Burgaz Harbors Project Excavating the Harbors of Old Knidos

THE INA QUARTERLY A PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

BURGAZ HARBORS PROJECT EXCAVATING THE HARBORS OF OLD KNIDOS

LEGACIES OF GIVING A YEAR IN REVIEW INA DIRECTOR SUPPORT INA’S ANNUAL BOARD WINTER 2013 STAYS IN THE FAMILY MEETING HIGHLIGHTS VOLUME 40, NO.4 FOUNDERS DIRECTORS (CONTINUED) BODRUM RESEARCH TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Lynn Baird Shaw CENTER STAFF (CONTINUED) GRADUATE FELLOWS Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II John Baird † Jason Sturgis* Muammer Özdemir Adem Şirin Graduate Fellow Michael Katzev † Robert L. Walker, Ph.D.* Lilia Campana Lew Ward Aysel Tok Jack W. Kelley ◊ Marian M. Cook Edith Trnka Roger A. Williamson, M.D. Graduate Fellow Süleyman Türel OFFICERS/ Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Arianna DiMucci ADMINISTRATION Treasurer * Güneş Yaşar President* Sally M. Yamini AFFILIATED SCHOLARS Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. FACULTY, NAUTICAL Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. Kenan Yılmaz ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM University of Connecticut Vice President AT TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. John Broadwater, Ph.D. ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Spritsail Enterprises Vice President* Raynette Boshell Associate Professor, Sara W. Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Allan Campbell, M.D. and George O. Yamini Fellow Arthur Cohn, J.D. Lake Champlain Maritime Offce Manager Stephen Chandler Filipe Vieira de Castro, Museum Ph.D. Professor, Frederick R. Tamara Hebert William C. Culp, M.D. Mayer Professor of Nautical Mariá del Pilar Luna Dive Safety Offcer Glenn Darden Archaeology II Erreguerena, M.A. Jim Jobling Nicholas Griffs National Institute of Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Anthropology and History Robin P. Hartmann Associate Professor, Nautical BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER Archaeology Faculty Fellow Ben Ford, Ph.D. Director Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Indiana University of Tûba Ekmekçi Susan Katzev Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Pennsylvania Professor, George T. & Gladys Finance Manager William C. Klein, M.D. H. Abell Chair in Nautical Jeremy Green, M.A. Özlem Doğan George W. Lodge Archaeology, Yamini Family Western Australia Maritime Museum Thomas McCasland, Jr. Chair in Liberal Arts DIRECTORS Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. Dana F. McGinnis Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Oğuz Aydemir Associate Professor, Brock University Jeffrey Morris Gordon W. Bass Frederick R. Mayer Professor Jerome Hall, Ph.D. Michael Plank José L. Bermúdez, Ph.D.* of Nautical Archaeology I University of San Diego Terry A. Ray Edward O. Boshell, Jr. C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Anne Darden Self Associate Professor, John Cassils, M.D. Central Connecticut State Betsey Boshell Todd INA Faculty Fellow University Lucy Darden * Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Thomas F. Darden Professor, Meadows Professor Trinity University Garry A. Weber John De Lapa of Biblical Archaeology Chairman* Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. BODRUM RESEARCH Vasa Museum EMERITUS FACULTY, Danielle J. Feeney * CENTER STAFF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Robert Hohlfelder, Ph.D. James A. Goold Bilge Güneşdoğ̌du Akman Secretary & PROGRAM AT TEXAS A&M University of Colorado at General Counsel* Miray Olcay Ata UNIVERSITY Boulder Marc Grodman, M.D. Mustafa Babacık George F. Bass, Ph.D. Mark Lawall, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor University of Manitoba Jeff Hakko Mehmet Çiftlikli Emeritus R. Bowen Loftin, Ph.D. Zafer Gül Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. Stanford University Rebecca Martin Gülser Kazancıoğ̌lu J. Richard Steffy† Greg Maslow, M.D. Orkan Köyağasıoğ̌lu John McManamon, S.J. Loyola University Alex G. Nason Nurgül Külah George Robb, Jr. Sheila Matthews

2 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board | † Deceased AFFILIATED SCHOLARS (CONTINUED) Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. CONTENTS Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi David Stewart, Ph.D. East Carolina University Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. DEPARTMENTS American Numismatic Society 4 LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN Wendy Van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. Flinders University 6 NEWS AND EVENTS Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. 24 REVIEW Tidewater Atlantic Research 26 2013 DONORS, SPONSORS, AND SUPPORTERS RESEARCH ASSOCIATES John A. Albertson J. Barto Arnold, M.A. FIELD REPORT Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. Lilia Campana, M.A. 8 EXCAVATING THE HARBORS 8 OF OLD KNIDOS Chris Cartellone, M.A. A report on the continuing exca- Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. vation of the ancient harbors on José Luis Casabán Turkey's Datça Peninsula BY ELIZABETH S. GREENE, JUSTIN Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. LEIDWANGER, & NUMAN TUNA Joshua Daniel, M.A. Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. Heather Hatch, M.A. ARTICLES Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. Michael Jones, Ph.D. 14 2013 BOARD MEETING HIGHLIGHTS Jun Kimura, Ph.D. INA Directors and Offcers gather Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. in San Antonio to celebrate an- Berta Lledó other successful year and prepare for upcoming projects in 2014 Colin Martin, Ph.D. Veronica Morriss, M.A. 14 18 LEGACIES OF GIVING A look at the founding directors Robert Neyland, Ph.D. of INA and the children who have Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. followed in their footsteps Robin C. M. Piercy BY GEORGE F. BASS Juan Pinedo Reyes John Pollack, M.Sc. Mark Polzer, M.A. Kelby Rose, M.A. Donald Rosencrantz Jeff Royal, Ph.D. Randall Sasaki, M.A. ON THE COVER: INA Archivist and George Schwarz, Ph.D. TAMU graduate student Megan Anderson Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. records the lower courses of the south 18 wall in harbor L2 at Burgaz, Turkey. Photo: K. Krusell

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 3 The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-proft organization whose mission is to advance the search for the history of civilization by LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN fostering excellence in underwater archaeology

