th 57 Annual Meeting of the

Aquatic Plant Management Society

Program & Abstracts

Hilton Daytona Beach Resort

Ocean Walk Village

Daytona Beach, Florida

July 16-19, 2017

Meeting Sponsors

The Aquatic Plant Management Society appreciates the generous support of the following meeting sponsors. Through their support and contributions, we can conduct a successful and enjoyable meeting.

Platinum Level

Dredgesox™ Erosion Control UPI Delray Beach, Florida Exton, Pennsylvania

Gold Level

Lonza SePRO Corporation Alpharetta, Georgia Carmel, Indiana

Nufarm Americas Syngenta Professional Products Fayetteville, GA Greensboro, North Carolina

Silver Level

Alligare, LLC Winfield United Davidson, North Carolina Ville Platte, Louisiana

Bronze Level

Brewer International Crop Production Services, Inc. Vero Beach, Florida Monticello, Arkansas

Contributor Level

Airmax Ecosystems, Inc. Cygnet Enterprises, Inc. Romeo, Michigan Flint, Michigan

Aquatic Control, Inc. Keycolour Seymour, Indiana Phoenix, Arizona

BioSafe Systems, LLC Santee Cooper East Hartford, Connecticut Moncks Corner, South Carolina

Brandt Consolidated, Inc. Vertex Water Features Springfield, Illinois Pompano Beach, Florida

The Aquatic Plant Management Society, Inc. is an international organization of scientists, educators, students, commercial pesticide applicators, administrators, and concerned individuals interested in the management and study of aquatic plants. The membership reflects a diversity of federal, state, and local agencies, universities and colleges around the world, corporations, and small businesses. Membership applications are available at the meeting registration desk and on line at www.apms.org.

The Vision of the Aquatic Plant Management Society is to be the leading international organization for scientific information on aquatic plant and algae management.

The Mission of the Aquatic Plant Management Society is to provide a forum for the discovery and dissemination of scientific information that advances aquatic plant and algae management policy and practice.

The Aquatic Plant Management Society thanks Duke Energy Carolinas for their generous contribution to print and distribute the Program for the 57th Annual Meeting!

Table of Contents

APMS Board of Directors, Committee Chairs, and Special Representatives ...... 1 APMS Presidents and Meeting Sites ...... 2 APMS Award Recipients ...... 3 APMS Graduate Student Research Grant Recipients ...... 5 Sustaining Members ...... 6 Exhibitors ...... 10 Hotel Site Map ...... 11 General Information ...... 12 Program Organization ...... 12 Name Badges ...... 12 Meeting Registration Desk ...... 12 Exhibits ...... 12 Posters ...... 12 Continental Breakfasts / Refreshment Breaks ...... 12 Spur-of-the-Moment Meeting Room ...... 12 Events…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...12 Student Meet and Greet…………………………………………………………………………………….12 President’s Reception ...... 12 Guest Tour ...... 12 Regional Chapter Presidents’ Luncheon ...... 13 Student Affairs Luncheon ...... 13 Annual Business Meeting ...... 13 Poster Session and Reception ...... 13 Past Presidents’ Luncheon ...... 13 Women in Aquatics Luncheon ...... 13 Awards Reception and Banquet ...... 13 Post-Conference Student Tour ...... 13 Events-at-a-Glance ...... 14 Agenda ...... 14 Sunday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance ...... 14 Monday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance ...... 15 Session I ...... 15 Session II ...... 16 Poster Session ...... 18 Tuesday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance ...... 20 Session III ...... 20 Session IV ...... 21 Wednesday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance ...... 23 Session V ...... 23 Session VI ...... 24 Abstracts ...... 26

Board of Directors

John Madsen Rob Richardson John H. Rodgers, Jr. President Immediate Past President President Elect U.S. Department of Agriculture North Carolina State University Clemson University Davis, California Raleigh, North Carolina Clemson, South Carolina

Craig Aguillard Jeremy Slade Jason Ferrell Vice President Treasurer (3/3) Editor (1/3) Winfield UPI University of Florida Ville Platte, Louisiana Gainesville, Florida Gainesville, Florida

Jeffrey D. Schardt Dick Pinagel Ryan Wersal Secretary (1/3) Director (3/3) Director (3/3) Thomasville, Georgia Aqua-Weed Control Lonza Holly, Michigan Alpharetta, Georgia

Brett Hartis Ryan Thum Scott Nissen Director (2/3) Director (2/3) Director (1/3) Tennessee Valley Authority Montana State University Colorado State University Guntersville, Alabama Bozeman, Montana Fort Collins, Colorado

Todd Olson Samantha Sardes Director (1/3) Student Director Aquatic Vegetation Control, Inc. University of Florida Riviera Beach, Florida Davie, Florida

Committee Chairs Special Representatives

Awards Mike Netherland AERF Carlton Layne Bylaws and Resolutions Vernon V. Vandiver, Jr. BASS Gerald Adrian Education and Outreach Jeffrey Schardt CAST Joe Vassios Exhibits Dean Jones NALMS Terry McNabb Finance John Gardner RISE Sam Barrick Legislative Rob Richardson Science Policy Director Lee Van Wychen Meeting Planning Tommy Bowen Women in Aquatics Amy Kay Membership Mark Heilman WSSA Rob Richardson Nominating Rob Richardson Past President’s Advisory Rob Richardson Program John Rodgers Publications Jay Ferrell Regional Chapters Craig Aguillard Scholastic Endowment Tom Warmuth Strategic Planning Mark Heilman Student Affairs Chris Mudge Website Karen Brown

1 APMS Presidents and Meeting Sites

1961 T. Wayne Miller, Jr. Fort Lauderdale, FL 1991 Joseph C. Joyce Dearborn, MI 1962 T. Wayne Miller, Jr. Fort Lauderdale, FL 1992 Randall K. Stocker Daytona Beach, FL 1963 William Dryden Tampa, FL 1993 Clarke Hudson Charleston, SC 1964 Herbert J. Friedman Tallahassee, FL 1994 S. Joseph Zolczynski San Antonio, TX 1965 John W. Woods Palm Beach, FL 1995 Steven J. de Kozlowski Bellevue, WA 1966 Zeb Grant Lakeland, FL 1996 Terence M. McNabb Burlington, VT 1967 James D. Gorman Fort Myers, FL 1997 Kurt D. Getsinger Fort Myers, FL 1968 Robert D. Blackburn Winter Park, FL 1998 Alison M. Fox Memphis, TN 1969 Frank L. Wilson West Palm Beach, FL 1999 David F. Spencer Asheville, NC 1970 Paul R. Cohee Huntsville, AL 2000 J. Lewis Decell San Diego, CA

1971 Stanley C. Abramson Tampa, FL 2001 Jim Schmidt Minneapolis, MN 1972 Robert J. Gates Miami Springs, FL 2002 David P. Tarver Keystone, CO 1973 Brandt G. Watson New Orleans, LA 2003 Richard M. Hinterman Portland, ME 1974 Alva P. Burkhalter Winter Park, FL 2004 Ken L. Manuel Tampa, FL 1975 Luciano Val Guerra San Antonio, TX 2005 Eric P. Barkemeyer San Antonio, TX 1976 Ray A. Spirnock Fort Lauderdale, FL 2006 Jeffrey D. Schardt Portland, OR 1977 Robert W. Geiger Minneapolis, MN 2007 Donald W. Doggett Nashville, TN 1978 Donald V. Lee Jacksonville, FL 2008 Jim Petta Charleston, SC 1979 Julian J. Raynes Chattanooga, TN 2009 Carlton Layne Milwaukee, WI 1980 William N. Rushing Sarasota, FL 2010 Greg MacDonald Bonita Springs, FL

1981 Nelson Virden Jackson, MS 2011 Linda S. Nelson Baltimore, MD 1982 Roy L. Clark Las Vegas, NV 2012 Tyler Koschnick Salt Lake City, UT 1983 Emory E. McKeithen Lake Buena Vista, FL 2013 Terry Goldsby San Antonio, TX 1984 A. Leon Bates Richmond, VA 2014 Michael D. Netherland Savannah, GA 1985 Max C. McCowen Vancouver, BC 2015 Cody Gray Myrtle Beach, SC 1986 Lars W. J. Anderson Sarasota, FL 2016 Rob Richardson Grand Rapids, MI 1987 Dean F. Martin Savannah, GA 2017 John D. Madsen Daytona Beach, FL 1988 Richard D. Comes New Orleans, LA 1989 Richard Couch Scottsdale, AZ 1990 David L. Sutton Mobile, AL

2 APMS Award Recipients

Honorary Members President’s Award

Awarded to persons who have been voting An individual, designated by the current members of the Society for no less than ten President, who has displayed "Many Years years, have contributed significantly to the of Dedication and Contributions to the field of aquatic vegetation management, and Society and the Field of Aquatic Plant must have actively promoted the Society and Management". its affairs during their membership.

William E. Wunderlich 1967 T. O. “Dale” Robson 1984 F. L. Timmons 1970 Gloria Rushing 1991 Walter A. Dun 1976 William T. Haller 1999 Frank S. Stafford 1981 David Mitchell 1999 Robert J. Gates 1984 Jeffrey D. Schardt 2002 Herbert J. Friedman 1987 Jim Schmidt 2003 John E. Gallagher 1988 Robert C. Gunkel, Jr. 2004 Luciano “Lou” Gallagher 1988 Victor A. Ramey 2006 Max C. McCowen 1989 William H. Culpepper 2007 James D. Gorman 1995 Kurt Getsinger 2008 T. Wayne Miller, Jr. 1995 Richard Hinterman 2009 A. Leon Bates 1997 Steve D. Cockreham 2010 Richard Couch 1997 Donald W. Doggett 2012 N. Rushing 1997 Carlton Layne 2013 Alva P. Burkhalter 2002 Ken Langeland, Jeff Schardt, 2014 J. Lewis Decell 2004 Dan Thayer, Bill Zattau Paul C. Myers 2005 Greg MacDonald 2015 David L. Sutton 2006 Linda Nelson 2015 Dean F. Martin 2007 John Madsen, Mike Netherland 2016 Robert C. Gunkel, Jr. 2008 Allison M. Fox 2010 Randall K. Stocker 2010 Steven J. de Kozlowski 2010 Carole Lembi 2011 Lars W.J. Anderson 2012 David Tarver 2012 Don Doggett 2013 Richard Hinterman 2013 David Spencer 2015 Jim Schmidt 2016

3 Max McCowen Friendship Award

Judy McCowen 1995 A special recognition given to an APMS member whose John E. Gallagher 1997 demeanor and actions display sincerity and friendship in the Paul C. Myers 2000 spirit of being an ambassador for the APMS. Criteria William T. Haller 2002 include warmth and outgoing friendship, sincerity and Bill Moore 2006 genuine concern, gracious hospitality, positive Vernon V. Vandiver, Jr. 2012 attitude/smile. Tommy Bowen 2014 Steve Hoyle 2015 Ken Manuel 2016

T. Wayne Miller Distinguished Service Award

Gerald Adrian 2005 An individual recognized for "Service to the Society and the Linda Nelson 2007 Profession". Considerations include completion of a Surrey Jacobs 2009 relatively short-term project taking considerable effort Amy Richard 2010 resulting in advancement of aquatic plant management; Michael Netherland 2011 performance beyond the call of duty as an APMS officer, John H. Rodgers, Jr. 2012 chair, or representative; or non-member achievement John Madsen 2013 leading to the advancement of APMS goals and objectives. Jim Schmidt 2014 Jeffrey D. Schardt 2015 Craig Aguillard 2016

Outstanding Graduate Student Award

Ryan Wersal Mississippi State University 2010 A student recognized for outstanding Joe Vassios Colorado State University 2011 achievement during graduate studies in Sarah True-Meadows North Carolina State University 2013 the field of aquatic plant management. Justin Nawrocki North Carolina State University 2014 Erika Haug North Carolina State University 2015 Kyla Iwinski Clemson University 2016

Outstanding International Contribution Award

Deborah Hofstra National Institute of Water and 2013 An individual or group recognized for Atmospheric Research completion of research or outreach Paul Champion National Institute of Water and 2016 activities that is international in nature. Atmospheric Research

Outstanding Journal of Aquatic Plant Management Article Award

James Johnson, Ray Newman University of Minnesota 2012 An award voted by the Editor and Michael D. Netherland and U.S. Army Corps of 2014 Associate Editors for research LeeAnn Glomski Engineers published in the JAPM during the Greg Bugbee, M. Gibbons, Connecticut Agricultural 2016 previous year. and M.J. Wells Experiment Station

4 Outstanding Research/Technical Contributor Award

Michael Netherland, Dean Jones, Jeremy Slade 2010 An individual or group recognized for

Kurt Getsinger 2011 completion of a research project or technical Mark Heilman 2013 contribution related to aquatic plant John Rodgers 2015 management that constitutes a significant Rob Richardson 2016 advancement to the field.

