid Ave Euclid S

S Clinton Ave Clinton S

S Wesley Ave Wesley S

S Oak Park Ave Park Oak S S Kenilworth Ave Kenilworth S

87.800° W 87.795° W Pleasant St 87.790° W Nominated National Historic Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic 1:4,500 Green Space/Park Datum: North American Datum 1983 Property Landmark Production Date: October 2015 0 100 Meters ! Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Center Point Buildings The Pennsylvania State University

n 6 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Frederick C.C. Robie Robie House, House, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Illinois – Regional Regional Locator Locator

Wisconsin Lake Lake Michigan Michigan

Iowa !! Enlarged Arlington area at right Heights 94 Palatine ¨¦§ Evanston 90 Mount Ohio ¨¦§ Prospect Indiana Hoffman Illinois Estates Des Lake Plaines Skokie Michigan

Kane 290 Missouri ¨¦§ 355 ¨¦§ Oak Park Wheaton 1:10,000,000 Kentucky Berwyn DuPage 88 Location of 0 100km ¨¦§ Cicero Chicago !! Nominated Property Naperville Aurora ¨¦§55 §294 Bolingbrook ¨¦ Oak Lawn ¨¦§90 CANADA Cook

Orland Gary !! Kendall Park Hammond UNITED STATES 80 Joliet ¨¦§ OF AMERICA Tinley Park Lake

¨¦§57 ¨¦§65 MEXICO 0 1,000 km Will 1:60,000,000 Grundy 1:700,000 Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 0 10 km Production Date: September 2014 ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University

7 n TheKey 20th-Century Works of M Architectureodern Am ofe Frankrican Lloyd Arc hWrightitecture by Frank Lloyd Wright FrederickFrederick C. C .Robie Robi eHouse, Hous eChicago,, Chicag Illinoiso, Illin –o iCitys Ci tLocatory Locator

E 51st St E 51st St S S M

S a C r o W t i t n t

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S u d e

D t l

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A

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E 55th St E Garfield Blvd Washington Park

Mo rga n D

r E 57th Dr r

D Frederick C. Robie !! e

n House y

a

P

E 59th St Midway Plaisance S

L

a

S S k

S e

C M

S St S

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r E E 63rd St Hayes E 63rd St Dr

Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic 1:20,000 Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 0 1Kilometers Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ The Pennsylvania State University n 8 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Frederick C.C. Robie Robie House, House, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Illinois

87.600° W 87.598° W 87.596° W Ave Kimbark S 87.594° W 87.592° W S Woodlawn Ave Woodlawn S

E 57th St

41.791° N

41.791° N S Kimbark Ave Kimbark S

41.7904° N, 87.5972° W E41.7904 N, 87.5957° W

S Ellis Ave Ellis S E S Kenwood Avenue Kenwood S Frederick C. Robie 41.790° N 41.790° N House ! E E E 58th St 41.7896° N, 87.5979° W 41.7896° N, 87.5956° W

41.789° N

41.789° N

S University Ave University S

S Woodlawn Ave Woodlawn S S Dorchester Ave Dorchester S

41.788° N 41.788° N E 59th St

Midway Plaisance

E Midway Plaisance Dr North

87.600° W 87.598° W 87.596° W 87.594° W 87.592° W Nominated National Historic Projection: Transverse Mercator 1:3,500 Green Space/Park Datum: North American Datum 1983 Property Landmark Production Date: November 2015 0 100 Meters ! Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Center Point Buildings The Pennsylvania State University

9 n The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesen,Taliesin, Spring Spring Green, Green, Wisconsin Wisconsin – Regional Regional Locator Locator

Lake Superior

¨¦§39 Reedsburg Portage Michigan Baraboo

Minnesota Richland Sauk Wisconsin

Enlarged Lodi area at right Michigan ¤£12

!! Lake ¤£14 Eagle Iowa Michigan

1:9,000,000 Spring Green 0 100 km Illinois !! Location of Middleton Indiana Nominated Property Madison ¤£80 Iowa Dane ¤£18 ¤£151 Verona CANADA Dodgeville Fitchburg

!! Grant UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Mineral Point ¤£151

MEXICO 0 1,000 km Green 1:60,000,000 Lafayette 1:700,000 Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 0 10km Production Date: September 2014 ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University Monroe

n 10 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Taliesin, SpringSpring Green, Green, Wisconsin Wisconsin 90.080° W 90.075° W 90.070° W 90.065° W 90.060° W 90.055° W 90.050° W E 43.147° N, 90.074° W

Wisconsin River

43.145° N 43.145° N

State Hwy 23

County Rd C County Rd C E43.143° N, 90.055° W

!

