Index

NOTE: Page numbers in italic type refer to figures, page numbers in bold type refer to tables.

adaptive governance, 5, 76, 88, 202, birdcage economics, 93 205, 207 Bo, Xilai ‘Administrative Measures on Business and Liangjiang New Area, 147–148, Registration in New 154, 156, 161, 165 Area’, 124 and public rental housing, 177 advanced manufacturing industries and social equity, 175–176 attracting TNCs to , 167–168 and social reforms in Chongqing, 72, double relocation policy, 87–88, 145–146, 147 92–93, 95 border regulations, 124–133 Agriculture Bank of (ABC), 38 Brenner, Neil, 14–15, 17, 68, 89, 142, 143 bureaucratic capitalism, 50 backflow channels, 4, 113, 121–122, 123, 140 capital account, 116 badatou project, 151, 152, 161 capital account convertibility, 115, Bakken, Borge, 131 116–117, 123, 124, 125, 133 banking industry, 38–39, 136–137, case studies 140, 158 overview, 18–21 and offshore providers, 118, 127, see also Chongqing; Guangdong 130–131, 139 cellular economic structure, 11, 34, 45, and private sector,COPYRIGHTED 158, 171–172 MATERIAL59, 141 see also shadow banking system centralisation Bank of China (BOC), 38 of fiscal system, 43–4, 45 Bayirbağ, Mustafa, 71–72 relationship with decentralisation, industrial region, 2 31–40, 76, 103, 142, 198, 202–203

On Shifting Foundations: State Rescaling, Policy Experimentation and Economic Restructuring in Post-1949 China, First Edition. Kean Fan Lim. © 2019 Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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central‐local dynamics, 33, 198, 201, 208 and reconfiguration of state spatiality, in Guangdong, 88, 95–105, 9–13 108–109, 113 and resistance to reform, 202, 205 and Liangjiang New Area, 161–170 and state‐building, 8–9, 201 central localism, 141 state intentions during Mao era, 35–37 Chan, Yan Chong, 123 tentative approach of, 1, 5 Chen, Yun, 1, 93 and uneven development see uneven ‘chessboard’ metaphor, 10, 13, 15, development 113–114 competition between provinces, 7, 75–77, Chiang, Kai‐shek, 8 109, 112–114, 166, 169, 198 Chongqing, 18–20 crony capitalism, 185 conditions underlying reforms in, cross‐border loans, 130, 134–136, 138 170–171, 193 cross‐boundary governance, 141–142 historical overview, 149–151 ‘crossing the river by feeling for stones’, path‐dependency in, 147–148, 1–3, 5, 15, 175, 196 149–150, 159–161, 171–172, cross‐provincial programs, 12–13, 162, 193–194, 199 163, 165 path of state rescaling in, 151–161 cross‐scalar relations, 79, 103–104 perspectives on development and social Cui, Jian, 157–158, 159, 160 equity in, 175–176, 183–191, 192 Cultural Revolution, 11, 34 post‐1997 developmental trajectory, Chongqing reforms likened to, 155–156 145–147 reputation of reforms in, 145–147 customs regulations, 124, 126 social reforms in, 192, 194 critiques, 183–191, 194 debt‐financing financing, 183–184, 185–191, 193 in Guangdong, 107, 142 hukou status, 4, 153, 154, 178, of social reforms in Chongqing, 180–182 183–184, 185–186, 187–191, 193 public rental housing, 177–182, decentralisation 183–184, 185–191, 193 of fiscal system, 43 rationale, 177–182 process of, 32 see also Liangjiang New Area relationship with centralisation, 31–40, city‐regionalism, 66, 71, 203 76, 103, 142, 198, 202–203 CNH (offshore RMB market), 118 see also central‐local dynamics coastal provinces, development bias, 12, decentralised rule, 5, 6 89–90, 95, 150, 162 ‘Decisions on pushing forth industrial colonisation, 48–49 and labour power relocation’, 92, commandeering economy, 34 94, 95, 96 Communist Party of China (CPC) Deng, Xiaoping, 1, 5, 11, 36, 72, 95, 174 adaptive governance of, 5, 76 Dongguan, 91–92, 94, 95–96, 99 centralisation and decentralisation, Donnithorne, A., 41 31–40 double relocation policy (Guangdong), and decentralised rule, 5 52, 87–88, 108, 109 and egalitarianism, 194–195 background to, 89–94 and financial system, 136–137, and central‐local tensions, 95–101 140–141 as motivation for , and policy experimentation, 2–6, 98 101–107, 108