APMS Graduate Student Research Grant (year and amount of grant)

Student initiatives are among the most important core values of the Aquatic Plant Management Society. High on the list of student support programs is the APMS Graduate Student Research Grant. This $40,000 academic grant, co- sponsored by APMS and the seven regional APMS chapters, provides funding for a full-time graduate student to conduct research in an area involving aquatic plant management techniques (used alone or integrated with other management approaches) or in aquatic ecology related to the biology or management of regionally or nationally recognized nuisance aquatic vegetation.

Recipient Affiliation Year Amount

Mary Bremigan Michigan State University 1999 $34,000 The Indirect Effects of Sonar Application on Lake Food Webs

Katia Englehardt University of Maryland 2001 $40,000 Controlling Non-native Submersed Aquatic Macrophyte Species in Maryland Reservoirs: Plant Competition Mediated by Selective Control

Susan Wilde University of South Carolina 2005 $40,000 Investigating the Role of Invasive Aquatic Plants and Epiphytic Cyanobacteria on Expression of Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy (AVM)

John Madsen and Ryan Wersal Mississippi State University 2007 $60,000 The Seasonal Phenology, Ecology and Management of Parrotfeather [Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vellozo) Verdecourt]

Rob Richardson, Sarah True, and Steve Hoyle North Carolina State University 2010 $40,000 Monoecious Hydrilla: Phenology and Competition

Ryan Thum Grand Valley State University 2012 $40,000 A Quantitative Genetics Approach to Identifying the Genetic Architecture of Herbicide Susceptibility, Tolerance, and Resistance in Hybrid Watermilfoils (Myriophyllum spicatum x sibiricum)

Scott Nissen Colorado State University 2014 $40,000 Exploring the Physiological Basis of 2,4-D Tolerance in Northern Watermilfoil x Eurasian Watermilfoil Hybrids

Rob Richardson North Carolina State University 2015 $40,000 Aspects of Monoecious Hydrilla Physiology and Response to Herbicide Combination Treatments

Christopher R. Mudge and Bradley T. Sartain Louisiana State University 2016 $40,000 Exploring Alternative Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell) Management Strategies

5 Sustaining Members

Alligare, LLC is a leading supplier in industrial vegetation management and a subsidiary of ADAMA, the world's largest manufacturer of post patent crop protection chemicals. Our markets include vegetation management, forestry, right-of-way, range and pasture, and aquatics. Alligare works directly with manufacturers around the world to bring the highest level of product quality and service to our customer. Alligare Specialists provide product and service faster and more cost effectively than a traditional sales force.

Since 1981, Applied Aquatic Management, Inc., (AAM) has provided innovative and effective water management services, selective vegetation control, wetland management and exotic weed control. AAM has clients throughout Florida including developers, homeowners associations, golf courses, mobile home communities, utilities, local, state and federal government agencies and industry. Our experienced professional staff provides unique knowledge along with advanced equipment to manage all types of waterway, right-of-way, wetland, and upland systems.

Aqua Services, Inc. is a full-service, aquatic resource management company that specializes in aquatic vegetation management. Established in 1983, the company has provided aquatic plant management for entities in the southeastern U.S. that include the Corps of Engineers, Tennessee Valley Authority, Southern Company, and the Tennessee Wildlife Resource Agency. Aqua Services also provides lake management consulting including electro-fishing assessments, water quality analysis and enhancement, and recreational lake design.

AquaTechnex, LLC is a lake and aquatic plant management firm that operates in the Western United States. The company is expert in the use of aerial and boat GIS/GPS technologies to assess aquatic environments. The firm is also expert in the management of invasive aquatic weed species and phosphorous mitigation to suppress toxic cyanobacteria blooms. Our web site is www.aquatechnex.com; please drop by regularly to get news updates as we have moved our blog onto the site.

Aquatic Control, Inc. has been managing aquatic resources since 1966. As a distributor of lake management supplies, floating fountain aerators, and diffused aeration systems, Aquatic Control represents Applied Biochemists, AquaBlok, BioSafe Systems, Brewer International, SePRO, Syngenta, United Phosphorus, AquaMaster, Kasco, and Otterbine. Aquatic Control has five offices that offer aquatic vegetation management plans including vegetation mapping and application services, fountain and aeration system installation, maintenance, and service throughout the Midwest.

Aquatic Vegetation Control, Inc. (AVC) is a Florida corporation founded in 1986 offering vegetation management and general environmental consulting services throughout the southeast. Since its establishment as an exotic/nuisance vegetation management company specializing in the control of invasive wetland, aquatic and upland species, AVC has broadened its scope of capabilities to include; certified lake management, fish stocking, re- vegetation, mitigation and restoration services, mitigation monitoring services, aquatic, roadside, forestry and utility vegetation management, and environmental/ecological consulting. https://www.avcaquatic.com/

6 Sustaining Members

BioSafe Systems LLC has been offering sustainable and effective solutions for lake management, municipal and wastewater treatments and other water resources since 1998. Our uniquely balanced, broad-spectrum chemistries are designed to enhance your water’s health, quality and appearance. Alternatives to products that utilize copper, or other harsh and sometimes toxic chemicals, BioSafe Systems’ complete line of products are EPA registered, USDA NOP compliant, OMRI listed and effectively alleviate algal issues with minimal impact on the environment.

Brewer International, located in Vero Beach, Florida, has been a chemical manufacturer since 1973. This location is perfect because the company purchases limonene, a low viscosity oil derived from the peel of citrus fruit. This natural ingredient is used in many of Brewer's formulations including two OMRI Listed Organic surfactants: Organic-Kick and Vin-Kick. The company offers aquatic surfactants Cide-Kick, Cide-Kick II, Cygnet Plus, I’Vod, Sun Wet, and Poly Control 2. Check out our web site at www.brewerint.com and visit us on our Facebook page.

Chem One is a national leader of Organic Copper Sulfate for aquatic management. With eight standard EPA label grades; Fine 20, 25, 30, 100, 200, Small, Medium and Large. Chem One has a grade to meet every customer’s needs. With our corporate offices and 78,000+ square foot warehouse in Houston, Texas, Chem One is a national wholesale company that is certified to ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001.

Clarke Aquatic Services is a global environmental products and services company. Our mission is to make communities around the world more livable, safe, and comfortable. By understanding our customers’ needs, we tailor service programs that draw on our unmatched breadth of industry experience, expertise, and resources. We pioneer, develop and deliver environmentally responsible mosquito control and aquatic services to help control nuisances, prevent disease, and create healthy waterways.

Crop Production Services, Inc. (CPS) is a national distributor dedicated to providing innovative solutions and quality products for our customers in the aquatic industry. With our experienced sales force and national warehouse network, CPS provides fast, reliable access to the products our customers need, the services our customers want, and emerging technologies that will address vegetation management needs today and into the future. At CPS, we work closely with customers to develop solutions for their vegetation management programs.

Cygnet Enterprises, Inc. is a national single source distributor of aquatic management products with offices and warehouses in Michigan, Indiana, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, California and Idaho. Cygnet is proud of its reputation for outstanding service, friendly, knowledgeable staff and our unmatched support of the aquatics industry. Cygnet Enterprises is the only aquatic distributor at the Charter Gold Member level in the Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation (AERF). Please visit www.cygnetenterprises.com.

7 Sustaining Members

Duke Energy is one of the largest electric power holding companies in the U.S. Its regulated utility operations serve approximately 7.4 million electric customers located in six states in the Southeast and Midwest, representing a population of approximately 24 million people. Its Commercial Portfolio and International business segments own and operate diverse power generation assets in North America and Latin America, including a growing portfolio of renewable energy assets in the U.S. Headquartered in Charlotte, NC, Duke Energy is an S&P 100 Stock Index company traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol DUK. Visit us at duke-energy.com.

Lake Restoration, located in MN, has specialized in controlling pond weeds, lake weeds, and nuisance algae since 1977. Lake Restoration’s product line-up includes: Mizzen, a copper based algaecide, Spritflo and Dibrox herbicides, a variety of pond dyes and nutrient reducers. Lake Restoration also manufactures the TORMADA product application boat, Vitaflume floating fountains, the retractable Goose D-Fence system, and the patented LAKEMAID to eliminate lake weeds automatically. For more information, visit our website www.lakerestoration.com.

The Lee County Hyacinth Control District was formed by the Florida Legislature in June 1961to curtail excessive growths of water hyacinth. That same year, water managers from across the state convened in Lee County and formed the Hyacinth Control Society, now APMS, to share control strategies and develop a comprehensive management approach to Florida’s most prolific aquatic plant. T. Wayne Miller, Jr. of Lee County served as the Society’s President for the first two years and Lee County has been a supporting member of APMS since its inception.

Applied Biochemists® team at Lonza Water Treatment is proud of its active membership and participation with the APMS for over 40 years. As a manufacturer and supplier of algaecides, aquatic herbicides and other water management products, we highly value the science and integrity the APMS brings to our industry. We are a leading life sciences company, dedicated to the development, production and application of a wide variety of products to improve the recreational and functional value of water, and quality of life throughout the world.

Maxunitech is an integrated enterprise focusing on the Research and Development, production, sales of agrochemicals, and relevant intermediates and other fine chemicals. Established in 2000, under the principles of “people oriented, united for innovation and pursue excellence”, we have been researching and developing new products, solving commercial issues from the perspective of technology, and fulfilling enterprise value with value added for our clients.

Valent Corporation signed a formal agreement with Nufarm Americas giving them exclusive distributorship of its products. All of Valent’s Professional Products, including its aquatics products, Clipper and Tradewind, will now be sold by Nufarm. This allows Nufarm to offer a portfolio of 10 products labeled for aquatics. Nufarm provides a wide variety of products labeled for aquatics, both systemic and contact, that can be used selectively or broad spectrum depending on their use.

8 Sustaining Members

Pond Boss PRO, a division of the OASE group, provides a line of professional grade products specifically formulated to effectively and rapidly deal with challenges associated with large bodies of fresh water. Our products and innovation will clean, clear, condition and balance water chemistry allowing lakes to be enjoyed the way nature intended. From container gardens to the backyard Oasis and the management of lakes and watersheds, “Living Water” is OASE’s passion. www.oase-livingwater.com - www.thepondboss.net

Founded more than 75 years ago as the South Carolina Public Service Authority, Santee Cooper is a reliable, recognized leader in energy generation and water utility services. Our aquatic plant management program began in the early 1940s and is now one of the largest programs in the southeastern U.S., providing invasive plant control over 160,000 surface acres including Lakes Marion and Moultrie. We are a proud founding member of the South Carolina Aquatic Plant Management Society.

For 22 years, SePRO Corporation has developed innovative technologies to advance the science of water management. The SePRO team provides comprehensive assessment, planning and implementation solutions. Our focused disciplines include aquatic plant and algae management, water quality restoration, laboratory analysis, mapping and data management. Whether you are looking to assess a water resource, design a prescription plan or implement a restoration program, SePRO provides expertise and solutions to preserve our most precious natural resource – water. www.sepro.com

Invasive weeds can devastate both natural and commercial habitats. Syngenta provides high performance products to control destructive weeds while helping to restore the habitat of aquatic environments. Syngenta offers proven aquatic herbicides like Reward® and Tribune™ that provide fast burn-down, work well in cool weather and are rainfast in as little as 30 minutes. The active ingredient, diquat dibromide, has been used successfully in sensitive aquatic areas for over 25 years.

UPI manufactures and markets aquatic herbicides and algaecides for lakes, ponds and irrigation canals. These products are marketed as Aquathol®, Hydrothol®, AquaStrike®, Current®, Symmetry®, Cascade® and Teton®. UPI is a leader in the development of new uses, techniques and formulations to improve aquatic plant management strategies. UPI is a worldwide producer of crop protection products with U.S. operations based in King of Prussia, PA. For more information, please visit www.upi-usa.com or www.cascadeforcanals.com.

Vertex Water Features is a science and engineering based aeration system manufacturer that provides custom designed water quality solutions distributed through its lake manager dealer network to interested lake owners, lake managers, developers and government agencies throughout North America and internationally. Website: www.vertexwaterfeatures.com. Phone: 1-844-432-4303, Email [email protected], FB: https://www.facebook.com/VertexWaterFeatures/

9 Exhibitors

The Aquatic Plant Management Society thanks the following companies for exhibiting their products and services. This list was current when the Program was submitted for printing on June 12, 2017. Please visit the exhibit hall in Coquina DE for all Exhibitors, including not-for-profit organizations.

