Electoral Support Populist/Radical Right-Wing Parties European Democracies* (Average % Valid Votes in Last General Election Across Countries)

Electoral Support Populist/Radical Right-wing Parties European Democracies* (average % valid votes in last general election across countries)

1986 1996 2015 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 "New" Democracies "Old" Democracies

Source: Timbro Authoritarian Populisms Index (classification according to *EU, UK, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Serbia, Montenegro consensus in academic literature, Chapel Hill Expert Survey, parties-and- elections.eu, Wikipedia) Katja Salomo/WZB 1 23 March 2021 Populist Right-wing Parties in European Governments current or last election period 2

Source: Timbro Authoritarian Populisms Index (classification according to consensus in academic literature, Chapel Hill Expert Survey, parties-and- elections.eu, Wikipedia) Katja Salomo/WZB 23 March 2021 New cleavage: minority rights, gender equality, migration, etc. New populist & If successful surpass economic issues radical right-wing parties (e.g. Golder 2003)

among among (e.g. Inglehart & Pippa 2017) backlash, representation gap also Mainstream parties adapt Inglehart 1977) 1977) Inglehart Activation: Voters weight cultural nationalist,

e.g. over economic issues ( resentful rhetoric (e.g. Müller 2016) (Abou-Chadi, Krause 2020)

Left-wing parties lose voters Party cueing

wing parties parties wing Right-wing parties… love it!, - Relative wealth and comfort comfort and wealth Relative to right-wing parties (e.g. Bohmann 2011, incentivized to leverage new Meijers & Williams 2020) left (e.g. Gingrich & Häusermann 2015; cleavage (e.g. Helbling 2014) helped in by neoliberal shift shift neoliberal by in helped Inglehart & Pippa 2017)

Population/voter attitudes: Resentment of migrants, social minorities, women; democratic discontentment

(Lack of) Contact to Perceived threat: Grievances: Social disintegration: Socialization contexts: minorities: Sociotropic concerns about, distribu- Deprivation, Disorder, isolation, National traumata, length Social relationships, tional conflicts because (growing inequality, mistrust democratic tradition, period habituation, cultural exposure presence/rights of) minorities anxiety effects, social background 3 Katja Salomo/WZB 23 March 2021 Immigration policy/ (Additional) Socioeconomic Policies History…or? Immigration Party campaigning Cut social expenditures, target Local: Country-level: Force left-wing parties (Mismanaged) Just Local services in contact/hab. threat into nationalist rhetoric geopolitical incidents Poor comfort- opponents' Do not prevent sudden Social media: locally (Mismanaged) a table constituencies increases of immigration targetedc flooding, epidemics/disasters Increase local social disorder Frame, scapegoat, activation, persuasion, Scapegoating…e increase salienceb sabotaging Create Compare immigration to Places that don‘t matter rest of Europe constantly Notes on political system/Other Combine with high income Slow acculturation in a inequality (tradeoff) Places that don‘t matter Have centralized political system. … or have low income Immigration in high bCut funding to public service media, build partisan inequality disorder contexts pressure Frustrate work of trade unions Create cMore effective with first-past-the-post or direct vote in Hostile environments mixed-member proportional electoral systems Establish low Restrict dWhat politicians a party attract/promote if focus partly personal tax regime integration policies lies on inflicting strategic misery, scapegoating? eLess important if electoral system successfully skewed For references please see slide 9pp. (gerrymandering, disenfranchise, siphon votes, etc.)

4 Katja Salomo/WZB 23 March 2021 The Sun: “TELL US THE TOOTH MPs demand dental tests of ‘child’ migrants as concerns grow over ages of asylum kids arriving in Britain who look closer to 40” (Tory MP David Davies)

Daily Mail: “The ‘child refugees’ debate”

The Telegraph: “'These don't look like children to me': concerns raised over ages of child refugees arriving in Britain”

Guardian: “First group of refugee children arrives in Britain from Calais”

Daily Express: “Fury at ‘soft checks’ on child migrants: Adults pretending to be children say aid workers”

5 Katja Salomo/WZB 23 March 2021 Places that don‘t matter (in purple…)

Katja Salomo/WZB 23 March 2021 7 Katja Salomo/WZB 23 March 2021 8

Thank you!

[email protected]

Katja Salomo/WZB 23 March 2021

REFERENCES Aalberg, Toril, Shanto Iyengar, and Solomon Messing. 2012. “Who is a ‘Deserving’ Immigrant? An Experi- mental Study of Norwegian Attitudes”. Scandinavian Political Studies 35 (2):97–116. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 9477.2011.00280.x.

Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Werner Krause. 2020. “The Causal Effect of Radical Right Success on Mainstream Parties’ Policy Positions: A Regression Discontinuity Approach”. British Journal of Political Science 50 (3):829–47. doi: 10.1017/S0007123418000029.

Abrajano, Marisa A. and Zoltan Hajnal. 2015. White backlash. Immigration, race, and American politics. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Adorno, Theodor W., Else Frenkel Brunswik, Daniel Jacob Levionson, and Robert Nevitt Sanford. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper & Bros.

Alexander, Victoria D. 2013. “Views of the Neighbourhood: A Photo-Elicitation Study of the Built Environ- ment”. Sociological Research Online 18 (1).

Amit, Sajid, Imran Rahman, and Sadiat Mannan. 2020. “Social media and radicalisation of university stu- dents in Bangladesh”. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 15 (3):228–43. doi: 10.1080/18335330.2020.1820070.

Andersson, Roger, and Sako Musterd. 2010. “What Scale matters? Exploring the Relationships between Individuals' social Position, Neighbourhood Context and the Scale of Neighbourhood”. Geografiska An- naler: Series B, Human Geography 92 (1):23–43.

Artiles, Antonio Martín, and Guglielmo Meardi. 2014. “Public opinion, immigration and welfare in the context of uncertainty”. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 20 (1):53–68. doi: 10.1177/1024258913515368.

Bailey, Nick. 2011. “The impacts of neighbourhood context on attitudes to poverty and inequality: Con- structing the neighbourhood database”. working paper, University of Glasgow.

Bailey, Nick, Maria Gannon, Ade Kearns, Mark Livingston, and Alastair H. Leyland. 2013. “Living Apart, Losing Sympathy?: How Neighbourhood Context Affects Attitudes to Redistribution and to Welfare Recip- ients”. Environment and Planning A 45 (9):2154–75. doi: 10.1068/a45641.

Bécares, Laia, Mai Stafford, James Laurence, and James Nazroo. 2011. “Composition, Concentration and Deprivation”. Urban Studies 48 (13):2771–87. doi: 10.1177/0042098010391295.

Berg, Justin A. 2009. “Core Networks and Whites' Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy”. Public Opinion Quarterly 73 (1):7–31. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfp011.

Bergmann, Knut, Matthias Diermeier, and Judith Niehus. 2017. “Die AfD: Eine Partei der sich ausgeliefert fühlenden Durchschnittsverdiener?”. Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen (ZParl) 48 (1):57–75.

Berry, Kate A., Nancy L. Markee, Nanci Fowler, and Gary R. Giewat. 2000. “Interpreting What is Rural and Urban for Western U.S. Counties”. The Professional Geographer 52 (1):93–105. doi: 10.1111/0033- 0124.00208.

Blasius, Jörg, and Jürgen Friedrichs. 2007. “Internal Heterogeneity of a Deprived Urban Area and its Impact on Residents' Perception of Deviance”. Housing Studies 22 (5):753–80. doi: 10.1080/02673030701474693.

Bohman, Andrea. 2011. “Articulated antipathies: Political influence on anti-immigrant attitudes”. Interna- tional Journal of Comparative Sociology 52 (6):457–77. doi: 10.1177/0020715211428182.

Bolster, A., S. Burgess, R. Johnston, K. Jones, C. Propper, and R. Sarker. 2006. “Neighbourhoods, house- holds and income dynamics: A semi-parametric investigation of neighbourhood effects”. Journal of Eco- nomic Geography 7 (1):1–38. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbl013.