The INA Quarterly (ISSN 1090- 2635) is published by the INA’s 40th annual fertile Datça peninsula. During Dr. Institute of Nautical Archaeology Board Meeting in San Elizabeth Greene's presentation at the Antonio, Texas was a fun INA Board Meeting I learned that the Publication of the INA Quarterly and stimulating gather- small city of Datça was originally the is made possible by a grant ing of friends old and ancient city-state of Knidos, located 40 from the Ed Rachal Foundation new. Te fabled city of San Antonio was km from what we know as the historic an appropriate setting for our diverse city of Knidos at the rocky end of the Editor group and its love of cultural history. peninsula. With its broad plains, alluvial Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Although seeing treasured friends is one soil and many natural harbors it makes of the best parts of every INA meeting, sense that this was the origin of a city as Assistant Editor hearing and seeing the project presenta- important, productive, and prosperous as Stephanie Koenig tions given by some of our many afli- Knidos. Te area is well known today for ated scholars is my favorite part. its prized almonds, honey and olive oil. Designer Sponsoring as many research projects Also featured in this issue is an article Jacqueline Munz and excavations as possible has been a from our prolifc founder and ofcial goal from well before I became INA INA historian, Dr. George Bass, about Printed by Chairman in 2010. To fnd historically the many multi-generational families Newman Printing Co., Inc. signifcant shipwrecks we must cast a who have been early, generous and con- Bryan, Texas wide net. Te recent meeting of the tinual supporters of INA. It is inspiring INA Archaeology Committee granted that after 40 years INA has this many Institute of Nautical Archaeology $60,000 to 13 projects, including the interested and active second- and third- P.O. Drawer HG frst annual Claude Duthuit Archaeol- generation benefactors. Tese families College Station, Texas ogy Grant, a $25,000 block grant to form the core and foundation of INA, 77841-5137 USA one archaeological project, which was literally and fguratively. We are fortu- email [email protected] conferred on Dr. Kroum Batchvarov's nate and appreciative to have them and phone (979) 845-6694 Scarborough Harbour Project on the to beneft from their loyal support. fax (979) 847-9260 Caribbean island of Tobago. www.nauticalarch.org Tis issue of the INA Quarterly features an article about a favorite place The opinions expressed in the of mine in Turkey, the tranquil and John De Lapa INA Quarterly articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily refect the views John De Lapa steers of the Institute The Sultan which he de- signed and built in 1992. If you are interested in submitting an article for publication please contact the Editor at [email protected]

This is the incredible story of a half century of unlocking the mysteries of ancient shipwrecks by INA Founder George F. Bass and his team, who are recog- nized as the pioneers of marine archaeology. ARCHAEOLOGY BENEATH THE SEA: MY FIFTY YEARS OF DIVING ON ANCIENT SHIPWRECKS chronicles the enormous challenges faced in developing techniques of underwater surveys and excavations, with remarkable results. Their most signifcant excavations, in Turkey, are illustrated with breath- taking photos. ARCHAEOLOGY BENEATH THE SEA is a unique adventure not to be missed.

Kindle edition now available at www.amazon.com

File Size: 87354 KB Print Length: 404 pages Optimized for larger screens Boyut Publishing (2013) Sold by: Amazon Digital Services, Inc. NEWS & EVENTS

NEWS & EVENTS INA equipment donations, Keith Muckelroy award, the BRC, NRG, AIA and SHA

GIFTS OF EQUIPMENT WACHSMANN WINS 2013 nautical history, and maritime trade. Te THAT KEEP GIVING MUCKELROY AWARD 2013 meeting, held in Charleston, South Two important pieces of INA equipment Congratulations to Shelley Wachsmann, Carolina, featured a presentation by Loren are being refurbished for shipment to Sri Chair of INA’s Archaeological Com- Stefy on his father Dick’s frst model of Lanka, where they will be used by an INA mittee, who was named joint winner, an Egyptian ship from 1400 BC (INAQ team excavating the ancient shipwreck at with Sir Barry Cunlife, of the Nautical 40.2). During the technical sessions that Godavaya (INAQ 40.1). Te frst is a unit Archaeology Society’s 2013 Keith Muck- followed, former INA president Fred for making oxygen-enriched breathing gas elroy Memorial Award. Te committee Hocker, now Director of Research at the (Nitrox), which arrived at the initiative conferred the award jointly on Wachs- Vasa Museum, shared new insights into of previous INA Diving Safety Ofcer mann’s latest book, Te Gurob Ship-Cart the history and design of the famed 17th- Bill Charlton Jr. Te unit was funded by Model and Its Mediterranean Context century Swedish warship. Recent Nauti- INA Director George Robb, built by Bob (INAQ 40.3) and Cunlife’s Britain Be- cal Archaeology Program (NAP) Ph.D. and Cindy Olsen of Nitrox Technologies gins, noting: “Te Gurob Ship-Cart Model graduate and INA Research Associate Inc, and used for the frst time on INA’s is an impressive and attractive piece of Rebecca Ingram gave a presentation on Byzantine shipwreck excavation at Bozbu- scholarship, which we all felt that Keith eight Byzantine shipwrecks from the Teo- run, Turkey in 1999. Breathing oxygen- would have enjoyed. It is tightly focused dosian Harbor at Yenikapı in Istanbul, enriched air allows divers to beneft from on an unusual and very narrow subject, Turkey, excavated by an INA team. We are longer bottom times, shorter surface inter- which the author considers with great optimistic that the collaborative feldwork vals between dives, and increased mental originality and rigour. Wachsmann uses of NAP students and INA researchers will clarity at depth. this discovery and his expertise on Bronze be featured at the 2014 NRG conference, Te second item is a recompression and Iron Age ships and seafaring to pro- October 16-19, in St. Louis, Missouri. chamber donated to INA by Texas A&M vide a thorough survey of the historical University Professor Emeritus Dr. Bill situation in the late second millennium Fife. Fife, a colonel in the U.S. Air Force, BC, and the available evidence for early retired after 30 years of active duty and Mediterranean shipping, thereby giving went on to become a pioneer of undersea the ship-model its wider context. It is also medicine, director of TAMU’s Hyperbaric a very enjoyable read. In many ways this Laboratory, and Head of the Depart- is maritime archaeology at its best.” ment of Biology. Both units were recently Te Gurob Ship-Cart Model is Wachs- refurbished at Gulf Coast Breathing Air in mann’s ffth book and this is his third Houston, Texas, before being installed in book award. a 20’-long shipping container and shipped to Sri Lanka for INA’s upcoming excava- INA AND THE NAUTICAL tion of the ancient shipwreck at Godavaya. RESEARCH GUILD In October 2013, INA scholars continued the tradition begun by pioneer researcher FOLLOW INA and model builder J. Richard ‘Dick’ Stefy ONLINE by participating in the annual meeting of Find the latest news, the Nautical Research Guild (NRG). Te excavation blogs, NRG (www.thenrg.org) was founded in photos and more at 1948 and strives to advance historically-ac- www.nauticalarch.org. Like our Facebook curate ship modeling through the quarter- page, too! ly Nautical Research Journal, which features articles on shipbuilding, model building,