Airmax Ecosystems, Inc. Helena Chemical Company Romeo, Michigan Tampa, Florida

Alligare, LLC Keycolour, Inc. Davidson, North Carolina Phoenix, Arizona

Applied Polymer Systems, Inc. Lake and Wetland Management Woodstock, Georgia Delray Beach, Florida

AquaMaster Fountains and Aerators Lonza Kiel, Wisconsin Alpharetta, Georgia

Aquatic Control, Inc. Nufarm Americas Seymour, Indiana Raleigh, North Carolina

Aquatic Vegetation Control, Inc. Pond Biologics, LLC Riviera Beach, Florida Shelby Township, Michigan

BioBase C-Map, Inc. Sensient Industrial Colors Minneapolis, Minnesota King’s Lynn, Norfolk, Great Britain

BioSafe Systems, LLC SePRO Corporation East Hartford, Connecticut Carmel, Indiana

Brandt Consolidated, Inc. Syngenta Springfield, Illinois Royal Palm Beach, Florida

Brewer International Texas Hunter Products Vero Beach, Florida San Antonio, Texas

Crop Production Services UPI Oviedo, Florida Exton, Pennsylvania

Cygnet Enterprises, Inc. Vertex Water Features Flint, Michigan Pompano Beach, Florida

Ecological Labs, Inc. Winfield United Punta Gorda, Florida Ville Platte, Louisiana

10

11 General Information and Events

Program Organization The Agenda is organized by day and time. Posters and abstracts are organized alphabetically by presenting author. For more event information, please see the Agenda-at-a-Glance pages for each day in this Program. Messages will be posted at the meeting registration desk. Most events will take place in the Coquina Rooms A-H, North Tower, 3rd Floor. See the hotel site map on page 11 of the Program for event locations.

Name Badges Your name badge is your ticket for all events at the meeting. Wear it to all activities during the meeting. All individuals participating in meeting events or activities must be registered and have a name badge. Non-registered guests may purchase tickets for the President’s Reception, Guest Tour, Poster Session Reception, and Awards Banquet at the meeting registration desk.

Meeting Registration Desk The meeting registration desk will be located at Coquina Pre-function in front of the Coquina FGH meeting room, North Tower 3rd Floor, opening at 1:00 pm on Sunday, July 16, and running for the duration of the meeting.

Exhibits Exhibits will be open from 7:00 a.m. Monday to 3:00 p.m. Wednesday in Coquina DE.

Posters Posters will be open from 7:00 a.m. Monday to 3:00 p.m. Wednesday in Coquina DE. Poster presenters will be on hand during the Monday evening Poster Reception as well as during breaks to answer questions.

Continental Breakfasts / Refreshment Breaks Continental breakfasts and mid-morning and afternoon refreshment breaks will be served each day in Coquina DE. Please see the Agenda-at-a-Glance for specific times. Also, take time to visit with Exhibitors in Coquina DE while enjoying your breakfast or break.

Spur of the Moment Meeting Room We have a room set up conference style for 25 guests. Please check at the meeting registration desk to reserve.

President’s Reception: Sunday, July 16, 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., Mai Tai Join your APMS friends and colleagues at the Mai Tai to “kick-off” our annual meeting while enjoying hors d’oeuvres and beverages. The Mai Tai is tucked away in Ocean Walk Shoppes next to the Hilton, overlooking the historic Bandshell and featuring a spectacular open air view of the Atlantic Ocean. The President’s Reception is open to all registered delegates, guests, and students. Non-registered guests may purchase tickets at the meeting registration desk.

Guest Tour: Monday, July 17, 9:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m., Guests meet at the North Tower Ramp on A1A at 8:45 a.m. This year’s tour will guide you through historic St. Augustine, the oldest continuously occupied European- established settlement within the borders of the continental United States. Start your journey through the eyes of Ida Alice Shourd Flagler – the oil and hotel baron’s second wife. You’ll learn much about the area and its history as well as all the dirt on Mr. Flagler, of course! Once in St. Augustine, the bus tour will continue as guests will have a chance to learn about the history and sites of St. Augustine. From Mission of Nombre de Dios, Castillo de San Marcos, Flagler College, Fountain of Youth and the Lightner Museum, guests will be wowed by amazing history and architecture within the Ancient City. Once the bus tour is complete, guests will be guided to dine at the famous Spanish-inspired Columbia restaurant, with wonderful offerings in a semiprivate style. Afterwards, the group will enjoy free time exploring King George Street from the Columbia to the City Gates for all it offers in shopping, unique boutiques, bars, restaurants, sweet treats, and more! Guests will be given maps to help in their adventure. We only have 24 seats, so register as soon as possible if you will be attending.

12 Student Affairs Luncheon: Monday, July 17, 11:30 p.m. to 1:00 p.m., Coquina A All students registered for the meeting are invited to attend. This luncheon, provided by our sponsors, is a great opportunity to meet other students, interact with the APMS leadership, and learn how to become more involved in the Society. Chis Mudge, Student Affairs Committee Chair, will be the moderator. Please contact Chris by noon Sunday, July 16 to confirm your attendance.

Regional Chapters Presidents’ Luncheon: Monday, July 17, 11:30 p.m. to 1:00 p.m., Coquina B Two representatives from each APMS regional chapter are invited to attend the Regional Chapter Presidents’ Luncheon, provided by APMS sponsors. Craig Aguillard, APMS Vice President and Regional Chapters Committee Chair, will be the moderator for discussions on aquatic plant management activities in each region. Please contact Craig by noon Sunday, July 16 to confirm your attendance.

Annual Business Meeting: Monday, July 17, 4:20 p.m. to 5:00 p.m., Coquina FGH All APMS members are encouraged to attend the APMS Annual Business Meeting for Society updates as well as electing new Officers and Directors.

Poster Session Reception: Monday, July 17, 6:00 p.m. to 7:30 p.m., Coquina DE This reception provides for the viewing of posters and exhibits along with professional interactions and discussions in a casual setting while enjoying light hors d’oeuvres and beverages. The Poster Session Reception is open to all registered delegates, guests, and students. Non-registered guests may purchase tickets for this event at the meeting registration desk. Enjoy the discussions and refreshments before moving on to dining with colleagues, a stroll on the beach, or taking in the sights on the Boardwalk and Pier.

Past Presidents’ Luncheon: Tuesday, July 18, 11:30 p.m. to 1:00 p.m., Coquina A All APMS Past Presidents are invited to attend the Past Presidents’ Luncheon to provide insight into matters facing APMS and aquatic plant managers. Rob Richardson, Immediate Past President, will be the moderator. Please contact Rob by noon Monday, July 17 to confirm your attendance.

Women of Aquatics Luncheon: Tuesday, July 18, 11:30 p.m. to 1:00 p.m., Coquina B Amy Kay will host the APMS Women of Aquatics Luncheon, provided by APMS sponsors, to discuss issues and opportunities for women in the field of aquatic plant management. Please contact Amy by noon Monday, July 17 to confirm your attendance.

Duck Race Fundraiser: Tuesday, July 18, 5:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m., Pool Deck – 5th Floor, North Tower We will have a return of the Duck Race fundraiser, to be held on the 5th Floor, North Tower Pool Deck soon after adjourning from the meeting presentations and just before the Awards Banquet on Tuesday. Tickets will be on sale at the Registration Desk. Proceeds help fund APMS student and other education and outreach initiatives.

Awards Reception / Banquet: Tuesday, July 18, 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., Coquina FGH Registered delegates, guests and students are invited to the Awards Banquet in Coquina FGH. Join us outside the Ballroom, for a pre-banquet reception from 6:00 -7:00 p.m. After dinner, we will recognize those who have served APMS, welcome new officers and directors, and this year’s student paper and poster award participants. Our evening will conclude with a raffle for several prizes. The raffle supports APMS student and other education initiatives. Raffle tickets may be purchased at the registration desk and during the Awards Banquet.

Student Tour: Thursday, July 21, 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Meet at North Tower Valet Entrance at 6:45 a.m. Following the conference, students are invited to attend a hands-on tour of aquatic plant control on 20,000-acre Lake Toho in Kissimmee, south of Orlando. APMS sponsors will provide a box breakfast and transportation, departing the Hilton at 7:00 a.m. on Thursday morning. Students will interact with plant, fishery, and water resource personnel responsible for managing invasive plants in one of Florida’s most complex multiple use waterbodies. Herbicides, harvesters, biocontrols, and water level manipulation are integrated to manage invasive plants like hydrilla, water hyacinth, and ludwigia to conserve attributes like flood control and navigation as well as endangered Everglades Kite habitat. Lake Toho is also a destination for world-class fishing and ecotourism. The group will eat lunch before leaving Kissimmee and return to the Hilton around 4:00 p.m.

13 Events-at-a-Glance See daily Agenda-at-a-Glance on pages 14-25 of the Program for event times and locations.

Sunday: APMS Board of Directors Meeting Exhibits Setup Poster Setup Registration Presidents’ Reception

Monday: Meeting Opens – Keynote - General Session - Student Presentations Guest Tour Student Affairs Luncheon Regional Chapters Presidents’ Luncheon RISE / AERF Luncheon APMS Annual Business Meeting Poster Session & Reception

Tuesday: General Session - Student Presentations APMS Past Presidents’ Luncheon Women of Aquatics Luncheon Duck Race Fundraiser Awards Reception Awards Banquet - APMS Awards Presentations

Wednesday: Special Sessions on Plant and Algae Issues and Management in Florida General Meeting Adjourns - 3:45 p.m. APMS Board of Directors Meeting

Thursday: Student Tour

Agenda

Sunday, July 16

Sunday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance

7:30 am - 5:00 pm APMS Board of Directors Meeting (Coquina F) 12:00 pm - 5:00 pm Exhibits Setup (Coquina DE) 12:00 pm - 5:00 pm Poster Setup (Coquina DE) 1:00 pm - 5:00 pm Registration (Coquina Pre-function North) 7:00 pm - 9:00 pm President’s Reception (Mai Tai (next to Hilton))

14 Monday, July 17

Monday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance

7:00 am - 8:00 am Continental Breakfast (Coquina DE) 7:00 am - 7:30 pm Exhibits Open (Coquina DE) 7:00 am - 7:30 pm Posters Open (Coquina DE) 7:30 am - 5:00 pm Registration (Coquina Pre-function North) 8:00 am - 11:30 am Session I – Keynote, General Session, Student Presentations (Coquina FGH) 9:00 am - 4:00 pm Guest Tour (Guests meet at the North Tower Ramp on A1A at 8:45 a.m.) 9:40 am - 10:10 am Refreshment Break (Coquina DE) 11:30 am - 1:00 pm Lunch on your own 11:30 am - 1:00 pm APMS Student Affairs Luncheon (Coquina A) 11:30 am - 1:00 pm Regional Chapters Presidents’ Luncheon (Coquina B) 11:30 am - 1:00 pm RISE / AERF Luncheon (Coquina C) 1:00 pm - 4:20 pm Session II - General Session and Student Presentations (Coquina FGH) 2:20 pm - 3:10 pm Refreshment Break (Coquina DE) 4:20 pm - 5:00 pm APMS Annual Business Meeting (Coquina FGH) 6:00 pm - 7:30 pm Poster Session and Reception (Coquina DE)

Session I – Keynote, General Session, Student Presentations 8:00 am - 11:30 am Coquina FGH

Moderator: John H. Rodgers, Jr. - APMS President Elect, Program Committee Chair Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC

8:00 am Call to Order - Announcements John H. Rodgers, Jr. Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC

8:05 am Presidential Address John Madsen U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Davis, CA

8:20 am Aquatic Plant and Algae Management and Endangered Species: Stresses or Stressors, Risks or Benefits? Ashlea Frank Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA

8:40 am AERF in a “Post-WOTUS” World Carlton Layne Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, Marietta, GA

9:00 am Washington Update Lee Van Wychen Weed Science Society of America, Alexandria, VA

9:20 am Sustaining the Aquatics SME Registration Partnership with USEPA Kurt D. Getsinger U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS

9:40 am Refreshment Break (Coquina DE)

10:10 am APMS Strategic Planning Mark Heilman SePRO Corporation, Carmel, IN

15 10:30 am Evaluation of Cold Tolerance of Three Louisiana Populations of Cyrtobagous salviniae (Student Presentation) Allie Cozad1, Rodrigo Diaz2, and Christopher R. Mudge3 1Louisiana State University, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Natchitoches, LA 2Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA 3U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA

10:50 am Ecological Effects of Aquatic Invasive Macrophytes: a Meta-analysis of their Effects on Native Plants, Macroinvertebrates and Fish Kaitlin A. Kinney and Lauren Pintor Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Columbus, OH

11:10 am Mesocosm and Field Evaluation of Eurasian and Hybrid Watermilfoil Response to Endothall (Student Presentation) Paula Guastello and Ryan A. Thum Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT

