Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research Vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272

YIELDING AND HEALTHINESS OF SELECTED CULTIVARS FOR PROCESSING IN CENTRAL POLAND

J erz y Li s ek

Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture Pomologiczna 18, 96-100 Skierniewice, POLAND e-mail: [email protected]

(Received September 6, 2010/Accepted October 27, 2010)

ABSTRACT

This work presents the results concerning the yielding (time of ripening, weight of clusters and berries, fertility of vines, percent of soluble solids, taste of fruits), winter hardiness and susceptibility to fungal diseases (, powdery mil- dew, grey mould and excoriose) of 25 selected cultivars for processing. The investiga- tions were carried out in the grapevine collection of the Research Institute of Pomol- ogy and Floriculture in Skierniewice, Poland. This grapevine collection was estab- lished in 1992, and it is consisted of 234 taxons. Assessed genotypes differed consid- erably in terms of the examined traits. Berries ripened from the second half of August (‘Reform’) until the second week of October (‘V 71141’, ‘Sibera’). In the years 2005- 2009, vines of the hybrid ‘V 64035’ and cultivars ‘Seyval’ and ‘’ were most productive. Berries of ‘Delaware’ were characterized by having the highest level of soluble solids. Vines of interspecific hybrids were less susceptible to frost damage and fungal diseases than cultivars of V. vinifera (‘ Dore’, ‘Ortega’). Inter- specific hybrids ‘Seyval’, ‘Bianca’, ‘Sibera’, ‘’, ‘’ and ‘’ were distinguished as having the best yielding and highest quality of fruit from among the assessed cultivars, for commercial making. ‘’, ‘Delaware’, ‘’ and ‘Golubok’ were relatively reliable in yielding, and their may be used for the production of juice and home .

Key words: collection, grapevine, wine and juice cultivars, field evaluation

INTRODUCTION are grown for wine production. Wine introduced into the market may be The present grapevine acreage in produced from grapes of cultivars Poland is estimated to be 300-400 ha. classified as wine cultivars in at least Most cultivars planted in vineyards one EU country which has a national J. Lisek register of cultivars. Fruit of other consists of two parts: 1) the field part cultivars may serve to produce juice – with vines selected mostly from the or home wine (not for sale). collection of 234 genotypes, includ- The first aim of the collection of ing all cultivars for processing, and the Research Institute of Pomology 2) - the plastic tunnel with bushes of and Floriculture in Skierniewice is to 23 stenothermal cultivars. In this preserve biological diversity. The work 25 cultivars of different origins second aim is to create gene re- from the field collection are as- sources for potential breeding of sessed; 23 of which are considered cultivars adapted to the environment interspecific hybrids and 2 (‘Chas- in Poland. There are great numbers selas Dore’ and ‘Ortega’) are V. vi- of genotypes within the genus nifera (Tab. 1). Bushes of 19 culti- (assessed at 15-20 thousand) and vars grown on their own roots, were there is intensive breeding of new planted in 1992 and another 6 bushes cultivars in this collection, like many (‘’, ‘Leon Millot’, ‘Or- others. For this reason, the Skier- tega’, ‘Regent’, ‘Rondo’, ‘Viktoria niewice collection also aims to gyöngye’) were planted in 2001. roughly estimate the functional value Each of the genotypes was repre- of new cultivars (Sękowski and sented by three vines, planted at Myśliwiec, 1996; Pospišilová et al., a spacing of 2.5 × 1 m and trained 2005). Recommended cultivars according to the “low-head” method. should be characterized by high fer- One to three trunks, 20 cm in height, tility, high quality of fruit, resistance were formed on the vines. After win- to fungal diseases and, in countries ter pruning, 6-8 evenly spaced canes, where winters are cold, low suscepti- each with 2-3 buds, were left on the bility to frost damage (Elfving et al., vine (spur pruning). In July, shoots 1985; Reisch et al., 1999; Plocher were pruned above the 10th-12th leaf, and Parke, 2001; Korbuly, 2002; past the last cluster of grapes. Lateral Kozma 2002; Kriszten, 2002; Lisek branches of young shoots were cut 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009; Abuzov, back above the first or second leaf, 2009; Lott et al., 2010). counting from the base. Each season, one or two chemical treatment MATERIALANDMETHODS against fungal diseases was carried out, using agents containing copper, The field collection of grapevines sulphur and mancozeb. In the years where the research was conducted is 2008-2009, vines were treated once located in the Pomological Orchard with fungicide containing difeno- of the Institute of Pomology and conazol. Floriculture in Skierniewice. The This work presents results ob- grapevines are growing in podsolic tained during 2005-2009, including soil graded Class IV. The soil is date of , weight of bunches slightly acidic (pH 6.3) and contains and berries, fertility of bushes, solu- 1.3% organic matter. The collection ble solids content, susceptibility to