Taliesin 43.140° N 43.140° N

Lowery Creek

Tan-y-deri Midway Barn Cottages

Romeo and Juliet Windmill 43.135° N 43.135° N Drafting Studio Hillside Home School C Theater ou 43.133° N, 90.074° W nty Rd State Hwy 23 E T E 43.133° N, 90.055° W

90.080° W 90.075° W 90.070° W 90.065° W 90.060° W 90.055° W 90.050° W Nominated Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic 1:12,000 Covenant Buildings Datum: North American Datum 1983 Property Production Date: September 2018 0 400 Meters National Historic ! Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Center Point The Pennsylvania State University Landmark Green Space/Park 11 n The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hollyhock House, House, Los Los Angeles, Angeles, California California – Regional Regional Locator Locator

Oregon Idaho Palmdale

Santa Clarita Utah Nevada ¨¦§5 Ventura Los Angeles

California Simi Valley

Burbank

Arizona Thousand Oaks Glendale Pasadena !! Enlarged Location of area at right ¨¦§210 1:15,000,000 Nominated Property !! 0 190km El Monte 405 10 ¨¦§ Los Angeles ¨¦§ Malibu

Inglewood ¨¦§605 CANADA Downey ¨¦§105 Norwalk ¨¦§110 ¨¦§710 ¨¦§5 UNITED STATES Tor rance

!! OF AMERICA Orange Long Beach Pacific Ocean Westminster

MEXICO 0 1,000 km 1:60,000,000 1:700,000 Projection: California Teale Albers, North American Datum 1983 0 10 km Production Date: September 2014 ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University

n 12 TheKey 20th-Century Works of M Architectureodern Am ofe Frankrican Lloyd Arch Wrightitecture by Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HHollyhockollyhock House, House Los, Lo Angeles,s Angele , Califor n–i aCity Cit Locatory Locator

vd eliz Bl Los F

Franklin Ave N H

i W l l h i l u t o r s t n

P l A v e

N Hollywood Blvd

W e s t e !!

r n Hollyhock House

A v e

Sunset Blvd Sunset Blvd

Su £101 n ¤ N se

untain Ave Fo V t

N Bl e vd

r V m o i r g n i l t

A A v e v e

Santa Monica Blvd Santa Monica Blvd N

N W

W e s i l t t e o r n n

P l A v e

Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic 1:20,000 Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 0 1Kilometers Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ The Pennsylvania State University

13 n TheKey 20th-Century Works of Architecture of Frank Lloyd by Wright Frank Lloyd Wright HollyhockHollyhock House, House, Los Los Angeles, Angeles, California California

118.296° W 118.294° W 118.292° W

34.102° N 34.102° N

Hollywood Blvd Prospect Ave 34.102° N, 118.296°WE E34.102° N, 118.293° W n n nn n nn n n nn nn n n nn n nn n nnn n n nn n n n n nn nn n nnnnnn nnn nnnnnn n nnn n n n n n nn n n n nn n nn nnnn nn n nnn nn n n n n nn nn n nn nnnn nnnnn nn n n nnnnn n Lower Rd nnn n nnn n n n n n nnnnnn n n nnnnn n n n n n nn n n nnn nn n nn nnnn n nn nnnn n 34.101° N, 118.292°W nn n n nnn nn n n nnnnnnnnn n nnnnn nnn E n n nn n n n n n n nn n nn n nnn nn nnn nn n n n n nn nnnnnnnn nnnResidencennn n n nn "A" n n nn nn nnn n n nn n nnn nn nnn n nnn n nn n n nnnn n nnn n n nnnn n n n nnnn nnn nn nn n n n nnn nnn n n n nn n nn nn n n n n nn nnn Hollywood Blvd n nnn n nn n n Garage nnnn nn nnn nnnnnnnn Los Angeles nnnn nnnn nnnnn Municipal Hollyhock nnnnn Art Gallery nnnnnnnn

House Kennels nnnnnnnnnn Barnsdall n nn nnnnnnn nn nnnnnnnnn Shopping Schindler nnnn nn n Center Terrace nn nnn 34.100° N ! nn nnn 34.100° N nn nn N Ave Vermont N Edgemont St N Kenmore Ave n