6 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 SUMMER RESEARCH IN with INA afliated scholar Elizabeth Ships, Shipwrecks and Harbors session. BODRUM Greene (Brock University). In addition, Also participating were INA afliated INA’s Bodrum Research Center (BRC) BRC staf members were delighted to scholar Justin Leidwanger, INA research in southwestern Turkey was the sum- greet INA Director Danielle Feeney, associate Peter van Alfen, and INA mer home of many researchers during editor Mehmet Bezdan (Aktuel Archae- archivist Megan Anderson. 2013, including INA Vice President and ology Magazine), scientist Lee Drake At the SHA conference in Quebec TAMU faculty member Cemal Pulak (Bruker Elemental), archaeologist Nergis City, INA Vice President and TAMU who continued his ongoing analysis of Gunsenin (Istanbul University), botanist faculty member Kevin Crisman co- the Uluburun, Yassıada Ottoman, and Nili Liphschitz (Tel Aviv University), chaired, with INA research associ- Yenikapı shipwrecks with the assistance historian Michael McCormick (Harvard ate George Schwarz, a symposium of various students and researchers. University), and dendrochronologist dedicated to steamboat archaeology in INA President and TAMU faculty mem- Tomasz Wazny (University of Arizona), North America. INA research associ- ber Deborah Carlson continued her as well as groups from National Geo- ate John Pollack and INA Treasurer research on the Kızılburun column graphic Expedition Tours, Archaeologi- Robyn Woodward delivered a paper on wreck and began mechanical cleaning of cal Institute of America Tours, and the the steamboats of western Canada, and the marble column drums with the help Sardis excavation team. INA afliated scholar Kroum Batchva- of TAMU students and INA conserva- rov presented the results of his recent tion staf. Together with colleagues ACRONYM ANYONE? feldwork at Rockley Bay, Tobago. visiting from the University of Cyprus, INA AT THE AIA AND SHA Numerous graduate students and faculty INA afliated scholar Nicolle Hirschfeld INA researchers prevailed against the of the INA-afliated Nautical Archaeol- (Trinity University) analyzed metal fearsome weather and cancelled fights ogy Program at Texas A&M University fragments from the Late Bronze Age this winter in order to attend the annual delivered papers about various aspects shipwreck at Cape Gelidonya. TAMU meeting of the Archaeological Insti- of artifact conservation, digital technol- Professor Emeritus Fred van Doorninck, tute of America (AIA) in Chicago and ogy, and ship reconstruction; to view in his ongoing study of the ampho- the Society for Historical Archaeology the abstracts visit http://www.sha2014. ras from the Byzantine shiprweck at (SHA) in Quebec City. In Chicago, com/program.pdf. Yassıada, was assisted by various TAMU presentations on INA feldwork and We thank all of these individuals for alumni including Justin Leidwanger research were given by Grace Tsai, showcasing the research and results of so (Stanford University), who was also Mark Polzer, and Deborah Carlson and many INA-supported projects at these co-directing feld research at Burgaz Elizabeth S. Greene, who co-chaired the important scholarly venues!

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 7 EXCAVATING THE HARBORS OF OLD KNIDOS

INA Affliated Scholars continue their collaborative exploration of ancient Greek harbors on Turkey's Datça peninsula in order to document the area's changing maritime landscape

BY ELIZABETH S. GREENE, JUSTIN LEIDWANGER, & NUMAN TUNA

8 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 ELIZABETH S. GREENE, JUSTIN LEIDWANGER, & NUMAN TUNA

ince 2011, a team from Brock site served as a hub for communication University and Stanford Universi- and trade with links to Halicarnassus, Sty has been conducting survey and Simi, Kos, and Rhodes. Te late 4th cen- excavation, in collaboration with Middle tury saw fundamental shifts in the urban East Technical University (METU) fabric at Burgaz, with more rudimen- and INA, in the shallows at Burgaz in tary workshops and industrial facilities southwest Turkey. Te settlement here, replacing earlier civic and domestic spaces complete with four built harbors, four- throughout the city center. Tis transfor- ished especially during the Archaic and mation is concurrent with, and almost Classical periods (ca 700-350 BCE), but certainly connected to, the founding of remained in use throughout antiquity. New Knidos on the tip of the Datça Pen- Located just east of the modern town of insula, a site probably best known for its Datça, the site has long been identifed 4th-century Aphrodite cult statue carved as the settlement of the Knidians before by Praxiteles. Travelers from around the their move to the tip of the peninsula, Greek world made pilgrimages to the city where extensive habitation at Tekir— to visit the nude statue, so awe-inspiring about 30 km to the west—can be traced that the goddess upon viewing herself is only from around the 4th century. While said to have wondered (Greek Anthology the nature of the connection between the 16.160), “Where did Praxiteles see me two sites has sparked scholarly debate, naked?” Te Aphrodite stood as a symbol most current accounts of the region of the cultural internationalism of the accept the notion of two related settle- new Knidian city: a civic and religious ments, and the identifcation of Burgaz center and a maritime hub of Hellenistic as ‘Old Knidos’ seems well supported in cosmopolitanism marked by its double readings of the historical evidence. harbors. Burgaz initially prospered because of its Although our interests focus on the proximity to fertile agricultural land as earlier socioeconomic activity at Burgaz, well as its ready access to the sea. In its the complementary relationship between foundation and initial development, the Old and New Knidos refects an evolving local, regional and international maritime centrality that speaks to our project’s Opposite: Aerial view of Harbor 1 in the fore- overall research aims. Trough collabora- ground and the large Harbor 4 in the distance; running between the two parallel to the shore tive feldwork that juxtaposes evidence can be seen remains of the seawall. from the terrestrial and underwater areas

B odrum Peninsula TURKEY HALICARNASSUS YASSIADA

ŞEYTAN DERESI PABUÇ BURNU KOS

MARMARIS

Datça Bozburun NEW KNIDOS Peninsula BURGAZ Peninsula (Old Knidos) BOZBURUN

SYMI SERÇE LIMANI PHOTO: N. TUNA. N. PHOTO:

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 9 EXCAVATING THE HARBORS OF OLD KNIDOS

of the site, we explore how the changing decades of underwater investigations ranean and Aegean worlds. maritime landscape of Burgaz refects have revealed shipwrecks from the Bronze Our project explores the breadth of mari- a series of fundamental socioeconomic Age through the Byzantine period and time socioeconomic interaction, including shifts along the Datça Peninsula, from the beyond. Excavated wrecks in the region the fundamental stages that came before city’s rise as an Archaic maritime center, include those at Şeytan Deresi, Pabuç and after the distribution of commodities to the late Classical relocation of the civic Burnu, Yassıada, Bozburun, and Serçe through shipping. How and where were core, and its ultimate decline at the end Limanı. Tese projects have demonstrated goods produced? How were cargoes and of antiquity. clearly that the southeast Aegean was for shipments organized and by whom? To Looking farther seaward, the project is centuries an important point of transit, what degree are literary descriptions of poised to answer questions at the heart of where ships carried goods for distribution maritime loans and the busy socioeconom- INA’s long-term explorations along the around the region and internationally, ic lives of ports and harbors mirrored in Bodrum and Datça Peninsulas, where particularly between the eastern Mediter- the archaeological record? And when goods reached their destinations, how did the harbors at Burgaz and other cities facilitate their redistribution and consumption? What was the relationship between harbor installations and the nearby settlements? How did the positioning of port cities change depending on shipping trends,

The project is poised to answer questions at the heart of INA’s long-term explorations along the Bodrum and Datça Peninsulas.

and what happened to those sites left behind? Te phenomenon of wandering cities—what we might think of as ‘por- table ports’—is a curious but not unusual occurrence in antiquity, where pragmatic economics may have served as critical mo- tivators behind urban relocations.

HARBOR 1 (L1) Te shift from civic to industrial activity is refected in the town’s harbors, connected to the settlement by a series of paved streets. Te closest harbor, designated Harbor 1 (L1 for ‘Liman 1’ on the plan), probably served the settlement in its earliest stages. An excellent natural harbor, it ofers good mooring space during the prevailing northwest meltem winds. Today, the basin’s maximum dimensions are barely 65 m across by 60 m from shore, and the entrance channel between its two moles is relatively nar-

10 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 ELIZABETH S. GREENE, JUSTIN LEIDWANGER, & NUMAN TUNA

lowest levels belonging to the late Classical and early Hellenistic eras (4th and 3rd centuries BCE). Large rocks throughout the area— and in some places quantities of roof tiles—likely point to the collapse of the harbor structures, perhaps associated with a sea level change after the Hellenistic era, as preliminary geophysical analysis indicates. In 2013, geophysical coring in and around L1 was initiated by Beverly Goodman- Tchernov from the University of Haifa. Results from these cores may help to clarify the formation pro- cess of the harbors and provide a

AUTHORS

ELIZABETH S. GREENE Associate Professor, Brock University

row at only 10-15 m, fgures that would low-lying felds. suggest a very modest capacity. Te A primary focus of our project has been JUSTIN LEIDWANGER extremely shallow depth—at present no the excavation of a trench in L1 along the Assistant Professor, deeper than 3 m—and the general topog- northern harbor mole in L1 and extend- Stanford University raphy in the area suggest that consider- ing toward the seawall. All ceramics were able sedimentation may have pushed the collected for quantifcation by ware and shoreline outward and reduced an area fabric, as well as more detailed study of that originally extended into the adjacent diagnostic sherds for dating purposes. Sherd counts reveal a high proportion Opposite page: Map of Burgaz showing the of amphora material in comparison general layout of the four harbors and the ex- to cooking pots or domestic common cavations in the city center. This page from top: wares, as would be expected from a Late Classical and early Hellenistic workshops NUMAN TUNA excavated by METU in the southeast sector of harbor context. Ceramics recovered Professor, Middle East the site; Yael Braun and Nairouz Qubty take a from the trench are all fragmentary, with Technical University

MAP: N. TUNA & METU; TOP PHOTO: N. TUNA; BOTTOM: K. KRUSELL TUNA; BOTTOM: N. PHOTO: TOP & METU; TUNA MAP: N. core in the waters just outside L1. the majority of datable sherds from the

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 11 EXCAVATING THE HARBORS OF OLD KNIDOS

shipwreck were investigated at approxi- structures here include moles and two mately 4 m of depth just inside the north- probable towers: one located at the end ern mole of L4. Diagnostic features of at of the northeast mole, the other near the least 25-30 Late Roman 1 (LR1) and Late midpoint of the southwest mole. Both Roman 2 (LR2) amphoras—similar to the towers are approximately square, with two types that dominate the 7th-century dimensions ranging from 7.5 m to nearly Yassıada shipwreck cargo—lie exposed on 9 m. Te architectural style, preliminarily the seabed, and some additional material explored through test excavations in 2013, was uncovered beneath the fne sand. Oral exhibits strong parallels with the city walls reports suggest that this collection was and suggests that these features incorporat- once larger and included intact examples. ed into the walls of L2 may be associated Today, many artifacts appear disturbed with Burgaz’s late Classical fortifcations. from their original context, likely the Construction of walls over a rubble base is result of the site’s location near a popular typical for earthquake-prone regions and clearer picture of the depths of the original swimming area. hints at the engineering questions that lay harbor foors. Outside the basin, survey beneath harbor constructions before the has revealed evidence for maritime activity HARBOR 2 (L2) & HARBOR 3 (L3) age of hydraulic cement. Together, the ranging from the Archaic period through To the south of the town and its acropolis, moles protect the basin in most seasonal the late Roman. harbor facilities continue throughout the weather conditions and the towers may area designated as Harbor 2 (L2). Built suggest a military purpose; perhaps the HARBOR 4 (L4) After the 4th century the focus of commercial activity at Burgaz seems to shift Conversations with local residents have underscored toward the north of the original settlement the need for full documentation of the harbor core, in particular to the area surround- ing the large Harbor 4, labeled L4, a less structures, shipwreck remains, and other underwater sheltered but also larger, deeper, and less cultural heritage. silted alternative to L1. Along the southern end of L4, an area of mixed architectural features can be identifed as belonging to a series of workshops, complete with several built storage basins and a submerged fragmentary wine press of Hellenistic date. From an architectural perspective, submerged harbor features near L4 are typical of Hellenistic masonry construction, confrming the continued interest in maintaining maritime infrastructure after the relocation of the city’s habitation complexes to New Knidos toward the end of the Classical era. In addition to architectural features on shore and in the shallows, the scattered ceramic remains of a probable late Roman

This page from top: Annie Parker and Nairooz Qubty sample a core taken from the seabed outside L1; Recording partially submerged structures along the southern end of L4. Opposite page: Karl Krusell foats above the excavation area in L2 with the harbor wall and square tower visible in the background.