266 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272 Yielding and healthiness of selected grape cultivars… frost damage (assessment from the was used: 1 – lack of damage, 2 – period 2002-2010) and fungal dis- damage up to 20%, 3 – 21%-50%, 4 eases: downy and powdery mildews, – 51%-100% of shoots internodes grey mould, excoriose and other infested, 5 – death of skeletal parts of dangers (assessment from the period bushes and whole plants. Infestation 2002-2009). During the time when was assessed on the basis of both, the the research was being carried out, colour of shoots, which changed minimal winter temperatures reached: from brown to grey, and the ex- –25.4 oC(January 2003), –31.6 oC coriose visible on cross-sections of (January 2006), –23.0 oC (January older shoots. 2009), –28.1 oC (January 2010). Susceptibility to decay caused by Susceptibility to frost damage grey mould Botryotinia fuckeliana was assessed during pruning, in (de Bary) Whetzel was assessed dur- March. The assessment was noted in ing harvest. A six-grade scale was the following manner: 1 – lack of used: 1 – lack of damage, 2 – dam- damage, 2 – frozen buds not exceed- age up to 3%, 3 – 4%-10%, 4 – 11%- ing 10%, 3 – 11%-50% of frozen -25%, 5 – 25%-60%, 6 – more than buds, 4 – more than 50% of frozen 50% of fruit infested. buds and damage to the two-year old shoots, 5 – dead bushes. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION Assessment of damages caused by downy Plasmopara viticola Wine and juice cultivars selected (Berk. et Curtis ex de Bary) Berl. et from the collection differed substan- de Toni and powdery mildew Un- tially in their most important func- cinula necator (Schw.) Burr. was tional traits concerning yielding: time conducted directly before harvest on of harvest, weight of bunches and each plot. A five-grade scale was berries, and fertility of vines (Tab. used based on the following criteria: 1). First to ripen were the grapes of 1 – lack of damage, 2 – less than the cultivar ‘Reform’. They ripened 20% of leaves and vines infested by at the beginning of the third decade mildew, 3 – 21%-50% of infested of August, which confirms earlier leaves and vines, 4 – heavily infested reports (Sękowski and Myśliwiec, leaves and vines, together with slight 1996; Lisek, 2005). Last to ripen (up to 10%) infestation of berries, 5 – were fruits of the cultivar ‘Sibera’ heavily infested leaves, shoots (more and hybrids ‘V 64035’ and than 50%) and berries (more than 10%). ‘V 71141’. They ripened at the end Excoriose (Phomopsis viticola of the first decade of October. This Sacc.) causes death to wood and confirms reports about the late ripen- buds. The occurrence of excoriose ing of fruit of those cultivars in was assessed during the pruning pe- southern Canada (Elfving et al., riod, which was the first two weeks 1985). Hybrid ‘V 64035’ had the of March. Again, a five-grade scale largest bunches and berries of all