11:30 am Morning Wrap-up and Announcements - Lunch on your own

Session II – General Session and Student Presentations 1:00 pm – 4:20 pm Coquina FGH

Moderator: Dick Pinagel, APMS Director Aquatic Weed Control Incorporated, Holly, MI

1:00 pm Density Dependence of Copper Exposures to Microcystis aeruginosa: Implications for Microcystin-LR Release (Student Presentation) Ciera M. Kinley1, Tyler Geer1, Kyla Iwinski2, Maas Hendrikse1, and John Rodgers, Jr.1 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

1:20 pm An Evaluation of Past and Present Aeration Designs: An Ohio Case Study Patrick M. Goodwin Vertex Water Features, Pompano Beach, FL

1:40 pm Predicting Responses of Taste and Odor Producing Algae in a Southeastern U.S. Reservoir to a Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate Algaecide Using a Laboratory Exposure-Response Model (Student Presentation) Tyler Geer1, Alyssa J. Calomeni2, Ciera M. Kinley1, Kyla Iwinski3, and John Rodgers, Jr.1 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Clemson University, School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 3Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

2:00 pm Biosecurity to Restoration Deborah E. Hofstra and Paul D. Champion National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Freshwater and Estuaries Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand

2:20 pm Refreshment Break (Coquina DE)

3:10 pm Platinum Level Sponsor Presentation – Lake and Wetland Management, Incorporated

3:20 pm Platinum Level Sponsor Presentation – UPI

3:30 pm Gold Level Sponsor Presentation – Nufarm Americas, Incorporated

16 3:35 pm Gold Level Sponsor Presentation – SePRO Corporation

3:40 pm Gold Level Sponsor Presentation – Syngenta

3:45 pm Gold Level Sponsor Presentation – Lonza

3:50 pm APMS Regional Chapters: An Update on Key Initiatives within Each Region Western South Carolina Midwest Florida Texas Northeast MidSouth

4:20 pm APMS Annual Business Meeting (Coquina FGH)

5:00 pm Adjourn General Session

6:00 pm Poster Session and Reception (Coquina DE)

17 Poster Session 6:00 pm - 7:30 pm Coquina DE

Do Cogongrass Accessions Across Florida Respond Differently to Herbicide Treatment? Stephen F. Enloe and Kate Le Gros University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

Crested Floating Heart (Nymphoides cristata) Response to Endothall and Florpyrauxifen-benzyl Concentration Exposure Times (Student Presentation) Kara Foley1, Erika J. Haug2, and Robert J. Richardson1,2 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC

Tracking Submersed Plant Population Dynamics Over Time Andrew Howell, Tyler Harris, and Robert J. Richardson North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Evaluation of Potential Control Measures for Established Arundo donax (Student Presentation) Andrew Howell, Steve T. Hoyle, and Robert J. Richardson North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Impact of Food Deprivation on Hydrilla Tip-Mining Midge Survival and Subsequent Development Adriana O. Mitchell, James P. Cuda, and Emma N. Weeks University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gainesville, FL

Evaluating Management Practices to Conserve Native Water Willow while Controlling Hydrilla (Student Presentation) Eryn E. Molloy1, Erika J. Haug2, and Robert J. Richardson1,2 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC

Row Cover Enhances Biological Control for Winter Management of Giant Salvinia (Student Presentation) Lori Moshman and Rodrigo Diaz Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA

Investigating the Efficacy of Treating Desiccated Lyngbya in a Drawn Down Pond Stephanie R. Nawrocki1, Justin J. Nawrocki2, Tom M. Warmuth3, and Robert J. Richardson1 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 2UPI, King of Prussia, PA 3Biosafe Systems, East Hartford, CT

Efficacy of Endothall (Aquathol® K) and Endothall+2,4-D (Chinook®) for Curlyleaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) Control Under Simulated Fall Conditions (Student Presentation) Mirella Ortiz1, Jéssica Scarpin1, Scott J. Nissen1, and Cody J. Gray2 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 2UPI, Colorado Springs, CO

A New Experience for Macrophyte Community Management in Santana Reservoir, Brazil Robinson A. Pitelli1, Robinson L. Pitelli2, Rinaldo Rocha3, Jorge Jabob, Jr.4, Monicke O. Vieira5, and Wilson R. Cervera, Jr.6 1University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 2Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 3Light Energia S.A., Pirai, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 5Pirai, Brazil 6Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil

18 Ludwigia sedoides Chemical Control under Greenhouse Conditions Robinson L. Pitelli1, Claudinei Cruz2, Robinson A. Pitelli3, and Jorge Jabob, Jr.4 1Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 2Fundação Educacional de Barretos, Barretos, Brazil 3University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Chemical Control of Phragmites australis under Climate Change Conditions in Florida (Student Presentation) Candice M. Prince, Gregory E. MacDonald, and John E. Erickson University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Gainesville, FL

Lyngbya Distribution and Abundance in Selected North Carolina Waterbodies (Student Presentation) Shannon Regan1, Steve T. Hoyle2, and Robert J. Richardson1,2 1North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Great Lakes Hydrilla Risk Assessment: Current Project Status Robert J. Richardson1, Kris Erickson2, Carl Mach2, Christina Rockwell2, Matthew A. Barnes3, and Jonathan M. Bossenbroek4 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science Department, Raleigh, NC 2Ecology and Environment, Incorporated, Lancaster, NY 3Texas Tech University, Natural Resources Management, Lubbock, TX 4University of Toledo, Environmental Science, Toledo, OH

Effects of Water Hyacinth and Tanner Grass Soil Incorporations on Physical and Chemical Properties of Degraded Soils Rinaldo Rocha1, Robinson A. Pitelli2, Robinson L. Pitelli3, and Jorge Jabob, Jr.4 1Light Energia S.A., Pirai, Brazil 2University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 3Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

The Effects and Implications of Chemical and Biological Control on Waterhyacinth IPM with Stressors to Biocontrol Agents (Neochetina spp. and Megamelus scutellaris) (Student Presentation) Samantha Sardes, Lyn Gettys, Ian Markovich, and Kyle Thayer University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

Effects of Aquatic Macrophyte Biomass on Soil Nutrient Concentration Monicke O. Vieira1, Jorge Jabob, Jr.2, Robinson L. Pitelli3, Robinson A. Pitelli4, and Rinaldo Rocha5 1Pirai, Brazil 2University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 3Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 5Light Energia S.A., Pirai, Brazil

19 Tuesday, July 18

Tuesday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance

7:00 am - 8:00 am Continental Breakfast (Coquina DE) 7:00 am - 4:30 pm Exhibits Open (Coquina DE) 7:00 am - 4:30 pm Posters Open (Coquina DE) 7:30 am - 4:30 pm Registration (Coquina Pre-function North) 8:00 am - 11:40 am Session III – General Session and Student Presentations (Coquina FGH) 9:40 am - 10:10 am Refreshment Break (Coquina DE) 11:30 am - 1:00 pm Lunch on your own 11:30 am - 1:00 pm APMS Past Presidents’ Luncheon (Coquina A) 11:30 am - 1:00 pm Women in Aquatics Luncheon (Coquina B) 1:00 pm - 4:30 pm Session IV – General Session and Student Presentations (Coquina FGH) 2:40 pm - 3:10 pm Refreshment Break (Coquina DE) 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm Duck Race Fundraiser (Pool Deck – 5th Floor, North Tower) 6:00 pm - 7:00 pm Awards Reception (Coquina FGH) 7:00 pm - 10:00 pm Awards Banquet (Coquina FGH) 8:30 pm - 10:00 pm APMS Awards Presentations – Raffle (Coquina FGH)

Session III – General Session and Student Presentations 8:00 am - 11:30 am Coquina FGH

Moderator: Craig Aguillard, APMS Vice President Winfield, Ville Platte, LA

8:00 am Translocation of 14C-Endothall in Eurasian Watermilfoil, Curlyleaf Pondweed, and Two Hydrilla Biotypes (Student Presentation) Mirella Ortiz1, Scott J. Nissen1, and Cody J. Gray2 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 2UPI, Colorado Springs, CO

8:20 am AMP® Activator, a New Adjuvant for Aquatic Plant Management Ryan M. Wersal1 and Bill Ratajczyk2 1Lonza, Specialty Ingredients - Surface Water, Alpharetta, GA 2Lonza, Water Treatment, Reedsville, WI

8:40 pm Evaluations of Factors Influencing Growth and Response to Herbicides by the Native Grass Paspalidium geminatum (Student Presentation) Jens Beets1, Dean Jones2, Carl Della Torre1, and Michael D. Netherland3 1University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Gainesville, FL 2University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Lake Alfred, FL 3U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

9:00 am Flumioxazin as a Potential Pre-emergent Treatment for Submersed Aquatic Weeds George L. Selden University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, Jonesboro, AR

9:20 am Monoecious Hydrilla: Growth in the Absence of Photosynthesis (Student Presentation) Erika J. Haug1, Steve T. Hoyle2, Robert J. Richardson1,2, and J. T. Harris2 1North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

9:40 am Refreshment Break (Coquina DE)

20 10:10 am Floating Growth Morphology and Efficacy of Tank-mix Herbicides on Creeping Water Primrose (Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia grandiflora) in Florida (Student Presentation) Afsari Banu and Stephen F. Enloe University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

10:30 am Aquatic Herbicides and Winter: Recipe for Successful Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Control? Christopher R. Mudge1 and Bradley T. Sartain2 1U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA 2Louisiana State University, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA

10:50 am Relationship Among Aqueous Copper Half-lives and Responses of Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) to a Series of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Concentrations (Student Presentation) Alyssa J. Calomeni1, Ciera M. Kinley2, Tyler Geer2, Kyla Iwinski3, Maas Hendrikse2, and John Rodgers, Jr.2 1Clemson University, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 2Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 3Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

11:10 am Introduction and Spread of a Cryptic Water Chestnut Species in the Northeastern U.S. Ryan A. Thum1, Lynde Dodd2, Nancy Rybicki3, Nathan E. Harms4, and Kadiera Ingram3 1Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT 2U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Lewisville, TX 3U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 4U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS

11:30 am Morning Wrap-up and Announcements - Lunch on your own

Session IV – General Session and Student Presentations 1:00 pm - 4:30 pm Coquina FGH

Moderator: Ryan Thum, APMS Director Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT

1:00 pm The Integration of Triploid Grass Carp and Herbicides for Monoecious Hydrilla Control on Two North Carolina Reservoirs (Student Presentation) Alejandro J. Reyes1, Steve T. Hoyle1, Robert J. Richardson1, and Mark Fowlkes2 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh, NC

1:20 pm Anionic PAM use During Drainage and Pond Maintenance Eddie Snell Applied Polymer Systems, Incorporated, Minneola, FL

1:40 pm Utilizing Remote Sensing Technology for Monitoring Chemically Managed Salvinia molesta Populations (Student Presentation) Bradley T. Sartain1 and Christopher R. Mudge2 1Louisiana State University, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA 2U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA

2:00 pm How do We Identify High-risk Genotypes for Adaptive Management of Eurasian and Hybrid Watermilfoil? Ryan A. Thum Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT

2:20 pm Effects of Temperature during Dormancy on Viability of Monoecious Hydrilla verticillata Propagules Amy L. Henry, J. T. Harris, and Robert J. Richardson North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

21 2:40 pm Refreshment Break (Coquina DE)

3:10 pm The Phenology of Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) in the Western U.S. John D. Madsen1 and Kurt D. Getsinger2 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research, Davis, CA 2U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS

3:30 pm Evaluating the Efficacy of Granular Copper and Triclopyr Alone and in Combination for Control of Flowering Rush Gray Turnage1, Ryan M. Wersal2, and John D. Madsen3 1Mississippi State University, Geosystems Research Institute, Starkville, MS 2Lonza, Specialty Ingredients - Surface Water, Alpharetta, GA 3U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research, Davis, CA

3:50 pm Mosquito Larva Control at Aquatic Plant Sites in the Santee Cooper Lake System, South Carolina John C. Grant Santee Cooper Power, Environmental Resources, Moncks Corner, SC

4:10 pm Wooly Frogs Mouth (Philydrum lanuginosum) Found in Pender County, NC: A First Find of this Invasive Plant in the U.S. Bridget Lassiter1, Steve T. Hoyle2, and Robert J. Richardson2 1North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

4:30 pm Afternoon Wrap-up and Announcements

5:00 pm Duck Race Fundraiser (Pool Deck – 5th Floor, North Tower)

6:00 pm Awards Reception (Coquina Pre-function North)

7:00 pm Awards Banquet (Coquina FGH)