12 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 ELIZABETH S. GREENE, JUSTIN LEIDWANGER, & NUMAN TUNA

military harbor in which Tucydides include Middle East Technical University, (8.43) suggests ship repair took place dur- Brock University, Stanford University, INA, SUGGESTED READING ing the Peloponnesian War. the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Conversations with local residents have Council of Canada, the Canadian Foun- underscored the need for full documenta- dation for Innovation, and Texas A&M Bean, G.E. and J.M. Cook. 1952. “The tion of the harbor structures, shipwreck University. Tanks are due to the Turkish Cnidia.” Annual of the British School at Athens 47: 171-212. remains, and other underwater cultural Ministry of Culture and Tourism and its heritage in light of destructive winter representatives on the project, as well as the Demand, N. 1990. Urban Reloca- storms and the inevitable expansion of Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeol- tion in Archaic and Classical Greece. tourism in the area. One of the many key ogy. Critical logistical support was provided Norman. diferences between our work at Burgaz by Tuba Ekmekçi and Volkan Demirciler. Hodder, I. 2002. “Ethics and Archaeol- and the ‘typical’ INA shipwreck excavation Nadire Atıcı and İlham Sakarya have of- ogy: The Attempt at Çatalhöyük.” Near is that we do not cling to the side of an fered assistance and guidance in the feld Eastern Archaeology 65: 174-81. isolated clif, idyllic as that can be. Instead and the lab, while the geomorphological we work among dog walkers, swimmers, contributions of Beverly Goodman-Tchernov Tuna, N. 2012. Knidos Teritoryumu’nda joggers and campers, local residents and and her team have been vital in bettering Arkeolojik Araştırmalar / Archaeologi- cal Investigations at the Knidian Ter- summer visitors, all of whom have difer- our understanding of the dynamic coastline ritorium. Ankara. ing knowledge and levels of interest in the along this area. Many students and staf site. Trough our work in and among the have participated over the past three seasons, Tuna, N., N. Atıcı, İ. Sarkaya, and E. community at Burgaz we hope to raise and the project could not have succeeded Koparal. 2009. “The Preliminary re- awareness of this signifcant site as well without their assistance; particular thanks sults of Burgaz excavations within the context of locating Old Knidos.” In Die as the continued importance of maritime are due to our two feld supervisors, Troy Karer und die Anderen, Internationales archaeology in Turkey. Nowak and Lana Radlof. Finally, we owe Kolloquium an der Freien Universitat immense debts to the local residents of Bur- Berlin, 13-15 Oct. 2005, edited by F. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS gaz and Eski Datça for their kind welcome Rumscheid, 517-532. Bonn. Supporting institutions and agencies that and interest in the exploration and preserva-

TOP PHOTO: K. KRUSELL; BOTTOM LEFT: E. GREENE; BOTTOM RIGHT: M. ANDERSON M. RIGHT: E. GREENE; BOTTOM LEFT: K. KRUSELL; BOTTOM PHOTO: TOP made possible the feldwork at Burgaz tion of this local maritime cultural heritage.

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 13 2013 BOARD MEETING HIGHLIGHTS

1. John Cassils and Ann Bass 2. Orkan Kӧyağasioğlu and Tuba Ekmekçi 3. Debo- 5 rah Carlson 4. Ken Trethewey, with John Carlson (R) and Orkan Kӧyağasioğlu (L) 2013 BOARD MEETING HIGHLIGHTS INA Directors and Offcers gather in San Antonio to celebrate another successful year 4 and prepare for upcoming projects in 2014.

14 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 6 7

5. Mission Espada church 6. Terry and Laurie Ray 7. Raynette and Ned Boshell 8. Cocktail reception at the Alamo 8 9. Jason Sturgis (L) and Jonathan Oge (R) 10 10. Danielle Feeney at Casa Hernan PHOTOS: DEBORAH CARLSON; JOHN LITTLEFIELD PHOTOS:

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 15 2013 BOARD MEETING HIGHLIGHTS

1. Tamara Hebert (L) and Tuba Ekmekçi (R) 2. Mission San José 3. Philip Fay and 3 Nicolle Hirschfeld 4. Laura White, Kevin Crisman, and Roger Williamson (R)

4 5

16 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 Gitius con cus molumquiatam quiae. Us, conecte nonsequi 6 7

5. The Alamo chapel 6. Attendees await the project presentations 7. John De Lapa 8. Cemal Pulak, Susan Katzev, and Faith Hentschel (R) 9. Marja and George Newton 10. San Antonio Riverwalk

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 17 18 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 GEORGE F. BASS

INA: A FAMILY AFFAIR

BY GEORGE F. BASS

n 1972, my wife Ann, our lawyer Katzev, Ann Bass, and me. Looking back Baird Shaw, who in 2000 came within an Steve Gadon, and I served as the half a century, I am delighted that all of hour’s sail of INA’s Tektaş Burnu excava- Iminimal three directors required our families later became involved with tion with her dad before being thwarted to form a corporation. Other than a INA, as did families of directors who from reaching the site by unseasonably hundred-dollar gift from a friend for later joined the board. bad weather. stationery, however, we had an institute John Baird was the second person, after John Brown Cook was the third person in name only. his friend Jack Kelley, to make a multi- to make a multi-year fnancial commit- Early the next year a small group of year pledge to INA, thereby helping ment to INA. He had long supported people assembled in a Philadelphia hotel make viable the fedgling institute. Over Michael Katzev’s excavation and restora- to organize and give substance to what the years, John probably visited more tion of a 4th-century B.C. wreck of the has become the Institute of Nautical INA excavations than anyone, from coast of Cyprus. Michael’s uncovering Archaeology (INA). Tat founding board Turkey to Maine, from Virginia to the of a shipment of wine frst piqued John’s of directors included John Baird, John Azores, and even to Kenya, all the while interest because of his love of wine, the Brown Cook, Nixon Grifs, Michael hunting for rare spare parts for INA’s Mediterranean, and cutting edge tech- ship Virazon, whose diesel engine was no nology. When he learned that Michael longer manufactured. Well into his 90s, had agreed to serve as vice president of This page from left: Lynn Baird Shaw and John Baird in Turkey; John and Marian Cook with he remained fully involved in INA. INA, he joined forces with INA, but children Gregg and Marcia; Opposite: Gordon After John’s death, his place on the lived only four more years. and George Bass at Long Island Sound in 2004. board was taken by his daughter, Lynn Marian Cook, John’s widow, was not

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 19 INA: A FAMILY AFFAIR

Legacies and continuing family interest in INA did not stop with directors, founding or otherwise.