Botton, Alain de. 2004. Status anxiety, 1st edn. New York NY: Pantheon Books.

Boudreau, Cheryl, and Scott A. MacKenzie. 2014. “Informing the Electorate? How Party Cues and Policy Information Affect Public Opinion about Initiatives”. American Journal of Political Science 58 (1):48–62. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12054.

Brady, Henry E. 2004. “An analytical perspective on participatory inequality and income inequality” Pp. 667–702 in Social inequality, edited by Kathryn M. Neckerman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Branton, Regina P., and Bradford S. Jones. 2005. “Reexamining Racial Attitudes: The Conditional Relation- ship between Diversity and Socioeconomic Environment”. American Journal of Political Science 49 (2):359–72.

Brezzi, Monica, Lewis Dijkstra, and Vicente Ruiz. 2011. OECD Regional Development Working Papers, 2011/06.

Buck, Nick. 2001. “Identifying Neighbourhood Effects on Social Exclusion”. Urban Studies 38 (12):2251– 75. doi: 10.1080/00420980120087153.

Bullock, John G. 2020. “Party Cues” Pp. 128–50 in The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion, edited by Elizabeth Suhay, Bernard Grofman, Alexander H. Trechsel, and John G. Bullock. Oxford University Press.

Carvacho, Héctor, Andreas Zick, Andrés Haye, Roberto González, Jorge Manzi, Caroline Kocik, and Melanie Bertl. 2013. “On the relation between social class and prejudice: The roles of education, income, and ideological attitudes”. European Journal of Social Psychology 43 (4):272–85. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1961.

Castro, Vanessa Smith. 2003. Acculturation and psychological adaptation. Contributions in psychology, no. 41. Westport Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Ceobanu, Alin M., and Xavier Escandell. 2010. “Comparative Analyses of Public Attitudes Toward Immi- grants and Immigration Using Multinational Survey Data: A Review of Theories and Research”. Annual Review of Sociology 36 (1):309–28. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102651.

Chambers, John R., Barry R. Schlenker, and Brian Collisson. 2013. “Ideology and prejudice: the role of value conflicts”. Psychological science 24 (2):140–49. doi: 10.1177/0956797612447820.

Chandler, Charles R., and Yung-mei Tsai. 2001. “Social factors influencing immigration attitudes: An analysis of data from the General Social Survey”. The Social Science Journal 38 (2):177–88. doi: 10.1016/S0362- 3319(01)00106-9.

Cikara, Mina, Emile G. Bruneau, and Rebecca R. Saxe. 2011. “Us and Them: Intergroup Failures of Empa- thy”. Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (3):149–53. doi: 10.1177/0963721411408713.

Citrin, Jack, Donald P. Green, Christopher Muste, and Cara Wong. 1997. “Public Opinion Toward Immigra- tion Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations”. The Journal of Politics 59 (03):858. doi: 10.2307/2998640.

Clarke, Harold D., Nitish Dutt, and Allan Kornberg. 1993. “The Political Economy of Attitudes toward Polity and Society in Western European Democracies”. The Journal of Politics 55 (04):998. doi: 10.2307/2131945.

Coenders, Marcel, and Peer Scheepers. 2003. “The Effect of Education on Nationalism and Ethnic Exclu- sionism: An International Comparison”. Political Psychology 24 (2):313–43.

Coleman, D. 2009. “The demographic effects of international migration in Europe”. Oxford Review of Eco- nomic Policy 24 (3):452–76. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grn027.

Conway, Maura. 2017. “Determining the Role of the Internet in Violent Extremism and Terrorism: Six Sug- gestions for Progressing Research”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 40 (1):77–98. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157408.

Corcoran, Jonathan, Renee Zahnow, Rebecca Wickes, and John Hipp. 2017. “Neighbourhood land use fea- tures, collective efficacy and local civic actions”. Urban Studies 16 (1):004209801771721. doi: 10.1177/0042098017717212.

Cramer, Katherine J. 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker. Chicago studies in American politics. University of Chicago Press.

Cramer Walsh, Katherine. 2012. “Putting Inequality in Its Place: Rural Consciousness and the Power of Perspective”. American Political Science Review 106 (03):517–32. doi: 10.1017/S0003055412000305.

Curtin, Richard, Stanley Presser, and Eleanor Singer. 2000. “The Effects of Response Rate Changes on the Index of Consumer Sentiment”. The Public Opinion Quarterly 64 (4):413–28.

Cutler, Fred. 2007. “Context and attitude formation: Social interaction, default information, or local interests?”. Political Geography 26 (5):575–600. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.04.001.

Czymara, Christian S. 2019. “Propagated Preferences? Political Elite Discourses and Europeans’ Openness toward Muslim Immigrants”. International Migration Review 33 (1):019791831989027. doi: 10.1177/0197918319890270.

Czymara, Christian S., and Stephan Dochow. 2018. “Mass Media and Concerns about Immigration in Ger- many in the 21st Century: Individual-Level Evidence over 15 Years”. European Sociological Review 34 (4):381–401. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcy019.

Dalecki, Michael, and Fern K. Willits. 1991. “Examining change using regression analysis: Three approaches compared”. Sociological Spectrum 11 (2):127–45. doi: 10.1080/02732173.1991.9981960.

Dancygier, Rafaela M., and Michael J. Donnelly. 2013. “Sectoral Economies, Economic Contexts, and Atti- tudes toward Immigration”. The Journal of Politics 75 (1):17–35. doi: 10.1017/S0022381612000849.

Dancygier, Rafaela M., Naoki Egami, Amaney Jamal, and Ramona Rischke. 2019. “Hating and Mating: Fears over Mate Competition and Violent Hate Crime against Refugees”. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3358780.

D'Art, Daryl, and Thomas Turner. 2007. “Trade Unions and Political Participation in the European Union: Still Providing a Democratic Dividend?”. British Journal of Industrial Relations 45 (1):103–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00604.x.

David, Quentin, Jean-Benoit Pilet, and Gilles van Hamme. 2018. “Scale Matters in Contextual Analysis of Extreme Right Voting and Political Attitudes”. Kyklos 71 (4):509–36. doi: 10.1111/kykl.12183.

Dawson, Peter, and Philip Jones. 2010. “How are They Spending my Taxes? Tax Compliance and Citizens’ Interest in Politics”. Bath Economics Research Working Papers (11/11).

Dean, Jo and Annette Hastings. 2000. Challenging Images: Housing Estates, Stigma and Regeneration. Bris- tol, UK: Policy Press.

Decker, Oliver, Katharina Rothe, Marliese Weissmann, Johannes & Kiess, and Elmar Braehler. 2013. “Eco- nomic Wealth as "Narcissistic Filling": A Missing Link between Political Attitudes and Economical Crisis”. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 7 (1):135–49.

Delhey, Jan, and Kenneth Newton. 2005. “Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?”. European Sociological Review 21 (4):311–27. doi: 10.1093/esr/jci022.

Den Boer, Andrea, and Valerie M. Hudson. 2002. “A Surplus of Men, A Deficit of Peace: Security and Sex Ratios in Asia's Largest States”. International Security 26 (4):5–39.

Denny, Kevin, and Orla Doyle. 2008. “Political Interest, Cognitive Ability and Personality: Determinants of Voter Turnout in Britain”. British Journal of Political Science 38 (2):291–310. doi: 10.1017/S000712340800015X.

Diermeier, Matthias. 2020. “Ist mehr besser? Politische Implikationen der disparaten Daseinsvorsorge in Deutschland”. Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 30 (4):539–68. doi: 10.1007/s41358-020-00239-y.

Dill, Verena, and Uwe Jirjahn. 2014. “Ethnic residential segregation and immigrants’ perceptions of discrimination in West Germany”. Urban Studies 51 (16):3330–47. doi: 10.1177/0042098014522719.

