__------~~IC~-- NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT
ISSN 1013-7386 NUMBER 17 SPRING 1993
Agenda 21 and Mountain Ecosystems: The leIMOn Perspective
Chapter 13, of UNCEO's Agenda 21 applied research. In Mountam ilre conSiderations that need more addresses itself to the problems of Environmental Management, the prob effort and application 10 the light of the world's mountains. It estimates lems of harnessing water resources the extensive variability of diverse that 10 per cent of the world's people watershed management, environmental OlIcro-environments. depend on mountain resources and that conservation, mountain bazard almost a half are affected by the millgallon, and rehabilitation of ICIMOO's concern IS to ·promote the degradation of mountain watersheds. degraded land are problems that ICI development of an economically and For ICIMOO, it is encouraging to MOD seeks to help redress, whereas ellvironmentally sound mountalll note the focus of Agenda 21 on Off-farm Employment and Infrastruc- ecmystem and improve the living stan· areas that have become dards of mountain matters of increasing populations" Over the concern for a Centre first decade of its oper that concentrates all its ations, ICIMOO has resources on integrated built up an appreciable a nd s u s t ainable mountain documentation mountain development. centre and has already In fact, earl y on in the established a Mountain organ i sat i on of Environmental and ICIM OO's thematic Natural Resources' programmes, there were Information System indications of what were which trains profe the most pressing ssionals across the problems in the Hindu region in GIS technolo Kush-Himalayas, and it gy. It has also publish is, therefore, gratifymg ed and distributed a to note that Section II of number of documents Chapter 13 of Agenda on the findings of its 21 strengthens the programme research ~onviction that ers. Our activIties in IC IMOO' research tho respect lliready policies have focussed make a , ·z.-able "n the real ISS\"es as A part of ICIMOO's 'Constituency' The High Himalayas, ~ontnbutHln to the they dft~t the 120 Mustang, Nepal K Subba globdl ':lOuntilln million people inhabit· database envisaged by 109 this area. ture and Technology seek for Viable UNC'E.O 2 .. management of options withm the As our regular readers are aware, the constramts that are charactenstic of It IS clear that, globally, a pomt of Mo unta in Farming System's the HKH RegIOn. crisis has been reached. Mountains are Programme of ICIMOO has heen very an important source of energy and much involved in the challenges of For, whatever the negative environ biological diversity, minerals, forest mountain agriculture, and most of the mental impacts felt by the plains, the products, and water. On a shrinking issues outlined in Section II, Chapter same become more acute in an envi planet, the mountains that historically 14, Agenda 21, e.g., integrating ronment in which the added dimension have had remote and inaccessible envi sustainable development into of verticality plays such a prominent ronments where living conditions are agricultural policy and planning, role. Species under threat and their difficult may well be the source of ensuring people's parllclpation, genetic resources, soils threatened not sustainability in future.ICIMOO seeks improving productivity, plant nutri only by the normal weathering and to find the real possibilities in the field tion, biological diversity, animal erosional processes but by the added of integrated mountain development by genetic resources, biotechnology, and dimension of 'slopes', and the difficul the recording of indigenous knowledge biomass improvement, to name but a ty of providing infrastructural backup and the proper management of sustain few, have been areas of constant, among the highest mountains on earth able options.
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Management of Sustainable
Options: ICIMOD at the Exhaustive Use of Interface
Natural Disaster. This year marks ICIMOO's tenth anniversary and there has been much discussion about the UNCED Earth Summit and how far ICIMOO's pro gramme refl ects the concerns raised by Agenda 21. In this context, we cannot cover all the issues raised m one newsletter, but we have chosen to examine the "Management of Options across the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. Before dealing with this critical aspect of ICIMOO's work, however, it is useful to conceptualise the basic issues raised by the UNCED Earth Summit within a global framework, then only Our Tenancy Sustainable or Unsustainable? A.K Thaku can we have a clear perception of ICIMOD's role. of verticality and hypoxaemia; critical this newsletter that are interlinked and factors not only in the co llection of which address the food security issue Mountains, anywhere in the world, fuel for energy hut also in its through management of options for contain the poorest people, whether conversion and use by all life forms. land improvement and improvement of one is referring to the Hindu Kush The issue really is, "which lifestyle is technologies In order to extend Himalayan farmer or a farmer living sustainable in the mountain context?" growing seasons. in the moun tains of Kentucky.
A look into Agenda 21 helps one This is the interface that confronts In the context of backward and for focus on a number of key concerns. ICIMOO. It faces the problem of ward linkages to sustainable mountain Words and phrases that recur are finding solutions for a portion of the development, the issues of proper land "sustaining, conserving, safeguarding, 83 per cent that are among the use and off. farm Income arise protecting, managing, seekillg poorest of the poor. It faces the Normal strategies have identified lead solutiolls, meeting lIeeds, sustainable prohlem of findmg soll1:ions to the sectors with comparative advantages, and equitable development" A meta development prohlems of these, the e.g., horhcultural produce, hut In phorical descnption of man's tenancy poorest of the poor. terms of marketing, forward I nkaglOS, of this planet that emerges from the such as pnmary prod ct proces ID~ Earth Summit's concerns would be Dev<- ~pment news energy, ard th" and value added ac.llv.lles, hdve not that of the Chandrasekhar Limit: pnrclpa fOCL, of energy IS the h' man beer. foc uo,ed upon In th I h metaphoricall y speaking our planet is b<-ing In thiS respect the hasic issue m ne<.,ess ty tor opllmum land u reachmg tbe pomt at wh <- .>ur mtc"rdted mou tam d velopment IS In th new G1<; techno tenancy of it will no longer be food security, a sille qua lion for all '>ack ward linkage to prop<: on sustainahle! other development actlvit,es. This and environmental developmc ,ssue IS ImpliCit in al. headml's of In terms of a purely phYSical pOSit - Secllon I and most items under All IC'IMOO's acllvilles J the the Issues we now face can he SectIOn " of Agenda 21, especially optIOns it has Identified 10 Its work in summed up in one word "energy". Secllon I, Chapter 3, which is on mtegrated mountain development tlnd Seventeen per cent of the earth's Poverty. Poverty alleViation brings us an echo in sections of Agenda 21. population can afford to use sophisti to the increasing pressure on the ICIMOO provides an Interface cated energy appliances that capture suhsistence agriculture of mountain between new and indigenous technolo· microwaves from a universe long areas. To develop beyond subsistence gies and between research and deve· deceased, and the other 83 per cent level involves the improvement of lopment. On either side of the inter rely on their womenfolk to collect fuel biomass resources, rehabilitation of face there is much to be learned and from over longer and longer distances. degraded lands, and extension of the shared. Upon the success of the shar In the mountains, as previously stated, short mountain growing season. In this ing depends the future of the Hindu there are always the added dimensions context we have selected topics for Kush-Himalayan peoples .
