Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Foundation Volume 3 Article 1 Issue 4 Rapa Nui Journal 3#4, Winter 1989-90

1990 Rapa Nui Journal 3#4 Winter 1989-90

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Recommended Citation (1990) "Rapa Nui Journal 3#4 Winter 1989-90," Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation: Vol. 3 : Iss. 4 , Article 1. Available at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss4/1

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A layperson's The questions raised by the existence of these few priceless, Special Galapagos Guide to R017oro1701 wooden objects are many.2The most feature in commonly asked by laymen and On Other Islands Part III researchers alike are: "Is r07]oro7]o a written language; can the glyphs ...... page 2 What Is ROT/oroT/o? be translated?" and "Where did the Attempting to Set the Record Straight script originate?" Ifthe tablets representa written language, human curiosity will by Alan Davis-Drake notbesatisfied until a verifiable translation can be made. Yet, ifthe glyphs on the tablets have someothersignificance, all thecloistered Around here. the only thing more uncertain decoding one can entertain will not transform the scratchings into than the future. is the past. intelligible speech. -Rapa Nui Aphorism The point of"intelligible speech" raises an important issue. It is proposed (Metraux, 1940; Englert, 1974) that the r07]or07]o he first two parts in this series presen~d a sketchy history tablets will never be translated because the language in which they of the '07]or07]O experiences of Europeans visiting Rapa were conceived, written and chanted is a form of the Rapanui Nui over the last hundred orso years. These vignettes donot T language no longer spoken today-before the infusion ofTahitian exhaust the information available to us, butinstead hopefullycreate and the eventual ascendency ofSpanish. This is a popular beliefon a reasonable background for this final section. the island today.3 There remains the need to unravel the various diverse views of Butbeforeweask thejuicyquestions, we must take astepback­ r07]oro7]o existent today-particularly for the layman, the non­ wards. Weneed to establish the groundwork for understanding how technical reader. The subject to go about making a trans­ itselfis mystifying; itneedn't lation, if a translation can be. be made. Each 'view' ofr07]oro7]o And so, the questions was built upon a different ap­ pile up... proachdeveloped through the trials and errors of past re­ Part III of this series searchers. Forthe layman, the will deal with someofthese arguments are clouded in the questions. Becauseofspace puzzling concepts oflinguis­ limitations, this final sec­ tics and cryptography-the tion of the Guide has been secrets of which lay hidden divided into two parts. The in athenaeums of scientific remaining section will ap­ journals. pear as Part IV. in the Speaking of r07]oro7]o Spring issueofRNJ-aIong is speaking ofa language no FIGU RE 1: Portion of the tablet known as Enchancree with its companion Road longerspoken orwritten. The Guide 10 R07]oro7]o. TheRoad Guide contains everything you will precious few glyphs we have today were created more than 125 need to locate and identify all existent r07]oro7]o tablets (and years ago. During the slave raids ofl859 and 1862, the lastreported fragments) in the museums around the world, as well as otherRapa 'reader' of r07]oro7]o died. What little we know, we have learned Nui artifacts containingr07]oro7]o-like glyphs. You will find a brief eitherfrom Rapanui with unsubstantiatedclaims to secretr07]oro7]0 history of the discovery of each listed there. literacy or from men-on-the-street, bystanders at public r07]oro7]o readings. Continued on page 4...

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 1 • Winter 1989/90 Published by Kahualike, 1989 1 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 4, Art. 1 On Othvr·lslands... _

firchavology of thv Galapagos Islands

A. M. Smith

n 1535, some 300 years before Darwin, the Bishop of "aportofcall well known to aboriginal deep sea voyagers from Peru Panama, Tomas de Berlanga, reached the Galapagos Islands. and Ecuador." I He was on his way to Peru, sailing close along the coastline The unspoken inference is that sailing and navigation were well when the ship was becalmed. Strong currents swept the vessel out enough developed so that ancient South Americans could travel to sea-and to the Galapagos. It took three weeks ofstruggling to round trip to the Galapagos, thus supporting Heyerdahl's specula­ return the 600 miles to Peru, some members of the party dying of tions about the role of American Indians in settling . thirst before they reached land. Neither fishhooks nor fish bones were found in the sites exca­ It is believed that, if anyone else came earlier to these inhospi­ vated and no allempts were made to date the "aboriginal" pOllery; table islands, they probably arrived as did the Bishop-hapless identification was made only by stylistic similarity. visitors caught in the fierce currents, and not likely to hqve survived While it may be that some early group(s) from long in this barren environment. landed here and left behind some pottery shards, did they come to The Galapagos Islands consist of six major islands and ten fish-or did they arrive like the Bishop, by accident? And if it took smaller ones, plus islets and rocks. The total land area is 7850 a sailing ship three weeks to fight its way back LO thecontinent, what square miles. Annexed by Ecuador, the first permanent selllement chance might a raft have to make such a round trip against the was in 1832 but before that time, the islands of San Salvador (also currents? If they were not round trip voyaging, what were the known as James, or Santiago) and Santa Maria (Charles or Flore­ chances of survival in the difficult Galapagos environment? ana) were favorite haunts of buccaneers. The laller island contains Consider what happens when an uninhabited island is first caves with hewn sleeping benches and fireplaces, dating from the discovered: safe arrival does not mean that one's troubles are over. buccaneer period. The selllers must survive the early years of trial and error, start a In an effort to provethat the artofnavigation was well developed new generation, surviveecologicalcrunches in the form ofdrought, in coastal Tiahuanaco times and capable of making round trip natural disasters, etc. It is a "given" that a small founding popula­ voyages to the Galapagos fTom South America (and by extension tion is not likely to survive; groups smaller than 80 persons are that South American Indians were ocean-going travelers), Thor under a high risk of extinction, particularly if the islands have Heyerdahl and Arne Skj01svold mounted an archaeological expe­ limited resources. Also, groups cut off by long distances from dition to the Galapagos Islands in 1953. They excavated and others have a higher expectation of failure. There are many ex­ collected traces of human visits, some of which they believe to be amples in Polynesia where allempts at island colonization failed prehistoric. The artifact list includes 2033 pottery shards, 4 flints, when environmental challenges proved too severe and pioneering 2 chalky stone items, 1 object, and 1clay whistle. All these groups either left or failed to survive (Kirch 1984:95). were found on or justbelow surface at seven different loci on three Taking Heyerdahl and Skj01svold's evidence under considera­ islands (Terrell 1986:86). Whatconclusions can be drawn from the tion, it appears there are other possible scenarios. Certainly the evidence depends upon how these artifacts are interpreted. uninviting local environment must have played a major role in Presentatall the sites worked by Heyerdahland Skj01svold were determining what people could or would have done if they had historic items including porcelain, glazed pottery shards, glass, landed there in prehistoric times. The bollom line is that, at this nails, etc., which were mixed with "pre-Spanish" finds. As all time, no positive evidence exists that people came here before the "prehistoric" material was mixed up with European goods, critics Spanish in the 16th century; further archaeological work needs to dismissed the claims that these islands were sellled in pre-Spanish be done on these fascinating islands. times, particularly in the light of the logs of British Royal Navy References captains who noted in 1794 that the ground was lillered with broken jars at that early date. Heyerdahl, Thor and Arne Skj91lsvold. Archaeological evidence of pre­ However,as aresulL oftheirexpedition, Heyerdahl and Skj01svold Spanish visits to the Galapagos Islands. Memoirs of the Society for concluded that: a number of different landing parties reached the American Archaeology, #12 [American Antiquity XXII(2):3»); 1956. Galapagos at different times in the past; they came from Ecuador Kirch, Patrick V. The evolution ofthe Polynesian chiefdoms. Cambridge and Peru; they sailed deliberately and used these islands as camping University Press, 1984. bases while fishing; they broughtalong women and pollery vessels; Terrell, John. Prehistory in the Pacific Islands. Cambridge University and did not stay permanently or the island would have received a Press, Cambridge, 1986 considerablepermanentpopulation. Therefore, the Galapagos were The response ofDr. Arne Skj¢lsvold ofthe Kon Muse urn can be found on the following page...