Dinesen, Peter T., and Kim M. Sonderskov. 2015. “Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: Evidence from the Micro-Context”. American Sociological Review 80 (3):550–73. doi: 10.1177/0003122415577989.

Dinesen, Peter Thisted, Merlin Schaeffer, and Kim Mannemar Sønderskov. 2020. “Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Narrative and Meta-Analytical Review”. Annual Review of Political Science 23 (1):441–65. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-052918-020708.

Donnermeyer, Joseph F. 2015. “The social organisation of the rural and crime in the United States: Con- ceptual considerations”. Journal of Rural Studies 39:160–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.11.014.

Dostie-Goulet, Eugénie. 2009. “Social networks and the development of political interest”. Journal of Youth Studies 12 (4):405–21. doi: 10.1080/13676260902866512.

Druckman, James N., and Arthur Lupia. 2000. “Preference Formation”. Annual Review of Political Science 3:1–24.

Duffy, Bobby. 2000. Satisfaction and expectations: attitudes to public services in deprived areas. CASE- paper, vol. 45.

Dunn, Kris. 2011. “Left-Right identification and education in Europe: A contingent relationship”. Compar- ative European Politics 9 (3):292–316. doi: 10.1057/cep.2010.17.

Dupéré, Véronique, Tama Leventhal, and Frank Vitaro. 2012. “Neighborhood processes, self-efficacy, and adolescent mental health”. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53 (2):183–98. doi: 10.1177/0022146512442676.

Dustmann, Christian, Kristine Vasiljeva, and Anna Piil Damm. 2019. “Refugee Migration and Electoral Out- comes”. The Review of Economic Studies 86 (5):2035–91. doi: 10.1093/restud/rdy047.

Eberl, Jakob-Moritz, Christine E. Meltzer, Tobias Heidenreich, Beatrice Herrero, Nora Theorin, Fabienne Lind, Rosa Berganza, Hajo G. Boomgaarden, Christian Schemer, and Jesper Strömbäck. 2018. “The Euro- pean media discourse on immigration and its effects: a literature review”. Annals of the International Communication Association 42 (3):207–23. doi: 10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452.

Eckardt, Frank. 2020. “Leerstand als psychische Belastung für Anwohner: Feldstudie Weimarer Land”. Zeitschrift für Sozialmanagement (1):81–91.

Edelman, Murray. 1964. The symbolic uses of politics.

Elgar, Frank J. 2010. “Income inequality, trust, and population health in 33 countries”. American journal of public health 100 (11):2311–15. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189134.

Emerson, Michael O., Karen J. Chai, and George Yancey. 2001. “Does Race Matter in Residential Segrega- tion? Exploring the Preferences of White Americans”. American sociological review 66 (6):922–35. doi: 10.2307/3088879.

Espenshade, Thomas J., and Charles A. Calhoun. 1993. “An analysis of public opinion toward undocu- mented immigration”. Population Research and Policy Review 12 (3):189–224.

Esses, Victoria M., John F. Dovidio, Lynne M. Jackson, and Tamara L. Armstrong. 2001. “The Immigration Dilemma: The Role of Perceived Group Competition, Ethnic Prejudice, and National Identity”. Journal of Social Issues 57 (3):389–412. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00220.

European Broadcasting Union. 2016. “PMS Correlations: Links between public service media and societal well-being”. Media Intelligence Service.

Evans, Geoffrey and Anand Menon. 2017. Brexit and British Politics. Newark: Polity Press.

Facchini, Giovanni, and Anna Maria Mayda. 2009. “Does The Welfare State Affect Individual Attitudes Toward Immigrants? Evidence Across Countries”. The Review of Economics and Statistics 91 (2):295–314. doi: 10.2307/25651339.

Falkner, Thomas and Horst Kahrs. 2018. “Deutungsmuster zum Erfolg der AfD bei der Bundestagswahl 2017”. Arbeitspapier. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.

Feijten, Peteke, and Maarten van Ham. 2009. “Neighbourhood Change… Reason to Leave?”. Urban Stud- ies 46 (10):2103–22. doi: 10.1177/0042098009339430.

Flannery, Edward H. 1965. The anguish of the Jews. Twenty-three centuries of antisemitism. New York: Macmillan.

Flaxman, Seth, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao. 2016. “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption”. Public Opinion Quarterly 80 (S1):298–320. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfw006.

Flores, René D., and Ariela Schachter. 2019. “Examining Americans’ Stereotypes about Immigrant Illegal- ity”. Contexts 18 (2):36–41. doi: 10.1177/1536504219854716.

Follmer, Robert, Jette Kellerhoff, and Fridolin Wolf. 2018. “Vom Unbehagen an der Vielfalt”. Gütersloh.

Fraile, Marta, and Raul Gomez. 2017. “Bridging the enduring gender gap in political interest in Europe: The relevance of promoting gender equality”. European Journal of Political Research 56 (3):601–18. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12200.

Franz, Christian, Marcel Fratzscher, and Alexander S. Kritikos. 2018. “AfD in dünn besiedelten Räumen mit Überalterungsproblemen stärker: [AfD stronger in sparsely populated regions with aging populations]”. DIW Wochenbericht (8/2018).

Fussell, Elizabeth. 2014. “Warmth of the Welcome: Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy in the United States”. Annual Review of Sociology 40 (1):479–98. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913- 043325.

Galster, George C. 2012. “The Mechanism(s) of Neighbourhood Effects: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Im- plications” Pp. 23–56 in Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives, edited by Maarten van Ham, David Manley, Nick Bailey, Ludi Simpson, and Duncan Maclennan. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Gang, Ira N., Francisco L. Rivera-Batiz, and Myeng-Su Yun. 2013. “Economic Strain, Education and Attitudes towards Foreigners in the European Union”. Review of International Economics 21 (2):177–90. doi: 10.1111/roie.12029.

Ganzeboom, Harry B.G. and Donald J. Treiman. last revised 2010. International Stratification and Mobility File. Conversion Tools. Amsterdam: Department of Social Research Methodology.

Gay, Claudine. 2006. “Seeing Difference: The Effect of Economic Disparity on Black Attitudes toward Lati- nos”. American Journal of Political Science 50 (4):982–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00228.x.

Gelfand, Michele J., Jana L. Raver, Lisa Nishii, Lisa M. Leslie, Janetta Lun, Beng Chong Lim, Lili Duan, Assaf Almaliach, Soon Ang, Jakobina Arnadottir, Zeynep Aycan, Klaus Boehnke, Pawel Boski, Rosa Cabecinhas, Darius Chan, Jagdeep Chhokar, Alessia D'Amato, Montse Ferrer, Iris C. Fischlmayr, Ronald Fischer, Marta Fülöp, James Georgas, Emiko S. Kashima, Yoshishima Kashima, Kibum Kim, Alain Lempereur, Patricia Marquez, Rozhan Othman, Bert Overlaet, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Karl Peltzer, Lorena R. Perez-Florizno, Larisa Ponomarenko, Anu Realo, Vidar Schei, Manfred Schmitt, Peter B. Smith, Nazar Soomro, Erna Szabo, Nalinee Taveesin, Midori Toyama, Evert van de Vliert, Naharika Vohra, Colleen Ward, and Susumu Yama- guchi. 2011. “Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study”. Science 332 (6033):1100– 04. doi: 10.1126/science.1197754.

Gereke, Johanna, Max Schaub, and Delia Baldassarri. 2018. “Ethnic diversity, poverty and social trust in Germany: Evidence from a behavioral measure of trust”. PloS one 13 (7):e0199834. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199834.

Giannakouris, Konstantinos. 2010. “Regional population projections EUROPOP2008: Most EU regions face older population profile in 2030”.

Gidron, Noam, and Peter A. Hall. 2017. “The politics of social status: economic and cultural roots of the populist right”. The British journal of sociology 68 Suppl 1:S57-S84. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12319.

Gidron, Noam, and Peter A. Hall. 2020. “Populism as a Problem of Social Integration”. Comparative Polit- ical Studies 53 (7):1027–59. doi: 10.1177/0010414019879947.