22 Wednesday, July 19

Wednesday’s Agenda-at-a-Glance

7:00 am - 8:00 am Continental Breakfast (Coquina DE) 7:00 am - 2:40 pm Exhibits Open (Coquina DE) 7:00 am - 2:40 pm Posters Open (Coquina DE) 7:30 am - 2:20 pm Registration (Coquina Pre-function North) 8:00 am - 12:00 pm Session V – Special Session on Algae and General Session (Coquina FGH) 9:40 am - 10:00 am Refreshment Break (Coquina DE) 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm Lunch on your own 1:00 pm - 3:40 pm Session VI – Special Session on Evolving Management Strategies in Florida (Coquina FGH) 2:20 pm - 2:40 pm Refreshment Break (Coquina DE) 2:40 pm - 3:40 pm Poster and Exhibit Breakdown (Coquina DE) 3:40 pm 3:45 pm Wrap-up and Adjourn 57th Annual Meeting 4:00 pm - 7:00 pm APMS Board of Directors Meeting (Coquina A)

Session V – Special Session on Algae and General Session 8:00 am - 12:00 pm Coquina FGH

Moderator: Jason Ferrell, APMS Editor University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Gainesville, FL

8:00 am Managing Nitellopsis obtusa (Starry Stonewort) in Lake Koronis, MN: A Pilot Project Using an Integrated Approach John Rodgers, Jr.1 and Kevin Farnum2 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Koronis Lake Association Board, Delano, MN

8:20 am Investigating Invasive Aquatic Plant and Toxic Cyanobacteria Management to Improve Wildlife Habitat for Threatened and Endangered Species Susan B. Wilde1, Brigette Haram2, Kenneth D. Jones3, and Michael D. Netherland4 1University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA 2University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Lake Alfred, FL 4U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

8:40 am A Risk-based Decision Matrix for Managing Noxious Algae West M. Bishop SePRO Corporation, Whitakers, NC

9:00 am Algal Turf Scrubbers for Phycoremediation Dail Laughinghouse University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

9:20 am Targeting the "Bad Players": Effective Cyanobacteria Management with Liquid Activated Peroxygen algaecide/cyanobacteriacide Tom Warmuth1, Hugh Dalton2, and Tom McNabb3 1BioSafe Systems LLC, Winston Salem, NC 2Santa Cruz Water Laboratory, Santa Cruz, CA 3Clean Lakes, Incorporated, Martinez, CA

9:40 am Refreshment Break (Coquina DE)

23 10:00 am Intervening in Major Algal “Blooms” in Florida John Rodgers, Jr.1, Tyler Geer1, Alyssa Calomeni2, Kyla Iwinski3, Ciera Kinley1 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Clemson University, School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 3Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

10:20 am Revegetation of Giant Bulrush (Schoenoplectus californicus) on Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida Craig T. Mallison1 and Tim Coughlin2 1Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Lakeland, FL 2Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Aquatic Habitat Conservation and Restoration Section, Kissimmee, FL

10:40 am Introduction Pathways for Florida's Dirty Dozen Aquatic Weeds Lyn A. Gettys University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

11:00 am Identification of Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia grandiflora from Creeping Water Primrose in Florida Colette C. Jacono, Afsari Banu, and Stephen F. Enloe University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

11:20 am Florida Invasive Plant Education Initiative Dehlia Albrecht University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

11:40 am Do Daylength and Desiccation Affect Sprouting of Crested Floatingheart Ramets? Lyn A. Gettys and Ian J. Markovich University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

12:00 pm Morning Wrap-up and Announcements - Lunch on your own

Session VI – Special Session on Evolving Management Strategies in Florida 1:00 pm - 3:40 pm Coquina FGH

Moderator: Brett Hartis, APMS Director Tennessee Valley Authority, Guntersville, AL

1:00 pm Florida’s Adaptive Aquatic Plant Management Program Matt V. Phillips Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Invasive Plant Management Section, Tallahassee, FL

1:20 pm Screening and Development of New Aquatic Herbicides, 2002-2013 William T. Haller1, Michael D. Netherland2, and Lyn A. Gettys3 1University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville FL 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 3University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

1:40 pm Technology Transfer from Ten Years of Monitoring Large-Scale Operational Treatments for Control of Aquatic Invasive Plants in Florida Michael D. Netherland1, Kenneth D. Jones2, Matt V. Phillips3, Jeffrey D. Schardt4 1U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 2University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Lake Alfred, FL 3Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Invasive Plant Management Section, Tallahassee, FL 4Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (retired), Thomasville, GA

24 2:00 pm Can Reduced Rates of Glyphosate or Imazapyr Improve Torpedograss Control with Graminicides? Stephen F. Enloe1 and Michael D. Netherland2 1University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

2:20 pm Refreshment Break (Coquina DE)

2:40 pm Mesocosm Evaluations of PROCELLACOR, a Novel Herbicide Technology for Aquatic Plant Management Mark A. Heilman1, Michael D. Netherland2, Jens Beets3, Robert J. Richardson4, Erika J. Haug5, Ben Willis6, and Chetta Owens7 1SePRO Corporation, Carmel, IN 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 3University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Gainesville, FL 4North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 5North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC 6SePRO Corporation, Whitakers, NC 7U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Lewisville, TX

3:00 pm Technology for Mapping and Managing Florida's Aquatic Vegetation Alex Dew and Matt V. Phillips Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Invasive Plant Management Section, Tallahassee, FL

3:20 pm The Impact of Sequential Applications of Sethoxydim for Torpedograss Control in Aquatic Settings Stephen F. Enloe1 and Michael D. Netherland2 1University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

3:40 pm Wrap-up and Adjourn 57th Annual Meeting

4:00 pm APMS Board of Directors Meeting (Coquina A)

58th Annual Meeting Hyatt Regency Buffalo Buffalo, New York July 15-18, 2018

59th Annual Meeting Doubletree San Diego Mission Valley San Diego, California July 14-17, 2019

60th Annual Meeting Hyatt Regency San Antonio Riverwalk San Antonio, Texas July 18-23, 2020

25 Abstracts - General Sessions and Poster Session

Abstracts are listed alphabetically by presenting author - appears in bold.

Florida Invasive Plant Education Initiative Dehlia Albrecht University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

The Florida Invasive Plant Education Initiative began in 2005 as part of a long-term education and outreach partnership between the University of Florida/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Invasive Plant Management Section. Over the past twelve years, we have developed an extensive program to get invasive species issues taught in the classroom - with a combination of training, lesson plans aligned to educational standards, and activities that truly engage students. We provide complete curriculum modules, an annual professional development workshop for educators (PLANT CAMP), online resources, in-class presentations, and educational materials and games. The two main resources the Education Initiative offers are PLANT CAMP and Lakeville - A Natural Resource Management Activity. PLANT CAMP is an annual 5-day workshop that provides Florida educators with the unique opportunity to learn first-hand about natural resource management issues in Florida. APMS has generously sponsored PLANT CAMP for the past several years. Lakeville - A Natural Resource Management Activity is a curriculum unit that teaches students the role native, non- native, and invasive species play in ecosystems and the social significance of these ecosystems. Students are challenged to make management decisions, taking the perspectives of various stakeholders in their community into account as they attempt to address the problem of invasive species. Students then assess what effect their decisions will have on the ecosystem. This presentation will provide an overview on the Education Initiative, PLANT CAMP, and Lakeville and will also present key findings from our pre- and post-test results and evaluations from both PLANT CAMP and Lakeville. Additionally, we will report on our efforts to expand outside Florida, and on the new national Silent Invaders video, which was funded through APMS.

Floating Growth Morphology and Efficacy of Tank-mix Herbicides on Creeping Water Primrose (Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia grandiflora) in Florida (Student Presentation) Afsari Banu and Stephen F. Enloe University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

Multiple Ludwigia species have recently become serious problems in in many Florida lakes and rivers. Two of the most problematic species include L. grandiflora and L. hexapetala. Both species exhibit a strong creeping growth habit with many morphological similarities in early growth. However, this has not been well characterized and a better understanding of this issue is needed. Additionally, there is limited comparative data on how both species respond to commonly used herbicide treatments. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the response of L. hexapetala and L. grandiflora species to commonly used herbicides and 2) to compare the early creeping morphology and growth characteristics of both species. For objective 1, a greenhouse experiment compared imazamox and glyphosate alone and in specific tank mixes with carfentrazone, flumioxazin and imazapyr on both species. Thirty days after treatment (DAT) shoot biomass harvests indicated that there was no difference between L. hexapetala and L. grandiflora species to any of the herbicide treatments tested. All herbicide treatments reduced the growth of both species significantly compared to the untreated control. Visual injury data and shoot fresh weight data indicated that the tank-mix herbicides were significantly greater in reducing growth of both species compared to imazamox and glyphosate alone. However, this did not hold true for shoot dry weight data. For objective 2, populations from five Florida lakes were planted in 11.4 L plastic tubs (40 x 31.8 x 15.2 cm) and maintained in 900 L mesocosms under common garden conditions with four replications per accession. Growth and morphological characters were collected weekly for 4 to 5 weeks and data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD. Growth parameters such as stem thickness, internode length, total shoot length, total number of shoots and morphological parameter such as leaf length and leaf width were not significantly different between L. hexapetala and L. grandiflora populations at the early growth stage. Interestingly, among morphological parameters, leaf shape and petiole length appeared more stable and promising which may help to clearly distinguish L. hexapetala from L. grandiflora in early growth stages. Current findings could help land managers in early identification and selection of appropriate herbicides to control L. hexapetala and L. grandiflora species in Florida.

26 Evaluations of Factors Influencing Growth and Response to Herbicides by the Native Grass Paspalidium geminatum (Student Presentation) Jens Beets1, Dean Jones2, Carl Della Torre1, and Michael D. Netherland3 1University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Gainesville, FL 2University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Lake Alfred, FL 3U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

Paspalidium geminatum (also called Kissimmee grass) is a native aquatic grass species widely distributed throughout Florida and the Kissimmee Chain of Lakes (KCOL). It is considered prime fish, invertebrate, and water bird habitat. Recent declines of these extensive grass beds in the KCOL have been documented; however, there has been no clear cause and effect associated with this decline. Some stakeholders feel that invasive plant management activities have contributed to the deterioration of Kissimmee grass. To better understand these declines, a series of growth studies and herbicide evaluations at the mesocosm scale and observations on the phenology and response to herbicides at the field scale were initiated in 2016 and 2017. Three sediment types, three fertilization levels, and three water levels in were evaluated a factorial mesocosm study. Results indicate preferential short-term growth in a sandy fertile substrate. Water level affected morphology, but had limited impact on productivity. We also evaluated herbicides and combinations commonly used for invasive aquatic plant control. Invasive plants often establish in Kissimmee grass beds and subsequent management results in herbicide contact with the grass. Treatments included single applications of diquat, 2,4-D, 2,4-D + diquat, 2,4-D + flumioxazin, flumioxazin, flumioxazin + penoxsulam, imazamox, imazamox + carfentrazone, glyphosate, and glyphosate + flumioxazin. Results indicate that only products including glyphosate had both short and long-term impacts at the mesocosm and field scale. Additional trials evaluating multiple applications of diquat, imazamox + carfentrazone, and 2,4-D + flumioxazin were also initiated in the fall of 2016 and spring of 2017, these results will be presented. Ongoing efforts to describe phenological events in the field and mesocosm systems will also be discussed.

A Risk-based Decision Matrix for Managing Noxious Algae West M. Bishop SePRO Corporation, Whitakers, NC

With increased identification of cyanobacterial toxins and improved understanding of exposure routes, allowing cyanobacteria to dominate in water resources is not without risk. The decision not to manage allows for a chronic toxin exposure (humans and wildlife), potential hot spot accumulations and alteration of the system to promote continued/ spreading blooms. This presentation will discuss the risks of implementing management actions versus not taking effective action for noxious cyanobacteria. Risks from ineffective or no management will be put in comparative context of risks associated with potential management approaches, such as copper-based algaecides. Advanced copper formulations were developed to more efficiently address problematic algal afflictions. Data regarding efficiency and effectiveness of recently developed copper formulations can decrease overall environmental loading of copper and attain increased control of noxious algae. Compared with other copper formulations tested, Captain® XTR produced greater absorbed (infused) copper (average 36%) and decreases (>50%) in amount of copper needed for control of nuisance cyanobacteria. Also, SeClear® Algaecide and Water Quality Enhancer treated ponds required an average of 31% less number of algaecide applications year one and 39% less year two compared with copper sulfate. Increased understanding of negative impacts associated with toxin producing cyanobacteria coupled with advancements in targeted effectiveness of algaecides provides water resource managers key information to make informed, risk-based decisions regarding noxious algal management.