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In reference to stratigraphy, the sites have very ~PINTA lilLIe humus. Under such conditions there will be no stratigraphical separation between old and recent TOWER material deposited... probably also explaining why MARCHENA Q ~ no fishhooks and fish bones were found. Exposed lo wind and weather, osteological malerial would probably disintegrate. But whatever the reason may GALAPAGOS be, the fact is that such material did not exist at all, JAMES not even from post-Spanish and modern camp sites, .'.'/;, ISLANDS even though fishing must have been a main occupa­ ..:; . ~~.. ~" . . tion throughout all times for people staying in the Galapagos. SAN As pointedout, no attempts were made to date the CRISTOBAL aboriginal material, exceptfor stylistic comparisions. ... Under normal conditions C-14 dating would have

."i . been carried out. The stratigraphical situation, ''1''-, ," however, made samples of charcoal unsuited for such analysis. ISABELA We agree that much work remains to be done in HOOD" the Galapagos Islands, sinceourexpedition had very limited time at its disposal. FLOREANA ~ ~ The authors stick to the claim that the Galapagos Islands were visited by South American Indians in pre-Spanish times. Whether the islands were reached intentionally Response or by accident is ofcourse difficult to answer with certainly. There is however little doubt that balsa raft navigation was sufficienLly by Dr. Arne Skjl6lsvold, Kon Tiki Museum developed to allow pre-Spanish South Americans to sail round trip I admit that in the material there are many pot-sherds without to the Galapagos Islands for the purpose of exploiting their rich sufficientcharacteristics to allow for secureclassification, but there fishing grounds. are also abundant samples of characteristic ware, like variants of The possibility should not be ignored that even IOlOra reed boats Black Chimu and Coast Tiahuanaco types. Since it is unlikely that might have been used in the long sea voyages of the early Peruvian these sherds have been spread on the Galapagos by bucchaneers or marineers. 's expeditions with the reed boats Ra other post-Spanish visitors, American Indians must have reached and Tigris have shown that these peculiar types of watercraft are the islands in pre-historic times. highly sea worthy and suitable for deepsea voyaging. Letters to the Editor ------Dear edilor, Dear Editor, "Weread with interest that there is an imperative call fora better Thank you for your letter ofOctober8th concerning the Medical teaching ofRapa Nui at school, but in a hundred years there has not Expedition to Easter Island. The Expedition was organized by the been a single Chilean who knew Rapa Nui. Easter Islanders who World Health Organization and we carried outa comprehensive ex­ know their language are no teachers and mainlanders who are amination of the Easter Island population with the purpose of ob­ teachers don'tknow Rapa Nui and will never learn it. The foreigner taining base data prior to the construction of the airport. This was who best knew the language was Englert but, according to all fully accomplished since all Islanders were examined. I shall islanders whom we asked, even his knowledge was rudimentary. prepare for you a short article about the Expedition which included He used Rapa Nui words, but his brain functioned in German so that members from U.S.A., Norway, Sweden, England and Switzer­ his sermons required translation from Rapa Nui into Rapa Nui. An­ land, as well as Canada. There was... a movie entiLled "Island Ob­ thropologists who at least have an acceptable working knowledge served" which was made by the National Film Board ofCanada in ofany Polynesian language are an infinite minority and there is no 1966 and which you may be interested in seeing. You could obtain sign of a change. In the Marquesas there is a law that obliges the same through the Canadian Consul General in California. schools to teach Marquesan, but where are the teachers and where We shall gladly subscribe to your Journal as of January 1990 is the institution to train teachers? Anthropologists are peeping into which I find most interesting and useful. everything in Polynesia but aviod learning languages as the devil Stanley C. Skoryna, M.D., Ph.D. avoids the crucifix. If an adequate teaching of Rapa Nui is Former Director of WHO Medical introduced, it will be something like the world's eighth marveL." Expedition to Easter Island Annette Bierbach and Horst Cain

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 3 • Winter 1989/90 Published by Kahualike, 1989 3 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 4, Art. 1 ~ongorongocon~... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ First there is the prob­ The Term R011oro11O-The Question of a Name lem ofexactly whatshould "Tablets," "boards," "sticks," "staves," "talking boards..." be counted and secondly, What is the correct translation ofkohau ro11oro110 , the correct way once the 'types' have been to refer to them in translation? established, there is the The complete, traditional term for the objects themselves is question ofauthenticity. Is kohau motu mo r011or0110. Englert (1974) translates this as "the it a reproduction? Is it an lines of inscriptions for recitation." (See Table 1.) intentional counterfeit? This coupled with reports ofpublic r011oro110 readings where Was it created specifically ta11ata r011o-ro110, or r011or0110 men, assembled with their boards for sale to curious tourists? to recite their texts out loud at public readings (Thomson, 1886; An authentic r011o­ Routledge, 1919) points out that the term r011oro 110 ,per se, refers r0110 would be one created only to the tablets themselves. by trained ta11ata r011o­ There is certainty r0110. Understanding what that the glyphs incised The R01loroT\o Count we have might give us a on other objects with clue to their purpose. mana had their own rit­ Asalready mentioned, Barthel (ESEN·BAUR) (1989) 29 ual significance; that is, one misleading approach Englert (1974) 22 they were incised in a FIGURE 2: Sample of glyphs and has been the practice of ButinovjKnorozov (1957) 21 ritual manner, with ac­ Metraux (1940) 20 their locations on refering to any wooden companying chants and the New York piece with "glyphs" on itas TABLE 2 ceremony. Besides (After Esen-Bauer, 1989) a "Kohau r011oro110." Most wooden boards,thereare lists include any item with glyphs on other wooden objects in museums today. These include glyphs or signs created before the advent of commercial carving; rei miro (pectoral ornaments), a fish, and even a birdman figure, a these would include numerous "tablet" fragments, rei miro, and a ta11ata manu. These objects cannot rightly be listed among the large staff, as well as various paper documents. For example, a re­ kohau r011oro110. Except for theSantiago Stick, mostcontaineither cent publication4 displays a full color plate ofa ta11ata manu a single row ofglyphs orscattered groups. Also they have not been emblazoned with the caption "Kohau Rongo-rongo." (Figure 2) associated with the traditional ceremoniesin which legends, chants, This is presumably because itcontains randomly carved glyphs on lineage lists, lists of conquered or executed opponents, and other its body. Neither Metraux nor Butinov/Knorozov include this in recessitations were made. A more precise term for the glyphs their inventories. themselves is rona. Butinov and Knorozov include signs written on paper and col­ lected by Routledge in 1914. They are attributed to Tomenika,5 a The Inventory-The Question of How to Count Rapanui living on the island at that time. These signs were consid­ There are popular misunderstandings surrounding the actual ered by Tomenika to betau, an "inferior form ofscript.''6 Tomenika count ofinventory ofr011or0110 tablets. These problems are under­ died shortly after Mrs. Routledge left the island. Other inferior standable. Table 2 lists representative sample counts. forms also appearon various wooden objects collectedon Rapa Nui IRAPANUI TERM I METRAUX JAUSSEN ENGLERT BARTHEL kohau stick, "intelligent wood" ko = article designating an staff, ko =intelligent emblematic object: the stem ofa plant, hau =hibiscus wood lines, the known lines shaft ofa lance hau ="thread" or "cord" or "a line traced with a cord, a straiQ:ht line"4 te kohau r011oro110 the stick of the "talking wood" "lines of recitation" "talking board" or roT/oroT/o men "SCriDt tablet" kohau motu mo "the lines of inscription for rOT/oroT]o recitation" taT/ata rOT/orOT/O knowledQ:eable men maori kohau wise men or masters ro11oro110 (maori) who can read and write signs TABLE 1: Comparative translations of the term ro1'/0ro1'/0

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* J J€ ~(}l f} pl/l /1;f ( 1);r t:.1' 1r P.$E~ 1" A~ ~ ))dI? j} ~ fJ1) ~tJP o;t ffi Jl:. ~ * f It ~ ~ *~$ 1 j) ~ .# 1Z 'f:!' "J,:J P1f 'i 111f -Yr It 1J4'0 j}) ~! ?f, JA ir,,/J J ) f

FIGURE 3: Tau Script: Tomenika's sample. Collected by Mrs. Routledge

rII. 'V·X cd ~t¥g)(l iJ? rt~4fJ;~ ~ ilJ~ P ~~t~llf

FIGURE 4: Tau Script: Sample from the Juan Haoa Ms. Collected by Heyerdahl.

FIGURE 5: The Barcelona Rei Miro Script, with tau-like script. Known to be modern. (Transcribed by Amor6s i Gonnell)

during the late 19th Century, notably rei miro. (C.r. Amoros i Gon­ In 1968 Heyerdahl presented a detailed discussion of "The nell, 1989 and others.) (Figures 3, 4 & 5) Problem of Origin" of rOTJoroTJo. primarily written to support his When they were theories. Inventory Breakdown fIrst being discovered, In his 1968 review of Part II of the Easter Island Norwegian "" was the Expedition's Reports, Kenneth Emory focused attention on this. Tablets 14 name given to flat Tablet Fragments 9 boards with systematic ...no sound evidence is produced to show that the Staff/Stick/Ceptor 1 rows ofglyphs. Eventu­ writing was in existenceprior to the witnessing ofEuropean Rei Miro/Others 4 ally the glyphs them­ writing by the chiefs, who were required to affix their "signatures" to the document of annexation to Spain in Total 28 selvescame to be called rOTJoroTJo and whatever 1700. It was more than 90 years thereafter that Europeans TABLE 3 objecthadsuchcarvings first reported seeing the script. This is the process of on it were considered roTJorOTJo. A close scrutiny of the inventory Heyerdahl's argument for a Peruvian origin of the script, in the forthcoming Comparative Chart of ROTloroTlo (Road statements are made that are vital to the acceptance ofthe Guide) will show the variety ofartifacts incised with glyphs. They conclusions but that are not justified by the evidence have been placed in major categories, with their totals shown in given. Tables 3 and 4. Glyphs On Paper Emory presents a totally unique perspec­ Where Did ROTJoroTJo Originate? tive when he suggests Treaty "Signatures" 1 "that the Easter Island Tomenika's Tau Sample 1 That rOTJorOTJO had its origins in the Polynesian heritage seems 20th Cent. Native Ms. 6 today a given fact-at least to the layman. Such belief was not script is post-European always in the forefront, particularly since the advent ofThor Hey­ anda resultofthestirnu­ Total 8 erdahl's popular South American theories. lation ofEuropean writ- TABLE 4