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dual structure see urban–rural dual financial reforms, 4–5, 112–115, 143–144 structure and centralisation‐decentralisation, 37, dual track approach to production, 50–51 38–39 Hengqin New Area, 112, 114–115, economic development 124–133, 199 case studies see Chongqing; Guangdong Hong Kong as offshore RMB centre, ‘feeling for stones’ approach, 1–3, 5, 15, 115–124, 128 175, 196 Qianhai New Area, 113, 114–115, 129, perspectives on social equity and, 133–141, 199 174–176, 183–191, 192, 200 Financial Services Development Council uneven see uneven development (FSDC), 138 see also socioeconomic regulation fiscal system, and uneven development, economic growth 41–45 in Chongqing, 147, 169, 182, 187–188 Fitzgerald, John, 9 and decentralisation, 32, 33, 40 fixed capital formation, 105–106, 107, GDPism, 46, 174, 176 147, 182 in Guangdong, 90, 105, 106–107 fixed exchange rate, 4, 137–138 economic growth miracle, 32, 46, 117, 208 floating population, 51–52, 90 economic structure, cellular, 11, 34, 45, Fordist–Keynesian approach, 65–68, 70 59, 141 foreign direct investment (FDI), 116 egalitarianism, 31, 41, 194–195 fraudulent invoicing, 132–133 see also social equity ‘Eight Major Investments’ program GDP (gross domestic product) (badatou), 151, 152, 161 in Chongqing, 147, 169, 182, ‘emptying the cage to change the birds’ 187–188 see double relocation policy in Guangdong, 90, 105, 106–107 (Guangdong) GDPism, 46, 174, 176 exchange network, in , 131 global economic context, 2, 38, 90, 198, exchange rates, 4, 118, 137–138 203–204 experimentation see policy see also transnational capital experimentation global financial crisis (2008), 202 impact in Chongqing, 152, 161–162, ‘feeling for stones’ approach, 1–3, 5, 15, 167–168, 169–170 175, 196 impact in Guangdong, 52, 87, Feng, Zhijun, 12 90–91, 102 financial crisis see global financial crisis Goldstein, Steven, 53 (2008) governance financial flows adaptive, 5, 76, 88, 202, 205, 207 Hong Kong as offshore RMB centre, cross boundary, 141–142 115–124, 128 see also centralisation; central‐local informal, 39, 44, 131–133 dynamics; Communist Party of role of Hengqin New Area, 124–133 China (CPC); decentralisation; role of Qianhai New Area, 133–141 provinces financial industry, 38–39, 136–137, 140 Greater (GPRD), 4, 18, offshore banks, 118, 127, 130–131, 139 85–88, 199 and private sector, 158, 171–172 see also Guangdong see also shadow banking system Great Leap Forward, 10, 34, 36, 41