Gidron, Noam, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2019. “Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies”. Annual Review of Political Science 22 (1):17–35. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750.

Gillig, Traci K., Erica L. Rosenthal, Sheila T. Murphy, and Kate Langrall Folb. 2018. “More than a Media Moment: The Influence of Televised Storylines on Viewers’ Attitudes toward Transgender People and Pol- icies”. Sex Roles 78 (7-8):515–27. doi: 10.1007/s11199-017-0816-1.

Glaeser, Edward L. 2005. “The Political Economy of Hatred”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 120 (1):45– 86. doi: 10.1162/0033553053327434.

Glick, Peter. 2008. “When Neighbors Blame Neighbors: Scapegoating and the Breakdown of Ethnic Rela- tions” Pp. 121–46 in Explaining the Breakdown of Ethnic Relations, edited by Victoria M. Esses and Richard A. Vernon. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Gorodzeisky, Anastasia, and Moshe Semyonov. 2009. “Terms of exclusion: Public views towards admission and allocation of rights to immigrants in European countries”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 (3):401–23. doi: 10.1080/01419870802245851.

Grasso, Maria Teresa, Stephen Farrall, Emily Gray, Colin Hay, and Will Jennings. 2019. “Socialization and generational political trajectories: an age, period and cohort analysis of political participation in Britain”. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 29 (2):199–221. doi: 10.1080/17457289.2018.1476359.

Grayzel, Solomon. 1948. A History of the Jews from the Babylonian Exile to the End of World War II. Third Impression Edition. Jewish Publication Society of America.

Hainmueller, Jens, and Michael J. Hiscox. 2010. “Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigra- tion: Evidence from a Survey Experiment”. American Political Science Review 104 (1):61. doi: 10.1017/S0003055409990372.

Hainmueller, Jens, and Daniel J. Hopkins. 2014. “Public Attitudes Toward Immigration”. Annual Review of Political Science 17 (1):225–49. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818.

Hainmueller, Jens, and Daniel J. Hopkins. 2015. “The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants”. American Journal of Political Science 59 (3):529–48. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12138.

Han, Kyung Joon. 2016. “Income inequality and voting for radical right-wing parties”. Electoral Studies 42:54–64. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.001.

Hansford, Thomas G., and Brad T. Gomez. 2015. “Reevaluating the sociotropic economic voting hypothesis”. Electoral Studies 39:15–25. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.005.

Hastings, Annette. 2009a. “Neighbourhood Environmental Services and Neighbourhood ‘Effects’: Explor- ing the Role of Urban Services in Intensifying Neighbourhood Problems”. Housing Studies 24 (4):503–24. doi: 10.1080/02673030902938389.

Hastings, Annette. 2009b. “Poor Neighbourhoods and Poor Services: Evidence on the 'Rationing' of Envi- ronmental Service Provision to Deprived Neighbourhoods”. Urban Studies 46 (13):2907–27. doi: 10.1177/0042098009344995.

Hatemi, Peter K., and Rose McDermott. 2016. “Give Me Attitudes”. Annual Review of Political Science 19 (1):331–50. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-103113-034929.

Haubert, Jeannie, and Elizabeth Fussell. 2006. “Explaining Pro-Immigrant Sentiment in the U.S: Social Class, Cosmopolitanism, and Perceptions of Immigrants”. International Migration Review 40 (3):489–507. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00033.x.

Havekes, Esther, Marcel Coenders, and Karien Dekker. 2013. “Interethnic attitudes in urban neighbourhoods: The impact of neighbourhood disorder and decline”. Urban Studies 51 (12):2665–84. doi: 10.1177/0042098013506049.

Havekes, Esther, Marcel Coenders, and Tanja van der Lippe. 2013. “Positive or negative ethnic encounters in urban neighbourhoods? A photo experiment on the net impact of ethnicity and neighbourhood context on attitudes towards minority and majority residents”. Social science research 42 (4):1077–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.02.002.

Havekes, Esther, Marcel Coenders, and Tanja van der Lippe. 2014. “The Wish to Leave Ethnically Concen- trated Neighbourhoods: The Role of Perceived Social Cohesion and Interethnic Attitudes”. Housing Stud- ies 29 (6):823–42. doi: 10.1080/02673037.2014.905672.

Hedström, Peter, and Petri Ylikoski. 2010. “Causal Mechanisms in the Social Sciences”. Annual Review of Sociology 36 (1):49–67. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102632.

Heizmann, Boris. 2015. “Social Policy and Perceived Immigrant Labor Market Competition in Europe: Is Prevention Better Than Cure?”. Social Forces 93 (4):1655–85. doi: 10.1093/sf/sou116.

Helbig, Marcel, and Stefanie Jähnen. 2018. “Wie brüchig ist die soziale Architektur unserer Städte?: Trends und Analysen der Segregation in 74 deutschen Städten”. Discussion Papers WZB P 2018 (001).

Helbig, Marcel, and Stefanie Jähnen. 2019. “Wo findet „Integration“ statt?: Die sozialräumliche Verteilung von Zuwanderern in den deutschen Städten zwischen 2014 und 2017”. Discussion Papers WZB P 2019 (003).

Helbling, M., and H. Kriesi. 2014. “Why Citizens Prefer High- Over Low-Skilled Immigrants. Labor Market Competition, Welfare State, and Deservingness”. European Sociological Review 30 (5):595–614. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcu061.

Hello, Evelyn, Peer Scheepers, and Mérove Gijsberts. 2002. “Education and Ethnic Prejudice in Europe: Explanations for cross-national variances in the educational effect on ethnic prejudice”. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 46 (1):5–24. doi: 10.1080/00313830120115589.

Hello, Evelyn, Peer Scheepers, Ad Vermulst, and Jan R. M. Gerris. 2004. “Association between Educational Attainment and Ethnic Distance in Young Adults”. Acta Sociologica 47 (3):253–75. doi: 10.1177/0001699304046222.

Herreros, Francisco, and Henar Criado. 2009. “Social Trust, Social Capital and Perceptions of Immigration”. Political Studies 57 (2):337–55. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00738.x.

Hibbing, John R., Kevin B. Smith, and John R. Alford. 2014. “Differences in negativity bias underlie varia- tions in political ideology”. The Behavioral and brain sciences 37 (3):297–307. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X13001192.

Hiers, Wesley, Thomas Soehl, and Andreas Wimmer. 2017. “National Trauma and the Fear of Foreigners: How Past Geopolitical Threat Heightens Anti-Immigration Sentiment Today”. Social Forces 96 (1):361–88. doi: 10.1093/sf/sox045.

Hipp, John. 2010. “What is the ‘Neighbourhood’ in Neighbourhood Satisfaction?: Comparing the Effects of Structural Characteristics Measured at the Micro-neighbourhood and Tract Levels”. Urban Studies 47 (12):2517–36. doi: 10.1177/0042098009359950.

Hjerm, Mikael. 2009. “Anti-Immigrant Attitudes and Cross-Municipal Variation in the Proportion of Immi- grants”. Acta Sociologica 52 (1):47–62. doi: 10.1177/0001699308100633.

Holbrook, Allyson L., Matthew K. Berent, Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and David S. Boninger. 2005. “Attitude importance and the accumulation of attitude-relevant knowledge in memory”. Journal of personality and social psychology 88 (5):749–69. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.749.

Hooghe, Marc, Tim Reeskens, Dietlind Stolle, and Ann Trappers. 2008. “Ethnic Diversity and Generalized Trust in Europe: A Cross-National Multilevel Study”. Comparative Political Studies 42 (2):198–223. doi: 10.1177/0010414008325286.

Hooijer, Gerda. 2020. “‘They Take Our Houses’: Benefit Competition and the Erosion of Support for Immi- grants' Social Rights”. British Journal of Political Science:1–21. doi: 10.1017/S0007123420000150.