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 5 • Winter 1989/90 Published by Kahualike, 1989 5 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 4, Art. 1 ing." Atthe time of the signing ofSpanish annexation in 1770, the e cD Rapanui had no writing but instead, the "signing" experience was f enough lO spontaneously spur an opportune scribe into adopting 0 y a0 this European method ofexpression. (Figure 6) :0: The Rapanui simply went on to imitate and augmenlthepetro­ 1 ~ glyph designs prevalenton the island at that time. Emory proposed f b' 1 that such an island sagemight have seen this as a way"...notlO sup­ ¥ plant memory, for they continued lO memorize chants in material form, a practice found elsewhere in East Polynesia" (cf. Emory { 1947:37-38). \ This would fit well with other occurrences on the island at this .l ~{ time-a period of social uncertainly. In the 18th Century, statue building and transportwere l ~ on the decline. With the op­ ~ portunity to develop J~ r01}oro1}o, the priest once more could tum the upper 9 I-I hand-much as they did with the emerging impor­ l( I tance of the birdman cere­ monies on . The ~ leaders strugglingforpower f now had a new, mysteri­ FIGURE 7: Metraux's List of ous, mana-laden way to ro7Joro7JO -like Cuna Glyphs hold unifying control over FIGURE 6: the diverse clans of the is­ A ceremonial parallel between the use of feathered staves on The 1770 Treaty "Signatures" land. With the invention of both Easter Island and the Marquesas has been noted by Metraux. r01}oro1}o came further He compares the boards with huhu. Marquesan ritual staves, or social unification as well as social and religious subjugation under "stickswith feathers." This brings immediately to mind the Santiago the leadership of the ariki and the priests. Stick, which undoubtedly had ritual significance. Routledge (1919) In his review ofPart I ofthe Reports (Emory, 1963), he raised mentions the use of heu-heu, or "feathers on lOp of sticks" in a similarargument. Heyerdahl responded with a lengthy discussion connection with r01}oro1}O ceremonies. There are indications of of"The Problems ofOrigin," focusing on the picture writing ofthe this in r01}or01}o glyphs. (SeeFigure 8,glyph 160.)This connection Cuna Indians ofPanama and NW Columbia, pointing out that they is helpful in legitimatizing a Polynesian connection between the painted on wooden tablets. He mentions NordenskiOld's 1928 re­ glyphs and their origins. Even if a direct descendency cannot be port that Ute "picture writing [was] made... for recording songs of made, that is, proof of the geographical origin or inspirational all kinds... is read from the bottom, from right to left and then from source ofr01}oro1}O writing, this similar cultural expression points left lO right, and so on." Unfortunately Heyerdahl gives us no writ­ us in the direction of Polynesia and not, for example, South ing samples. In a recent publication, Heyerdahl strings lOgether a America. series of disparate "proofs" lo support his claim lo "solving the It can also be noted as mentioned by Metraux (1940:392): "In mystery" of Easter Island~ he does not mention the Cuna script. the Tuamotus the word rongo is applied to formal chants about the Heyerdahl mentions the Cuna again in 1975 but does not supply exploits or feats ofa hero... Rongo is also the name ofa 'morning examples. chant for a deceased hero.' " Metraux does provide us with some. (Figure 7.) It is conceiv­ In commenting on his work on translating the r01}or01}O able that Metraux is the one who humorously suggested the con­ tablets,Barthelsaid ,-- ..... nection to the Cuna Indians (and the Ojibwa) in the first place. He that his"...reading 1Iri. Sculplure used thesame methodsas Hevezy (seePartII) lOcomparero1}oro1}o [of] the tablets en rorme de "6 ( ~ to the Cuna script- that is, he found select glyphs lo compare, shattered the theory ~ pirogue. rather than considering the entire corpus. This ofcourse presents a that Easter Island misleading image. did not belong lo :rrJ\ Tagato ma Ie mllro. 1f\'Homme avec dea plumes. Butinov and Knorozov (1957) state that r01}oro1}o glyphs Polynesia but had "reflect the local environment and culture." They are clearly Poly­ nesian. Duringresearch for this series, observationsshowed numer­ FIGURE 8: 0us similar motifs in petroglyph art and r01}oro1}o glyphs. Samples from the "Jaussen/Metoro Translation"

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been colonized from America. Names, phrases and allusions on the there. This theory is supported by one of the translations for kotJau talking boards showed unequivocally that the Easter Islanders ro1]oro1]0: 'talking sticks.' "The strongly mnemonic nature of the stemmed from the same culture as the ..." (Barthel, catchword system certainly supports the idea that the writings grew 1958) out of a memory-aid device." (Barthel, 1958) In his work with 20th century written manuscripts, Barthel Heyerdahl has recently published a coffee-table book in which (1974) mentions the glyph for ha'u, or "feathered crowns." These he finally claims to have solved the mysteries ofEaster Island and were worn by the original scouts who traditions tells first explored he devotes a small section to "The riddle ofthe wrillen tablets." As the island before the official discovery by Hotu Matu'a. One of with other subjects in the rest of the book, he expresses historical these scouts was most probably an intellectual and a scribe--a evidence or studies made before the 1950's and only lingers mo­ ta1]ata r01]or01]O. mentarily, in a few sentences, on contemporary work other than his own. His self-serving comments add nothing to our knowledge of "[A] huhu isastafforbranch whose surface has r01]oro1]o . been changed or covered. Either the bark is removed His presentation on r01]or01]O in 1975, in The Art ofEaster and the bare wood is given a dark stain, or the staff / slandwas far morecomplete. Again he continued to find numerous is completely wrapped wi th the fibrous barkofreeds connections to South America. An analysis of Heyerdahl's 17 and feathers or feathered garlands are attached to 'similarities' between r01]oro1]o motifs and Tiahuanacan art is not them. Such feather standards were among the within the realm of this present work. His persistence shows customary offerings presented to the island king and imagination. It is unfortunate that valuable time must be spent on are mentioned in the Rongorongo texts. Huhu is one refutations. of the four insignia and gifts... brought to by thepeopleduringspecific periods oftime (Barthel, Are Any Tablets Identical? 1974). In their analysis of ro1]oro1]0 , Butinov and Knorozov (1957) Feathered staffs were also used to markresidential boundaries. pointed outa handful ofthe world famous r01]or01]O duplicate each In his analysis of ro1]0ro1]0 , Metraux quotes de Harlez: other-they contain the same "texl." This was also noted by The tangata rongorongo of Easter Island are Metraux (1940:401) and Kudrjavtsev (1949). beuer understood when compared with those of the Actually, it was a group ofRussian school children who made Marquesas and of Mangareva. In the Marquesas the this discovery. Their tuhuna o'ono was "master chanter, tribal bard, or youthful curiosity led them Tablets with Identical Glyphs ceremonial priest; who presided in all important to discovering two in­ ritual, and served as repository and teacherofsacred stances where glyphs re­ COITespondence 1 and traditional lore." (Harlez, 1896:145) peat themselves in their He was also the teacher of sacred chants and entirety or in part on sepa­ Large Santiago Tablet Large Leningrad Tablet directorofchantingatfamily feasts. Theword0'ono rate tablets. Were you to visit the is the equivalent of rongo since in the Marquesan COITespondence 2 dialect the r is dropped and the nasal velar (ng) Museo Nacional de Histo­ Small Leningrad Tablet becomes ria Naturalin Santiagonext n." Small Santiago Tablet year, to see the famous Thomson told us that Hotu Matu'a knew how to read and write The London Tablet "Small Santiago Tablet," r01]oro1]o. Barthel (1974) goes on with this to say: you would probably not TABLE 5 ...the most important cultural heritage [of the be aware itcontained the same text you saw lastspringon your visit Rapa Nui and their founder Hotu Matu'a is] the to the while admiring the famous "London Tab­ Rongorongo script which had been developed in let"-unless you have an experteye, a photographic memory or the Hiva... persistent curiosity ofsmall boys. The group of glyphs on the two There can be no doubt that the knowledge ofthe sides ofthe London Tabletare the same as a group that the Santiago classical Easter Island script was at one time the Tabletexhibits on one side. This is not to intimate a hoax, butrather monopoly ofa privileged few. Itis hoped that further to elicit the question "Why?" work on the Rongorongo texts will reveal what the Because ofthe limitations ofthis article, I will let this question tablets have to say about the arrival of Hotu Matua. linger with the reader... So far, this final check ofthe immigrant traditions is still missing." How Do I Read a R01]oro1]o Tablet? Previous writers on this subject have tersely described the Barthel says that r01]oro1]o probably started in Polynesia as knolled sticks used as memory devices and slowly evolved from methods used by the ta1]ata ro1]oro1]0 to read the tablets. Routledge writes "The method of reading was... to read one row from left to