Junior Spring Art Gallery House

Lower Rd

Maubert Ave

Kaiser Permanente Hospital and Medical Center

E E 34.098° N, 118.296°W 34.098° N, 118.292°W W Sunset Blvd

34.098° N 34.098° N

118.296° W 118.294° W 118.292° W Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Nominated National Historic 1:3,000 Green Space/Park Datum: North American Datum 1983 Property Landmark Production Date: September 2018 0 100 Meters ! Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Center Point Buildings The Pennsylvania State University

n 14 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fallingwater, Mill Mill Run, Run, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania – Regional Regional Locator Locator

New York 279 Plum Indiana Lake Erie ¨¦§ Pittsburgh ¨¦§376 Murrysville Monroeville ¤£22

West Mifflin ¨¦§76 Bethel Park Jeannette Ohio New Westmoreland Pennsylvania Greensburg Jersey ¤£19 Allegheny Latrobe Enlarged area at right ¤£30 ¤£119 !! ¤£51 West Maryland Washington 70 Virginia Monessen ¨¦§ 1:7,000,000 Virginia Deleware 0 100km ¤£40 California 70 ¨¦§ ¤£219 Connellsville Somerset Fayette Location of CANADA Nominated Property !! Uniontown Mill Run Ohiopyle Somerset !! UNITED STATES ¤£119 ¨¦§79 OF AMERICA ¤£40

¨¦§68 MEXICO 0 1,000km Morgantown 1:60,000,000 Garrett Monongalia Preston 1:700,000 Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 0 10km Production Date: September 2014 ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University

15 n The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania 79.480° W E39.915°79.470° N,W 79.472° W 79.460° W 79.450° W 79.440° W 79.430° W

39.910° N 39.910° N

39.908° N, 79.471° W E Gardener's Cottage

Fallingwater ! Administration Offices 39.905° N 39.905° N

Youghiogheny River Visitors Bear Run Nature Reserve E Bear Run Pavilion 39.903° N, 79.473° W Support E Buildings 39.902° N, 79.434° W

39.900° N 39.900° N

Bear Run

W

h

i

t e

39.895° N s 39.895° N

B

r

i d

g

e

R d

M il l R un E R 39.890° N d 39.890° N, 79.442° W 39.890° N

79.480° W 79.470° W 79.460° W 79.450° W 79.440° W 79.430° W Nominated National Historic Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Green Space/Park Datum: North American Datum 1983 1:20,000 Property Landmark Production Date: November 2015 0 400Meters ! Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Center Point Buildings The Pennsylvania State University

n 16 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HerbertHerbert andand Katherine Katherine Jacobs Jacobs House, House, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Wisconsin – Regional Regional Locator Locator

Lake Superior Portage Reedsburg ¨¦§39 Baraboo Michigan Columbia

Sauk ¤£151 Minnesota Richland Wisconsin Lodi ¤£12 Enlarged area at right Michigan Dane !! Lake Iowa Michigan Sun Prairie £14 ¤ Middleton 1:9,000,000 Location of ¨¦§94 0 100km Illinois Nominated Property Madison Indiana Iowa !! Monona Jefferson ¤£18 ¤£151 Verona Dodgeville Fitchburg ¨¦§90 ¤£12

CANADA Stoughton

!! Edgerton UNITED STATES ¤£151 ¤£14 OF AMERICA Milton Evansville Green Rock Lafayette MEXICO 0 1,000km Janesville 1:60,000,000 1:700,000 ¤£11 Brodhead Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 0 10km Monroe Production Date: September 2014 ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University

17 n The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Herbert and and Katherine Katherine Jacobs Jacobs House, House, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Wisconsin

89.444° W 89.442° W 89.440° W 89.438° W

43.060° N 43.060° N Paunack Ave

Glenway St

Toepfer Toepfer Ave

Westmorland Blvd Euclid Ave 43.0590º N, 89.4425º W 43.0590º N, 89.4411º W 43.059° N E E 43.059° N

! Herbert and Katherine Jacobs House

Glenway Golf Course Birch Ave

43.0580º N, 89.4425º W 43.0580º N, 89.4413º W 43.058° N E E 43.058° N E E 43.0578º N, 89.4413º W 43.0578º N, 89.4411º W