only elected to the board, but later two years they were married and during Berkley, had the perfect background to served as a gracious chairwoman, her their honeymoon on Cyprus were taken serve as INA’s frst vice president. Memo- twinkly smile unforgettable. As she grew by sponge diver Andreas Cariolou to the rably, he was a stickler for the board’s older, the Cooks’ son Gregg became both wreck near Kyrenia that Michael and adherence to Robert’s Rules of Order. a second-generation INA director and Susan made famous. Susan Womer Katzev has not only a second-generation chairman of the Michael, with a B.A. in economics joined the board since Michael’s untime- board! Surely it was this experience that from Stanford and an M.A. in art his- ly passing, but has taken on the responsi- led to his second career with the estab- tory from the University of California at bility of seeing that the Kyrenia wreck is lishment of Submergence Group, fully published. LLC, which designs and builds Nixon Grifs, while president of manned and unmanned submersibles Brentano’s Bookstores in New York, for the military. Washington, and Paris, was the frst Michael Katzev had joined the staf individual ever to support my work in of my Yassıada excavation in 1964 the Mediterranean. We met in Peter when he was a graduate student of Trockmorton’s New York loft in early art history at Columbia University. He soon transferred to the University From top left: Susan and Michael Katzev of Pennsylvania to work more closely in Kyrenia; Nicholas Griffs at the entrance with us in what was then called sim- to the Griffs Lab at the Bodrum Research ply “underwater archaeology.” On Center (BRC); George Bass with Alex Nason Yassıada (Flat Island) he met Susan opening the Nason Computer Center at the BRC; Claude and Barbara Duthuit with Ann Womer, who had been our staf artist Bass in Paris. From bottom left: Nixon Griffs since 1961, when she was a Swarth- departing Serçe Limanı; George and daugh- more College undergraduate. Within ter Sally Yamini attending an INA dinner.

20 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 GEORGE F. BASS

1960, before I’d even learned to dive, willed her entire estate to INA, saying and Alan, have grown up with INA, to listen with a few others to Peter’s il- it was because of Nixon’s love of it and spending summers in expedition camps lustrated sales pitch about a Bronze Age the entire feld his initial contribution and once out of school for an entire year shipwreck he had located at Cape Gelid- helped to create. in Bodrum to help sort and mend glass onya, Turkey, and how he thought that it Surprisingly, when we frst met Nicho- from the medieval shipwreck at Serçe could be excavated as carefully under wa- las Grifs, Nixon’s archaeology-student Limanı. I was delighted, therefore, that ter as on land. Nixon not only continued grandson, he was unaware of his grandfa- as soon as he was able to ofer support, to support my work through the years ther’s involvement in nautical archaeology. Gordon showed continuing interest by at Yassıada (Turkey), but joined us there It was an emotional experience for me, joining the INA board. Te only time as a diver, as he had at Cape Gelidonya, therefore, when the younger Nick Grifs we dived together, however, was on a taking his turn as night watchman on dived to see the 5th-century B.C. wreck personal visit to where the S.S. Atlantic the deck of the dive barge. being excavated by INA at Tektaş Burnu. sank in a terrible storm in Long Island After Nixon’s death, his daughter Of course Ann and my sons, Gordon Sound in 1846, killing Gordon’s great Heathea, who had spent a summer great great grandfather. on Yassıada when she was a teenager, Legacies and continuing family called to say that she wanted to do interest in INA did not stop with something in her father’s memory, directors, founding or otherwise. In which led to the establishment of the 1973, although he did not become a Nixon Grifs Conservation Labora- director, F. Alex Nason, a founder of tory at INA’s Research Center in the Lubrizol Corporation, where John Bodrum, Turkey. Te wing of the lab Baird spent his career, paid for the that houses wood treatment tanks, double-lock, multi-person recompres- which were just joined by a huge sion chamber that is still in use aboard freeze-dryer, is named after Heathea, Virazon. Years later, John brought Alex who died tragically young. Nason’s grandson, a much younger Cary Denney was Nixon’s compan- Alex Nason, to a meeting of the INA ion in Florida in his later years, ac- board, which he joined not long after, companying him to a board meeting and donated a wing of INA’s Bodrum in Bodrum. To my astonishment she Research Center (BRC) in Turkey.

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 21 INA: A FAMILY AFFAIR

Over the years, family involvement Claude, Barbara continued to support has had varied beginnings. In 1980, INA projects in Spain and Vietnam, has Michael Katzev guided INA’s frst endowed an INA feldwork grant in his cruise from Athens as far as Serçe name, and pledged to replace the aging Limanı, Turkey, where INA was INA feet. excavating the 11th-century “Glass When Frank Darden read a newspaper Wreck.” Among those on board the article about our work in 1983, he called Greek ship Orea Eleni were Bill and me immediately from Fort Worth to Judy Sturgis of Gardnerville, Nevada. learn more about the Institute. Probably Bill saw our primitive expedition because he was an avid yachtsman, the camp, to which all fresh water for study of ship evolution intrigued him, washing, drinking, and cooking was and later that year, with wife Lucy and brought out a couple of times a week daughter Anne, he attended an INA by a fshing boat in two 55-gallon oil board meeting in Jamaica that included a drums. As soon as he returned home, visit to INA’s excavation of the drowned Bill bought a fresh-water maker for colonial city of Port Royal. Frank quickly us, which changed our lives. Soon he Claude Duthuit was not only an early became a loyal INA director. was on the board. When visiting Turkey, INA director, but a pioneer from the After Frank’s passing, his place on the even directors don’t have a free ride. On very frst of the work that made INA a return trip, Bill found himself helping possible, actively engaged in excava- Top left: Frank Darden at the 1986 INA Board paint Virazon under the hot sun! tions or surveys with me from 1960 Meeting. Top right: Lucy Darden with daugh- Although Bill is still with us, Judy at- until 2010. With her husband, Bar- ter Anne at Kaş to visit Uluburun wreck site tended some board meetings in his place bara Duthuit experienced camp life at Bottom from left: Bill and Judy Sturgis with until their son Jason was elected to a Yassıada and Uluburun, and Virazon son Jason; Lucy Darden and granddaughter Grace at the 2012 INA Board Meeting in directorship. Jason has been active in the accommodations, and dived in the sub- Bermuda; Raynette and Ned Boshell at an feld, as well, taking part in INA’s Yukon mersible Carolyn to watch him excavate INA event; Francine LeFrak and her husband project. the Pabuç Burnu wreck. After losing visiting Bodrum Castle; Sam LeFrak.