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right, the method known as boustro­ phedon, from the manner in which an ox ploughs a furrow." Bishop Jaussen (1893:252) gave a fuller explanation after observing his informant Metoro:

He turned it, turned it again, looking for the beginning of the text, and then he started to chant. He chanted the lowest line, from left to right. Arriving at the end, he chanted the nearest line above, from right to left, the third from left Figure 9: The Aroukou KureT/a roT/oroT/O tablet. Now in Rome. to right, the forth from right to left, like the plowing of oxen. When he arrived at the top line, he passed from the Previously discussed were Thomson and Crofts's separate recto to the nearest line on the verso and decerided, line experiences with native "interpreters." These encounters resulted after line,like oxen plowing both sides of the hill, starting in each one unkindly (and possibly incorrectly) calling their on the lower side and ending at the bottom on the opposite informants "liars." Forcing their informants into expressing side. Thereadercan tum the tablet after each line ifhe does themselves sequentially and linearly may have deprived us of the not want to read the signs upside down. hope of truly understanding the method and purpose of rOT}oroT}o. Previously discussed in Part II of this series were 19th early Curiously, in his attempt to translate the script on one tablet, 20th Century experiments with working on translations. This work Carroll (1892) came upon yet another way to read the glyphs. His continued into modem times. translation was based on first reading every other line, that is all the upright glyphs, and then turning the tablet over once, to read the Metraux remaining lines, the ones which were now upright. Today this is not Alfred Metraux produced two different studies of rOT}oroT}o. believed to be correct. The first was his detailed refutation ofHevezy's analogies between Harrison (1874) thought the tablets were not turned at all, the Easter Island and the Indus Valley scripts. This was, in part, "otherwise the sides would have been worn as much as the ends, previously mentioned. which is not the case." It is now believed that the tablets we have His second study was included at the end of his Ethnology of were not particularly old at the time oftheir acquisition and so were Easter Island. He was the first to present a methodical analysis of probably little used. a particular rOT}oroT}o, choosing primarily Arouku Kurenga and to Like children's rebus writing, rOT}oroT}O cannot express com­ some extent the Oar. His first step was "to find the limits of each plete sentences-articles, conjunctions and etc. are omitted. (More individual sign." Some rona may be isolated glyphs, while others on this in the next section.) "Reading" a rOT}oroT}o tablet would be may be pairs or series of linked glyphs. Metraux noted that there more like singing a song, with only the main catch words available. were variations of individual or grouped signs. For example, the You'd see the gist of the song, but you would have had to sing it general form of a particular human~like figure may remain the many times before to fill in all the missing words. Barthel refers to same, but the object in his hand may change, or an arm or leg might rOT}oroT}o tablets as ."cue-cards." be omited. The question arose: Are these changes significant, or How Can I Make a Translation? merely a slip of the carving tool, so to speak. Having knowledge of various Polynesian traditions, Metraux Here is the heart ofthe matter and the most difficult to express reasoned that the repetition ofgroups ofglyphs at definite intervals in simple terms. The methods of translation appear elusive, even would be consistent with Polynesian chanting. But he finally after careful readings of published "explanations." concluded that groups of glyphs "show that the varients had no As described previously, the job of beginning 3translation particular value." He did not say why. began in 1870 with Bishop Jaussen in Tahiti. Subsequent attempts He estimated that there are about 100 primary glyphs. All the at translation have either built upon his efforts or carefully rejected rest are variations. It may be interesting to note that the most them. frequently repeated glyph was that for the manu tara, the sooty tern. Whether the work of Jaussen and his Rapanui informant Birdman figures in the sitting position which have the manu tara (Metoro Taouaoure) is validis a mute point-itcannot be ignored. head total 34 items. Metraux calculated 20% of the glyphs on At best, the example oftheir work together, (and similarly 16 years Arouku Kurenga were devoted to a bird motif. Human or human­ later with Paymaster Thompson and his unnamed Rapanui infor­ like figures appear on about 1/3 of the figures-this includes the mant) points a cautious finger for all field researchers. How does birdmen. Metraux has a full breakdown ofthe major figures, but for one ask the right questions? What was lost because one didn't? purposes here, his calculations showed him the script was most

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probably pictographic and not phonetic or syllabic. "It seems Barthel's presentation at the Senckenberg Museum's Easter Island logical to suppose that the tablets were mnemonic devices for Symposium explains his current work with developing a key to the recording chants which were also memorized." translation of the Santiago Staff.? He gives hints as to the tedious Later Meraux apppcared to contradict himeselfby saying there process of discovering and uncovering a translation, including his was no reason why priests needed rOT/orOT/o as mnemonic devices. finding the same setofinformation painted on both the Belfasttapa Metraux hypothesize that rOT/oraT/o evolved from staves (kohau), figure and the Santiago Staff and how this is helping him "La which were used for beating the rhythm ofchants. At first the glyphs establish definite and reliable values ofcertain signs." He has found were ornaments on these staves; once they became conventional­ "componentsofonecoherentinformation sequence running through ized, they became traditional. The method ofwriting in boustrophe­ [the] total text." This would mean there is a definite logic to the don began then and it is easy to understand why such a system was glyphs on the Santiago Staff, a logic which implies intent. They are used to write on a long stick such as the Santiago Staff. not just a series of random glyphs. It is possible he has discovered He also believed tablets contained not single chants, but a a rOT/oroT/o version of a "Polynesian Book of the Dead," for he series. believes the Staffto have "inventories ofthe nightly underworld..." and "supernatural rules for underworld reigns connected with the Barthel fate of the soul and the fertility of the living." Barthel also alludes Thomas Barthel started his work on translating rOT/oroT/o with to "fruitful comparisons with traditions on other Polynesian Is­ a simple idea, although the effort necessary to actualize it was vast. lands," which brings us once again to the question of the origins of First he listed all the signs on all the known tablets and fragments the rOT/orOT/O tradition. and identified each with a number. This was the beginning of his Since rOT/orOT/O could not could not express full sentences, statistical analysis. After this tedious jobhe concluded that the signs "the tablets had to reduce the songs... to an abbreviated form, like represented whole words or ideas rather than an alphabet or a telegram. "The tablet was a kind ofcue-card consisting ofcatch­ syllables. There would be words which gave the singer only the gistofhis verses; he had La fill little duplication if the in the missing words himself." glyphs were an alphabet. Rjabchikov Next Barthel hunted moai rongorongo down Jaussen's original, (Barthel's translations) Sergej V. Rjabchikov believes rOT/orOT/O to be "typical of unpublished notes ofMe­ othermixed ideographic and phonetic writing systems [which rely] toro Tauara's translation. "Those lines of Polynesian syllables... on ideograms, phonograms, and generic determinatives." How became my 'Rosetta Stone... 'A knowledge of.the Polynesian lan­ they function is determined by their context (Rjabchikov, 1987 . guages, as well as cryptographic analysis, proved to be decisively At present Rjabchikov has published only brieftranslations ~f _ helpful in deciphering the signs." (Barthel, 1958) shortglyph groups from a variety oftablets and tablet fragments. He Barthel realized that Metoro's translations appeared to be has not expressed a coherent explanation of his methods or the gibberish because he"had been in the position ofa schoolboy asked implications of his "translations." In his fragmentary translations to explain a university textbook," and so had read many of the he has revealed myths, calendar lists, texts about raising crops and glyphs inaccurately. fishery as well as what he feels are Peruvian religious traditions. In He says that the "Easter Island script was made up in large part this connection he says he can verify Heyerdahl'scomparison ofthe of stylized outlines of picture objects. In particular there are Peruvian king Tupa-Inga with the Easter island arild Tupa Ringa representations ofthe human figure which are "pantomimic expres­ Anga, as well as presenting similarities between various Peruvian sions" suggesting a "gesture language." These gestures help him to and Polynesian gods. In expressly hoping to confirm Heyerdahl's understand what certain glyphs could mean. theory it is likely that Rjabchikov wentout to find the legends in the Whereas Metraux says there were "100 primary glyphs," Aruku Kurenga and the Large Lenningrad tablets. A similar ap­ Barthel says "the script has only about 120 basic elements, but they proach was taken in 1892 by Carroll, in his attempt to loosely link are combined... to form mo~e than 1,000 compound signs. Most of the diverse dialects of Central and South America to a translation the signs are used as ideograms, usually in the form of words." of rOT/DraT/a. Wenow know thatrOT/oroT/o isa rudimentary phonetic writing His "Shorter Communication" of 1988 in iPS is particularly system, using picture symbols to express ideas as well as objects. significant, for he boldly states that "attempts at decipherment This can be done because Rapanui, like other Polynesian lan­ based on Metoro's readings are bound to be fruitless orerroneous." guages, has a large percentage of homonyms, words which sound This is because Metoro gave different meanings to glyphs which the same but have different meanings. were essentially the same-theycontained insignificantvariations. Unfortunately I did nothaveEnglish translationsofDr. Barthel's All ofhis work so far has been "based on the formal analysis of the two current contributions to the study of rOT/orOT/O in time for texts." review here-Barthel 1989a and 1989b. The abstract fTom Dr. Rjabchikov should be encouraged to proceed further with his study before presentingany further "progress reports." Once he can