Hopkins, Daniel J. 2010. “Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Oppo- sition”. American Political Science Review 104 (01):40. doi: 10.1017/S0003055409990360.

Hox, Joop J., Cora J. M. Maas, and Matthieu J. S. Brinkhuis. 2010. “The effect of estimation method and sample size in multilevel structural equation modeling”. Statistica Neerlandica 64 (2):157–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9574.2009.00445.x.

Hoxhaj, Rezart, and Carolina V. Zuccotti. 2020. “The complex relationship between immigrants’ concentration, socioeconomic environment and attitudes towards immigrants in Europe”. Ethnic and Racial Stud- ies:1–21. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2020.1730926.

Huddleston, Thomas, Özge Bilgili, and Anne-Linde Joki. 2015. Migrant Integration Policy Index 2015. Bar- celona/ Brussels: CIDOB and MPG.

Hülsen, Isabell. 2017. “Gera - Der Niedergang einer deutschen Stadt: [Gera - Downfall of a German city]”. Spiegel. 2017 (http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/in-gera-der-pleitestadt-in-thueringen-mangelt-es-an-geld- und-antriebskraft-a-1155672.html).

Hunter, D. S., and T. Zaman. 2018. Optimizing Opinions with Stubborn Agents Under Time-Varying Dy- namics in.

Hwang, Monica. 2018. “Do Minorities Trust Less? Understanding Differences in Social Trust among Can- ada’s Major Ethno-Racial Groups”. American Review of Canadian Studies 48 (3):297–313. doi: 10.1080/02722011.2018.1497674.

Iglesias-Pascual, Ricardo, Virginia Paloma, and Manuel García-Ramírez. 2019. “Contextual factors and prejudice at the beginning of the migrant influx: The Moroccan case in Seville, Spain”. Population, Space and Place 25 (3):e2204. doi: 10.1002/psp.2204.

Inglehart, Ronald. 1977. The silent revolution. Changing values and political styles among Western publics. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris. 2017. “Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Rev- olution in Reverse”. Perspectives on Politics 15 (2):443–54. doi: 10.1017/S1537592717000111.

IRC. 2019. Second Report November 2019. House of Commons papers, session 2019, HC 131. London: [Dandy Booksellers Ltd].

Jaime-Castillo, Antonio M., Ildefonso Marqués-Perales, and Javier Álvarez-Gálvez. 2015. “The Impact of Social Expenditure on Attitudes Towards Immigration in Europe”. Social Indicators Research. doi: 10.1007/s11205-015-0939-0.

Jeffrey, Karen, Saamah Abdallah, and Annie Quick. 2015. “Europeans’ Personal and Social Wellbeing: Top- line Results from Round 6 of the European Social Survey”. ESS Topline Results Series (5).

Jensen, Carsten. 2014. The right and the welfare state, 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford Univiversity Press.

Johnston, Ron, Charles Pattie, Daniel Dorling, Iain MacAllister, Helena Tunstall, and David Rossiter. 2000. “Local Context, Retrospective Economic Evaluations, and Voting: The 1997 General Election in England and Wales”. Political Behavior 22 (2):121–43. doi: 10.1023/A:1006655300380.

Kaczmarczyk, P., and M. Okolski. 2009. “Demographic and labour-market impacts of migration on Poland”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24 (3):599–624. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grn029.

Kaufmann, Eric, and Matthew J. Goodwin. 2018. “The diversity Wave: A meta-analysis of the native-born white response to ethnic diversity”. Social science research 76:120–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.07.008.

Kaufmann, Eric, and Gareth Harris. 2015. “"White Flight" or Positive Contact?: Local Diversity and Atti- tudes to Immigration in Britain”. Comparative Political Studies 48 (12):1563–90. doi: 10.1177/0010414015581684.

Kaufmann, Eric P. and Gareth Harris. 2014. Changing places. London: Demos.

Keeter, Scott, Carolyn Miller, Andrew Kohut, Robert M. Groves, and Stanley Presser. 2000. “Consequences of Reducing Nonresponse in a National Telephone Survey”. The Public Opinion Quarterly 64 (2):125–48.

Klärner, Andreas, and André Knabe. 2019. “Social Networks and Coping with Poverty in Rural Areas”. So- ciologia Ruralis. doi: 10.1111/soru.12250.

Knies, Gundi, Simon Burgess, and Carol Propper. 2008. “Keeping up with the Schmidt’s – An Empirical Test of Relative Deprivation Theory in the Neighbourhood Context”. Schmollers Jahrbuch 128:75–108.

Kröhnert, Steffen, and Sebastian Vollmer. 2012. “Gender-Specific Migration from Eastern to Western Ger- many: Where Have All the Young Women Gone?”. International Migration 50 (5):95–112.

Kubis, Alexander, and Lutz Schneider. 2015. “Regional Migration, Growth and Convergence – A Spatial Dynamic Panel Model of Germany”. Regional Studies 50 (11):1789–803. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2015.1059932.

Kubrin, Charis E. 2009. “Social Disorganization Theory: Then, Now, and in the Future” Pp. 225–36 in Hand- book on Crime and Deviance, edited by Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, and Gina Penly Hall. New York, NY: Springer New York.

Kuppens, Toon, Russell Spears, Antony S.R. Manstead, Bram Spruyt, and Matthew J. Easterbrook. 2018. “Educationism and the irony of meritocracy: Negative attitudes of higher educated people towards the less educated”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 76:429–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.001.

LaFromboise, Teresa, Hardin L. K. Coleman, and Jennifer Gerton. 1993. “Psychological impact of bicultur- alism: evidence and theory”. Psychological Bulletin 114 (3):395–412. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395.

Lahav, Gallya, and Marie Courtemanche. 2012. “The Ideological Effects of Framing Threat on Immigration and Civil Liberties”. Political Behavior 34 (3):477–505. doi: 10.1007/s11109-011-9171-z.

Lancee, Bram, and Oriane Sarrasin. 2015. “Educated Preferences or Selection Effects? A Longitudinal Anal- ysis of the Impact of Educational Attainment on Attitudes Towards Immigrants”. European Sociological Review 31 (4):490–501. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcv008.

Lang, Corey, and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz. 2015. “Partisan sorting in the United States, 1972–2012: New evidence from a dynamic analysis”. Political Geography 48:119–29. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.09.015.

Laurence, James. 2011. “The Effect of Ethnic Diversity and Community Disadvantage on Social Cohesion: A Multi-Level Analysis of Social Capital and Interethnic Relations in UK Communities”. European Sociolog- ical Review 27 (1):70–89. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcp057.

Lee, Matthew T., and Ramiro Martinez. 2002. “Social Disorganization Revisited: Mapping the Recent Im- migration and Black Homicide Relationship in Northern Miami”. Sociological Focus 35 (4):363–80. doi: 10.1080/00380237.2002.10570709.

Lengfeld, Holger, and Clara Dilger. 2018. “Cultural and Economic Threats: A Causal Analysis of the Party Identification with the “Alternative for Germany” (AfD) using the German Socio-Economic Panel 2016”. Zeitschrift für Soziologie 47 (3):181–99. doi: 10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1012.

Letki, Natalia. 2008. “Does Diversity Erode Social Cohesion?: Social Capital and Race in British Neighbour- hoods”. Political Studies 56 (1):99–126. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00692.x.

Lockyer, Adam, and Peter K. Hatemi. 2014. “Resolving the Difference between Evolutionary Antecedents of Political Attitudes and Sources of Human Variation”. Canadian Journal of Political Science 47 (3):549– 68. doi: 10.1017/S0008423914000900.

Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2005. “The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis”. Political Psychology 26 (3):455–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00426.x.

Lubbers, Marcel, and Marcel Coenders. 2017. “Nationalistic attitudes and voting for the radical right in Europe”. European Union Politics 18 (1):98–118. doi: 10.1177/1465116516678932.