22 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 GEORGE F. BASS

board was taken by Lucy, joined by where she noticed her father’s name on son Tomas (Toby). Daughter Anne a wall plaque in the BRC, and where and son Glenn became associate direc- we visited the Museum of Underwater tors, and granddaughter Grace, who Archaeology with her husband, Rick attended the 2012 board meeting in Friedberg. I was able to visit Sam in a Bermuda, has now lent her support. New York hospital shortly before he Surely the three-generation Dardens died. Francine soon took his place on have set a family record that will be the INA board. hard to best! Director and former chairman Ned George Yamini was introduced to Boshell frst became involved with INA by director Robert Walker and the institute while sailing down the in 1983 became a director himself. Turkish coast on an INA cruise with A former Texas A&M University his daughter Betsey and Betsey’s then (TAMU) student, he was equally in- fancé and now husband David. Tat terested in the INA-afliated Nautical was only the frst time Ned visited Archaeology Program at TAMU, for Bodrum because of INA. Small won- which he endowed two professorships. and Sara’s daughter Sally joined the der, then, that Ned’s wife Raynette and George, who visited INA’s BRC with his board soon after his death. Betsey are now associate directors. wife Sara, was also instrumental in the Sam LeFrak was one of the few INA For forty years, INA has been a fam- founding of the Texas Maritime Museum directors who never made it to Bodrum, ily business; here’s to fourth and ffth in Rockport, where they retired. George but I met his daughter Francine there, generations of INA directors!

When Frank Darden read a newspaper article about our work in 1983, he called me immediately from Forth Worth to learn more about the Institute.

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 23 REVIEW MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT TRADE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN Edited by Damian Robinson and Andrew Wilson

of topics including trade patterns, maritime technology, specialized cargoes, and port cities, using archaeological evidence from harbors, shipwrecks, and ceramic distribution at terrestrial sites. Te book is advertised as a compendium covering a broad swath of time (i.e. the ancient period), yet the editors note that most of the chapters focus on the Roman and Late Antique periods. Tere is no inherent organization to the book’s twelve chapters, so they have been grouped thematically here. Andrew Wil- son’s introductory chapter provides a basic overview of maritime trade from 200 BC to AD 1000, covering broad topics such as maritime trafc and ship-building technology. Unfortunately, Wilson does not delve into any particular subject in detail but spends most of the chapter re-examining A.J. Parker’s 1992 chronological study of ancient shipwrecks datable to before AD 1500 and creating his own version of Parker’s graph. Both David Fabre and Franck Goddio discuss, in two separate chapters, recent fnds at Heracleion-Tonis, Egypt. Fabre’s chapter focuses on the architecture of the 60 pre-Ptolemaic shipwrecks found during the surveys and excavations undertaken in the late 1990s. As wood sampling revealed that most of the wrecks were of Egyptian origin, Fabre uses these wrecks to explore Egyptian ship-building. God- OXFORD CENTRE FOR MARITIME dio’s chapter deals with the submerged ARCHAEOLOGY, 2012 landscapes of both Heracleoin-Tonis ISBN 978-1-90590-517-1 and Portus Magnus, the main port of an- REVIEWED BY RACHEL MATHENY cient Alexandria. Goddio’s topographical maps of the ancient harbors are based on Te book Maritime Archaeology and An- geological and geophysical surveys from cient Trade in the Mediterranean includes 1992, archeological excavations, and twelve papers that explore a wide range the ongoing work of the French Institut

24 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 Européen D’Archéologie Sous-Marine patterns and sailing-route, though his distribution, tonnage and vessel size, and (IEASM). chapter focuses primarily on literary and complementary cargo. In the last chapter, Tree authors examine ceramic dis- epigraphic evidence (e.g. treaties and Holhlfelder addresses maritime connec- tribution, demonstrating that archaeo- loans); his is one of the stronger chapters tivity by providing a historic overview of logical fnds from terrestrial sites are in the book. the Lycian port cities Aperlae and An- equally useful for shedding light on the Two chapters are focused specifcally on driake during the Late Antique period. ancient maritime economy. Candace ancient harbors: John Oleson, Christo- Tis book aims to move beyond the Rice looks at connectivity within the pher Brandon, and Robert Hohlfelder basic use of maritime data in interpret- ancient Mediterranean by examining present the latest results from the RO- ing the ancient economy and to a certain transport amphoras and fnewares from MACONS harbor project, in which they extent it is successful. Te chapters coastal sites in an attempt to gauge the analyzed core samples collected from by Wilson, Rice, Russell, and Heslin geographical limitations of their trade Roman maritime structures at nine sites are based on quantitative analysis; the connections. Victoria Leitch reviews around the Mediterranean. Teir ongo- authors create a database and look for production and distribution of African ing work provides insight into the chemi- patterns within it. On one hand, this cooking wares at inland and coastal sites cal composition of Roman concrete, how type of work contributes useful knowl- to determine which geographical factors it was used in harbor construction, and edge and information about ancient may have infuenced its trade. Teodore the trade in volcanic ash from Puteoli. maritime trade. Conversely, the presence Papaioannou uses the distribution of Katia Schörle, applying a theoretical of these chapters begs the question: to Late Roman C ware at terrestrial sites to approach to port studies, discusses the what extent can quantitative analyses reconstruct trade routes during the Late development of harbors along the Tyr- explain ancient maritime trade? Overall, Antique period, but her reconstruction rhenian coastline and proposes a port this book provides a plethora of valu- is based solely on ceramic evidence and hierarchy based on size. able information about basic concepts in does not take into account factors such Ben Russell analyzes 73 Roman-era maritime archaeology which are use- as ocean currents or wind patterns. Pas- shipwrecks with stone shipments looking ful for those who are not familiar with cal Arnaud also examines ancient trading at their chronological and geographical ancient maritime trade.