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Great Western Development program, 12, Hong Kong Monetary Authority 162, 163, 165 (HKMA), 117, 122 Guangdong hongguan tiaokong, 33, 161 cross‐boundary governance, 141 Hou, Yongzhi, 114 double relocation policy, 52, 87–88, Household Registration System see hukou 108, 109 institution background to, 89–94 Household Responsibility System (HRS), and central‐local tensions, 95–101 49, 201 as motivation for new areas, 101– housing (public rental), 177–182 107, 108 emergent characteristics of, 189 financial reforms, 4–5, 112–115, 143–144 financing, 183–184, 185–191, 193 Hong Kong as offshore RMB centre, Howie, Fraser, 15 115–124, 128, 129 Hu, Deping, 146 role of Hengqin New Area, 112, Hu, Jintao, 13, 101, 109, 154 114–115, 124–133, 199 Hu, Shili, 194 role of Qianhai New Area, 113, Huang, Hai, 45 114–115, 129, 133–141, 199 Huang, Qifan new areas in, 86–88, 141–144 on attracting TNCs, 166–168, 169 motivation for, 101–107, 108, 141 on new areas, 156–157, 159, 162 role of Hong Kong in creation of, on social and housing reforms, 179, 115–124 181, 190, 191 see also Hengqin New Area; Nansha Huang, Youqin, 178 New Area; Qianhai New Area hukou institution, 4, 20, 46–48, 49, 51, 52 see also Greater Pearl River Delta and Chongqing reforms, 4, 153, 154, (GPRD) 178, 180–182 Guangdong Free Trade Zone (GFTZ), 2, resistance to reform, 201, 204–205 18, 108, 112–113 immigration checks, 124–125 Han, Baojiang, 33 imperial sword, 76 Harvey, David, 68–69, 208 income inequality, 41, 49–50, 95, He, Canfei, 46 152–153 He, Xuefeng, 52 Industrial and Commercial Bank of Heilmann, Sebastian, 5 China (ICBC), 38 Hengqin New Area, 18, 86 industrialisation, 48–49 background to designation, 102–107, see also Great Leap Forward 123, 141 industry emergent function of, 129 Third Front relocation of, 11, 149 policy experimentation in, 112, see also double relocation policy 114–115, 122, 123–133, 199 (Guangdong) Hewlett‐Packard, 167–168 infrastructural development, in Chongqing, Hong Kong, 90, 114, 129, 143 150, 151, 152, 157–158, 161, 166 economic integration with, 86–87, 113, institutions, 15 125, 127 see also hukou institution; ‘move first, relationship with Qianhai New Area, experiment first’ institution 134–136, 138–139 314 integrated developmental strategy, role as offshore RMB centre, 115–124, 153–154, 155, 165, 172, 173, 128, 129 175, 181

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interest groups, 194, 202, 204–205 Liu, Zhijun, 72 interest rate liberalisation, 136–138 loans see cross‐border loans; inter‐provincial competition, 7, 75–77, debt‐financing 109, 112–114, 166, 169, 198 local governance see central‐local inter‐provincial inequality, 41, 44, 45 dynamics; decentralisation; inter‐scalar rule regimes, 68, 69 provinces Ip, Sio Kai, 130 local protectionism, 43, 46

Jackson, Samuel, 9 Macau, 90, 114, 117, 123, 129, 143 Jessop, B., 68, 69, 78 economic integration with, 86–87, Ji, Zhihong, 140 124–125, 127, 129–131 Jiang, Ling, 96 Mao, Yushi, 183, 184, 185–186 Jiang, Zemin, 12 Mao, Zedong, 29–30, 35, 58, 149 Jin, Xinyi, 138 marketisation, 50, 58, 97–98, 191 market mechanisms in socioeconomic Kanbur, Ravi, 41 regulation, 30 Ke, Qingshi, 10 Martin, Ron, 79 Keynesian approach see Fordist– Massey, Doreen, 14 Keynesian approach; spatial medium enterprises, and double Keynesianism relocation policy, 96, 97–99, Kuomintang (KMT), 8, 149 101, 102 methodological nationalism, 17–18, 19 labour power, 51–52, 90 methodological territorialism, 17, 19 see also migrant workers migrant workers, 51–52, 90, 154 ladder‐step model, 11–12, 89–90, 94, public rental housing for, 177–182 150, 157 Montinola, Gabriella, 31–32 land reform, 9, 194–195, 201 ‘move first, experiment first’ institution, Lang, Larry, 185 2, 75–77 LeBlanc, Brian, 133 in Chongqing, 156 Levine, R., 117 in Guangdong, 88, 113, 114–115, 123 Li, Changchun, 101–102 Li, Changping, 48–49 Nansha New Area, 2, 18, 23, 86, Li Keqiang, 47 102–107, 113 Li, L.C., 40 National Development and Reform Li, Yi, 66 Commission (NDRC), 7, 158 Li, Zhigang, 66 nationalism, methodological, 17–18 Liangjiang New Area, 20, 146, 199 ‘nationally strategic new areas’, 2, 3, 4, context of designation, 147–148, 202–203 151–161 approaching, 13–21 key aspects and implications of plan, 171 in Chongqing see Liangjiang New Area public rental housing in, 179–180 in Guangdong, 18, 86–88, 141–144 as regulatory fix, 161–171 motivation for, 101–107, 108 liberalisation see financial reforms policy experimentation in see Lin, George, 16 Hengqin New Area; Qianhai Liu, Guoguang, 190 New Area Liu, Haiying, 187, 188 role of Hong Kong as offshore RMB Liu, Weidong, 13 centre, 115–124