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present himself in a sustained form, outlining his full translations, methods, conclusions, etc., as a harmonious whole, his work will be ~ of service. The possibility of harmony, I believe, is doubtful. V LEO Of particular help in understanding Rjabchikov's method is JL Jacques B. M. Guy's excellent addendum to Rjabchikov's brief 1t VIRGO J'YU explanations. His meticulous analysis, albeit necessarily tedious, A~~ LIBRA .:Q: points out both the potentiality and pitfals of Rjabchikov's ap­ ~ SCORPIO ?n! proaches. Guy wisely notes that at present it is premature "toassign ~~ --- any readings to the glyphs at this stage." The only "meaning which is known beyond reasonable doubt, is a fragment of Tablet Ma­ A A SAGITTARIUS ~ mari... shown by BarLhel to contain a lunar calendar." Guy appears ~ CAPRICORN 1"- to have a clearerview ofRjabchikov's methodology than Rjabchikov ~ (~) himself. R PICES 7-f AQUARIUS 8 -_._-- -- Kaulis ~~{W ARIES r Another recent study with questionable value is Andis Kaulis' t ------(~) 1981 study, The Astrological Zodiac in the Script ofEaster Island. ~ TAURUS His abstract, in part, reads: the [Honolulu Tablet #B.3622] "con­ GEMINI II tains an ancient version of the astrological zodiac, thereby provid­ 00 CANCER '63 ing probative evidence ofthe relation ofthis mysterious megalithic culture to those ofOld World Europe." He also gives observations concering a possible Indo-European origin ofthe language ofRapa FIGU RE 10: Kaulis' Zodiac -Rongorongo Correspondences Nui and selected evidence to ties to the high culLures ofCentral and South America. Unlike Rjabchikov, Kaulis is not attempting to He presented a paperat the recent symposium "Status and Perspec­ translate r011oro110 but instead discovered similarities between the tive of Easter Island" at the Senckenberg Museum and appears to short text on one of the Honolulu tablets and the zodiac signs used believe that BarLhel's approach is incorrect. I did notreceive a reply in the Western world. Three at least seem extraordinarily similar, from M. Vignes in time to include an exposition of his work here. while others less so. (Figure 10) It will be reviewed in the final installment of this series.

Emory's Comments 6t1~l~~&: 22~ AA~~~~~ Although Emory did notattempt a translation, he did feel that "the correct definition of the written language of Easter ~~~~ Island was given by Professor Olderogge, who compares it with the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics at the early stages of development." (Italics mine.) FIGURE 9: Glyphs as they appear on Honolulu Tablet Emory's beliefthatro 11oro110 had an historical origin has been mentioned above. Aside from its provocative challenge it is not seriously considered by today's researchers. Fell I recently received a video tape from the Epigraphic Society. How Can I Make a Rongorongo Tablet? In it Dr. Barry Fell claims (like BarLhel) to have found the "key" to Much has been written concerning historical experiences with the decipherment ofro11oro110 through a linguistic reassessment of r011oro110 as well as assertions, declarations and conjectures by the Jaussen "translation." Fell differs with BarLhel's interpretation both professionals and amateurs on the "translations" of the still ofMetoro's translation by saying Bishop Jaussen simply misheard essentially undeciphered "boards." But what about the actual tech­ Metoro. Jaussen did a poor job of transcription. Refuting current niques used by the maori r011oro110, the art and design used to scientific belief, Bell says the translations arequitecomprehensible create them? ifone has an intimate knowledge ofPolynesian languages-which Onecan appreciate the artistry alone. In 1870, members ofthe Fell claims to have. Observing his proceedure on video, one must English Ethnological Society upon their first cursory viewing of also be able to see through the eyes ofa poet, much as Fell has done. paper impressions of r011or0110. assumed they were woodblocks used for printing patterns on cloth. The artistry has always been Vignes apparent Jacques Vignes, a young amateur from Paris, is currently at­ Just as we observe different "quality" ta11ata manu (birdmen) tempting to solve the r011oro110 mystery with the use ofcomputers. sculptures at the ceremonial center of Orongo, likewise we have

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FIGU RE 11: Glyphs on the London Rei Mira (Barthel, 1989)

today a wide spectrum of technical expertise evident in samples of freedom, a keen appreciation of proportion, and a r01}or01}O as well as the glyphs on other museum pieces. Arouku­ vigor that only an expert artist could accomplish. Kurenga, Mamari and the Large Leningrad Tablet are examples of There is a good sense ofmovement and harmonious r01}0r01}0 art at its finest; and with the exception of the Santiago combination of conventionalized and naturalistic Stick, the London Rei Miro (Figure II) is the prime example of elements. glyph writing on an object other than the boards. To view the "best" glyph etchings is alone enough to attest to Itappears that the ta1}ata r01}or01}O, or the scribes who created their authenticity-that is, the precise and intricate craftsmanship the tablets, took extra care to fit a particular set of glyphs onto the of the "best" type would have been a developed art and not boards. The rows of glyphs wind their way evenly back and forth something made slap-dash in the late 18()()'s to impress "outsiders" across a board, butatthe very end they areoften spaced more tightly or to stimulate the still fledgling tourist market. Upon their discov­ together, as if in an effort to fit them in. Here is an observation ery by outsiders, the Rapanui were reluctant to part with their worthy ofmention, for it an argument used to legitimize r01}0r01}0 precious "boards." Unlike other wooden sculptures, r01}0r01}0 as actual writing. If singular glyphs had no individual meaning, were not duplicated by local artists and so were not open for trade. what would it matter if one or two were missing. The act of at­ It can be inferred that the boards were among the islander's most tempting to fit particular glyphs in at the end ofa line intimates that precious possessions-if indeed the early were cor­ the "board" would be incomplete without them. rect when they said that although each house had many and yet no Metraux states "The wood used for the tablets was ~cd onewould partwith one. Evenafter the question oftheir heathen use casually before the signs were incised. It is not possible that the was overlooked by the missionaries, the Rapanui still would not [tangata] rongorongo knew in advance that a chant would fit the part with them. Up into the 20th Century, parting with r01}or01}0 tablet. The 'text' was adapted to the tablet and not the tablet to the was considered tapu. A variety of mishaps have ~en reported 'text' (Metraux 1940:404). whenever attempts were made to tum secretly held tablets over to An analysis of the woods used to create the existent tablets outsiders (cf. the forthcoming chart: Comparative Rongorongo). shows them to be made from lauraceae myrtaceaeJraxinus excel­ Tradition tells that novices "made" their rongorongo on the sior, thespesia populnea. podocarpus latifolia and pyrus malus. outer sheaths of the banana leaf, while the initiated carved on (Lavachery 1934.) It is obvious that any flat, hardwood would be wood-more usually toromiro-although many of the r01}0r01}0 acceptable and as mentioned previously, the Rapanui felt the same boards we have today were made from "European woods." way, for the tablet Aruku Kurenga. for example, was carved from As Metraux (1940:393) eloquently describes: the oar of a European ship. The sides of some tablets are beveled; this may have been to give the carver space for more glyphs. The signs are incised on both faces of a tablet. Between each row ofsigns is a low ridge, produced EDITOR'S NOTE: Unfortunately, because of space limita­ by slightly sunken channels orflutes along which the tions, the remainderofthis article will becontinued in the next issue signs have been engraved. Onthe tabletcalled Aruku­ ofRapaNuiJournal. Included therewill beanswers to thequestions kurenga... these channels are 1.5 cm. wide. The "Do the Traditions Continue Today? Are There Any "Wild channels were produced by longitudinally adzing Theories?" and Are There Parallels with Other Rapa Nui Art? the piece of wood. The carver must have held the Also inCluded in the Spring issue will be the long awaited (and plank in the vertical position with the left hand and extensive) "Road Map to R01}oro1}o " listing each artifact's vital formed the plane surface by striking regular blows statistics and brief historical comments on all known tablets and with his adz. The signs are outlined by angular fragments as well as the numerous otheritems containingr01}0r01}0 grooves of varying depth. The skill displayed by the -like glyphs. artist is masterly; all the signs are incised with a