Relationship Among Aqueous Copper Half-lives and Responses of Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) to a Series of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Concentrations (Student Presentation) Alyssa J. Calomeni1, Ciera M. Kinley2, Tyler Geer2, Kyla Iwinski3, Maas Hendrikse2, and John Rodgers, Jr.2 1Clemson University, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 2Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 3Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

For copper-based algaecides (e.g. copper sulfate pentahydrate), exposure durations elicited in static toxicity experiments are often longer than exposures experienced in situ. Consequently, responses of non-target organisms

27 to copper exposures in static toxicity experiments may be an overestimate of effects following copper-based algaecide exposures. To incorporate exposure duration into predictions of non-target organism responses to copper sulfate pentahydrate, responses of fathead minnow (P. promelas) were measured in static (96 hours) and pulse (1.5, 4, 8 and 15 hour half-lives) toxicity experiments. Differences in exposures (i.e. static and dissipating) were identified using sorbed copper concentrations at toxicity experiment completion. The relationship between measured 96 hour LC50s and half-lives was expressed as the linearization of a hyperbolic equation (i.e. y-axis = 96 hour LC50s, x-axis = 1/half-lives). Fathead minnow responses to copper sulfate pentahydrate in the static toxicity experiment resulted in 96 hour LC50s of 166 µg Cu/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 142-189 µg Cu/L) as soluble copper and 162 µg Cu/L (CI, 140 – 183 µg Cu/L) as acid soluble copper. Pulse toxicity experiments with a half-life of 1.5 hour resulted in an order of magnitude increase in measured 96 hour LC50 while, a half-life of 15 hours in pulse toxicity experiments did not result in a significantly different 96 hour LC50 relative to the static toxicity experiment. Sorbed copper concentrations at the highest exposure concentration tested (resulting in 0 - 30% survival) for the 1.5, 4 and 8 hour half-life pulse toxicity experiments were significantly less than the static toxicity experiment. For the 15 hour half- life pulse toxicity experiment, sorbed copper concentrations were not statistically different than the static experiment. The relationship between 96 hour LC50s and 1/half-lives was expressed using the equations y = 116 + 1,360x (R2 = 0.97) for soluble copper concentrations and y = 147 + 1,620x (R2 = 0.98) for acid soluble copper concentrations. Incorporation of exposure duration for prediction of non-target organism (P. promelas) responses to copper-based algaecides (copper sulfate pentahydrate) can increase the accuracy of predictions by more than an order of magnitude.

Evaluation of Cold Tolerance of Three Louisiana Populations of Cyrtobagous salviniae (Student Presentation) Allie Cozad1, Rodrigo Diaz2, and Christopher R. Mudge3 1Louisiana State University, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Natchitoches, LA 2Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA 3U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA

Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) is an invasive aquatic weed in the southern United States and new infestations have been reported annually. In temperate regions, aquatic plant managers are investigating methods to integrate the biological control agent Cyrtobagous salviniae (giant salvinia weevil) with other control methods. The salvinia weevil inhibits the exponential growth of giant salvinia and eventually reduces the plant to a remnant population, particularly in the southern regions of the U.S. Unfortunately, winter weevil mortality has been reported in the temperate range of giant salvinia (i.e. north Louisiana and Texas), forcing plant managers to re-introduce weevils annually. As a result, research was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the cold tolerance of three established populations of weevils from Houma (29.6°L), Natchitoches (31.7°N), and Coushatta (32.0°N). To determine the lethal time to kill 90% of the population (LT90), each weevil population was exposed to 0°, -5°, and - 9°C for various exposure times. The Coushatta (north Louisiana) population was significantly more cold tolerant in 2016 at both 0° and -5°C with LT90 of 6.8 days and 21.7 hours, respectively. In 2017, the LT90 at 0 and -5°C was 6.7 days and 18.9 hours (Houma), 6.5 days and 19.4 hours (Natchitoches) and 7.4 days and 21.7 hours (Coushatta), respectively. Although there were no significant differences among the three populations across all temperature tested, there was a year effect, indicating higher cold tolerance in 2017 than 2016 for the Natchitoches (central Louisiana) and Houma (south Louisiana) populations.

Technology for Mapping and Managing Florida's Aquatic Vegetation Alex Dew and Matt V. Phillips Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Invasive Plant Management Section, Tallahassee, FL

In recent years, new technology for mapping vegetation has become available for managers to collect data to monitor resources. The Invasive Plant Management Section (IPM) of the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) began exploring techniques in conjunction with the University of Florida in the early 2000's to monitor changes in vegetation over time by gathering hydro-acoustic and species point-intercept data. A short time thereafter, ciBiobase developed a platform to automate the processing of hydro-acoustic data, which reduced turn-around times and made the data more useful for resource managers. This data is now used regularly by IPM biologists to monitor changes in species composition and submersed vegetation biovolume, which helps them to manage public waters

28 and interact with stakeholders. In 2015, FWC's Freshwater Fisheries, together with IPM, incorporated sonar mapping and species point-sampling into their Long-Term Monitoring program that had been established in 2006. Protocols for sampling were put in place and approximately 40 lakes are sampled annually. Also in 2015, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched their Sentinel 2 satellite, which provides free 10-meter resolution imagery at 13 bands. Using the species point-intercept data from the monitoring program to inform models, an estimation of dominant emergent species composition can be performed. Using similar techniques, ciBiobase is working with EOMaps to develop a user interface to optimize emergent species modelling for FWC. Improving the quality of emergent vegetation data to submersed vegetation mapping helps complete the picture of plant composition on Florida's public waterbodies and will aid in monitoring changes to the plant communities over time.

Can Reduced Rates of Glyphosate or Imazapyr Improve Torpedograss Control with Graminicides? Stephen F. Enloe1 and Michael D. Netherland2 1University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

Graminicides have had a tremendous impact in row crop agriculture over the last forty years, resulting in substantial reductions in the impact of grass weeds in crops such as cotton and soybeans. The selectivity provided by graminicides in many cropping systems is also highly desirable in many aquatic systems where native emergent vegetation provides many benefits. Invasive aquatic grasses such as torpedograss often displace native emergent vegetation and create difficult management scenarios. For many years, non-selective treatments of glyphosate and imazapyr have been the only options that provide meaningful invasive grass control. However, the lack of selectivity with both herbicides has resulted in considerable non-target damage to many desirable plant species. In 2015 and 2016, sethoxydim and fluazifop, respectively, received experimental use permits for treatment of emergent aquatic invasive grasses in Florida. Initial research verified selectivity in aquatics but has also indicated single applications provide insufficient control of key invasive grass species. To improve control, tank mixing graminicides with very low rates of glyphosate or imazapyr that would result in little to no non-target damage has been proposed. However, little is known regarding graminicide interactions with either herbicide in aquatic settings. Antagonism between graminicides and ALS inhibitors has been well documented in agricultural settings and it would be useful to know if this is an issue in aquatics. In greenhouse studies, we examined torpedograss control with sethoxydim and fluazifop with and without reduced rates of imazapyr or glyphosate. We quantified reductions in above and below ground biomass at 60 days after treatment. Reduced rates of glyphosate or imazapyr did not generally improve torpedograss control when tank mixed with either sethoxydim or fluazifop. We also saw no evidence of antagonism between either graminicide with low rates of imazapyr and very limited evidence of antagonism for either graminicide with glyphosate. With glyphosate, evidence for antagonism was based more on the lack of a theoretical expected increase in control than in a significant decrease. Future studies should examine graminicide tank mixes with other aquatic labeled ALS inhibiting herbicides across a broader range of aquatic invasive grasses.

Do Cogongrass Accessions Across Florida Respond Differently to Herbicide Treatment? Stephen F. Enloe and Kate Le Gros University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) is an invasive C4 grass from Southeast Asia that is problematic throughout much of Florida. Cogongrass is difficult to manage and many land managers have reported variable control of different cogongrass patches, even when the same herbicide treatments were applied. To begin to address this issue of variable control, cogongrass accessions were collected from twelve locations throughout Florida, including eight peninsular and four panhandle sites. These accessions were propagated for greenhouse studies at the University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants in Gainesville. Two (10 cm) rhizome sections were planted in 3.8 liter pots in a 50/50 sand/potting media mixed with a complete slow release fertilizer. Plants were grown for six weeks until well established. Herbicide treatments including glyphosate, aminocyclopyrachlor, and tank mixes of glyphosate + aminocyclopyrachlor and glyphosate + flumioxazin were applied with a CO2 pressurized boom sprayer. Shoots were then clipped at 30 days after treatment and shoot regrowth and rhizomes were harvested at 60 days after treatment. Results demonstrated significant differences between accessions for shoot height and biomass in the untreated controls. There was also a strong difference in height and shoot biomass between panhandle versus peninsula sources of cogongrass. However, cogongrass source had no effect on the biomass response to herbicide treatment.

29 Additionally, there was no significant interaction between cogongrass source and herbicide treatment. The tank mix of glyphosate + aminocyclopyrachlor resulted in an 89% reduction in total biomass and was significantly better than either herbicide alone. These results do not support the notion of inherent differences in herbicide susceptibility among cogongrass accessions collected across Florida. However, clear differences do exist in productivity. Additional research examining environmental factors affecting cogongrass accession productivity and possible response to herbicide treatment could help to clarify the issue of variable control.

The Impact of Sequential Applications of Sethoxydim for Torpedograss Control in Aquatic Settings Stephen F. Enloe1 and Michael D. Netherland2 1University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

Torpedograss (Panicum repens) is an invasive grass that is very difficult to manage in aquatic systems. For many years, non-selective treatments of glyphosate and imazapyr have been the only options that provide meaningful control. However, the lack of selectivity with both herbicides has resulted in considerable non-target damage to many desirable plant species. To address this, the selective graminicide sethoxydim received an experimental use permit in Florida in 2015. Under that permit, in 2016, we evaluated sethoxydim efficacy on torpedograss in a constructed wetland near Bonita Springs, FL. Treatments consisted of single or sequential broadcast applications of sethoxydim at 0.5 kg/ha and a glyphosate + imazapyr commercial standard. Sequential treatments were applied at 14 or 14 and 28 days after initial treatment (DAIT). The experiment was initiated on April 27, 2016 and was repeated beginning on May 27, 2016. For both experimental runs, torpedograss visual control data was collected at 30, 60, 90, and 180 DAIT. Additionally, live green torpedograss cover was estimated in three randomly placed one square meter quadrats at 180 DAIT. Live belowground biomass was quantified at 90 and 180 DAIT with a 15 cm diameter aquatic sediment sampler to a depth of 30 cm. Single applications of sethoxydim resulted in poor visual control at all sample dates. However, sequential (two or three sethoxydim treatments) resulted in torpedograss visual control and comparable to the glyphosate + imazapyr commercial standard at 60, 90, and 180 DAIT. Sequential sethoxydim treatments did not negatively impact torpedograss rhizomes to the extent of the glyphosate + imazapyr treatment. These results indicate that repeated applications of sethoxydim may be useful for torpedograss control and may be most useful when selectivity is needed.

Crested Floating Heart (Nymphoides cristata) Response to Endothall and Florpyrauxifen-benzyl Concentration Exposure Times (Student Presentation) Kara Foley1, Erika J. Haug2, and Robert J. Richardson1,2 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC

Crested floating heart (Nymphoides cristata) is a floating-leaf aquatic plant species native to Asia. The species was recently introduced to the southeastern United States where its population is rapidly expanding. Previously studied biological and mechanical control practices have been unsuccessful in controlling N. cristata. Effective chemical treatments are important for the future of N. cristata management in the U.S. Concentration exposure time experimental trials were conducted on N. cristata using the auxin-mimic herbicide florpyrauxifen-benzyl (Procellacor) at rates of 5, 8, 20, and 50 ppb; the herbicide endothall (Aquathol) at rates of 2, 3, and 4 ppm; endothall (Hydrothol) at a rate of 0.3 ppm; and a combination of Aquathol and Hydrothol at 2 ppm and 0.3 ppm, respectively. Exposure times ranged from 6 to 72 hours for each treatment. A static exposure was also included. Morphological traits of the treated plants were rated biweekly for 2 months. At the end of the end of the 2-month period, aboveground biomass was harvested, dried, and weighed for biomass comparison. At 2 weeks after treatment, percent control was greatest (97-100%) with static exposure to Aquathol and Aquathol plus Hydrothol. However, at 6 and 12-hour exposure times, florpyrauxifen-benzyl treatments at rates of 8, 20, and 50 ppb provided greatest control at 2 weeks after treatment. Hydrothol did not significantly control N. cristata at any exposure time at 2 weeks after treatment. Additional data will be presented.