J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272 267 J. Lisek

T a b l e 1 . Country of breeding and yielding of selected wine and juice cultivars, from the field collection in 2005-2009, Skierniewice

Average Soluble Weight of Cultivar, colour of Country of Time of Weight of yearly solids 100 berries berry skin breeding ripening cluster [g] content [g] [kg/bush] [%] Reform (B) Hungary 21.08 122.0 b-e 286.3 j-l 1.5 a-e 19.5 g-j Kristaly (B) Hungary 1.09 137.8 c-g 265.8 h-j 1.36 ab 18.9 e-j Iliczewskij Rannyj (N) Ukraine 11.09 139.0 c-g 293.3 kl 1.49 a-e 15.1 a Golubok (N) Ukraine 14.09 110.5 a-d 184.3 c 1.24 a 18.3 d-h Cascade (N) France 15.09 132.0 c-g 207.8 c-e 1.82 b-f 19.4 f-j Rondo (N) Germany 16.09 150.5 e-h 250.0 g-i 2.23 fg 19.7 ij Ortega*(B) Germany 16.09 123.8 b-e 224.8 e-g 1.42 a-c 19.2 f-j Zala gyöngye (B) Hungary 16.09 169.5 g-i 248.8 g-i 1.63 a-e 18.0 d-f Aurore (B) France 17.09 100.5 a-c 186.3 c 1.91 ef 18.8 d-j Marechal Foch (N) France 17.09 86.0 ab 104.5 a 1.54 a-e 18.9 e-j Chasselas Dore* (B) Unknown 23.09 177.8 h-j 301.8 l 1.45 a-e 16.4 bc Regent (N) Germany 24.09 136.8 c-g 214.8 d-f 2.24 f-g 19.6 h-j Viktoria gyöngye (B) Hungary 26.09 138.5 c-g 204.0 c-e 1.38 a-c 18,9 e-j Leon Millot (N) France 26.09 81.8 a 94.0 a 1.44 a-d 19.3 f-j Medina (N) Hungary 26.09 140.8 d-h 198.8 c-e 1.37 a-c 19.1 f-j Baco Noir (N) France 28.09 81.9 a 104.3 a 1.27 a 18.1 d-f Swenson Red (R) USA 30.09 113.8 a-e 355.0 m 1.45 a-c 18.2 d-g Delaware (R) USA 1.10 90.0 ab 144.8 b 1.48 a-e 21.5 k Bianca (B) Hungary 2.10 124.8 b-f 219.3 d-f 2.11 fg 19.1 f-j Refren (B) Hungary 2.10 210.0 j 364.5 m 1.84 c-f 18.4 d-i Seyval (B) France 3.10 177.0 h-j 197.8 c-e 3.07 h 18.9 d-j Cayuga White (B) USA 5.10 203.8 ij 273.5 i-k 2.90 h 17.4 c-d V 64035 (B) Canada 6.10 267.8 k 509.8 n 3.08 h 15.4 ab V 71141 (B-R) Canada 8.10 163.5 f-h 239.8 f-h 2.36 g 17.7 de Sibera (B) Germany 9.10 116.8 a-e 195.8 cd 1.90 d-f 19.8 j

Explanations: colour of berry skin: B (Blanc) – (yellow-green); R – (Rose); N (Noir) – (blue-black) *V. vinifera Averages followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p = 0.05 according to Duncan test tested genotypes. Bunches, and most fruitful. These results confirm grapes of least weight, were har- earlier data on the high fertility of vested from the bushes of the culti- those cultivars in Canada, USA, and vars ‘Marechal Foch’, ‘Leon Millot’, Poland (Sękowski and Myśliwiec, ‘Baco Noir’ and ‘Delaware’. During 1996; Elfving et al., 1985; Reisch et the investigated period, bushes of al., 1999; Plocher and Parke, 2001; hybrid ‘V 64035’, cultivars ‘Seyval’ Lisek, 2005). Berries of the cultivar and ‘Cayuga White’ proved to be ‘Delaware’ had the highest extract