MacInnis, Cara C., and Elizabeth Page-Gould. 2015. “How can intergroup interaction be bad if intergroup contact is good? Exploring and reconciling an apparent paradox in the science of intergroup relations”. Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science 10 (3):307– 27. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568482.

Manski, Charles F. 2000. “Economic Analysis of Social Interactions”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (3):15.

Maoz, Ifat, and Clark Mccauley. 2009. “Threat Perceptions and Feelings as Predictors of Jewish-Israeli Sup- port for Compromise with Palestinians”. Journal of Peace Research 46 (4):525–39. doi: 10.1177/0022343309334613.

Markel, Howard, and Alexandra Minna Stern. 2002. “The foreignness of germs: the persistent association of immigrants and disease in American society”. The Milbank quarterly 80 (4):757-88, v. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.00030.

Martig, Noemi, and Julian Bernauer. 2018. “The Halo Effect: Perceptions of Diffuse Threat and SVP Vote Share”. World Political Science 14 (1):27–54. doi: 10.1515/wps-2018-0002.

Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1988. “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation”. Social Forces 67 (2):281–315. doi: 10.1093/sf/67.2.281.

Massey, Douglas S., Jonathan Rothwell, and Thurston Domina. 2009. “The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 626 (1). doi: 10.1177/0002716209343558.

Matthews, Stephen A. 2008. “The salience of neighborhood: Some lessons from sociology”. American journal of preventive medicine 34 (3):257–59. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.12.001.

Matthews, Stephen A., James E. Detwiler, and Linda M. Burton. 2005. “Geo-ethnography: Coupling Geo- graphic Information Analysis Techniques with Ethnographic Methods in Urban Research”. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 40 (4):75–90. doi: 10.3138/2288-1450-W061-R664.

Maxwell, Rahsaan. 2019. “Cosmopolitan Immigration Attitudes in Large European Cities: Contextual or Compositional Effects?”. American Political Science Review 113 (2):456–74. doi: 10.1017/S0003055418000898.

Mayda, Anna Maria. 2006. “Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes toward immigrants”. Review of Economics & Statistics 88 (3):510–30.

McKee, Seth C., and Jeremy M. Teigen. 2009. “Probing the reds and blues: Sectionalism and voter location in the 2000 and 2004 U. S. presidential elections”. Political Geography 28 (8):484–95. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.11.004.

Mellow, Nicole, and Peter Trubowitz. 2005. “Red versus blue: American electoral geography and congres- sional bipartisanship, 1898–2002”. Political Geography 24 (6):659–77. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.01.010.

Melzer, Silvia Maja. 2013. “Reconsidering the Effect of Education on East-West Migration in Germany”. European Sociological Review 29 (2):210–28. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcr056.

Mercer, Stewart W., Peter G. Cawston, and Annemieke P. Bikker. 2007. “Quality in general practice con- sultations; a qualitative study of the views of patients living in an area of high socio-economic deprivation in Scotland”. BMC family practice 8:22. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-8-22.

Messner, S. F., and R. J. Sampson. 1991. “The Sex Ratio, Family Disruption, and Rates of Violent Crime: The Paradox of Demographic Structure”. Social Forces 69 (3):693–713. doi: 10.1093/sf/69.3.693.

Meuleman, Bart, and Jaak Billiet. 2012. “Measuring Attitudes toward Immigration in Europe: The Cross- Cultural Validity of the ESS Immigration Scales”. ASK: Research & Methods 21 (1):5–29.

Mondak, Jeffery J. 2010. “Personality, Attitudes, and Political Predispositions” Pp. 122–49 in Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior, edited by Jeffery J. Mondak. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Morenoff, Jeffrey D., Robert J. Sampson, and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 2001. “Neighborhood Inequality, collective Efficacy, and the spatial Dynamics of urban Violence”. Criminology 39 (3):517–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x.

Morrow, Virginia. 2001. “Using qualitative methods to elicit young people's perspectives on their environments: some ideas for community health initiatives”. Health Education Research 16 (3):255–68.

Mutz, Diana C. 2018. “Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote”. Pro- ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 115 (19):E4330-E4339. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1718155115.

Newman, Benjamin J. 2013. “Acculturating Contexts and Anglo Opposition to Immigration in the United States”. American Journal of Political Science 57 (2):374–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00632.x.

Newman, Benjamin J., Todd K. Hartman, and Charles S. Taber. 2012. “Foreign Language Exposure, Cultural Threat, and Opposition to Immigration”. Political Psychology 33 (5):635–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 9221.2012.00904.x.

O'Brien, Elizabeth. 2014. “Planning for population ageing: Ensuring enabling and supportive physical-social environments – Local infrastructure challenges”. Planning Theory & Practice 15 (2):220–34. doi: 10.1080/14649357.2014.902986.

Oliver, J. Eric, and Tali Mendelberg. 2000. “Reconsidering the Environmental Determinants of White Racial Attitudes”. American Journal of Political Science 44 (3):574. doi: 10.2307/2669265.

Orabi, Mariam, Djedjiga Mouheb, Zaher Al Aghbari, and Ibrahim Kamel. 2020. “Detection of Bots in Social Media: A Systematic Review”. Information Processing & Management 57 (4):102250. doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102250.

Oxley, Douglas R., Kevin B. Smith, John R. Alford, Matthew V. Hibbing, Jennifer L. Miller, Mario Scalora, Peter K. Hatemi, and John R. Hibbing. 2008. “Political attitudes vary with physiological traits”. Science (New York, N.Y.) 321 (5896):1667–70. doi: 10.1126/science.1157627.

Page, Ben. 2011. “British attitudes to immigration in the 21st century” Pp. 131–54 in Improving the gov- ernance of international migration, edited by Bertelsmann Stiftung and Migration Policy Institute. Guetersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.

Paxton, Pamela, and Anthony Mughan. 2006. “What's to Fear from Immigrants? Creating an Assimilation- ist Threat Scale”. Political Psychology 27 (4):549–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00520.x.

Persell, Caroline Hodges, Adam Green, and Liena Gurevich. 2001. “Civil Society, Economic Distress, and Social Tolerance”. Sociological Forum 16 (2):203–30. doi: 10.1023/A:1011048600902.

Petermann, Sören. 2014. “Neighbourhoods and Municipalities as Contextual Opportunities for Interethnic Contact”. Urban Studies 51 (6):1214–35. doi: 10.1177/0042098013495575.

Pettigrew, Thomas F. 2009. “Secondary Transfer Effect of Contact”. Social Psychology 40 (2):55–65. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.55.

Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R. Tropp. 2008. “How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice?: Meta- analytic tests of three mediators”. European Journal of Social Psychology 38 (6):922–34. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.504.

Pettigrew, Thomas F. and Linda R. Tropp. 2011. When groups meet. The dynamics of intergroup contact. Essays in Social Psychology. New York: Psychology Press.

Pettigrew, Thomas F., Ulrich Wagner, and Oliver Christ. 2010. “Population Ratios and Prejudice: Modelling Both Contact and Threat Effects”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (4):635–50. doi: 10.1080/13691830903516034.

Prior, Markus. 2010. “You’ve Either Got It or You Don’t? The Stability of Political Interest over the Life Cycle”. The Journal of Politics 72 (3):747–66. doi: 10.1017/s0022381610000149.

Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling alone. The collapse and revival of American community. New York, Lon- don: Simon & Schuster.

Quillian, Lincoln. 1995. “Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe”. American Sociological Review 60 (4):586–611.

Quillian, Lincoln. 1996. “Group Threat and Regional Change in Attitudes Toward African-Americans”. American Journal of Sociology 102 (3):816–60. doi: 10.1086/230998.

Reeskens, Tim, and Marc Hooghe. 2007. “Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of generalized trust: Evidence from the European Social Survey (2002 and 2004)”. Social Indicators Research 85 (3):515–32. doi: 10.1007/s11205-007-9100-z.

Reeves, Andrew, and James G. Gimpel. 2012. “Ecologies of Unease: Geographic Context and National Eco- nomic Evaluations”. Political Behavior 34 (3):507–34. doi: 10.1007/s11109-011-9167-8.