30 Predicting Responses of Taste and Odor Producing Algae in a Southeastern U.S. Reservoir to a Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate Algaecide Using a Laboratory Exposure-Response Model (Student Presentation) Tyler Geer1, Alyssa J. Calomeni2, Ciera M. Kinley1, Kyla Iwinski3, and John Rodgers, Jr.1 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Clemson University, School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 3Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

Algaecides can be used in drinking water reservoirs to control the production of taste and odor compounds. Efficacy of a full-scale algaecide treatment can be predicted prior to application by physically modeling exposures and responses with laboratory experiments. Phycomycin® SCP, a sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate (SCP) algaecide, was used in a drinking water reservoir (Hartwell Lake, Anderson, SC) to control a benthic algal assemblage putatively producing the taste and odor compounds, 2-methylisoboreol (MIB) and geosmin. This SCP application provided an opportunity to test hypotheses regarding potential convergence of laboratory and field exposures and responses. Objectives of this study were to: 1) measure responses of a benthic algal assemblage from Hartwell Lake to 7-d laboratory exposures of SCP, 2) measure the SCP exposure in the field and consequent responses of the benthic algal assemblage, and 3) compare exposures and responses measured in the laboratory and in the field. Results demonstrated that in laboratory exposures H2O2 released by SCP dissipated within 48 hours, and significant decreases in terms of phycocyanin and target algal density were measured within 7-DAT following exposures of -2 453, 615, and 812 mg H2O2 m . The H2O2 exposure measured in the field was comparable to effective laboratory exposures in terms of initial exposure (619±428 mg H2O2 m-2) and exposure duration (dissipation within 30 hours). Comparison of measured laboratory and field responses provided additional evidence that comparable exposures were achieved. Significant responses in the field were measured by 7-DAT in terms of phycocyanin concentrations and target algal densities, and were comparable to responses obtained from effective laboratory exposures (i.e. 453- 812 mg H2O2 m-2). Decreases in measured concentrations of MIB and geosmin at the intake of the drinking water treatment facility provided additional evidence that algae were sufficiently exposed to H2O2 from SCP. Results of this experiment provide evidence for the design and use of physical laboratory models to predict algal responses in the field, and illustrate the utility of algaecides for source water control of the production of compounds with adverse taste and odor attributes.

Sustaining the Aquatics SME Registration Partnership with USEPA Kurt D. Getsinger U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS

In 2003, an Aquatics Subject Matter Expert (SME) position was created through the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) to closely interact with and mentor personnel of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs (EPA-OPP) on the necessity and unique use patterns of applying herbicides in public waters to control invasive plants and harmful algal blooms. The SME worked as a technical conduit between the EPA-OPP and industry registrants, to provide results of third-party research being conducted by a consortium of academic institutions, government agencies, and non-profit groups. The SME developed working relationships with all of the key regulatory divisions in EPA-OPP (RD, HED, EFED, BEAD, SRRD, etc.), as well as other groups of stakeholders including EPA Office of Water, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NOAA/NMFS, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Forest Service, and USDA-ARS Office of Pest Management Policy. In addition, numerous technical seminars and regional field trips were conducted to provide EPA personnel with a “real-world” understanding of critical water management issues. This SME position was staffed on a regular basis in Arlington, VA, until 2014. During a 10-year effort, national re-registrations were secured for six valuable older chemistries, and new registrations for eight additional products were achieved. Prior to this SME process, only two herbicides had received national labels for use in water over a period of 31 years. The Aquatics SME position became a model for a similar position supported by the Weed Science Society of America established in 2007 - a Terrestrial SME. This was followed by Entomology and Plant Pathology SME positions established in 2010. Unfortunately, adequate support for the Aquatics SME position has waned over the last few years. Yet, complex issues for registration and use of aquatic herbicides and algaecides continue to emerge and will require close interaction with EPA-OPP, such as endangered species, flowing water uses, and protection of drinking water supplies. To ensure that these and other water management issues are resolved, support for an Aquatics SME position must be developed in a sustainable fashion.

31 Do Daylength and Desiccation Affect Sprouting of Crested Floatingheart Ramets? Lyn A. Gettys and Ian J. Markovich University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

Crested floatingheart (Nymphoides cristata) is an attractive aquarium and water garden plant that escaped cultivation and invaded Florida’s waters in the 1990s. It causes such severe impacts that the species was listed as a noxious weed by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services in 2014. Crested floatingheart reproduces mostly through the production of ramets, which are clusters of rhizomes produced at each juncture of leaf and petiole. Previous research showed that ramets buried under as little as 2 cm of substrate failed to sprout (and therefore did not produce new plants) during an 8-week culture period, but little is known about how burial duration affects sprouting. These same studies also showed that desiccation prevented sprouting, but the shortest “dry” interval examined was 1 month. In addition, there are no reports on the effects of daylength on sprouting. This paper outlines the results of current research projects designed to provide information about the effects of burial duration, short- term desiccation and daylength on sprouting of crested floatingheart ramets.

Introduction Pathways for Florida's Dirty Dozen Aquatic Weeds Lyn A. Gettys University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

Florida’s warm, nutrient-rich waters are among the most highly invaded aquatic systems in the world. This presentation will outline the history and identifying characteristics of Florida’s most problematic aquatic species, including waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), crested floatingheart (Nymphoides cristata), giant salvinia or kariba-weed (Salvinia molesta) and others.

An Evaluation of Past and Present Aeration Designs: An Ohio Case Study Patrick M. Goodwin Vertex Water Features, Pompano Beach, FL

Silver Lake (located in Summit County, Ohio) is a 99-acre dimictic impoundment, constructed in the mid to late 1800’s. It is a groundwater-dominated seepage lake that until the early 1970’s received varying degrees of wastewater. Legacy nutrients from these periods have maintained the status of the lake as eutrophic, despite improvements in the watershed (i.e., diverted septic). The lake continually exhibits dense blue-green algal blooms, low clarity (<1m), and summer anoxia below 4m. Further restoration efforts were initiated in the early 1980’s that attempted to address legacy nutrients with the goal of immediately suppressing eutrophication symptoms. A bottom diffused aeration system was chosen to meet these goals and was installed in 1982. The basis of the aeration design reflects research and technology of the time. The aeration system delivered 119 cubic feet per minute (cfm) air to the deepest area of the lake (12m), through a CPVC flexible pipe with 1/16 inch holes. Results showed improved oxygen in the deep area increase in zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates. However, there were also increases in surface chlorophyll-a, phosphorus, and algal biomass, as well as a slight decline in transparency and the continued predominance of blue-green algae. One of the main goals for the aeration project was to reduce the presence of blue- green algae and microcystin counts, which was not achieved with the 1982 aeration design. Despite the failure of the system, it was continually run until the compressor broke down sometime in the 1990’s. In 2014, a redesigned aeration system was installed that reflected improved sizing models and new aeration technology. The 2014 aeration design, delivered slightly more air (168cfm) from the 1982 design, but the air was more evenly distributed throughout the lake using fine pore EPDM membranes. Results for the redesigned system showed complete lake destratification, significant reductions in chlorophyll and microcystin counts, improved transparency. Overall, the redesigned aeration system has met stakeholder goals of reduced algal biomass and microcystin counts.

Mosquito Larva Control at Aquatic Plant Sites in the Santee Cooper Lake System, South Carolina John C. Grant Santee Cooper Power, Environmental Resources, Moncks Corner, SC

Aquatic plant sites in Lake Marion and Lake Moultrie, South Carolina, collectively known as the Santee Cooper Lakes, provide significant breeding habitat for nuisance and potentially disease carrying mosquitoes. The

32 effectiveness of the three major classifications of commercially available larvicide products is influenced by the product formulation, aquatic plant source, target mosquito species and life stage. Insect growth regulator products containing the active ingredient methoprene have been effective at controlling the potential Eastern Equine Encephalitis bridge vector, Coquillettidia perturbans, in areas infested with emergent vegetation. Growth regulators have also proven effective at controlling Anopheles sp. and Culex erraticus in massive water hyacinth beds when applied aerially. These same mosquito species have been effectively controlled in areas infested with crested floating heart when treated with the liquid microbial Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis by boat. Microbials containing Bacillus sphaericus have also been effectively used in these situations and may provide some residual activity. While these treatments are effective in controlling mosquito emergence, the best means of providing mosquito control in these situations is to eliminate the source vegetation through chemical, biological or other means.

Mesocosm and Field Evaluation of Eurasian and Hybrid Watermilfoil Response to Endothall (Student Presentation) Paula Guastello and Ryan A. Thum Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT

Genetic variation in Eurasian watermilfoil populations, including variation derived from hybridization with native northern watermilfoil, may play a role in herbicide efficacy in managed populations. However, genetic variation is not commonly considered when designing and evaluating operational management programs for Eurasian watermilfoil. Several studies have demonstrated that Eurasian and hybrid watermilfoil can respond differently to certain herbicides, while other studies have found no difference in the response of Eurasians and hybrids from the population studied. We assert that, given the evident variability in response to herbicide among genotypes, site- specific studies can help managers predict whether the particular genotypes present in their waterbodies will respond differently to proposed control tactics. In this study, we evaluate the potential to control nuisance pure and hybrid Eurasian watermilfoil with endothall in a riverine environment (Jefferson Slough, Montana). First, we compared vegetative growth and endothall response of hybrid and Eurasian watermilfoil in the greenhouse, where we did not identify any clear difference in response to endothall. However, hybrids exhibited faster vegetative growth rates in the absence of endothall. Next, we evaluated the efficacy of an operational endothall treatment in Jefferson Slough. Similar to the greenhouse study, hybrid and Eurasian watermilfoil were reduced to the same average biomass after endothall treatment in Jefferson Slough. Therefore, we did not find any evidence that hybrid watermilfoil is inherently more tolerant to endothall in Jefferson Slough. However, post-treatment, we observed a qualitative increase in relative frequency of occurrence of hybrids in a section of Jefferson Slough where pure and hybrid Eurasian watermilfoil overlapped pre-treatment. This observation, along with faster hybrid growth rates in the greenhouse, may indicate subtle differences in the relative rate of re-growth and re-establishment of hybrid versus pure Eurasian watermilfoil in the field.

Screening and Development of New Aquatic Herbicides, 2002-2013 William T. Haller1, Michael D. Netherland2, and Lyn A. Gettys3 1University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville FL 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 3University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

Major agrichemical companies have historically not evaluated herbicides for possible aquatic registration, a trend that continues today. Prior to the formation of the U.S. EPA in 1970, the USDA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers developed herbicide screening programs – largely in response to Eurasian watermilfoil invasions of TVA reservoirs and the expansion of aquaculture programs in farm ponds – which continued until the early 1980s. The EPA’s requirement for many new and expensive studies of the impact of pesticides on human health and the environment resulted in even less financial incentive for industry to register aquatic herbicides. Between 1977 and 2002, only two herbicides received full EPA registrations for aquatic use (glyphosate and fluridone), and by 2000, only six herbicides were widely used for aquatic weed control. There was no concern regarding the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations, and the widespread belief among weed managers and scientists was that it was very unlikely that any new aquatic registrations would be sought or approved in the near future. Widespread use of these few herbicides, with little opportunity to alternate modes of action, resulted in the development of aquatic weed populations that were resistant to fluridone, diquat and endothall. This occurred in the early 2000s, at about the same time many

33 terrestrial weeds developed glyphosate-resistant populations in Roundup Ready crops. Following many meetings and discussions, a major multi-agency effort was begun to develop and register new herbicide modes of action for aquatic use. This meant conducting rapid efficacy screening and selectivity studies on around 100 environmentally acceptable herbicides registered for terrestrial use since about 1980. The result of this effort was the development of new herbicides for aquatic use. The methods used for initial rapid screening and selectivity evaluation, as well the work conducted under Experimental Use Permits, will be reviewed.

Tracking Submersed Plant Population Dynamics Over Time Andrew Howell, Tyler Harris, and Robert J. Richardson North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Macrophytes serve as fundamental trophic indicators of environmental quality and provide critical ecological niches among lentic, wetland, and riverine systems. Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) often aids in lakewide improvement and sustainability. However, nonindigenous, invasive species such as Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle and Myriophyllum spicatum (L.) impede native macrophyte conservancy, recreational activities and power generation, and create financial issues for stakeholders. Monitoring and mapping strategies remain fundamental for assessing native and exotic SAV occurrence, distribution, and richness within a waterway. Advances in spatially driven systems, hydroacoustic technology, and robust interpolation procedures, implicate the effectiveness of lakewide SAV evaluations. To assess SAV transformations over time, we conducted four whole-lake point-intercept surveys between 1999-2015 at Roanoke Rapids Lake. Our objectives were to investigate: 1) species-specific variations in occurrence, abundance, dominance, and spatial distributions amongst survey years; 2) community richness, and co-occurrence; and 3) interspecific dynamics over time. Two exotic species, H. verticillata and M. spicatum, persisted as the most dominant species within the waterbody. Furthermore, exotic SAV had the greatest incidence of detection, and the highest observed frequency of co-occurrence. Between sampling years 1999 and 2012, species detections and community richness significantly shifted with the introduction of Cabomba caroliniana, a native SAV species. Since detection, C. caroliniana has remained the most frequently detected native species in monoculture, and has co-occurred with greater incidence than other natives. Using density estimators, we discovered exotic SAV co-occurred with other exotic species more often than with native species, and with exclusion to H. verticillata, both native and exotic submersed species co-occurred more often than in monoculture. Nevertheless, we established that an increase in exotic species richness decreased the richness of native SAV communities. Furthermore, with exception of M. spicatum, native species occurred at greater depths than exotic SAV. We suggest future interactions and competition among spatial ranges will be determined by the competitiveness of C. caroliniana, and the persistence of H. verticillata and M. spicatum. Since management efforts rely on recurrently assessing the empirical attributes of submersed vegetation, we suggest conducting biennial evaluations to monitor trends in SAV abundance and species distribution.