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influences on designation see central‐ in historical context, 200–202, local dynamics 205–206 uncertainties of, 199 new research directions, 207–208 national strategy and path‐dependency, 16 competitive alignment with, 7, 75–77, uncertainties of, 199 109, 112–114, 198, 199 wider implementation of, 193–194, concept of, 7 199–200, 203 Naughton, Barry, 50 political populism, 183–185 new areas see ‘nationally strategic new political power areas’ and fiscal system, 45 Niu, Jing, 127 reconfiguration of, 14 ‘No. 3 Document’, 154, 155 see also central‐local dynamics politicisation, and state rescaling, 71–73 off‐budgetary revenue, 44 Poncet, Sandra, 45–46 offshore RMB centre portfolio investment, 116 Hong Kong as, 115–124, 128, 129 ‘price scissors’ approach, 48 status of Hengqin New Area, 128 private equity (PE) hubs, 127 offshore RMB market (CNH), 118 private sector, 158, 171–172 Oi, Jean, 31, 33 protectionism, 43, 46 organised crime, 145 provinces competition between, 7, 75–77, 109, Page, Scott, 78 112–114, 166, 169, 198 path‐dependency, 16, 20, 53 cross‐boundary governance, 141–142 analytical framework, 78–79 cross‐provincial programs, 12–13, 162, in Chongqing, 147–148, 149–150, 163, 165 159–161, 171–172, 193–194, 199 relationship with central governance see in Guangdong, 93–94, 141 central‐local dynamics new research directions, 207–208 see also decentralisation Paulson, Henry, 137 public rental housing, 177–182 Pearl River Delta (PRD) see Greater Pearl emergent characteristics of, 189 River Delta (GPRD); Guangdong financing, 183–184, 185–191, 193 peasants see migrant workers New Area, 2 Peck, Jamie, 6, 14, 65, 68, 79, 103–104 Peng, Xizhe, 51 Qian, Yingyi, 32 People’s Bank of China (PBoC), 38, 136, Qianhai Management Authority 137, 140 (QMA), 134 People’s Communes, 5, 36, 37, 38, 48, Qianhai New Area, 18, 86 49, 201 background to designation, 102–107, People’s Construction Bank of China 123, 141 (PCBC), 38 emergent function of, 129 permanences, 69, 208 policy experimentation in, 113, Perry, Elizabeth, 5 114–115, 122, 123–124, Peters, Guy, 79 133–141, 199 planned economy, 34–35 Qing dynasty, 8 policy experimentation, 2–6 Qiu, Feng, 185, 186 analytical framework, 75–78 Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor case studies see Chongqing; Guangdong 3 (QDII3), 138–139

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ration tickets, 38 centralisation and decentralisation, Rawski, Thomas, 6 31–40 real estate market, 39, 178, 182, 186–187 complexities of, 54–57, 58–60, 197 reciprocal accountability, 88, 109 state intervention in Chongqing, redistribution see social equity 149–157 relocation of industry, 11, 149 uneven development, 41–53 see also double relocation policy need to reconceptualise state rescaling, (Guangdong) 70–73, 81 Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional new research directions, 207–208 Investors (RQFIIs), 121 overview of state rescaling, 200–207 reserve assets, 116 revised framework for state rescaling, resettlement 73–81 in Chongqing, 150, 152–153 Western concepts of state rescaling, see also public rental housing 65–68 RMB (renminbi) Soviet political economy, 35, 37, 50–51 Hong Kong as offshore RMB centre, ‘spatial divisions of labour’ thesis, 14 115–124, 128, 129 spatial fetishism, 16–17, 19 internationalisation of, 134, spatial Keynesianism, 67, 70 140–141, 204 Special Administrative Regions (SARs), loans in Qianhai New Area, 85, 86–87, 90 134–136, 138 see also Hong Kong; Macau Rodrik, D., 116–117 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 2, 85, Roland, Gérard, 32 103, 193 Rural Credit Cooperatives (RCCs), 39 specific purpose transfers, 45 state centrism, 16, 19 Segal, Adam, 32–33 state formation, 8–9, 201 shadow banking system, 39, 44, 132, 133 state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) Shen, Xiaozhong, 152–153 in Chongqing, 151, 159, 160, , 103, 134 171–172, 193 Shizimen Business , 124 and fiscal system, 42, 43 Sichuan province, 150 in Guangdong, 105 small and medium enterprises (SMEs), state rescaling and double relocation policy, 96, case studies see Chongqing; 97–99, 101, 102 Guangdong social equity conceptual origins, 67–69 perspectives on development and, definition, 14 174–176, 183–191, 192, 200 new research directions, 207–208 see also egalitarianism overview, 200–207 social stability, 96–97, 174–175, 183, 198 reasons for reconceptualising, 70–73, 81 socioeconomic regulation research in China, 66–67 approaches to, 29–30, 197 revised analytical framework, 73–81 case studies see Chongqing; Guangdong Western conceptualisations of, 65–68 conceptual origins of state rescaling, see also central‐local dynamics 67–69 state spatiality, reconfiguration of, 8–13 historical context, 6, 8–13, 200–202, stock market, 39 205–206 strategic disobedience, 33, 98, 100–101