Meyer Ave

43.057° N 43.057° N

Winnemac Ave

89.444° W 89.442° W 89.440° W 89.438° W ! Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Nominated National Historic Center Point 1:3,000 Datum: North American Datum 1983 Property Landmark Green Space/Park Production Date: November 2016 0 100Meters Landmark Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Buildings The Pennsylvania State University Ordinance n 18 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Taliesin West,West, Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona Arizona – Regional Regional Locator Locator Nevada

Utah Colorado Yavapai Nevada

Arizona New California Mexico

!! Enlarged area at right ¨¦§17

Maricopa ¤£60 (!87 1:12,000,000 101 0 200km (! Location of MEXICO Surprise Peoria Nominated Property !! Scottsdale Glendale

CANADA 10 ¨¦§ ¨¦§10 Phoenix Avondale Mesa Tem pe Apache Junction UNITED STATES ¤£60 Gilbert OF AMERICA !! Chandler ¤£60

10 87 Pinal MEXICO 0 1,000km (!347 ¨¦§ (! 1:60,000,000 1:700,000 Projection: Transverse Mercator, North American Datum 1983 0 10km Production Date: September 2014 Pinal ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University

19 n The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright Taliesin West, West, Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona Arizona 111.860° W 111.855° W 111.850° W 111.845° W 111.840° W 111.835° W 111.830° W

b Dr com r ch D n e i g W E Sheena Dr id E Dr 33.615° N R ill 33.615° N lm wh Pa do E ea E M E 33.614° N, 111.839° W

Ludlow r 33.611° N, 111.855° W E D E 33.611° N,E 111.831° W

N 1 0 33.610° N 3 33.610° N rd W a y

nto l Sa am de E C N 1 0 ! E 4 t h 33.606° N, 111.831° W P l 33.605° N 33.605° N E SweetwaterAve Taliesin 33.604° N, 111.849° WE West E Corrin N ve e D F er A r ra Ast nk E t L

S lo yd d W N Taliesin n ri 2 gh

0 t B N E Windros 1 lvd e D 1 r N 1 N 113th Pl 6

t h y

E a M S 33.600° N a t W 33.600° N r i h c t o E Charter Oak D p 8

r 1

a 1 N 106th St M E e 33.599° N, 111.842° W N sa

ethersfield Rd E W E Cactus Rd

111.860° W 111.855° W 111.850° W 111.845° W 111.840° W 111.835° W 111.830° W Nominated National Historic Projection: Transverse Mercator 1:15,000 Green Space/Park Datum: North American Datum 1983 Property Landmark Production Date: September 2018 0 400 Meters ! Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Center Point Buildings The Pennsylvania State University

n 20 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GuggenheimGuggenheim Museum,Musuem, New New York, York, New New York York – Regional Regional Locator Locator

H u 87 d Westchester ¨¦§ s CANADA o Rockland n 684 Spring Valley R ¨¦§ i v

e Stamford 287 r Vermont Passaic ¨¦§ White Plains Fairfield Lake Ontario

New York Ridgewood ¨¦§87 ¨¦§287 Bergen Long Island Sound Massachusetts Morris Yonkers Paterson New Rochelle 80 Connecticut ¨¦§ Passaic Bronx Pennsylvania ¨¦§95 New Location of 1:8,000,000 !! Nominated Property Jersey Morristown ! 0 100km Enlarged ! ¨¦§495 295 280 ¨¦§ area at right Essex¨¦§ N e w Yo r k Nassau Newark Jersey City Queens 78 New York ¨¦§ Elizabeth Union Kings CANADA ¨¦§278 Richmond !! ¨¦§95 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA New Brunswick

Keyport Middlesex Atlantic Ocean MEXICO Red Bank 0 1,000km 1:60,000,000 Monmouth 1:700,000 Long Branch Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic, North American Datum 1983 Freehold 0 10km Production Date: September 2014 ¹ Gould Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University

21 n TheKey 20th-Century Works of M Architectureodern Am ofe Frankrican Lloyd Arc hWrightitecture by Frank Lloyd Wright GuggenheimGuggenheim Museum, Museum New, Ne wYork, Yor Newk, N eYorkw Y o–r Cityk Ci tLocatory Locator