268 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272 Yielding and healthiness of selected grape cultivars… content, which exceeded 21%. Fruits chal Foch’, ‘Leon Millot’, ‘Seyval’, of hybrid ‘V 64035’ and cultivar ‘Baco Noir’, ‘Refren’ and ‘Regent’ ‘Iliczewskij Rannyj’ contained about had the least degree of infection by 6% less of the extract. Grapes dif- pathogens. ‘Rondo’, ‘Sibera’ and fered in taste and fragrance. Muscat ‘Golubok’ were susceptible mostly to flavor was perceptible in grapes of fungi responsible for powdery mildew, ‘Medina’ and ‘Kristaly’. Various while most susceptible to both kinds of fruit fragrances were present in fruits mildew were ‘Chasselas Dore’ and of the following hybrids and cultivars: ‘Ortega’. Symptoms of excoriose ‘Marechal Foch’ (sweet cherry), were most visible on vines of ‘Bi- ‘Golubok’, ‘Baco Noir’, ‘Leon Millot’ anca’, ‘Medina’ and ‘V 64035’. No (currant), ‘Delaware’, ‘Cayuga White’ cultivar, however, was entirely resis- (strawberry), ‘V 64035’ (citrus). tant to infestation caused by the fungi The most significant factors Phomopsis viticola. Grey mould was which caused plant yield and plant a particularly problem for cultivars condition to worsen were: frost, characterized by dense, large pathogenes causing fungal diseases, bunches (‘Seyval’, ‘Cayuga White’) wasps and birds. Cultivars ‘Aurore’, and delicate berry skin (‘Reform’, ‘Marechal Foch’, ‘Baco Noir’, ‘Aurore’) if the weather was rainy ‘Swenson Red’, and ‘Delaware’ during the fruit ripening period. proved to be most resistant to low Damage caused by wasps was most winter temperatures (Tab. 2). Even extensive on bushes whose fruit ripen when the temperature dropped to – earliest: ‘Reform’ and ‘Kristaly’. 31.6oC in January 2006, no serious Birds preyed mostly on ‘Marechal frost damage was observed on the Foch’, ‘Leon Millot’ and ‘Baco Noir’ wintering buds of those cultivars whose berries are small and dark- (Lisek, 2004, 2007). ‘Seyval’, ‘Leon skinned. Millot’, ‘Refren’ and ‘Sibera’ also Our results confirmed reports had quite high resistance. The vines from the USA, Canada, Germany, of ‘Bianca’, ‘Rondo’ and ‘Regent’ Hungary and Ukraine, that new hy- turned out to be far more susceptible brids may be an alternative to (Lisek, 2009). Among all the tested V. vinifera cultivars because they are cultivars, the least frost resistant more resistant to frost and fungal proved to be ‘Chasselas Dore’. Win- diseases, and have a high quality of tering buds on ‘Chasselas Dore’ fruits (Elfving et al., 1985; Reisch bushes received more damage than the et al., 1999; Plocher and Parke, wintering buds on bushes of ‘Ortega’, 2001; Korbuly, 2002; Kozma 2002; also belonging to the V. vinifera. Kriszten, 2002; Lisek, 2005; Abuzov, Among fungal diseases, in condi- 2009; Lott et al., 2010). While culti- tions of limited chemical protection, vating multiple hybrids in Poland, it downy and powdery mildew pre- is necessary to bear in mind that they sented the greatest threat to the de- will be more unreliable in yielding velopment of bushes. ‘Aurore’, ‘Mare- compared with their original place of

J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272 269 J. Lisek

T a b l e 2 . Winter hardiness and healthiness of vines of chosen wine and juice grape cultivars in 2002-2009, Skierniewice