Renshon, Jonathan, Jooa Julia Lee, and Dustin Tingley. 2015. “Physiological Arousal and Political Beliefs”. Political Psychology 36 (5):569–85. doi: 10.1111/pops.12173.

Rhodes, Gillian, Jamin Halberstadt, and Gemma Brajkovich. 2001. “Generalization of Mere Exposure Ef- fects to Averaged Composite Faces”. Social Cognition 19 (1):57–70. doi: 10.1521/soco.19.1.57.18961.

Richter, Christoph and Lukas Bösch. 2017. “Demokratieferne Räume?: Wahlkreisanalyse zur Bundestags- wahl 2017”. Eine Studie im Auftrag der Amadeu Antonio Stiftung. Jena: Institut für Demokratie und Zivil- gesellschaft (IDZ).

Rico, Guillem, and M. Kent Jennings. 2016. “The Formation of Left-Right Identification: Pathways and Cor- relates of Parental Influence”. Political Psychology 37 (2):237–52. doi: 10.1111/pops.12243.

Rippl, Susanne, and Dirk Baier. 2005. “Das Deprivationskonzept in der Rechtsextremismusforschung: Eine vergleichende Analyse”. Koelner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 57 (4):644–66.

Rippl, Susanne, and Christian Seipel. 2018. “Modernization, Cultural Backlash, Post-Democracy”. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie) 70 (2):237–54. doi: 10.1007/s11577-018-0522-1.

Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés. 2018. “The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it)”. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11 (1):189–209. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsx024.

Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Brian Burgoon. 2018. “The Paradox of Well-being: Do Unfavorable Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Contexts Deepen or Dampen Radical Left and Right Voting Among the Less Well-Off?”. Comparative Political Studies 51 (13):1720–53. doi: 10.1177/0010414017720707.

Ross, Catherine E., and John Mirowsky. 2009. “Neighborhood Disorder, Subjective Alienation, and Dis- tress”. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 50 (1):49.

Ross, Catherine E., John Mirowsky, and Shana Pribesh. 2001. “Powerlessness and the Amplification of Threat: Neighborhood Disadvantage, Disorder, and Mistrust”. American Sociological Review 66 (4):568– 91.

Rueda, David. 2005. “Insider–Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Dem- ocratic Parties”. American Political Science Review 99 (01). doi: 10.1017/S000305540505149X.

Rustenbach, Elisa. 2010. “Sources of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants in Europe: A Multi-Level Anal- ysis”. International Migration Review 44 (1):53–77. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00798.x.

Rydgren, Jens. 2007. “The Sociology of the Radical Right”. Annual Review of Sociology 33 (1):241–62. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131752.

Rydgren, Jens. 2009. “Social Isolation?: Social Capital and Radical Right-wing Voting in Western Europe”. Journal of Civil Society 5 (2):129–50. doi: 10.1080/17448680903154915.

Rydgren, Jens, and Patrick Ruth. 2013. “Contextual explanations of radical right-wing support in Sweden: socioeconomic marginalization, group threat, and the halo effect”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (4):711– 28. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2011.623786.

Salomo, Katja. 2019b. “The residential context as source of deprivation: Impacts on the local political culture. Evidence from the East German state Thuringia”. Political Geography 69:103–17. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.07.001.

Salomo, Katja, Susanne Marquardt, and Marcel Helbig [manuscript under review, available from the main authors]: Radical right-wing voting in urban neighborhoods: Disentangling the roles of poverty, immigration, and segregation.

Salomo, Katja [manuscript under review, available from the author]: Dynamics of Immigrant Resentment in Europe.

Salomo, Katja [forthcoming]: Abwanderung, Alterung, Frauenschwund. Der Einfluss des demografischen Wandels auf die politische Kultur in Ostdeutschland [The impact of demographic change on the political culture of East Germany]. In: Umbruch, Abbruch, Aufbruch – (Ost)-Deutschlands Weg seit 1989. Bundes- zentrale polische Bildung (Eds.), Bonn

Sampson, Robert J. 1997. “Collective Regulation of Adolescent Misbehavior: Validation Results from Eighty Chicago Neighborhoods”. Journal of Adolescent Research 12 (2):227–44. doi: 10.1177/0743554897122005.

Sampson, Robert J., Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Thomas Gannon-Rowley. 2002. “Assessing “Neighborhood Effects ”: Social Processes and New Directions in Research”. Annual Review of Sociology 28 (1):443–78. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114.

Savelkoul, Michael, Jochem Tolsma, and Peer Scheepers. 2014. “Explaining Natives' Interethnic Friendship and Contact with Colleagues in European Regions”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (5):683– 709. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2014.931802.

Scala, Dante J., Kenneth M. Johnson, and Luke T. Rogers. 2015. “Red rural, blue rural?: Presidential voting patterns in a changing rural America”. Political Geography 48:108–18. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.02.003.

Scheepers, Peer, Mérove Gijsbert, and Marcel Coender. 2002. “Ethnic Exclusionism in European Countries. Public Opposition to Civil Rights for Legal Migrants as a Response to Perceived Ethnic Threat”. European Sociological Review 18 (1):17–34. doi: 10.1093/esr/18.1.17.

Scheve, Kenneth, and Matthew Slaughter. 2001. “Labor-Market Competition and Individual Preferences Over Immigration Policy”. The Review of Economics and Statistics 83 (1):133–45. doi: 10.3386/w6946.

Schlueter, Elmar, and Eldad Davidov. 2013. “Contextual Sources of Perceived Group Threat: Negative Im- migration-Related News Reports, Immigrant Group Size and their Interaction, Spain 1996-2007”. Euro- pean Sociological Review 29 (2):179–91. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcr054.

Schlueter, Elmar, Bart Meuleman, and Eldad Davidov. 2013. “Immigrant Integration policies and perceived Group Threat: A Multilevel Study of 27 Western and Eastern European Countries”. Social science research 42 (3):670–82. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.001.

Schlueter, Elmar, and Peer Scheepers. 2010. “The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: A theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat- and intergroup contact theory”. So- cial science research 39 (2):285–95. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.07.006.

Schlueter, Elmar, and Ulrich Wagner. 2008. “Regional Differences Matter: Examining the Dual Influence of the Regional Size of the Immigrant Population on Derogation of Immigrants in Europe”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49 (2-3):153–73. doi: 10.1177/0020815207088910.

Schmuck, Desirée, and Jörg Matthes. 2017. “Effects of Economic and Symbolic Threat Appeals in Right- Wing Populist Advertising on Anti-Immigrant Attitudes: The Impact of Textual and Visual Appeals”. Politi- cal Communication 34 (4):607–26. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2017.1316807.

Schneider, Silke L. 2008. “Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Europe: Outgroup Size and Perceived Ethnic Threat”. European Sociological Review 24 (1):53–67. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcm034.

Semyonov, Moshe, and Anja Glikman. 2009. “Ethnic Residential Segregation, Social Contacts, and Anti- Minority Attitudes in European Societies”. European Sociological Review 25 (6):693–708. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcn075.

Semyonov, Moshe, Rebeca Raijman, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. 2006. “The Rise of Anti-foreigner Senti- ment in European Societies, 1988-2000”. American Sociological Review 71 (3):426–49. doi: 10.1177/000312240607100304.

Semyonov, Moshe, Rebeca Raijman, and Anastasia Gorodzeisky. 2008. “Foreigners' Impact on European Societies: Public Views and Perceptions in a Cross-National Comparative Perspective”. International Jour- nal of Comparative Sociology 49 (1):5–29. doi: 10.1177/0020715207088585.

Shapiro, Robert Y., and Yaeli Bloch-Elkon. 2008. “Do the facts speak for themselves? Partisan disagree- ment as a challenge to democratic competence”. Critical Review 20 (1-2):115–39. doi: 10.1080/08913810802316373.