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 11 • Winter 1989/90 Published by Kahualike, 1989 11 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 4, Art. 1 NOTES ---. 1989b. Work in Progress, Summer 1989: in preparation for"CourierForschungsinstitutSenckenberg"WegeDurchdieNacht. lThe transliteration of the Rapanui term rOTjOroTJo as used in this article Rongorongo-Studien auf dem Santiagostab, or Paths through the differs from the morepopular"rongorongo." Although the nasal velar Night: Rongorongo Studies Decode a Secret Pattern on the Santiago "TJ" is mostregularly written "ng,"itdoesnotindicate to theuninitiated Staff, a paper read before the symposium "Status and Perspective of ear the Rapanui pronunciation of this letter grouping. Selecting the Easter Island Research." Research Institute of the Senkenberg Mu­ preference for "TJ" in this article serves to emphasize the proper seum. Frankfurt. pronunciation, which can only be approximated by the English or Brown, J. MacMillan. 1924, The Riddle of the Pacific. T. F. Unwin. Spanish "ng." Visitors to the cave Ana Kai Tangata on Rapa Nui London. (AMS Reprint, 1979.) witness the "TJ" for the first time when they discover a bold, hand­ Butinow, N. A. and Knorosov, 1. 1956. Wstepny Raport 0 Studiach nad carved sign announcing the siteas "AnaKaiTaTJata." For an incidental Jezylciem Pisanym Wyspy Wielkanocney. Paper read at the Leningrad explanation ofthe use of"TJ" in Rapanui, particularly as it relates to a Ethnological Conference. linguisticrefutationofThorHeyerdahl's RapaNuicolonizationtheory, ---.1957. Preliminary Report on the Study of the Written Language see Schumacher, 1989. of Easter Island. Journal ofthe Polynesian Society. vol. 66. 2The current total individual glyphs on all tablets and fragments not taking Campbell)Ram6n; Nuriluz Hermosilla; Jose Miguel Ramirez. 1982. La into consideration duplications, or confusions between single figure NgarlUl 0 Almohada de Piedra de la Isla de PasCIUl. Actos del IX glyphs (rona) and composite glyphs (glyphs containing more than one Congreso National de Arqueologfa Chilena. La Serena. incised object) is over 12,000. This number of glyphs on a particular Carroll, A. 1892. The Easter Island Inscriptions and the Way in Which tablet varies greatly, depending on who is doing the counting. They are Translated, or Deciphered; and Read. JPS. Vol 1, no. 4. pp. 103-106,233-253. London. 3Alberto Hotus Haoa, personal communication, 1988. Churchill, William. 1912. Easter Island, The Rapanui Speech and the 41500 Jahre Kultur der Osterinsel (1500 Years on Easter Island) Peopling ofSoutheast Polynesia. Carnegie Institution ofWashington. S Tomenika appears to be his baptismal name. His true Rapanui name is Croft, Thomas. 1864. Two letters to Prof. George Davidson, President of VakaTuku Onge aTeatea.This clarificationhas importantsignificance the California Academy of Sciences. In Easter Island: the Rapanui in connectingTomenikato certainmodemRapanui manuscripts which Speechand the Peopling ofSoutheast Polynesiaby William Churchill, have secretly been copied and apparently re-copied during the early 318-323. Carnegie Institute Pub. No. 174. Washington, D.C. 1912. 20th Century. Dalton. O. M. 1904. The Easter Island Script. Man. No. 78. 6 Tradition tells us there were two kinds of script, the 'OTJoroTJo of the Echeverriay Reyes, Anibal. 1910. Datos sobre los Jeroglificos de laIslade boards which was reserved primarily for religious ritual and a second Pascua.CongresoInternationaldeAmericanistas, Aetas. Buenos Aires. form of writing, tau, used for secular purposes, that is, recording p.444. annals, etc. Emory, Kenneth. 1947. TuanwtuanReligiousStructures andCeremonies. 7 Barthel said the script on the Santiago Staff is calendric in nature and is B. P. Bishop Museum. Bulletin 191, pp. 37-38. linked with both the 27 1(2 and 29 1(2 day periods of the moon. ---. 1963. Review of "Archaeology of Easter Island." American 8 Rjabchikov, personal communication, 1988. Antiquity, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 565-567. ---. 1968. Review of "Reports 'of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific, Vol. 2." American SOURCES Anthropologist. 70, pp. 152-154. (This is a listofsources whichhavedealt with the subjectofrOTjOroTJo, and Englert, P. Sebastian. 1939. Tradicionesde la Isla de PasCIUl. (In Rapanui as such is non discriminatory. Most have been used in the preparation of and Castellano) La Cornision de Estudios de la Islade Pascua, Univer­ this series.) sidad de . Imprenta San Francisco, Padre Las Casas. ---. 1974.LaTierra de Hotu Matu'a: Historiay etnology de lalslade PasCIUl. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile. Santiago. Amoros i Gonell, Francesc. 1989. The "Rei-miro" of Barcelona and Its ---.1978.ldiomaRapaNui(GramaticayDiccionario)Edicionedela Inscriptions. Rapa Nui Journal. Vol. 3, No.3. Universidad de Chile. Santiago. Ahnne, E. 1933. Les Hieroglyphes de I'ne de paques. Soc. d'etudes Ezow, Edward. 1959. Na Wyspie Wielkanocnej. Noew Czasy. No 22 and Oceaniennes, Bull. Vo15, no. 47. pp 185-193. Papeete. 23. May. pp. 27-28. Barthel, Thomas. 1957. Die Hauptgottheit der Osterinsulaner. Jahrbuch des Museumfiir VOikerlamge cUt Leipzig, 15:60-82. Fairservis, Walter. 1983. The Scipt of the Indus Valley Civilization. Scientific American. Vol 238, no. 3. March. ---.1958. The 'Talking Boards' ofEasterIsland.Scientific American, Fedorova, I. K. 1965. Versions ofMyths and Legends in Manuscripts from vol. 198, no. 6, pp. 61-68. June. Easter Island. Reports ofthe Nor. Exp. ---. 1959. Grundlagen zur Entzifferung der Osterinselschrift. Series Fevrier, James G. 1948. Histoire de l'Ecriture. Payet. Paris. B., Vol. 26. University of Hamburg. Hamburg. Fell, Barry. Untitled Videotape on Rongorongo Translation. 40 Minutes. ---. 1962. Easter Island Place-Names. Journal de la Societe Oceanis­ Fuentes, 1. 1960. Diccionario y Grama(ica de la Lengua de la Isla de tes. Vol 8, no 18. Pascua. Santiago, Chile. . ---. 1963. Rongorongo-Studien. (Forschungen und Forts~hritte bei Gary, Tom. 1982. The Easter Island Boards. Ancient Skies, Jan.-Feb. The der weiteren Entzifferung der Osterinselschrift). Anthropos, Vol. 58. Ancient Astronaut Society. Fribourg. Geiseler, Kapitlinlieutenant. 1883. Die Oster-Insel. Eine Statte ---. 1963. Diskussionbemerkungen zu einem Rongorongo-Text.Acta prahistorischer Kultur in der SUdsee. Berlin. -EnglishTranslation in EthnographicaAcademiaeScientiarumHungaricae, Vol. 12. Budapest. Anon. Manuscript. ---. 1965. Native Documents from Easter Island. Reports of the Gonzales, Eugenio AlbertGaeto. 1976. Las Tabletas Jeroglificas deIslade Norwegian Archaeological Expedition. Pascua. From the Seminar Chile y Sus Islas Oceanicas. Instituto de ---. 1974a. The Eighth Land: The Polynesian Discovery and Settle­ Estudios Intemationales. Universidad de Chile. ment ofEaster Island. University Press ofHawai'i. Honolulu. Guy, JacquesB. M. 1985. Ona fragmentofthe 'Tahua' tablet.JPS. 94, 367­ ---. 1974b. Maui auf Osterinsel. Anthropos. Vol. 69, no. 5/6. 388. ---.1989a. EingekerbteVergangenheit: DieZukunftderRongorongo- --.1988. Rjabchikov's Decipherments Examined. JPS. Vol 97, no. Studien. 1500 Jahre Kultur der Osterinsel, Esen-Baur, von Bothmer­ 3, pp. 332-334. Plates, Sauer, eds. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz.