Susceptibility Susceptibility Cultivars in order Winter Susceptibility Susceptibility to downy to powdery of fruit ripening hardiness to excoriose to grey mould mildew mildew time (scale 1-5) (scale 1-5) (scale 1-6) (scale 1-5) (scale 1-5) Reform 2-3 3 2 1.5 2 Kristaly 2 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.5 Iliczewskij Rannyj 2-3 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.1 Golubok 2 2 3 1.5 1.3 Cascade 2 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.1 Rondo 2-3 1.5 3 1.8 1.5 Ortega 3 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.8 Zala gyöngye 2-3 3 3 1.8 1.5 Aurore 1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.7 Marechal Foch 1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.1 Chasselas Dore* 3-4 3.8 3.5 1.5 1.8 Regent 3 1.3 1.5 2.0 1.1 Viktoria gyöngye 2-3 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 Leon Millot 1-2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 Medina 3-4 1.5 3 2.5 1.3 Baco Noir 1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 Swenson Red 1 1.5 2 1.5 1.5 Delaware 1 2 2.5 1.2 1.5 Bianca 2-3 1.5 2.5 2.5 1.3 Refren 1-2 1.1 1.3 2.0 1.8 Seyval 1-2 1.1 1.5 1.8 2 Cayuga White 2 2 2 1.8 2 V 64035 2 3 2.5 2.5 1.6 V 71141 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 Sibera 1-2 1.3 3 1.5 1.1 Explanations: susceptibility to frost damage (average in winters 2002/20003, 2005/2006, 2008/2009, and 2009/2010, with minimal temperature from –23 oC to –31.6 oC and fungal diseases (average in 2003- 2009): 1 -resistant, 5-6 – susceptible *V. vinifera breeding and cultivation. For in- CONCLUSIONS stance, the cultivar ‘Golubok’ proved 1. Genotypes of cultivars for proc- less fertile and frost-resistant than essing, gathered in the collection when grown in Ukraine (Abuzov, in Skierniewice, differed in fruit 2009). There were differences in ripening time – from the last two yielding and healthiness of particular weeks of August (‘Reform’) till cultivars presented in the results of the second week of October (‘V this research investigation and in 71141’, ‘Sibera’), in taste of foreign research. These differences fruit, weight of bunches and ber- were a consequence of different cul- ries, fertility of bushes and their tivation settings, and show the neces- resistance to frost damage and sity to assess cultivars in their local fungal diseases. conditions.

270 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272 Yielding and healthiness of selected grape cultivars…