• The ChantlrasekharLimir (1928) - the maximum possible mass a stable cold star can support. above which it must collapse into 8 black hole. In the picture illustrating the metaphor. the hand depicts the mass our tenancy has imposed upon this "cooling" planet.
2 Biomass Development
mental conservation and the fate of the mountains, greater national and inter national attention and support are being generated. ICIMOD; with its mandate to help overcome the problems of environmental degrada tion and poverty in mountain areas and to promote ecologically sustam abl.l developm<;;;-! through applied rest.'arch, exchangt.' of knowledge anu Informahon, anu promotIOn of institu tIOna; and professlOna: develop men' II' the region; is I'Ulking vanous efforts to develop bIOmass. The strategies followeu are m four categories
(I) The protection of the existing Seedlings Raised for Rehabilitation - Heavily Degraded Land - B_ Bhana natural bioma~s resources and a halt in their rapiu uepletion, while B. Bhana The entire Hindu-Kush Himalayan meeting the daily needs on a F egion, from Afghanistan in the west sustainable basis, To meet the above objectives, to Myanmar and north-western China ICIMOD, in close collaboration with m the east, is suffering from the (2) The rehabilitation of degraded national institutions, is carrying out ;carcity of biomass_ Although the term resources through appropriate literature reviews, studies, and action biomass includes all organic matter materials, technology, education, cum-research activities such as those (living or dead, including fossil fuel), anu implementation of projects and on Sloping Agricultural Land here it refers mainly to vegetation, programmes, Technology (SALn in Ningnang which is a renewable resource. Since County, Sichuan, China, on ancient times, the people of this (3) Assistance in increasing producti Sea buckthorn Development in a Pilot region have depended on biomass. vity anu the production of biomass Project in Mustang District, Nepal, They still do depend, and will conti anu in increasing Income anu nue to depend, to a great extent, on employment opportunities for the and on Rehabilitation of Degraded the overwhelming use of biomass m local people, Mountain Ecosystem~ In a project in Iheir agropastoral system of ~ubsis Kqvre Palanchok District, Nepal • ce living. Man, agriculture, forests, (4) Environmental prot"chon "'y Gradually these actiVIties will be )a.tore, livestock, and the surrounding management of grt'en biomass ex tended to other countries In this nount rh." overwhelminr. dependenc.e on bIOmass, which IS denwd mamly from foresl~, shrublands, grass lands, marginal lands, and agricultural Idnds (beyond their carrying capacity), IS m tum dependant on recouping capacity ilnd on the ability to check the deple tion and degradation of natural resour· ces. The current decrease in biomass availability is causing serious concern and calls for immediate effective action. Because of increasing aware ness and realisation on the part of the governments and the people, and growing global concern for environ- Properly Protected Forest - B. Bhatta 3 ' ..... " .. , v'-" 1 .C;V Y ;) ICllCI ' -" UII'Ut:1 L' - Jdl lU dr y I ~;:1'::> ------Urea Molasses Block: A Fodder Supplement The blocks are moulded and depending on size (3-5 kg each block as per the need), are then partially dried in an oven at a low temperaturr (60° to 65°) for 18 hours. This reduc the moisture content of UMB by 11 to 25% and the partly dried UMB I as hard a~ UMBs prepared by usm calcium hydroXide. The difference cost between the two drymg tt'chru ques, however, is substantial. Tht' [ 0 involved in the latter technique IS I) times higher than the dry air ov technique. This IS how UMBs a produced, at present, at a much low Bhutan - Feeding UMBs to Cattle - S. Shrestha cost, making them affordable for a greater number of fanners. The Idea and Its Origin animal feed in many parts of the sugarcane growing areas of the world. In the hills and mountains, particu In Bhutan, with assistance from the How Much Does It Cost? FAO/UNDP, efforts have been made larl y, winter feed problems are the to manufacture a nutrient block or most limiting factor in livestock The cost of ingredients alone wa~ Urea Molasses Block (UMB). This development, because vegetation estimated at Nu' 2.48/kg, and the block provides essential nutrients such selling price of one kilogramme of growth in the region is largely as protein and minerals to rumen determined by a single short-duration UMB was calculated at Nu 4.64 after microbes to improve the digestion of adding the production cost and profit monsoon season. Furthennore, the fibre. The overall results of UMB in feed deficit situation is intense and is margin. The Department of Animal Bhutan indicated that the technology Husbandry has fixed the final selling continual because of constant deterio was a cost-effective approach to pnce at Nu 5fkg. ration in the fodder resource base maximising the use oflocally available (e.g., pastureland/shrub land/forest, feed resources for better animal etc), on the one hand, and the increas· productivity. Successes So Far ed livestock population on the other. Processing UMB Based on field or fanners wndltlo Dunng winter time, crop residues preliminary re~ull~ have indicat d (e.g., straw) are the principal sources UMB IS produced by mouldmg cane tht>re was a net mcrement of 6 of feed and, thus, increasmg the feed molasses, urea (fertiliser gradt» milk production among local ,-,ow value of straw is a promismg and cereal bran, OIlset'd cake, and an mcn;ment of 12% among J "hallenging strategy. With • There arc about 30 Bhutanese Nu to one u.s. dollar 4 ------ The feed-mixing plant at Phuntsholing context, at first enquiries were carried by 50 % and the milk yield by about IS now privately managed and VMB out in Nepal by contacting the Ratna 20-30%. The commercial production production is taking place on a Feed Industry (RFI) in Kathmandu. of VMB has, in fact, already begun in commercial scale in Bhutan. Their response to the idea of establish Kathmandu in response to farmers' ing a pilot scale project for the increasing demands for this feed Replication Possibilities for Other preparation of VMB was enthusiastic. supplement. Parts of the HKH Region Consequently, VMB was prepared and The winter feed problem is similar if ,)ocumentation of the successful the effects of feeding VMB were not identical throughout the HKH development of VMB technology in observed in cows, buffaloes, and Region. Hence the possibility of Bhutan prompted ICIMOD to look goats. The preliminary results were replicating this low cost and high pay· Irto the possibilities of replicatmg it very encouraging. The paddy straw off technology in the HKH Region IS ~ 'sewhere in the HKH Region In this I take in cows and buffaloes .ncreased t'xtft.mely promisll1g PLASTIC FILM TECHNOLOGY A Means of Increasing Crop Yields in