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Haserlandt, M. 1886. Die Schrifuafeln von derOsterinsel.Anlhrop. Gesell. ---. 1940. Ethnology of Easler Island. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Wien, Mitt. Vol 16, pp. 97-102. Bulletin 160. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Reprinted 1971. ---. Uober Schrifttafeln von derOsterinsel. Globus. Vov 61, pp. 274­ ---. 1947. The Mystery of the Easter Island Script. SouJh African 277. Journal ofScience. August. Heine-Deldern, Robert von. 1938. Die Osterinselschrift. Anlhropos. vol. ---. 1957. Easter Island: A Stone Age Civilizalion of the Pacific. 33. London. Hevcsy, Guillaume de. 1933. Sur une Ecriture Oceamenne Paraisant Maclay, Miklukho. 1872. Ueberdie 'RohauRogo Rogo' OderdieHolztafeln d'Origine Neolithique. Soc. Prehist Francaise Bul. p. 434 ff. von Rapa Nui. Gesell. F. Erkunde. Zeit. Vol II, No.7, pp 79-81. Berlin. ---. Oceanie et Inde Prearyenne, Mohenjo-Daro et rIle de Paques. Maziere, Francis. 1965. 1968. Mysteries ofEasler Island. W. W. Norton & Boll. des Amis d 1'000ent. pp. 14-15. Compo New York. ---.1938. The Easterisland and the Indus Valley Scripts. Anlhropos, Mulloy, William, Arne Skj61svold and Carlyle Smith. American vol. 33. Anlhropologist. Vol. 66, pp. 148-49. Harlez, C. de. 1896. L'ile de Paques et ses Monum£nls Graphiques. Ojeda, Carlos Charlin. 1980. Los 491 Jerogli[os de la Tabilla Meno Louvain. Chilena "Mu'a au Mingo Ala'i HoaAu" y su Traduccion al Espanol Harrison, J. Park. 1874. The Hieroglyphics of EasterIs1and.Journal ofthe en Vesion Libre de C. Ch. O. Ms., collection of author. Anlhropologicallnstitute ofGreat Britain andIreland, vol Ill, pp. 370­ Olderogge, D. A. 1946. Paralle1nyjeTeksty Niekotorych Jeroglificzeskich 382,528. London. Tab1ic s Ostrowa Paschi. Sowietskaja Etnografija, Akademii Nauk Heyerdah1, Thor. 1965. 'TheConceptofRongo-RongoAmong the Historic USRR, No.4, pp. 234-238. Population of Easter Island." Report 16, Reports ofNor. Exp. ---.1946. ParallelnyjeTekstyTab1ic Ostrowa Paschi. SbornikMuzeja ---. 1975. The Art of Easter Island. Doubleday & Company. New AJ:ttropologii i Etnografii, vol XI, pp. 222-236. York. Palmer, J. Linton. 1875. On Some Tablets Found on Easter Island. ---. 1989. Easter IslaruJ..-The Mystery Solved. Random House. New Proceeds ofthe Lilerary Society ofLiverpool. Vol. 30, pp. 255-263. York. Published in Sweden as PdsJdjn, en gdta som fdtt svar, by Philippi, Rudu1fo Amado. 1875. DelaEscrituraJerograficadelos Indigenas Bokforlaget Bra Boeker, Hoganas. de la Isla de Pascua. Anales de la Universidad de Chile. November Hunter, G. R. 1934. The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and its 1975, pp. 670-683. Connection wilh other Scripls. London Pinart, A. L. 1878. Exploration de l'ne de Piques. Bulletin de la Soeiete de Imbclloni, Jose. 1951. PartI: Las Tab1etas ParIantes de Pascua, Monumentos Geographie. vol. 16, 193-213. Paris. de un Sistema Graphico Indio-Oceanic. Part II: Nuevas Indagaciones Ratzel, Federico. 1888.LasRazasHumanas.MomtanerySimon.Barcelona. SobrePascua.RunaIV, pp. 89-177 and 220-236. Faculty ofPhilosophy Routledge, Katherine Scoresby. 1919. The Mystery of Easter Island. and Letters. University of Buenos Aires. London. (AMS Reprint, 1979.) Jaussen, Tepano. 1893. L'ne de Piques: Historique etecriture. Bullelin de Rjabchikov, 1987. Sergej V. Progress Report on the Decipherment of the Geographie, Hislorique el Descriptive 2. 240-70. Paris. Easter Island Writing System. JPS. Vol 93, no 3. Kau1ins, Andis. 1981.AnAstrologicalZodiacin theScript ofEasterIsland. ---. 1987. Religious Records in the Easter Island Tablets. Rapa Nui Origins: Studies in the History ofMankind & Its Languages. Vol IV. Noles #5. . Darmstadt, Germany. ---. 1988a. Allographic Variations ofEaster Island Glyphs. IPS. Vol Knorozov, J. V. 1964a. Recorded Statements at Izvestija's Round Table 97,no. 3,pp. 313-320. Conference. August 10, 1964, in "Kon-Tiki" p1y1 ne zrja, lzvestija. ---. 1988b. Note on Butinov and Knorozov's Investigation.RapaNui August 12, 1964, p. 4. Moscow. Journal. Vol 2, No.2. ---. 1964b. Poiskach Kliuca.Nedelia. August 2-3. Moscow. ---. 1988c. Interpretation ofan Easter Island Placename. Zeitshrift fur ---.1965. Manuscripts from Easter Island. Appendix B to Report 16 Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationforschung. Berlin. in HeyerdahI and Ferdon. pp. 391-94. Vol41, no 6, pp. 807-808. Kondratov, A. M. 1965. The Hieroglyphic Signs and Different Lists in the ---. Incas on Easter Island? Unpublished manuscript. Manuscripts from Easter Island. Appendix D to Report 16 in Heyerdahl SahIins, Marshall D. 1955. Esoteric Efflorescence in EasterIsland. American and Ferdon. pp. 403-411. Anlhropologisl, 57, pp. 1045-1052. Kudrjavev, Boris G. 1949. Pis'mennoct' Ostrova Paskhi. SbornikMuzeja Schuhmacher, W.Wilfried.1989.TheLinguislicAspectofThorHeyerdllhl's Anlropologii i Etnografi 11, vol XI, pp 176-221. Theory. Carl Winter. Universitatsverlag. Heidelberg. Lavachery, Henri. 1933. Tab1ette "Keiti." Bullelin of lhe Soc. des Schwartz, Jean-Michael. 1975. The Mysteries of Easter Island. trans. Americanisles de Belgique. August 1933, pp. 101-102. Lowell Bair. Avon Books. ---. 1934. Les Bois employes dans rIle de Piques. Bulletin de la Stephen-Chauvet, Dr. 1936. L'ile de Paques el ses Mysteres. Spanish Societe des Americanisles de Belgique, No. 18, pp. 67-71. Bruxelles. edition La Isla de Pascua y Sus Mislerios. Zig-Zag. 1945, 1965. Lee, Georgia. 1986. Easler Island Rock Art: Ideological. Symbols as Stuart, David and Stephen D. Houston. 1989. Maya Writing. Scienlific EvidenceofSocio-PolilicalChange. Ph.D. dissertation. U. ofCalifornia. American. Vol. 261, No.1. August. ---. 1989. Some comments on [the article] "The BBC and Easter Thomson, William Judah. 1891. ''Te Pito te Henua, or Easter Island. Report Island History" by PeterGathercole.PacificArlsNewsleller29:30-32, to the U. S. National Museum." Annual Reportfor 1889, 447-552. July 1989. Van Tilburg, Jo Anne and Georgia Lee. 1987. Symbolic Stratification: Lehmann, Walter. 1907. Essai d'une Monographie Bi1bliographique sur R9Ck Art and the Monolithic Stanies of Easter Island. World 1'11e de Piques. Anlhropos. Vo12, pp. 141-151,257-258. Salzburg. Archaeology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp 133-149. Machowski,Jacek.1969.lslandofSecrels:TheDiscoveryandExploration Wolff, Werner. 1948. Island ofDealh (Easler Island). J. J. Augustin. New of Easler Island. 1975 trans. by Maurice Michael. Robert Hale. York. London. Martinez, E. 1913. Volcabulario de la Lengua Rapa-Nui, Isla de Pascua. Secci6n Impress'iones del Institute Metereologico. Santiago, Chile. Metraux, Alfred. 1937. The Kings of Easter Island. JPS, vol 46. ---. 1938. The Proto-Indian Script and the Easter Island Tablets. Anlhropos, vol 33. ---.1938.Two Easter IslandTabletsin the BerniceP. BishopMuseum, Honolulu. Man. No 1. Rapa Nui Journal • Page 13 • Winter 1989/90 Published by Kahualike, 1989 13 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 4, Art. 1 Recent Publications Regarding Rapa ttui Finney, Ben, Richard Rhodes, Paul Frost, and Nainoa Thompson. Wait for the two languages, Rapanui and Maori, had "much in common." So I the West Wind. Journal ofthe Polynesian Society, voI.98(3):261-302. then took a closer look at Maori and MOTiori, both the people and their 1989. languages. The , restricted to the Chatham Islands today, Martin, Ph., and G.T. Poppe; Notes on the mollusca of Easter Island: differed from the Maori in many ways. Cypraea. Hawaiian Shell News, Hawaiian Malacological Society, Vol. The language is characterized by a phonology of its own; XXXVll(lO); p.l,7. Oct 1989. An interesting article on shells used by they lacked tattoo, they had a marriage ceremony, their huts were islanders for making necklaces for the tourist trade. The authors point conical and bound together at the top, and they used rafts instead ofca­ out that the pale brown examples of Cypraea caputdraconis are that noes. color due to being boiled in oil in order to give color variation in the Their history has been written by Michael King, largely to clear necklaces. Many conchologists believed that these pale shells were a away misconceptions thathaveappeared in the courseofLime. Thebook variant of the species, particularly as islanders claimed that the vari­ reveals who the Morioris are, where they came from and the effects on ations were due to proximity to the surface, with those living "in the them ofboth Maori and Pakeha colonization. Itcanbe commended par­ sun" being paler than shells "living deeper." The authors state that this ticularly to those readers who are confused about the nature and origin is pure fantasy: "...everybody knows that the Polynesians like to joke of these much maligned peoples. with tourists and scientists and on Easter Island probably more than Martin, Ph. and G.T. Poppe. More Notes on the Mollusca ofEasterisiand. elsewhere." Hawaiian Shell News, VoI.37(l1):5-6. 1989. Heyerdahl, Thor. 1989. Easter Island-The Mystery Solved. Published in Osorio, Cecilia and Victor Cantuarias. Vertical Distribution of Mollusks Sweden as PaskOn, en gata somftltt svar by BokforIaget Bra Bocker, onthe Rocky Intertidal ofEasterIsland. Pacific Science, VoI.43(4):302­ Hoganlis. The bibliographic info after the title page erroneously notes 315. 1989. an index. A review may be forthcoming. Seaver, Joan. An Ethnology of Wood Carving: Continuity in Cultural Heyerdahl, Thor, Arne Skjolsvold and Pavel Pavel. The "walking" moai of Transformations on Rapa Nui. Ph.D.. Dissertation, UCLA 1988. Au­ Easter Island. Occasional Papers I, Kon-Tiki Museum, Oslo. Pp.36­ thorized facsimile available from University MicrofIlms International, 64.1989. 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. King, Michael. Moriori: A people rediscovered. Auckland, New Zealand. Schuhmacher, W. W. Linguistic Notes. FontesLinguae Vasconum: Studia 1989. Reviewed here by W. Schuhmacher: et documenta, XXI(53). Pamplona, Spain. 1989. [This paper discusses I did a lot of walking during my fIrst visit to Easter Island in 1989. the evidence for Basque influence on Easter Island.] To my delight, one day a car stopped and gave me a ride. The driver Skjl