W 96 ve th y A St w d e E k v 1 P 06 En A t h St st m e a n o W rd Ave e s t s d u u b H Ams m u l Ave o y n r o C t n g e in H x e W L

y 86 a th w St d Ave E a h 96 e t th v st 5 St ri Bro e D W R k ve W r A D 8 F 1 Pa rk st l S Guggenheim e t ra Pa t ! v n Museum ! A e d C r 3 ve A d n Central Park 2 ve A t s E 1 Ave 86 n t h St iso W d 72 n Ma d St

E 7 9t h St

E 7 2n d St

Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic 1:20,000 Datum: North American Datum 1983 Production Date: September 2014 0 1Kilometers Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ The Pennsylvania State University n 22 The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Guggenheim Museum, Museum, New New York, York, New New York York 73.962° W 73.960° W 73.958° W 73.956° W

E 92nd St

Madison Ave

40.784° N 40.7839° N, 73.9585° W 40.784° N Jacqueline E Kennedy Onassis E 91 Reservoir st St

Central 40.7834° N, 73.9571° W Park E

E 90th St

40.783° N ! 40.783° N Guggenheim Museum

E 89th St

E Park Ave 40.7822° N, 73.9597° W

40.782° N 40.782° N e v A E E 88th St

th 40.7819° N, 73.9590° W 5

East Dr

E 86th St Transverse E 86th St 8 7th St

40.781° N 40.781° N

73.962° W 73.960° W 73.958° W 73.956° W Nominated National Historic Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic Green Space/Park Datum: North American Datum 1983 1:3,000 Property Landmark Production Date: October 2015 0 100Meters ! Gould Center, Department of Geography ¹ Buffer Zone Center Point Buildings The Pennsylvania State University

23 n the 20th-century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright

Criterion Under Which Property is Nominated uniquely fitted to the needs of its owner and its function and, though designed by the same architect, each has a very different character and appearance, reflecting The series The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is nominated a deep respect and appreciation for the individual and the particular. Together, under the following criterion: The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright illustrates the full range of this (ii) To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time architectural language, which is a singular contribution to global architecture in or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or spatial, formal, material, and technological terms. technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design. Justification for Criterion Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value Criterion (ii) Brief synthesis To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright is a series of eight buildings within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technol- that illustrate a full range of ways in which Wright’s unique approach to archi- ogy, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design. tectural design fused form with spirit to influence the course of architecture in The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright demonstrates an important both North America and beyond. The components, located in six states across interchange in the discourse that changed architecture on a global scale during the continental United States of America, were designed and built over a period the first half of the twentieth century. The eight components illustrate different spanning the first half of the twentieth century. Each has strong individual char- aspects of a new approach to architecture consciously developed for an American acteristics, presenting a specific aspect or facet of a new architectural solution context. Reacting against prevailing styles in the United States that were based to the needs of Americans for housing, worship, work, and leisure. The build- on historic European models, this approach took advantage of new materials ings employ geometric abstraction and spatial manipulation as a response to and technologies, but was also inspired by principles of the natural world and functional and emotional needs and are based literally or figuratively on nature’s was nurtured by other cultures and eras, particularly Japanese design traditions. forms and principles. In adapting inspirations from global cultures, they break Common features of this architecture were geometric abstraction and spatial free of traditional forms and facilitate modern life. Wright’s solutions would go manipulation to respond to functional and emotional needs; a connection to on to influence architecture and design throughout the world, and continue to nature’s forms and principles; and aspects reflecting the value Wright placed on do so to this day. the primacy of the individual as fundamental to American society, including new The components of the series include houses both grand and modest (includ- habits of life in the twentieth century. ing the consummate example of a “Prairie” house and the prototype “Usonian” These innovative ideas and the resulting unified architectural works were noted house); a place of worship; a museum; and complexes of the architect’s own in European architectural and critical circles early in the century. Assemblies, homes with studio and education facilities. These buildings are located variously lectures and publications by Dutch and German architects and Russian con- in city, suburb, forest, and desert. The substantial range of function, scale, and structivists acclaimed Wright’s American works, with architects J.J.P. Oud, setting in the series underscores both the consistency and the wide applicabil- Walter Gropius, , and later Alvar Aalto, Jørn Utzon ity of these principles, which are often called “organic architecture.” Each has and Carlo Scarpa among those praising his contributions. Beyond Europe, Max been specifically recognized for its individual influence, which also contributes Cento and Juan O’Gorman in Latin America, and Marion uniquely to the elaboration of this original architectural language. Mahony Griffin in Australia, and Raku Endo in Japan each claimed Wright as an The series showcases innovations such as: the open plan; the blurring of the influence during their careers. boundary between interior and exterior; new uses of materials such as steel and Frank Lloyd Wright sought to establish new forms appropriate to the history, char- concrete, as in cantilevered construction; new technologies such as radiant heat- acter, habits and geography of the United States. The resulting buildings, however, ing; the embrace of the automobile; and explicit responses to natural settings. were in fact suited to modern life in many countries, and in their fusion of spirit Such features, however, are subordinated to designs that integrate form, materi- and form they evoked emotional responses that were universal in their appeal. als, technology, furnishings, and setting into a unified whole. Each building is n 24 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