Mountain Areas During recent years the Earth's sur for more than 80 species, includmg and sometimes hailstone. All these face has been covered increasingly various vegetable species, cotton, conditions have adverse effects which with plastic mulch (usually polythene peanuts, tobacco, melons, rice are manifested in decreasing crop film) for plant cultivation. This seedling culture, dry rice cultivation, yields. method is known as the Plastic Mulch sugarcane, beet, mustard, fibre crops, Technology (PMT), or Plastic Film mulberry, tea, sunflower, fruit trees, In addition to the adverse effects of Technology (PFT), for promoting and herbal plants. weather are the frequent natural enhanced germination and growth. disasters that constrain mountain In general, PFT facilitates maturation farming. PFT increases the PFT (the thickness of polythene film in various crops about 5-20 days temperature and helps retain moisture is 0.014mm ± 0.003mm) can help to earlier, increase in yields by 30-50%, and hence enables plants to mature increase temperature, retain water, and in output values by 40-50 % (and early during the most favourable promote the germination and sometimes by even more than 100%). seasons. It also helps to prolong the emergence of seeds, accelerate the Most mountain crops are found to growing season and provides growth and development of roots (and have increased yields with PFT use. protection from drought, excessive even whole plants) and, finally, can Examples of yield increases are rice rainfall, and low temperatures. It encourage higher yields and better 15-25%, maize 30-100%, wheat 10· could be said that the use of PFT quality products. These are the 40%, potatoes 2745%, various creates a micro ·cllmate; an underlying objectives of PFT. vegetables 30·80%, and fruits 5-15%. environment that IS deSigned to mcrease crop yields. ThiS is an PFT developed concomitantly with the The weather characterishcs 10 mexpenslve and effective te<.hnology petrochemical and high polymer mountam areas are often those of tor the HKH RegIOn and I,' already ~heInlcal industnes. Many countries spnng drought, excessive ramfa'i m being used by fam ers 10 other parts apply PFT in agricultural practice and summer, and cool autumns, with frost of the RegIOn have bad remarkable results. Japan, which introduced PFT methods m the 1950s, is one of the earlIest countries to use the technology and IS In the process of developing PFT further. In 1978 Plastic Film Technologies (including agronoInlc methods, special PF, and complete covering machines) were introduced into China from Japan. Through Widespread applica tion and demonstration, PFT quickly became popular with Chinese farmers. In 1991 the total area over which PFT was applied was four million hectares, and its successes have been recorded China - A Potato Field Covered with Plastic Film - Lu Rongsen 5 I\..,.IIYIVLJ ''iCVV;')ICltt:1 l'o!lJlllUt":1 ,I -.Jdlludry 1;:1;:10 MOUNTAIN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Jhikhu Khola Watershed Project: Land Use Dynamics The Jikhu Khola Watershed Project, mation, and indigenous techniques for illustrate how land use has changed an interdisciplinary research program maintaIning ~OII fertility under over time. Crop intensi fication ha~ me, is being carried out in the Middle different land uses and soil types. been the most important land t::; Mountains of Nepal to document change, havmg virtually doubled ove resource status, examine historic and J ikhu Khola Watershed IS Sl tuated the last ten y~rs with the advent t recent land use dynanucs, determine about 40 km east of Kathmandu, In nuneral ferlIlisers. soil fertility conditions, quantify soil the Kavre Palanchok dlstnct It s a erosion processes, and develop new typical, densely-populated area and To understand and quantIfy the trem! micro-computer techniques to evaluate one of the most intensively used ha~ of land use dynanul.s, histom:al Ian the sustainability of resources in the Ins in Nepal. Land use intensities are use (1947 •• 972, 1981) am. ree test area. This intenSIve research some of the h.ghest In Nepal (and land use (1990) have been compar d programme consisting of on-site held probabl y in the world), and resource Independently on different scales monitoring of biophysical resources, prohlems are very acute; worse than depending upon the avatl .. hihty 0 data acquisition, and integration using average conditions in some cases. The historical aerial photographs and tt micro-computer based GIS techniques. main prohlems for sustainable land use resource data base. Comparison of It is being undertaken in cooperation are fertility deficiency, overgrazing, land use dynamics was carried out by with ICIMOD, HMG/Nepal, Interna deforestation, heavy sedimentation, applying GIS technology. The overall tional Development Research Centre and high rates of natural erosion in historic trends and their implications (IORC), and University of British certain areas. have been summarised. Columbia (UBC), Canada. Base maps have been produced to depict In order to represent quantitative Broad Land Use Changes between topography; geology; soils; land use; information on resource dynamics and 1947 and 1981 slope stability; and soil fertility In interaction in a graphical and visually relation to forests and agriculture. intuitive manner, GIS was chosen as The spatial distribution of land use is an ideal integrating and modelling given in Figures I (1972) and 2 The programme is monitoring climate, tool. The land use results are high (1981). The major land use categories erosion on three scales (watershed, lighted here. compared are agriculture, forest, sub-catchment, and erosion plots), shrub, and other. The land use chanut' hydrology, soil fertility status, pine Land Use Dynamics comparison is provided in Diagram A needle decomposition and acidification On page 8. comparisons show an rates, rehabilitation of degraded red Spatial land ust' activilIes and use overall 24 % loss of forest land wit soils, biomass production on more mtensity are the haslc keys in deter agnculture gammg 10% and she than 300 sites, socioeconomic infor- mining land use dynamics. The figures gaming 10 %. There has heen VL y JHIKHU KHOLA ~ATERSHEO JHII<.HU I<.HOLA IIA ~"qIiED ,. ~ L. f'lHO usr. IQSI Ih.. _ f'tFil:tNT or \/QTUst€D _~ICl.L fI:IIt ~ lcu. T\JIt£ " _ rOREST "" .. " ...... , •.'011( 9' 21 8 4 ...... 2481 " Of1.l[ " . 0""" 1. land Use Situation In the Jhikhu Khola Watershed 2. l and Use Situation (scale of 1 :50.0001 (lRMPI. 1981 (scale. 1 :50.0001. 1947 6 __ 4 ... ______ JHI~HU ~HDLA WATERSHED JHIKHU KHDLA WATERSHED , , . .~ ~ E l ;_, n __, 34 .'. - .... 