2. Bushes of interspecific hybrids Lisek J. 2004. Winter hardiness of thirty bred via crossing V. vinifera with grape cultivar buds (Vitis sp.) under other species such as V. labrusca, conditions of central Poland. ZESZ. V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. lincecu- PROBL. POST. NAUK ROLN. 497: 405-410. mii, V. amurensis, were less suscep- Lisek J. 2005. Zdrowotność, plonowanie tible to frost damage and fungal i rozmnażanie wybranych genotypów diseases than V. vinifera cultivars. winorośli (Vitis Sp. L.) w warunkach 3. ‘Seyval’, ‘Bianca’, ‘Sibera’, Polski. Zesz. Nauk. Inst Sadow. ‘Marechal Foch’, ‘Rondo’ and Kwiac, Monografie i rozprawy, 94 p. ‘Regent’ were most reliable among Lisek J. 2007. Frost damage of grape- assessed cultivars, for commercial vines in Poland following the winter wine production in Poland. of 2005/2006. FOLIA HORT. 19(2): 4. ‘Aurore’, ‘Delaware’, ‘Cascade’ 69-78. and ‘Golubok’ were relatively reli- Lisek J. 2009. Frost damage of buds on able in cultivation, and their one-year-old shoots of wine and table grapevine cultivars in central Poland grapes, in accordance with the following the winter of 2008/2009. J. binding law, may be used for pro- FRUIT ORNAM. PLANT RES. 17 duction of juice and home wines. (2): 149-161. REFERENCES Lott H., Pfaff F., Prior B. 2010. Ta- schenbuch der Rebsorten. 13 Aufla- Abuzov M. 2009. Atlas sieviernovo vino- ge. Fachverlag Dr. Fraund GmbH, grada. KFH Pitomnik. Smoleńsk, 165 p. Mainz, 385 p. Elfving D.C., Dale A., Fisher K.H., Te- Plocher T.A., Parke R.J. 2001. Northern hrani G. 1985. Fruit cultivars. Publi- Winework. Eau Claire Printing Co., cation 430. Ministry of Agriculture Minnesota, 178 p. and Food, Ontario, 82 p. Pospišilová D., Sekera D., Ruman T. Korbuly J. 2002. Invaluable traits of 2005. Ampelografia Slovenska. 1 Vitis amurensis (Rupr.) for grapevine vyd. Modra VSSVVM, 368 p. resistance breeding. Int. J. HORT. Reisch B.I., Pool R.M., Peterson D.V., SCI. 8(1): 51-56. Howell-Martens M., Henick-Kling T. Kozma P., jr. 2002. Resistant grape va- 1999. Wine and Juice Grape Varieties rieties originating from Franco- for Cool Climates. Cornell Cooperative American hybrids in Hungary. INT. Ext. Public. Inform. Bull. 233 p. J. HORT. SCI. 8(1): 47-50. Sękowski B., Myśliwiec R. 1996. 101 Od- Kriszten G. 2002. Vitis interspecific mian Winorośli do Uprawy w Polsce. hybrids in grape production. Int. J. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa, 263 p. HORT. SCI. 8(1): 57-59.

J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272 271 J. Lisek

PLONOWANIE I ZDROWOTNOŚĆWYBRANYCH PRZEROBOWYCH ODMIAN WINOROŚLI W CENTRALNEJ POLSCE

J erz y Li s ek

STRESZCZENIE

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki dotyczące plonowania – terminu dojrzewania owoców, masy gron i jagód, plenności krzewów, zawartości ekstraktu, podatności krzewów na uszkodzenia mrozowe oraz choroby grzybowe – mączniaka rzekomego i prawdziwego winorośli, szarąpleśńoraz nekrozękorową, 25 wybranych, przerobo- wych odmian winorośli. Badania prowadzono w kolekcji winorośli Instytutu Sadow- nictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach, założonej w 1992 roku, gromadzącej 234 taksony. Oceniane genotypy różniły sięznacznie pod względem badanych cech. Wi- nogrona dojrzewały od drugiej dekady sierpnia (‘Reform’) do końca pierwszej deka- dy października (‘V 71141’, ‘Sibera’). W latach 2005-2009 najlepiej plonowały krzewy mieszańca ‘V 64035’ oraz odmian ‘Seyval’ i ‘Cayuga White’. Jagody ‘Dela- ware’ charakteryzowały sięnajwyższązawartościąekstraktu. Krzewy międzygatun- kowych mieszańców były mniej podatne na uszkodzenia powodowane przez mróz i choroby grzybowe niżodmiany winorośli właściwej: ‘Chasselas Dore’ (‘Chrupka Złota’) i ‘Ortega’. Odmiany ‘Seyval’, ‘Bianca’, ‘Sibera’, ‘Marechal Foch’, ‘Rondo’ i ‘Regent’, należące do mieszańców międzygatunkowych, najlepiej plonowały i miały najlepsząjakośćowoców, spośród ocenianych odmian winiarskich, których owoce mogąbyćwykorzystane do komercyjnej produkcji wina. Krzewy odmian ‘Aurore’ (‘Aurora’), ‘Delaware’, ‘Cascade’ i ‘Gołubok’ były relatywnie niezawodne w plono- waniu i mogądostarczaćwinogron do wyrobu soku i win domowych.

Słowa kluczowe: kolekcja, winorośl, odmiany przerobowe, ocena polowa

272 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 18(2) 2010: 265-272