OTHER TITLES IN THE OXFORD CENTRE FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY SERIES

Topography and Excava- Geoarchaeology The Naos of the Decades Alexandria and the North- The Decree of Saïs tion of Heracleion-Thonis Jean-Daniel Stanley et al. Anne-Sophie von Western Delta Anne-Sophie von and East Canopus 2007 Bomhard Damian Robinson and Bomhard Franck Goddio 2008 Andrew Wilson (editors) 2012 2007 2010

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 25

DONORS, SUPPORTERS, AND SPONSORS INA thanks all those who supported our archaeological work in 2013

American School of Classical Studies Department of Anthropology at TAMU Dr. and Mrs. Bud Frazier American Research Institute in Turkey Communities Foundation of Texas French American Charitable Trust (FACT) Anglo-American Book Company Mr. Charles Consolvo Friends of the Hunley Anonymous Cornell University Library Dr. Peter H. Fries Archaeological Institute of America Corning Museum of Glass Ms. Jinky Gardner Auerbach Family Dr. William C. Culp John H. Baird Trust Darden Discovery Fund Mr. Ben Gilbert Mr. Gordon Bass Ms. Grace Darden Ms. Caroline Golt Mr. Joseph Bates Mrs. Lucy Darden Gulf Coast Breathing Air Mr. Kenneth S. Beall, Jr. Mr. John De Lapa Dr. Levis Guy Mr. and Mrs. Frank Beaz Mr. and Mrs. Everett E. Deschner Mr. Steven F. Hanson Mr. Russell Becker Mr. Donald C. Dressel Dr. Steve Harris Dr. José L. Bermúdez Dr. Bob Droleskey Hartley Library Mr. Daniel Bernstein Mrs. Barbara Dauphin-Duthuit Mr. Robin P. Hartmann Bodrum Museum of Underwater Ms. Ann A. Duwe Mr. George M. Haskew, Jr. Archaeology Mr. John R. Eastlund Dr. Faith Hentschel Bodrum Ozel Hospital Mrs. Jean K. Eckert Dr. Ellen Herscher Mrs. Elizabeth S. Boeckman Ed Rachal Foundation Mrs. Jessica Hetherington Mr. and Mrs. Edward O. Mr. Rodney Hilton Brown Boshell Dr. Cynthia J. Eiseman Dr. Nicolle Hirschfeld Dr. Bridget Buxton Mr. Dick Eitel Honor Frost Foundation Mr. Tomas H. Caldwell Mr. Peter L. Engel Mr. Takahiko Inoue Dr. Allan C. Campbell Mr. Norman Estabrook Institute for Aegean Prehistory Center for Maritime Archaeology Exxon Mobil Foundation and Conservation (CMAC) Dr. William F. Farr Istanbul Archaeological Museums Centre Camille Jullian Mrs. Danielle Feeney Jamaica National Heritage Trust Mr. James B. Chaney Mr. John R. Fix Dr. Paul F. Johnston Mr. Peter B. Clark Mr. P. Erik Flynn Mrs. Joan P. Kahn College of Liberal Arts at TAMU Mr. Dean Fortune Mrs. Susan Katzev

26 INA QUARTERLY 40.4 WINTER 2013 Kemper Educational and Mr. Alex G. Nason Mr. Jason Sturgis Charitable Trust National Endowment for the Humanities Swets Information Services B.V. Mr. Stephen C. Kinnaman National Geographic Society Ms. Irene Szeliga Dr. William C. Klein Nautical Archaeology Program Mr. William B. Tabler, Jr. Kushimoto Municipality Nauticos Texas A&M University Dr. David Lambert (TAMU) Mr. and Mrs. George Newton Mr. Louis J. Lamm, Jr. Mr. Peter M. Olofson Texas A&M University Press Mr. Kenneth Leyton-Brown Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. Turkish Institute of Nautical Archaeology (TINA) Mr. Daryl Libow Osaka Maritime Museum Tobago House of Assembly Mr. Edward S. Lipp Ms. Emel Özkan Dr. Kenneth Trethewey Mr. William R. Lyons Palmarina of Yalıkavak, Turkey Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation Mr. Daniel E. Mader Mr. Greg E. Paprocki Mr. Ben B. Turner, Jr. Dr. Roxani E. Margariti Partner University Fund Université de Montréal Lt. Col. Steven R. Markman Dr. Matthew Partrick University Ca' Foscari Ms. Ipek Martinez Mr. Michael Paschetag University of Cincinnati Mr. Peter Mathieu Mr. Jason Paterniti University of Connecticut Maryland Historical Trust Lt. Col. Martin A. Perryman Avery Point Dr. Greg Maslow Mr. Merton Pritchett, Jr. University of Haifa Mr. Roy M. Matthews Mr. Terry Ray Ms. Christina van Doorninck Mr. James D. McCarthy Mrs. Barbara Reeve Dr. Frederick H. van Mr. Brendan McDermott Dr. Elizabeth S. Richardson Doorninck, Jr. Mr. Dana McGinnis Dr. Warren Riess Mr. Ronald Vandehey Dana and Myriam McGinnis Rosenberg Charitable Foundation Mr. Bernard S. Victorino Charitable Fund Dr. Jay Roslof Vikingeskibsmuseets Bibliotek Mr. Dewitt L. McLallen Mrs. Marian H. Sagan Mr. Edward Von der Porten Melbern G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Research Dr. Lynn Samuel Ms. C. Elizabeth Wagner Mr. Neil Menard Mr. Allan M. Saunders Mr. Hans W. Wanders Mr. Shane Merz Dr. Robert L. Schuyler Mr. Lew O. Ward Ms. Catarina P. Meyer Mr. Tomas H. Sebring Mr. David Warther, II Mr. M.A. Michaud Dr. Robert Seibert Ambassador Beatrice Welters Mr. Mitch Michelson Mrs. Lynn Baird Shaw Dr. Roger A. Williamson Ambassador Lucita Moeniralam Mr. George Paul Sloup Mr. Richard K. Wills Mr. Jef Morris Mr. Loren Stefy Dr. Robyn P. Woodward Mr. Tomas A. Mueller Mr. Robert Steinhof Ms. Sally Yamini Musee National de la Marine Sterling C. Evans Library at Government of the Yukon Bibliotheque Texas A&M University

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 27 COFFINS OF THE BRAVE Lake Shipwrecks of the War of 1812 . EDITED BY KEVIN J. CRISMAN

In Coffns of the Brave: Lake Shipwrecks of the War of 1812, archaeologist Kevin J. Crisman and his fellow contributors examine sixteen different examples of 1812-era naval and commercial shipbuilding. They range from four small prewar vessels to four 16- or 20-gun brigs, three warships of much greater size, a steamboat hull converted into an armed schooner, two gunboats, and two postwar schooners. Despite their differing degrees of preservation and archaeological study, each vessel reveals something about how its creators sought the best balance of strength, durability, capacity, stability, speed, weatherliness, and seaworthiness for the anticipated naval struggle on the lakes along the US-Canadian border.

8 1/2 x 11. 416 pp. 23 color, 114 b&w photos. 5 maps. 90 line art. Bib. Index. $60.00 hardcover INA members receive a 30% discount on all nautical archaeology publications from TAMU Press

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY PRESS

800.826.8911 Fax: 888.617.2421 www.tamupress.com