1-.mu 3. Land Use Situation Iscale, 1 :20,000) 1972 1 :20,000), 1990 small net change between agricultural per cent of the watershed is under torest land use is shown In and shruh lands but a significant net irrigated crops (dominated by rice) Diagram C. conwrsion of forest land into agricul and 83 % of it is under triple crop tural land (1,154 hal and forest deteri rotations, averaging a 2.5 cropping Agricultural land expanded by 10% oration into shrub land (I,551 hal. intensity per year. Changes in irrigat over the 1947-1981 period and by 6% ed land have heen minimal, suggesting Detailed Land Use Changes between that water sources for irrigation are over the past ten years. The agricul 1972 and 1990 used at capacity. tural increases in the early years came at the expense of forest land but, more recently, the expansion has resulted The 1972 and 1990 generalised land The major expansion has occurred in from converting grazing and shrub use c1assitications are provided in dry land agriculture (bari), amounting lands into agricultural lands. There Figures 3 and 4. The GIS analysis to 5 % of the watershed area. As seen was virtually no change in the shows that currently the watershed test from Diagram B, this expansion has overall agricultural area until the late area consists of 30 % forest and 54 % come at the expense of shrub (losses 19705, after which the expansion has agncultural land, while shruh and 01'295 hal and grazing lands (losses of bee[l linuted to a 6 % increase in the grazing lands accounl for 12 % of the 273 hal. Analysis shows that the waL shed. watershed, and the remalflIng lands largest areas convt;rtoo into dry I,Ind are under other uses. agncu ture ar" on slopt's steeper than 40 % and took place between 1972 and Th" overall analYSIS d~rly mdicates More Important than the stall<- condi 1990. t!Jat aftorestatlOn has been active and hons art' the dynamic land us", consi t!:.it approximately 50 % of ala the derations between 1972 and 1990 Overall Land Use Trend~. 1947 1990 previously cut forest land is now back They are summarised In Diagram B under forest cover. However, the bulk me 1972-1990 results show a very ( omhming the land use data for from of the afforestation has been 10 pine di !lerent trend from the results from .947 to 1990, torest degradation can which is of limited utihty for the 1947-1981 Both agriculture (+6%) he seen hetween 1947 and 1981, but livestock sector. and forest cover ( + IO %) have recovery in torest cover is evident increased at the expense of grazing over the past ten years. Between the (-6 %) and shrub (-9 %) land. mid 1960s and 1981, torest degrada Agricultural expansion has taken place tion must have reached the lowest at the expense of shrub and grazing More than twice as much shrub land point and, since the early 1980s, the lands. By using GIS techniques it was has been converted into forests than torest cover has expanded, attaining shown that most of the expansion in into agricultural land, suggesting that 50% of the 1947 forest cover. The dry land agriculture occurred on aftorestation has helped to reverse the nationalisation of all forests in 1957 steeper and more marginal lands deforestation process documented over might be a contributing factor to the which have a high erosion risk and a the 1947-1981 time period. Sixteen forest decline. The overall trend in lower production potential. 7 1\.,..ItVIVU 1"~VV~It::llt:1 ....'l ... "vu. r ' ...... -_ .. ------ Diagrams Depicting Analysis of Land Use in Jikhu Khola 160 H[]T f [:• I? 118 '" r: I " I " +\ \ .... I,, "\ \ SHRUB I, \ \ &1 +14\ I / \ \ I "I \ \ 14; 59 1880 • 90/ " 1.1 \ \ I I \ } 10 I I \ ~ ,, ,, ., Diagram A Land Use Dynamics between 1941 and 1981 , , tal \ \ .. 75 \ \30 " , , 50 " , (1 :50000 SCALE) f- 40 (f) W a::: (1 :20000 030 \ • LL \ \ ~ \ 20 Diagram B - Detailed Land Use Dynamics, 1972-1990 (scale 1 :20,000) 10~------,_------.------_,------,------1940 1950 1960 Diagram C - Forest Land Use Dynamics and Overall Trend 1947-1990 DEGRADED LANDS AND SLOPING AGRICULTURAL LAND TECHNOLOGY (SALT) Onl; of ICIMOD', tart'et areas is the sloping .,arcel of land. contain ng hcth ~v'llveG out of the rilCO itl n t rehabIlitation of degraded lands, hoth agnclIltural and sl,pport land types, ~ustainable il!'n 8 Preparing the Ground, Ningnan County China - T Partap ICIMOD has launched a programme TH[ TEN BASIC STEPS OF SALT to introduce SALT into the Hindu Kush-Himalayas for the rehabilitation , . Make an A-frame of degraded/degrading lands. In co" operation with Asian Rural Life Deve· 2. Locate the contour lines using the A frame. lopment Foundation, an international off-shoot of the Mindanao Baptist 3. Prepare the contour lines. Centre, ICIMOD organised a training 4. Plant leguminous trees and shrubs on contours, boundaries, and on programme in Kinuskusan for partici the top of the hill. pants from Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. On return, these 5. Cultivate the strips alternately until the hedgerows develop. in-service trainees, mostly scientists 6. Plant permanent crops on every third strip. and agricultural/forestry oftlcials, are to help design and develop SALT 7. Plant crops that can be harvested early. models for their respective countries, suited to their individual conditions 8. Trim hedgerows regularly and pile the leguminous leaves and tWigs and needs. at the base of your crop. 9. Practice crop rotation. A SALT model for China has heen set up in Ningnan County already (see , O. Maintain your green terraces. plates). The scientists working on the model have tried to modify it to suit local farming needs. In Ii short period areas to see the model and facll.tate it Similarly m Bangladesh, I('JMOD of one and "a half years, the impact adoption. In the cOIlling Yl!ars, ana the Chlttagong HIli Tracts has heen very encouragmg. Convinced ICIMOD, The Chengdu Inshtute of Devdopnent Board are )omti y maKmg of the utility of SALT, the local w" BIOlogy CAS, and Nmgnan (oLnty dforts to develop a model of <;A .... T unty government has been supporting have plans to expanc. the Chmuse suited to the tarmmg conditions m thiS Visits by groups of farmers from other model to other agrDe<;Jlogica LOnt;.