Corrections Announcing- Please note the following corrections/additions to 'The '' of -a unique guide to Rapa Barcelona" by Francese Amoros i Gonell which appeared in Vol. 3:3 of Nui and its archaeological RNJ. sites. Includes maps, draw­ The caption to Table 4 should read: The tumu-miro Sign. Aka-aka ings, 110 full- color photos, should read aka-kore. references, glossary and The glyph shape like the glyph in Table 5 does not appear on the fIsh­ index. $18.95. Free US shaped tablet found in the Concepcion Museum. shipping with this ad. Glyphs I and J in Table 6.3 should be:

Georgia Lee, PhD. interprets Rapa Nui's rock art for archaeologists, travelers, students and photographers. Her authorative, entertaining and straightforward gUidebook debunks popular mis­ conceptions. Essential for the visitor; fascinating J for the armchair traveler. Send check or money order to: In the same table the reader should note the K, L, M modalities could not accept a possible anthropomorphieal interpretation. International Resources Ramon B. Campbell's name was incorrectly spelled. l---P.O. Box 840, Arroyo Grande CA 93421-0840 Rapa Nui Journal • Page 14 • Winter 1989/90 https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss4/1 14 et al.: Rapa Nui Journal 3#4 Winter 1989-90

January 1990 ~ ~ ______-- ••••aI...... • I. __• "'TM _ ------~--- --~! !..J,"""!!" ----

EASTER ISLAND The Library Continues to Grow! FOUNDATION CREATED MRL Groundbreaking Date Set Two additions to the MRL's current inventory are an Easter Island bibliography of medical, genetic and population related literature In December 1989, members of the Easter Island Committee from the graduate school of Biomedical Sciences at the Health of the World Monuments Fund reorganized themselves as the ScienceCenterofHouston's University ofTexas, and we hope soon to have the bibliographycompiled by the late Robert Alexander and Planning Committee for the Mulloy Research Library. currently being edited by Prof. Charles Love ofWestern Wyoming Also newly established atthat time was theEasterIsland Foun­ College. The latter is to be published by the Bishop Museum. Plans dation, a wholly independent non-profit organization incorporated are already underway to incorporate these bibliographies into the in California. The MRL will still greatly benefit from the World Library's computer based master bibliography-which will soon Monuments Fund's generous $ 100,()(X) challenge grant. All funds be established. formerly donated for the Mulloy Research Library and held by the WMF will be transferred to the new ElF to be specifically ear­ Thanks to You, marked for the first ElF project, the construction and maintenance It's Soon to Happen! of the MRL on Rapa Nui. The Library will honor Dr. , archaeologist and former professor at the University of We thank all ofyou who have contributed so generously to the Mulloy Research Library in the past, and we are pleased to an­ Wyoming (see Rapa Nui Notes, v. 7). nounce that actual construction of the building will begin early in At the ElF Executive Board meeting, the following officers 1991. We commend you not only for your interest in Rapa Nui, but were appointed: Dr. William Liller, Chairman of the Board of also for your vision in recognizing the topical significance of pre­ Directors ofElF; Dr. Joan T. Seaver, President ofElF and Director serving the scientific data describing the ancient society and its of Fundraising; Alan Davis-Drake, Vice President and Treasurer; demise. Certainly the research center formed by the Mulloy Re­ and Dr. Georgia Lee, Vice President and Liason to the Advisory search Library and Archaeological Museum will Council. The Advisory Council will provide technical advice on provide the island's present population with a much needed symbol investments, library planning, organization, construction, etc. The of their Polynesian heritage. four committees now structuring the EIR are a Board of Directors, TheExecutive Committeeofthe ElFencourages you to join us an Executive Committee composed of the foundation officers, an in continuing your supportand dedication to MRL. For information about the ElForto send your donations, contact Dr. Joan T. Seaver, Advisory Committee and a Fundraising Committee. at ElF, P. O. Box 1319, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272-1319 USA, Among the topics discussed were the need for a document to orphone (213) 454-7993. Please make yourchecksoutto the Easter show the full support of the present govemment ofChile as well as Island Foundation. an overall plan for fundraising activities. The latter will also include a series of monographs on scientific aspects of the island such as AVAILABLE! petroglyphs, the stone moai, rongorongo glyphs, modem church statues, and archaeological dating techniques. Also planned are Deluxe Tour of Rapa Nui! several fundraisers for the next two years. One will be the long Before September23, 1990, donors of$lO,OOO (or more) to the awaited fundraiser at Bill Mulloy's home base, the University of Easter Island Foundation will enjoy one expense free round trip Wyoming. airline ticket from the U.S. (New York, Miami or Los Angeles) to In addition, gallery shows featuring photographs and other Rapa Nui, including several days at a luxury hotel in Santiago for images of Rapa Nui, as well as modem carved wooden sculptures, two. Also included are excellent accomodations for two on the are being considered as publicrelations efforts toward raising funds island. A special bonus will beapersonally tailored tourofthe latest for the MRL. Under consideration is a South Pacific cruise in archaeological findingsatRapaNui sites. All this-plus the famous Polynesian hospitality! For details, please contact Dr. Joan Seaver. connection with Society Expeditions Cruises, Inc., of Seattle, Washington. Look for future announcements in Rapa Nui Journal.

Rapa Nui Journal • Page 15 • Winter 1989/90 Published by Kahualike, 1989 15 Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 3 [1989], Iss. 4, Art. 1

The Toronto Moai What's New in Hanga ROG It might be more accurate to call this the "Nothing's New" Colflmn. It seems that little progress has been made on the island since our report last spring (RNJ Vol.3: 1). In that issue, one year ago, we reported on the new rain gutters and the paving project on Te Pito Te Henua Street, the new school library building, and new offices and storage facilities adjacent to the Museum. No further work has been done on the street paving, rain gutters or sidewalks. The rain gutters have not even been roofed over. The rush of rainwater coming down the street has made conditions in the block below (in front of the post office) even worse than before. The library stands empty and unfinished; the building has been vandal­ ized and windows broken. The museum storage facilities appear to be empty, bU,t the museum offices are nearly completed and one office is now in use. The museum giftshop remains an empty shell, ftlled with weeds. There seems to be no concensus ofopinion as to why all these projects remain in limbo. However, there are new items. A laundennat is now operating at the comer of Hotu Matua and Policarpo Toro streets, a pool hall with 3 tables has been added on Policarpo Toro street, and in February a satellite dish is scheduled to begin operations to estab­ lish better telephone communications with the outside world. The airport addition is completed. The count is in... One of our Easter Island correspondents reports that there are now now 450 vehicles on the island, 150 of these are motorcycles!

Themoai lives at900Don Mills Road in Toronto. The statue is the Georgia lee, Ph.D. Alan Davis-Drake Publisher and General Editor Editor and Design result of a conversation between Alex Tilley and an artist from Ontario, Bob Breau of Willowdale. On a bet from Tilley, Breau Rapa Nui Journal is an international newsletter published quarterly for the benefit of those interested in Easter Island and Polynesia. Correspon­ made a from snow. Alex decided he wanted a more penna­ moai deIKe, articles, photographs, drawings, reviews of books & films, nent oneso Breau constructed one ofwood and wire, covered with announcementsofconferences & publications, and all related materials concrete. The moai sits on the front lawn of the Tilley business, are invited. We cannot be responsible for unsolicited items or anything which makes a line ofclothing and hats. The moustache, put on as submitted without adequate return postage or International Reply Coupon. If possible please send submissions on noppy disk for either a joke, was recently removed. The moai is 15 feet high, weighs IBM or Macintosh-in ASCII formal. some 16,000 pounds and sits on a base hidden under the grass. The artist, Breau, also made an indian carving thatsits on the lawn near Annual subscription rate for 4 issues, in US funds: U.S. $lS, Foreign Airmail $25. Back issues are available at U.S. $4 each, post paid. the moai. (This infonnation is supplied by the photographer, Rapanuiphile David Kotyk of Toronto). ISSN 1040-1385 • © Georgia lee 1990 IMM·~I Page 16 P.O. Box 6774 Los OSOS, CA 93412

Winter1990 https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol3/iss4/1 16