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structured coherence, 68–69 emergent characteristics of, 189 subnational actors, 75–77 financing, 183–184, 185–191, 193 see also central‐local dynamics urban–rural dual structure, 46–53, subnational governance see central‐local 70–71, 193 dynamics; decentralisation; reform of see urban–rural integration provinces (Chongqing) Sum, N.L., 68 resistance to reform, 199, 201, 204–205 Sun, Yat‐sen, 8 urban–rural inequality, 31, 41, 43, Sunley, Peter, 79 152–153, 178 supply chain integration, 156, 167–168 urban–rural integration (Chongqing), 175, 176 Tang, Zongwei, 179–180 critiques of reforms, 183–191, 194 taxation, 43–44 and hukou status, 4, 153, 154, 178, technological industries 180–182 attracted to Chongqing, 167–168 public rental housing, 177–182 and double relocation, 87–88, 92–93, 95 Villaverde, José, 45 territorialism, methodological, 17 territorial politics see central‐local Walder, Andrew, 8–9 dynamics, competition between Walter, Carl, 15 provinces Wang, Jinxia, 134 territorial reconfiguration, of Mao era, 9 Wang, Shaoguang, 174 Third Front Construction program, Wang, Yang 10–11, 149 and double relocation, 88, 91–94, Three Gorges Dam project, 150, 153 97–102, 142, 194 Thun, Eric, 33 and new areas, 87, 103, 104, 123, 142 ‘top‐level design’, 15 and political tensions, 97–102, 109 transnational capital role in Chongqing, 147–148, 154, 165, in Chongqing, 159, 166–169 176, 194 in Guangdong, 90 Wedeman, Andrew, 33 and policy experimentation, 75–78 Weingast, Barry, 32 and state rescaling, 69, 166–169 Wen, Jiabao, 13, 96–97, 102, 109, 146 transport, 156–157 Wen, Tiejun, 29, 34–35, 41–42, 45, 160 Trust and Investment Corporations Weng, Jieming, 162–163, 164–165 (TICs), 39 Whyte, Martin, 29 Tsai, K.S., 39 Wu, Fulong, 66, 183 Tsui, K.Y., 41 Wu, Jinglian, 34, 184, 187–188

unemployment, 52, 107 Xi, Jinping, 1, 2, 13, 15, 58 uneven development Xia, Yulong, 12 and fiscal system, 41–45 Xiao, Jincheng, 7, 163–164, 166 historical context, 11–13, 20, 31, 34, Xu, Youyu, 146–147 95, 157 and urban–rural dual structure, 46–53 Yang, Chun, 141 Urban Credit Cooperatives (UCCs), 39 Yang, Qingyu, 175 urban rental housing, 177–182 Yang, Rudai, 46

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‘yellow cat, black cat’ outlook, 36, 72 Zhang, Xiaobo, 41 Yuan, Shikai, 8 Zheng, Hongjie, 134 Yue, Eddie, 117–118, 122 Zhou, Xiaochuan, 75, 113–114 Zhoushan Archipelago New Area, 2 Zervos, S., 117 Zhu, Rongji, 42 Zhang, Bei, 114 Zhu, Xiaodan, 100 Zhang, Jun, 6 Zhuhai, 103

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