~. rt'glon. After Cultivation, Ningnan County, China - T. Partap 9 I\""UVI VU 1 "~W~Jtnter "Ulnoer L I - January I ::J::J!:l ------ Marketing Farm Produce in Dhading market. For involved households, -less, vend potatoes door to door in vegetahle farming takes up about 40 villages in central and southern per cent of the labour days used. The Dhading and use the cash they make farmers themselves transport the farm to buy household essentials on the way produce to the road head. These are back. Normally half the we ght of then transported to Kathmandu (26 approxlmatel y 30-3.'i kg is tak n by km) by mmihus and trucks. Marketing self-prOVIsioned food and other It In is normally done by the farmers them Marketing 10 this context can, at I sdves or hy a representatiw of three be descnbed as a ~urvlval tty to four fam households In 1990. the Oranges ofter better markd ng total marketing cost of one quintal of pects because ot bater pn vegetahles from Naubise, in the Vege the entire produce is sold to nt r tahle Wholesale Market in Kathman parties at the farm Itself Alth l du, was computed to be around NR profit margm 10 such a C"l Niga(o (Arundinaria) baskets from 90". Lack of storage facilities, the the farmer is not inconwmenc Rigaun (North Dhading) on the way to Trishuli market (Katunje-Dhading) problem of timely transportation, and marketing prohlems P. Sharma the lid hoc nature of marketing Certam areas in northern Dhadll~J, Dhading district, situated in the west like Rigaon, specialise in wwvmg of the Bagmati zone, contiguous to the baskets out of Ili~alo (Arulldillllrw sp). Kathmandu district, typifies both the Baskets and various items for house problem~ and prospects of marketing hold use woven by farmers in Rlgaon farm produce in the mountains of are quite well known in the Dhading, Nepal. The lower Trishuli watershed Gorkha, and Nuwakot districts. of Dhading is the most accessihle, as Becallse of the relatively low blolk, a almost 80 km of the Kathmandu farmer can carry between 35-40 large Pokhara highway passes through this baskets. A large basket fetches watershed. A motorable road links the between 25-30 rupees. These are market centre of Malekhu to Dhading normally sold wholesale m Dhading besi (about 22 km), the headquarters besi and Trishuli markets This of the Dhading district. A farm access actiVity has been a trad honally Market town of Dhading besi - established act, vity in village road, linking Dhading besi eventually P. Sharma with Sallyantar (52 km) in the Budhi Rlgaon and therefore informal rr Gandaki-Ankhu watershed, is under arrangements, in many cases, contri ing arrangements exist betwttn construction and ahout 20 km of earth hute to the lower proht margin to road is presently complete. Among the farmers. Wh.le the physical 10 frast rue three major watersheds of Dhading, ture .s in place, what seems to be only two lower Trishuli and Toppal ackmg is an orgamsed mstitutlOnal Khola watershed, have motorahle structure for marketing from which roads. The entire northern areas, the fanners could maxmuse heneflts. consisting of the Budhl Gandakl Ankhu Khola watershed. haw no In the norti>t'rn areas of the Ankhu roads. watershed marketing farm produce IS a strenuous and often an unrewarding Relahvely easy accessibility and the task In villages like Darkha, Gumdi, rismg urban demand for vegetables Rlgaun, Jharlang, and Sertung and fruits in Kathmandu have induced potatoes are the main crop and the the growth of vegetable farming in yields have also been improving. villages such as Naubise, Jivanpur, Portering is the principal mode of Chhatre, Kewalpur, Bhumisthan, and transporting goods. Because of the Oranges on the way to market P. Sharma Thakre, all situated along the high bulk nature of the product, Kathmandu-Pokhara highway. These transporting potatoes to markets like villages specialise in the production of Dhading besi becomes an uneconomi of households and individual business tomatoes, capsicum, beans, and cal proposition as the cost of portering establishments in markets such as that cucumbers, mainly for the Kathmandu is quite high. Some families, none-the of Trishuli in Nuwakot district. • There are approximalely 49.87 Nepale •• rupees 10 one U.S. dollar 10 Energy for Sustainable Mountain Development: The Mini/Micro-hydro Path While 'energy' has always been an 1. Mountain economies Important aspect of the development are primarily agrarian debate, UNCED 1992 has again in nature where low brought it 00 to centre stage. Stated energy input and low simply, the concerns are that, whereas factor productivity are some improvemt.'nts have taken place the order of the day in the methods of using finite Unless the economic resources, still much more remains to well-being of the be done if a truly sustainable path of mountain popUlation development is to be followed. On the IS ensurt'd, talk of a energy front, the non-renewable common future resources continued to donunate the ot.'comt.'s mere scene and tbis was a cause of great rhetoric. Enhanct:d concern To add to this concern, economic opportuni continued deflation of biomass ties demand enhancoo (forests) and the resultant rise in energy use; how art.' global warming had already reached a these needs to be met dangerous level. Therefore, the in the future when, at conference argued, a fundamental shift present, a majority of m strategy is required to manage our people depend solely finite resources so that we can secure on biomass to ful til our 'common future'. their energy needs'! 2. Promotion of the non What does the above imply for poor agricultural sector is people in general and mountain people vitally important for in particular? Can mountain people accelerated economic imagine a secure future under the growth, out yet this is eXlstmg conditions of economic inconceivahle under "Women Bear This Misery" - J. Hartley development and restricted access to the present oiomass- global resources? These are questions based, low energy demanding more attention than they input system. throughout a difficult terrain. A have been accorded so far. 3. The majority of the workforce IS centralised, unified approach to engaged merely m procuring energy issues becomes redundant, A discussion on energy issues m the (collective) energy at the moment. especially as it is very costly to context of mountain commuDities must This is not only a time·consummg supply 'energy' at each consuming necessarily go beyond the confmes of process hut also the hurden of point. the energy sector and should begin work is beyond tolerable limits. with an understandmg of the existmg WomlOn bear thiS misery. Therl) are two abundant (or poteotu ly economic realities, as outlined here. 4. Mountain people are s~attered abundant) sources of energy m the mountains; biomass which IS extensively usul at pr~ent and hydr(' power which IS almost unuseu or even when used, IS for the benetit of the plainS' population and not for that of the mountain people. Since bIOmass energy sources, e.g, forests, are dwindling, the reasons for which are both energy and non-energy demand· based, the only alternative left is to exploit hydropower. This exploitation, however, needs to be promoted in a manner in which all the four points raised above are addressed too. Large-scale exploitation of hydro power is not new to the mountain 11 I\.....IIVIUU I"ew~retler 1~IJfnOer L I - January I ~~!) artlas, but it has singularly failed to address the needs of the population. I The standard excuse is that of prohibitive transmiss ion and distribution costs vis-a-vis demand for energy 10 the mountains. The issue is I further compounded by the low purchasing power of the ptlOpk An alternative approach to hydropower explOitation in the mountains has to bt' followed if sustainable developmc~t s to be promoted :':b.s I' where eXplOitatton on a scale sUltahle to the needs of the mountain poople must he the gUiding consideration. Such