While other architects incorporated many of the characteristics of this series such features of each site. In all cases work has been based on exceptionally complete as the open plan, horizontality of form, ribbon windows, and blurring of interior documentation. Very few features have been modified. In cases where the original and exterior space, Wright’s buildings demonstrated an original architectural syn- function has changed, the current use is fully consistent with the original design. thesis recognized by both critics and architects, offering a distinct and more per- sonalized alternative to the austere, machine-inspired, rationalism characteristic of Protection and Management Requirements the Modern Movement. In doing so, some of the buildings in this series also offered One of the components of this series is owned by a local government; the others new functional models that unerringly fit the character of modern life. Together, are in private ownership, including by non-profit organizations, foundations and the series shows a comprehensive approach to architectural problems rather than an individual. Each building is protected from alteration, demolitions, and other showcasing individual buildings, however iconic. The legacy of this approach en- inappropriate changes through deed restrictions, local preservation ordinances dures as a separate current of thought within modern architecture. and zoning laws, private conservation easements, and state law. Each property has been designated by the United States Department of the Interior as an indi- Integrity vidual National Historic Landmark, which gives it, under federal law, the highest This series of buildings contains all the elements necessary to understand and level of consideration in the context of any actions by the Federal Government. express the Outstanding Universal Value of the property, as it contains the works Each site has an effective management system that makes use of a suite of plan- generally understood by critics and other architects to have been most influen- ning and conservation guidance to ensure protection of the attributes that con- tial, and the best examples of the noted residential forms of Prairie houses and vey the series’ Outstanding Universal Value, and the Frank Lloyd Wright World Usonian houses. Each component highlights a different aspect of the attributes Heritage Council, formally established in 2012, meets regularly to support the that demonstrate this influence: Unity Temple for its dynamic cubic form and professional management of the series. early use of reinforced concrete; the Frederick C. Robie House as the quintes- sential Prairie house, with its innovative open plan; Taliesin as the consummate Name and Contact Information of Official Local example of organic connection to the landscape; Hollyhock House as a model Institution/Agency for the interpretation of indigenous forms; Fallingwater as the complete example Stephen Morris of a design that fully unifies the parts and the whole; the Herbert and Katherine Chief Jacobs House as the prototype of the Usonian house; Taliesin West as the highest Office of International Affairs example of a choreographed procession through space that gives a rich experi- United States National Park Service ence of its setting; and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum as the prototype of 1849 C Street NW, Room 2741 an art museum where the building itself is an art object. Each component work Washington, DC 20240 is of adequate size to include critical elements of its setting and none suffers T: 202/354.1803 from adverse effects of development or neglect. Each building has benefited from E: [email protected] careful and comprehensive conservation studies and expert technical advice to W: www.nps.gov/orgs/1955/index.htm ensure a high level of preservation. Buffer zones protect the adjacent settings of each building. Barbara Gordon Executive Director Authenticity Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy The structures in this series and their settings have remained remarkably un- 53 W Jackson Boulevard 1120 changed since their construction in their form and design, use and function, ma- Chicago, Illinois 60604-3548 terials and substance, and spirit and feeling. Conservation of each of the buildings, T: 312/663.5500 when needed to correct long-term structural issues or repair deterioration, has E: [email protected] been in accordance with the highest standards of professional practice, ensuring W: www.savewright.org the long-term conservation of original fabric wherever possible, and the significant

25 n “His is an original architecture. He works to simplify architectural masses, while treating ornament as something purely secondary. His forms are so original that in the final analysis no contemporary European tendencies are visible in his work.”

H. P. Berlage, “The New American Architecture,” Schweizerische Bauzeitung (1912)