Shayo, Moses. 2009. “A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy: Nation, Class, and Redistribution”. American Political Science Review 103 (02):147–74. doi: 10.1017/S0003055409090194.

Shook, Natalie J., and Russell H. Fazio. 2009. “Political ideology, exploration of novel stimuli, and attitude formation”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (4):995–98. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.003.

Sides, John, and Jack Citrin. 2007. “European Opinion About Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests and Information”. British Journal of Political Science 37 (03):477. doi: 10.1017/S0007123407000257.

Skjaeveland, Oddvar, and Tommy Garling. 1997. “Effects of interactional Space on Neighbouring”. Journal of Environmental Psychology 17 (3):181–98. doi: 10.1006/jevp.1997.0054.

Sniderman, Paul M., Louk Hagendoorn, and Markus Prior. 2004. “Predisposing Factors and Situational Triggers: Exclusionary Reactions to Immigrant Minorities”. The American Political Science Review 98 (1):35–49.

Stawarz, Nico, Nikola Sander, Harun Sulak, and Matthias Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge. 2020. “The turnaround in internal migration between East and West Germany over the period 1991 to 2018”. Demographic Re- search 43:993–1008.

Steinführer, Annett. 2018. “Vom Wachsen im Schrumpfen.: Alterung und siedlungsstruktureller Wandel von Kleinstädten”. [Of growing and shrinking. Aging populations and structural change in small towns]. Rural 9:7–29.

Stephan, W. G., K. A. Boniecki, O. Ybarra, A. Bettencourt, K. S. Ervin, L. A. Jackson, P. S. McNatt, and C. L. Renfro. 2002. “The Role of Threats in the Racial Attitudes of Blacks and Whites”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (9):1242–54. doi: 10.1177/01461672022812009.

Stephan, Walter G. 2014. “Intergroup Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Practice”. Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc 18 (3):239– 55. doi: 10.1177/1088868314530518.

Stephan, Walter G., and C. Lausanne Renfro. 2016. “The role of threat in intergroup relations” Pp. 191– 207 in From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups, edited by Diane M. Mackie and Eliot R. Smith. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Stephan, Walter G., Oscar Ybarra, and Kimberly Rios. 2016. “Intergroup threat theory” in Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, edited by Todd D. Nelson. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Stets, Jan E., and Peter J. Burke. 2000. “Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory”. Social Psychology Quarterly 63 (3):224. doi: 10.2307/2695870.

Stockemer, Daniel, Tobias Lentz, and Danielle Mayer. 2018. “Individual Predictors of the Radical Right- Wing Vote in Europe: A Meta-Analysis of Articles in Peer-Reviewed Journals (1995–2016)”. Government and Opposition 53 (3):569–93. doi: 10.1017/gov.2018.2.

Stolle, Dietlind, Stuart Soroka, and Richard Johnston. 2008. “When Does Diversity Erode Trust?: Neighbor- hood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions”. Political Studies 56 (1):57–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00717.x.

Strömblad, Per, and Bo Malmberg. 2016. “Ethnic Segregation and Xenophobic Party Preference: Exploring the Influence of the Presence of Visible Minorities on Local Electoral Support for the Sweden Democrats”. Journal of Urban Affairs 38 (4):530–45. doi: 10.1111/juaf.12227.

Swales, Kirby. 2016. “Understanding the Leave Vote”. London: NatCen Social Research.

Talaska, Cara A., Susan T. Fiske, and Shelly Chaiken. 2008. “Legitimating Racial Discrimination: Emotions, Not Beliefs, Best Predict Discrimination in a Meta-Analysis”. Social justice research 21 (3):263–396. doi: 10.1007/s11211-008-0071-2.

Taylor, Marylee C., and Peter J. Mateyka. 2011. “Community Influences on white racial Attitudes: What matters and why?”. Sociological Quarterly 52 (2):220–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01202.x.

Teter. 2020. “The Pandemic, Antisemitism, and the Lachrymose Conception of Jewish History”. Jewish Social Studies 26 (1):20. doi: 10.2979/jewisocistud.26.1.02.

Timbro. 2019. Authoritarian Populism Index. Stiftelsen Fritt Näringsliv/Timbro.

Turner, Rhiannon N., Miles Hewstone, Alberto Voci, Stefania Paolini, and Oliver Christ. 2010. “Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship”. European Review of Social Psychology 18 (1):212–55. doi: 10.1080/10463280701680297.

Uslaner, Eric M., and Mitchell Brown. 2005. “Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement”. American Politics Research 33 (6):868–94. doi: 10.1177/1532673X04271903.

Valentine, Gill. 2008. “Living with difference: Reflections on geographies of encounter”. Progress in Hu- man Geography 32 (3):323–37. doi: 10.1177/0309133308089372. van den Berg, Pauline, Theo Arentze, and Harry Timmermans. 2015. “A multilevel analysis of factors influencing local social interaction”. Transportation 42 (5):807–26. doi: 10.1007/s11116-015-9648-4. van Deth, Jan W., and Martin Elff. 2001. “Politicisation and Political Interest in Europe: A Multi-Level Ap- proach”. Working papers Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung 36. van Gent, Wouter P.C., Elmar F. Jansen, and Joost H.F. Smits. 2014. “Right-wing Radical Populism in City and Suburbs: An Electoral Geography of the Partij Voor de Vrijheid in the Netherlands”. Urban Studies 51 (9):1775–94. doi: 10.1177/0042098013505889. van Klingeren, Marijn, Hajo G. Boomgaarden, Rens Vliegenthart, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2015. “Real World is Not Enough: The Media as an Additional Source of Negative Attitudes Toward Immigration, Com- paring Denmark and the Netherlands”. European Sociological Review 31 (3):268–83. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcu089. van Wijk, Daniël, Gideon Bolt, and Jochem Tolsma. 2020. “Where does ethnic concentration matter for populist radical right support? An analysis of geographical scale and the halo effect”. Political Geography 77:102097. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102097.

Verhulst, Brad, Lindon J. Eaves, and Peter K. Hatemi. 2012. “Correlation not Causation: The Relationship between Personality Traits and Political Ideologies”. American Journal of Political Science 56 (1):34–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00568.x.

Volkens, Andrea, Tobias Burst, Werner Krause, Pola Lehmann, Theres Matthieß, Nicolas Merz, Sven Regel, Bernhard Weßels, Lisa Zehnter, and Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB). 2020. “Ma- nifesto Project Dataset”.

Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. “The spread of true and false news online”. Science (New York, N.Y.) 359 (6380):1146–51. doi: 10.1126/science.aap9559.

Wagner, Ulrich, Oliver Christ, Thomas F. Pettigrew, Jost Stellmacher, and Carina Wolf. 2006. “Prejudice And Minority Proportion: Contact Instead Of Threat Effects”. Social Psychology Quarterly 69 (4):380–90. doi: 10.1177/019027250606900406.

Weber, Hannes. 2015. “National and regional proportion of immigrants and perceived threat of immigration: A three-level analysis in Western Europe”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 56 (2):116–40. doi: 10.1177/0020715215571950.

Weber, Hannes. 2019. “Attitudes Towards Minorities in Times of High Immigration: A Panel Study among Young Adults in Germany”. European Sociological Review 35 (2):239–57. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcy050.

Weijters, Gijs, Peer Scheepers, and Jan Gerris. 2009. “City and/or Neighbourhood Determinants?”. Euro- pean Journal of Criminology 6 (5):439–55. doi: 10.1177/1477370809337883.

Westen, Drew, Pavel S. Blagov, Keith Harenski, Clint Kilts, and Stephan Hamann. 2006. “Neural bases of motivated reasoning: an FMRI study of emotional constraints on partisan political judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential election”. Journal of cognitive neuroscience 18 (11):1947–58. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947.

Wilkes, Rima, and Cary Wu. 2017. “Trust and Minority Groups” in The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust, edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press.

Wuthnow, Robert. 2018. The left behind. Decline and rage in rural America. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press.