considerations hring to the fore thtl attracllveness of the .nindmicro· hydropower devdopment path. energy sector 10 isolation hut as one of were required t<' bear th M inilmicro-hydropowerexploitationat the vital inputs into the 10tegrated cost of acquiring the I !lIT an dr It a decentralised level basically fu lfils devdopment of the area. But, 10 spite necessary to make USt (' tt, four Important conditions for of the demonstrated potenllal, the technology. Skill developm sustainable devdopment. spread of minilmicro-technology has awareness campaigns, 0 ev<.;n heen slow. To secure a 'common technology familiarisation could I. It suhstitutes the USe of fossil fud future', there are many supportive give much-needed support to th, in the domestic sector and has mtlasureS that could he taken to hdp mountain community potential for the suhslltution of sprtlad the technology more rapidly. biomass ti.ld as wdl. There are Out of th",se, the two most important Minilmicro-hydro technology is d end USe technologies availahle now ones are given here. technology which can take advaI' ~ge that can be adopted to SUit the of the fact that numerous streams and requirements of the domestic I. Channel more resources into nvulets cnss-cross the mountam ar as sector. promotion of this technolo!(y. At and that they can 00 channelle 12 Regional Establishment of the MENRIS Network ')urlng the implementation phase of ment of Bangladesh and with the three training will be held in March and t Ie Mountain Environment and district authoritIes of the Chittagong April 1993, and the equipment should Natural Resources' Information Hill Tracts. The MENRlS team has be available by mid-year. System (MENRIS). one of the visited the Hill Tracts and the first pnnclpal objectives has been to cycle of training was completed in Nepal: The National Planning disseminate the Geographical November 1992. The Government of Conurussion of HMG/Nepal is the 'nformation Systems' (GIS) Bangladesh decided that the Special nodal agency Training courses and • echnology to other countries in the Affairs' Division under the Prime the case study are already completed. Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region. Minister's Office will coordinate HMG has also established a National Implementation activities. Steenng Committee for GIS Th~ The methodology followed in UNDP h s been asslst.ng With the Implementing this objective has been Bhutan: There .s keen interest in the activIlJes of the Steenng Com..mtt.e. to provide training. equipment. and programme but implementatIOn will guidance in conducting collaborative. possibly not take place unti: 1994 Pakistan Contact has been e,wblisll districtbased multi sectoral case China: Two visits were made to ed between the Centre and several studies. In this way. the network will China The Laboratory for Resource agencies, Including the Pakistan ForI'S spread from the try InslJtute In national, to the Peshawar. The first regional. and, visit will take place eventually. beyond in the very near the regional level. future. The first training course IS conducted Resource Centre: at ICIMOD itself As a collateral and the second activity and 1D cycle of training is order to avoid usually conducted duplication of at the nodal agency efforts, MENRIS in each country. has been contacting individuals and Agencies have been institutions working identilied with the in GIS in the Hindu assistance of the K.lsh-Hlmalayan ICIMOD Board of Region It IS hoped Governors. After a Trainees from Bangladesh with the Director General and that data and nodal agency has Director of Programmes information will e been identified on exchanged in order the adVice of Regional Board and Lnvlfonment Information System to avoid the duplicatIOn of dlgit.. 1 d3ta Members. MENRIS staff viSit the (LRElS) of the Chinese Academy of sets. It b also proposed that proposed nodal agency, following SCience «( AS) is the main coordinat coll3borative pro· grammes take place which a Memorandum of Understand Ing body. The first cycle ofprofessio with the .nstitu tions and mdlviduals ing (MOU) IS signed. The current nal level traiDing was compl1!led in Identified status of each nodal agency as of December 1992. 1993, IS described briefly in the In addllJon, the possibd.tles for following passages. India. The G B. Pant Institute lor the collaboralJve trainmg courses and case Himalayas has been designated as the studies will be explored as mcome Afghanistan: A complete GIS tor nodal agency by the Government of generating possibilities. Afghanistan exists and many Afghani India. and the tirst cycle of training nationals have already been trained. will be held in August and September As a part of the ongoing effort to by various agencies, in GIS and 1993. create a GIS network in the Region, a related technologies. MENRIS hopes biannual MENRIS bulletin has been to be able to identi fy a nodal agency Myanmar: In November 1992, a visit launched. The second issue is already in due course. was made to Myanmar and the MOU under preparation. The bulletin was signed. The Director General in covers the news from nodal agencies, Bangladesh: Detailed discussions have the Ministry for Border Areas is the new hardware/software packages. and already taken place with the Govern- nodal agency. The first cycle of meetings on GIS/Remote Sensing. 13 II.. IIVIVU 1\l t:!WSlener I ~urnoe r L I - January 1 ~~!:> The 18th Meeting of the ICIMOD Board Kathmandu, 30 November - 1 December, 1992 Gautschi was retained as Vice development of mountain Swnmary of Board Schedule Chainnan for the 19th and 20th throughout the Hindu sessions. Nepal being the Head Himalayas. In the light of the 1. Revis ions and Clari quarters' country, it was felt by the '92 recommendations more fications on Rules of Board that Dr Upadhyaya should will be given to mtegratmg Procedure of the Board retain the Chair during the tenth concerns into ICIMOD's nrc"",'ml 2. Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the anniversary year and that for the sake work Board of contmuity the Vice Chamnanship 3 Programme and Budget for should also remam with Mr Gautschi. The Board also approved 1993 modIfied UN terms and COflUlIlon!.l 4. Future Staffing and DIscUSSiOn took place on a number of Personnel Policies ISSUes which were divided into areas 5. Proposed Establishment of of concern and first discussed hy the proceed With the e5tab!lshm ICIMOD Headquarters' Programme Committee and the ICIMOD Headquarters' (omp 1t Complex Administration and Finance Godavari. The complex would 6. Director General Matters Committee. The Board decided to of buildings and trial and d~mon reorganise ICIMOD's programmes tion facilities. Implementallon IS to into four Divisions and three service phased in line with funding Major General M.A. Rahman of Centres. The service centres include Board expressed their grail tude Bangladesh and Mr Remo Gautschi, (i) InformationfDocumentation; (ii) HMG/Nepal for making the Independent Board Member, were MENRIS; and (iii) Training. The four available to ICIMOD. Chainnan and Vice-Chainnan for the programme divisions as envisaged will 18th Meeting of the Board of be: I) Mountain Farming Systems; II) The contract of Dr. Governors of ICIMOD. Under the Mountain Population and Employ Director General of ICIMOD, revised "Rules of Procedure", in ment; III) Environmental Management been extended to March 1st future, the Chainnan and Vice a.nd Engineering; and IV) Area and a Search Committee has Chainnan are to be elected at Development Planning and Implemen each meeting from among all Board tation . The latter will also include of a successor. The Search Cc,. Members. Dr I.P. Upadhyaya of biophYSical landscape analysis. consists of Dr K.J. Beek, Mr Nepa[ was elected Chainnan for the Rajamani, Mr A.Q. Kan, tT(lI~~~1lI 19th and 20th sesSiOns to be held IC[MOD's conu'm wi.1 continue to W. Von UrfT, and Professor 10 July and December, 1993 Mr focus on sustamahle and mtegrated Dongsheng. The Second ICIMOD Donor8' Meeting The Second Donors' Meetmg took The (,hairnan clarified the p rpose of Nangji, Sr Agronoffilst of tt place on December 2nd, 1992, the Support Group \1eetinn for the Development B.mk, w immediately following the 18th benefit of new members. Cha.nnan and V Ice-Chamru: Meeting of the ICIMOD Board of lively of the 2nd Support Governors It was followed by field [n his introductory remarks. Meeting. trips to Godavari (to look at the KIMOD's Director General, Dr Headquarters ' site) and to J ikhu Khola E.F. Tacke, drew attention to two Discussions ensued on the dtX. Watershed. aspects of integrated mountain the 18th Board Meetmg .m development that should have pnority, [CIMOD's Strategic Plan and Wor~ The opening session commenced with namely, the availability of productive Programme. The session closed witl remarks by the outgoing Chairman, resources and the strategy required to statements by RegiOnal Membel H.E. Dr M. Schneller. Dr Schneller bring about a better balance between Countries and responses anq welcomed the participants and urged these resources and the population. Dr comments by Donor Countries and them to work together to detennine Tacke clari fied these two aspects even Agencies. how to improve ICIMOD's work and further in his remarks on the declining its relevance and usefulness to the natural resource base. It was agreed that the next meeting of Hindu Kush-Himalayas as well as to the ICIMOD Support Group would donor agencies in the implementation At the end of the Opening Session, Dr precede the 20th Meeting of the of their own programmes and H. Maag, Head, Asia II Section of ICIMOD Board of Governors and projects. SDC, Switzerland, and Dr Dimyati would be held on December 2nd, '93. 14 The 18th Meeting of the leIMOD Board Kathmandu, 30 November - 1 December, 1992 Gautschi was retained as Vice development of mountain socielles Swnmary of Board Schedule Chairman for the 19th and 20th throughout the Hindu Kush Th sessions. Nepal being the Head Himalayas. In the light of the UNCEU 1. Rev is ions and ClarI quarters' country, it was felt by the '92 recommendations more atlt."nllon fications on Rules of Board that Dr Upadhyaya should will be given to mtegratmg glob Procedure of the Board retain the Chair during the tenth concerns into lelMOD's progralllm 2. Election of Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the anniversary year and that for the sake work. Board of continuity the Vice-Chairmanship 3. Programme and Budget for should also remain with Mr Gautschl. The Board also approved of th 1993 modified UN terms and oondllions f 4. Future Staffing and DISCUSSIOn took place on a number of employment for ProfesSIOnal, Suprc t, Personnel Policies issues which were divided into areas and other staff. It wa~ decid ~ t 5. Proposed Establishment of of concern and first discussed by the proceed with the estabhshmLO: of ICIMOD Headquarters' Programme COiruruttee and the ICIMOD Headquarters' Complt"x m Complex AdministratIOn and Finance Godavan. The complex would cons 5t 6. Director General Matters Committee. The Board decided to of buildings and trial and demonstra reorganise ICIMOD's programmes tion facilities. Implementation is to bt" Au into four Divisions and three service phased in line with funding '!De Ihe Major General M.A. Rahman of Centres. The service centres include Board expressed their gratitude to Bangladesh and Mr Remo Gautschi, (i) Information/Documentation; (ii) HMG /Nepal for making the land Independent Board Member, were MENRIS; and (iii) Training. The four available to ICIMOD. Chairman and Vice-Chairman for the programme divisions as envisaged will 18th Meeting of the Board of be: I) Mountain Farming Systems; II) The contract of Dr. E.F. Tacke, Governors of ICIMOD. Under the Mountain Population and Employ Director General of ICIMOD, ha.~ revised "Rules of Procedure", in ment; III) Environmental Management been extended to March 1st, 1994, future, the Chairman and Vice and Engineering; and IV) Area and a Search Committee has bct"n Chairman are to be elected at Development Planning and Implemen established to facilitate the recrlll'ment each meeting from among all Board tation. The latter will also include of a successor The Search ComTDIttee Members. Dr I.P. Upadhyaya of bIOphysical landscape analysis. consists of Dr K.J. Reek, Mr. R. Nepal was elected Chairman for the Rajam oi, Mr A.Q. KJuj, Pro~ or 19th and 20th sessions to be held ICIMOD's concern will continue to W. Von UrfT, and Profe<;sor [Ill in July and December, 1993. Mr focus on sustainable and ,ntegrated Dongsheng. The Second ICIMOD Donors' Meeting The Second Donors' Meeting took The Chairman clari tied thtl purpose of Nangji, Sr Agronomist of t place on December 2nd, 1992, the Support Group Meeting for the Development Bank, w~ immediately followmg the 18th benefit ot new members. Chairman and Vlc.e ('I: mm: Meeting of the ICIMOD Board of lively of the 2r oJ Supr r< Governors. It was followed by tield In hiS introductory rtlmarks, Meetmg. trips to Godavari (to look at the ICIMOD's Director General, Dr Headquarters' site) and to Jikbu Khola E.F. Tacke, drew attention to two Discussions ensued on the d of Watershed. a<;pects of integrated mountain the 18th Board Meetmg and dtlvelopment that should have priority, ICIMOD's Strategic Plan and Work The opening session commenced with namely, the availability of productivtl Programme. The session closed With H. remarks by the outgoing Chairman, resources and the strategy rllquired to statements by Regional Member Ch H.E. Dr M. Schneller. Dr Schneller bring about a better balance between Countries and responses and Nt1 welcomed the participants and urged these resources and the population. Dr comments by Donor Countries and them to work together to determine Tacke clarified these two aspects tlven Agencies. how to improve ICIMOD's work and further in his remarks on the declining its relevance and usefulness to the natural resource base. It was agreed that the next meeting of Hindu Kush-Himalayas as well as to thtl ICIMOD Support Group would donor agencies in the implementation At thtl end of the Opening Session, Dr precede the 20th Meeting of the of their own progranunes and H. Mang, Head, Asia II Section of ICIMOD Board of Governors and projects. SDC, Switzerland, and Dr Dimyati would be held on December 2nd, '93. 14 Centre News Workshops dologies of and results from the field On tbe 31st July, 1992, Mr. Lakpa studies on the dynamics of "unsus Tsering, Division Head, Mountain The Community Forestry and User tainability". This workshop was held Infrastructure and Technology Groups' Workshop took place from in Manali, India. and participants (Division 1II) returned to Bhutan after June 1 to 4. 1992. and was held in an included 40 professionals from completion of his contract. mfonnal environment at Hattiban in ICIMOD, The G.B. Pant Institute of the Kathmandu Valley Useful Himalayan Environment and Develop On December 28th, 1992. Mr. discussIOns and exchanges of ment (GBPIHED). Agro-('entre Surendra Shrestha, Head of mlonnation took place between :nd.an Shlmla. the Indian Planning ('omrru MENRIS. ~ft the ('entre to Head the and Nepalese participants. The focus ssion. and the Universities of Shimla. was on the experiences of community Palampur, and Solan UNEP office m Bangkok. Mr hrestry user groups in Nepal and joint Shrestha Joined I(,[MOD as (,h_f lorest management initiatives in India. Departures Adnunistrator on 1st August. 1Q85. from the Asian [nshtute of rechnology A Workshop entitled Approaches to On 31st Octoher, 1992, Mr. Anwar (A[T), Bangkok. Dunng 1992 he Sustainable Development of the Ali Chaudhry, DiVIsion Head, served as Actmg DIrector of Indian Himalaya~ was held from Mountain [nlormatlOn Exchange Administration as well a~ Head of August 1 to 4, 1992. The purpose of (Programme V) returned to Pakistan MENRIS, a programme he was the workshop was to shan~ the metho- on completion of his contract. mstrumental in establishing. Visitors to ICIMOD Ms Margot Bellamy and Mr. Mr. M. Haque, Fonner Secretary, Dr. C. Rodda, World Meteorological Rudgard, CAB [nternational. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Organisation. Nepal. Mr. D. W Billing, RepresentatIve. H.E. Dr. M. Schneller, Amhassador, EEC Oftice. Kathmandu. Mr. Shamsul Is[mn Khan. Head, Gennan Embassy, Kathmand Diarrhoeal DIseases Inlormallon <;ervICes' Centn.. (D[S(,). Dhaka Dr. Patricia L. Sharpe, Book Mr. F.W. Strathmann, GTZ Bangladesh Oflicer. United Stat.:s Inlormation ( onsu.tant, G TL, Genr..lIlY <;urvices (US[<;). Mr. CIill' Lawrence, Tra; .,pc..t Research Lahomtory, ~ndon. Dr. Kunio Takase, Executive \'Ir. John Charman, EE(, Di re<;tor [nternational Develop. ",nt Cl)nsl>ltant. Kathmandu. Mr. J. Madamba, Con~ultant. Asian ('ent e of Jap , (JDC J) Development 3ank. Man la. Dr. John Cool, Wlnrock Dr_ Joachim Voss, Director. nternalJonal USA. Dr. D. Nangju, S<;nior Agrononust As an Development Bank, Manila. Sustamable ProductIOn Systems' Programme. Environment and Natural H.E. Mr. Dashdavaagiin Mr. Daniel Nelson, Correspondent Resources' Division. [DRC, Canada. Chuluudorj, Embassy of Mongoha. "Down to Earth", New Delhi. New Delhi. Dr. Li Wenhua, Independent Board Dr. W. PrelL'lS, Min. Dirigent, Member, [CIMOD Mr. Roger Finan, Director, Internal Ministry of Economic Cooperation, Audit, IDRC, Canada. Bonn, Gennany. Mr. Jon Westborg, Development Mr. R.S. Gujral, Chief Technical Mr. Ratna Shumshere Rana, Counsellor, NORAD, New Delhi. Advisor. Shivapuri Watershed Director, Institute for Sustainable Management Project, Nepal. Development, Lalitpur. Mr. Yamaguchi, nCA, Japan. 15 ' ...... 'rvIVV ,,.l..VV.:>' ..... lll.-1 •• u", ...... I ICIMOD BOARD OF GOVERNORS (as of I January 1993) Regional Board Members Independent Board Members Major General M.A. Rahman Bangladesh Mr. Ramo Gaut.chi. Vice Chairman Switzerland Swjs~ Development Cooperation (SOC) Desha lOr.' Kinzang Dorji Bhutan Or Klasjan Beek Netherlands Department of Agriculture International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) Prof. Liu Dong_hang China Dr Hark. Gurung Nepal The Chinese Academy of Sciences Director, Asia and Pacific Development Centre (Kuala lumpur) India Mr. R. Rajamani Dr Ll Wenhua Chi Ministry of Environment and Forests Chinese Academy of Sciences U. Soe Kyi Myanmar Dr. A.N. Purohit nd,. Forestry Department G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development. Almore Or. I.P. Upadhyaya, Chairman Nepal Prof. Winfried Von Urlf Germsr'Y Ministry of Education and Culture Institut fur Agrarpolitik Technischce Universitat, Munahen Mr. A.Q. Kazi Pakistan Dr . E.F. Tacke ICIMOD Ministry of Science and Technology (Exwofficio Member), Director General RECENT PUBLICATIONS Books No. 28. Strut~i~ for Su.'itai.uable Mountain A2riculture: ep Ca.lie Study User Groups forestry in the Far-Western Rt.1:ion of Nepnl. Ram B. Chhetri and Tulsi R. Pandey No. 29. Urea Mola...... es mock: A Feed Supplement for Moun~ Areas Occasional Papers No. 10. Man•• ~etuent of Pastoral Systews in the MOWltain.~. Experiell(,es ,Old Les..'Wu.~ frow West Skhuall. China No. /6. Mini· and Micro-Hydropower ill Nepal. J~an-Marion Aitken, Godfrey Cn)lllwdl, Gregory Wilihart MPE Discussion Papers Agroforestry in Mount.ain Are'l'i of the lli.udu Ku... n Himalayan Region. Je~lnnl!lIl! Dl!nhllllll Nn. 15. Ocr-Funu Employment in 1\1i3JX'ru TOWIl'ibip w No. /11. Hydrological A'ipecLIi of tbe IimnlaYlul ~ioll lIell~du;m MountaUlo; of (hwa Donald Alford "!,, I~. Off t'anu UllV10yweut w ~ uiwo f wuo;wp No. J 9 Sustaiuability of the Eln irOlillieutal Rec;ource nO}. e lIun MOllllhWl"i of (hina md Development Prioritie.. of a MOllnt.1W COlUllIunit .. Dhardeo ...epal Klt Pandor II{. 017 bnu IIlploywent w "epal: A <. '"' VOl' Oh. din;.: lli,lnct ,~ fol:"111 Illlplo\,went HI epa): ( MF~ Discussion Papers orr pha J01USOlU VU( • M:ust~ I .... I No. 2 ~ Global (rulll2e dlld f UVlrmHU llul HI \"fOunt.1W On: Fano [wployweul Ecosyslf' us " tlen~du:Ul ,\10Wltain~ of (hit 'Vo '4. ~"tai.t.mble L 'uld I SP lovolv~ free JI the lIuu.t1aHIl (J R~ioll: Perspectiles llnd Polin' hupik !hOlL'i Off Fun1l t:-: :nploy ::teut HI th ortb uICe r I'ul;,i,rau ,,"'o)~ Ajtriculturat Growth 1lJld Su.,humlblhh·, ferspecti-oe and Experience\i frow the Ilimaluya.o; No!6 TI"alL'ifonuatiou of Mountain Agriculture: ~epnl (a~~ MENRI~ Case Studies Study N(I l7 StrateJ:ies for SustaUl.lble MOllutaiu A~.i('uUllre~ PakistJ.ll Apph\.atlon, 01 C for N tural R. 'lUfl Manag lIer. {'illie Study I>jo;lll\,;l. N II ,1 <])ICIMOD PUBLISHED BY INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED MOUNTAIN DEVEWPMENT 4/801AWALAKHEL, G.P.O. BOX 3226, KATHMANDU, NEPAL Telephone (977-1) 525-313 Telex 2439 ICIMOD NP Fascimile (977-1) 524-509 Cable ICIMOD, NEPAL Typesetting: ICIMOD Publications' Unit