Monoecious Hydrilla: Growth in the Absence of Photosynthesis (Student Presentation) Erika J. Haug1, Steve T. Hoyle2, Robert J. Richardson1,2, and J. T. Harris2 1North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Monoecious hydrilla has become the dominant Hydrilla verticillata biotype in the northeastern United States. If detected early and the management response is rapid, then physical techniques such as bottom barrier and hand- pulling may be utilized as management options. A study was conducted at North Carolina State University to look at aspects of the growth of monoecious hydrilla growth under no-light conditions as they relate to the use of bottom barrier as a management technique. Monoecious hydrilla tubers of approximately equivalent size (9 x 4 mm) were collected after sundown from Shearon-Harris reservoir in the fall of 2015. A single tuber from this collection was placed in each of forty-eight dark growth chambers. Throughout the study the growth chambers and tubers were maintained in no-light conditions. Following differential blackout intervals of two, four, six, eight and ten weeks, plants in each treatment group were dissected into above ground (shoot) and below ground (tuber) material. Plant sections were measured and dried to a constant mass for dry weight analysis in a forced air oven at approximately 60℃ for a minimum of 48 hours. Following dry weight analysis, plants were stored at -4℃. The experiment was repeated in time with starting dates of 9/25/15 and 1/18/16 for the two runs. Average shoot lengths increased to an average of 32 cm by ten weeks. Tuber size remained constant over the ten-week period as expected. Despite the

34 increase in total shoot length, total dry weight decreased from an average of 35 mg to an average of 25 mg by the end of ten weeks. Dry weight of tubers declined from 35 mg to 6 mg and shoot dry weight increased from unsprouted to 20 mg. Additional results and potential impacts to management will be discussed.

Mesocosm Evaluations of PROCELLACOR, a Novel Herbicide Technology for Aquatic Plant Management Mark A. Heilman1, Michael D. Netherland2, Jens Beets3, Robert J. Richardson4, Erika J. Haug5, Ben Willis6, and Chetta Owens7 1SePRO Corporation, Carmel, IN 2U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 3University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Gainesville, FL 4North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 5North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC 6SePRO Corporation, Whitakers, NC 7U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Lewisville, TX

PROCELLACOR™ is a novel reduced-risk herbicide technology under development for aquatic use and anticipated for USEPA approval in 2017. PROCELLACOR™ (a.i. benzyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro- methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylate) has unique, low-rate, short-exposure, systemic activity for selective control of major U.S. submersed weeds including hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and invasive watermilfoils such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum - EWM) and Eurasian X Northern (M. sibiricum) hybrids (HWM). Relative to selectivity of control, PROCELLACOR™ has little to no effect on common U.S. native submersed plants such as tapegrass (Vallisneria americana), common waterweed (Elodea canadensis), and pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) as well as most common native emergent plants. The new herbicide also has selective in-water and foliar activity for treatment of certain emergent/floating U.S. invasive aquatic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), crested floating heart (Nymphoides cristata), alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), and primrose (Ludwigia spp.). In this paper, results of multiple recent outdoor mesocosm studies will be reviewed to highlight major use patterns with a focus on hydrilla, crested floating heart, hybrid watermilfoils, and representative native plants. These studies have focused on exposure scenarios that mimic high and intermediate dilution treatments through flow-through exchange (6 h and 24 h half-lives) or pulsed exposures of 12 – 72 hours. Results show that these major target weeds can be effectively controlled with short exposures to PROCELLACOR™ use rates in a range of 10 – 50 ppb depending on species and level of establishment.

Biosecurity to Restoration Deborah E. Hofstra and Paul D. Champion National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Freshwater and Estuaries Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand

Alien pest species are considered second only to habitat loss as the drivers of decline in biodiversity in freshwater globally. In New Zealand, submerged weeds and pest fish drastically alter aquatic systems, contributing to declining water quality, loss of native biodiversity and reduction in associated values. Amongst New Zealanders there is a growing desire to improve or restore freshwater systems, but a major obstacle to restoration is the 'know how' where there are confounding factors. There is a clear recognition in government policies of the importance of controlling contaminants that enter lakes, but in many cases such controls will not effectively restore lake ecosystems without corresponding attention to the impacts of aquatic pest species. The issue then becomes how to overcome the escalating nature of the impact from invasive plants and pest fish so that restoration goals are achieved. This presentation will focus on progress to restoring native macrophytes in lakes.

Evaluation of Potential Control Measures for Established Arundo donax (Student Presentation) Andrew Howell, Steve T. Hoyle, and Robert J. Richardson North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Global demands for reduced greenhouse gas emissions have prompted research of alternative energy sources from second-generation biofuel crops. Arundo donax (giant reed), a high biomass yielding cane species within the Poaceae family, continues to gain recognition for lignocellulosic biofuel production. However, the physiological properties which make giant reed a prime candidate for biofuel production may also promote invasiveness. Nevertheless, bio-

35 energy advocates support planting giant reed in regions east of the Mississippi River. Our objective was to evaluate techniques for eliminating established giant reed populations. In spring 2013, a greenhouse trial was conducted to identify appropriate herbicide chemistries for field evaluation which included various rates of glyphosate (4.48-8.96 kg a.e. ha-1), imazapyr (0.56-1.12 kg a.e. ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl (0.17 kg a.i. ha-1), and combinations of each. Except metsulfuron-methyl, all herbicide treatments provided excellent control. In summer 2014 and 2015, a range of foliar applications using glyphosate (2.60-9.95 kg a.e. ha-1), imazapyr (1.12-2.24 kg a.e. ha-1), and combinations thereof, occurred among two duplicate field trials in eastern North Carolina. Apart from the lowest rate of glyphosate (2.60 kg a.e. ha-1), all herbicide applications provided complete control at the 6 and 9 MAT visual evaluations with no green shoots observed 12 MAT. Based upon results, well-established giant reed may be readily controlled with glyphosate to eliminate escapes or allow crop rotation.

Identification of Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia grandiflora from Creeping Water Primrose in Florida Colette C. Jacono, Afsari Banu, and Stephen F. Enloe University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, FL

We distinguished two species, Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia grandiflora, from geographically representative populations of creeping water primrose in Florida. Species separation was based on non-overlapping measurements of floral characters, chromosome counts, and ploidy estimate from flow cytometry. Discriminate analysis, a multivariate procedure used for testing taxonomic hypotheses proved highly significant for species separation. Statistical distinction between the two species proved even greater with wild, field produced flowers than with flowers produced in tank culture, indicating the application and usefulness of flower morphology for field identification by land managers.

Ecological Effects of Aquatic Invasive Macrophytes: a Meta-analysis of their Effects on Native Plants, Macroinvertebrates and Fish Kaitlin A. Kinney and Lauren Pintor Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Columbus, OH

Freshwater ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of invasive species because of the high rates of endemism and degree of isolation relative to terrestrial ecosystems. Aquatic Invasive Macrophytes (AIMs) may have a particularly large impact on freshwater biodiversity through their impacts on both native aquatic plants and animals. The objectives of this study were to systematically review the peer-reviewed literature and conduct a meta- analysis to quantify the effect of AIM on native freshwater species. Given the competitive nature of their interactions, we expected native macrophytes to be negatively affected by AIMs. In contrast, we expected that AIMs would have a neutral or positive effect on native invertebrates and fish relative to native macrophytes since AIMs serve as resources. Because there are multiple mechanisms through which AIMs can influence native biota, we also looked for an effect of study design and traits of the AIM species that might have influenced their effects on native biota. Our search yielded 897 publications, 32 of which met the inclusion criteria, and in total yielded 170 unique studies that were used in the meta-analysis. Results indicated that there was a significant negative impact of AIMs on native macrophyte abundance, fitness, and diversity but no significant effect on growth. AIMs had a significant positive effect on the survival of macroinvertebrates, but no effect on macroinvertebrate abundance or diversity. AIMs had a no effect on fish abundance relative to native macrophyte controls, but a negative effect on fish survival. Effects of AIMs on native biota also varied depending upon the growth form of the AIM, whether the study tested the effect of a single or multiple AIM and the study design. From a management perspective, these results suggest that there could be trade-offs and mixed outcomes of AIM removal from invaded ecosystems.

Density Dependence of Copper Exposures to Microcystis aeruginosa: Implications for Microcystin-LR Release (Student Presentation) Ciera M. Kinley1, Tyler Geer1, Kyla Iwinski2, Maas Hendrikse1, and John Rodgers Jr.1 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

Algaecide efficacy experiments are often conducted to anticipate responses of algae to field applications (i.e. copper- based algaecides), with measurements of exposures and responses driving predictions. However, exposure

36 concentration alone is insufficient for predicting algal responses, since copper dose (mass of copper in and on algal cells) elicited from a given exposure is dependent on cell density. Therefore, for a given cell density, increased copper exposure concentration will result in increased copper dose. One example of an algal response that should be proportional to copper dose (rather than exposure alone) is microcystin (MC) release from cyanobacteria following algaecide applications. Laboratory experiments evaluating MC release from a range of cell densities of unicellular Microcystis aeruginosa provided the opportunity to measure relationships among copper dose and MC release in unconfounded exposures. The objectives of this study were to measure relationships among copper exposures and doses for a range of densities of M. aeruginosa, measure responses of M. aeruginosa to copper exposures in terms of MC-LR release and chlorophyll a concentrations, measure relationships among copper dose and MC-LR release for each cell density, and compare median effect concentrations (EC50) for MC-LR release in terms of copper exposures and doses. To achieve these objectives, cell densities of 1x106, 5x106, and 1x107 cells/mL in BG-11 medium were exposed to different ranges of copper ethanolamine concentrations for 96-h. Copper doses and aqueous and total MC-LR were measured at 8, 12, and 24-h to capture maximum measured masses of adsorbed and absorbed copper and MC release for each cell density. While copper exposure concentrations eliciting comparable MC-LR 6 7 release ranged an order of magnitude (24-h EC50 0.03-0.3 mg Cu/L) among cell densities of 10 through 10 cells/mL, copper doses (mg Cu/mg algae) were similar (24-h EC50 0.005-0.006 mg Cu/mg algae). Comparisons of MC-LR release as a function of copper exposure concentrations and doses provided a metric of the density dependence of exposures in the context of copper-based algaecide applications. Combined with estimates of other site-specific factors (e.g. water characteristics) and fate processes (e.g. dilution and dispersion, sorption to organic matter and sediments), measuring exposure-response relationships for specific cell densities can improve performance of field applications. In addition, these measurements can decrease the likelihood of amending unnecessary, or excessive, copper concentrations to aquatic systems and minimize risks for non-target aquatic organisms.

Wooly Frogs Mouth (Philydrum lanuginosum) Found in Pender County, NC: A First Find of this Invasive Plant in the U.S. Bridget Lassiter1, Steve T. Hoyle2, and Robert J. Richardson2 1North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Wooly frogs mouth (Philydrum lanuginosum) is an invasive weed that was found to be growing in Pender County, NC (34.428644°, -77.670454°) in August 2016. This is the first reported find of this weed in the U.S., which is outside of its native range. The plant is commonly cultivated as an aquatic plant in Australia, and seeds and plants are readily available for purchase online. This species is a self-pollinating, aquatic weed that produces thousands of dust-like seeds that are dispersed by water. From seeds collected in August, we were able to successfully germinate a small number of seeds just days after they were collected, with no dormancy requirements. Wooly frogs mouth appears to be quite aggressive in aquatic ecosystems, and likely out-competes other desirable wetland vegetation. This plant has been reported to be present in rice fields in Asia, and is considered a weed in Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. It is also considered a weed of plantation crops in southern Thailand. Anecdotal reports note that this plant may be toxic to cattle and freshwater turtles. NC Wildlife Resources Conservation Biologists noted that the plant had rapidly overtaken an artificial pond located near the Holly Shelter gamelands. The pond was dug between 2005 and 2010 and the population of wooly frogs mouth is known to have been in place since 2013. Photos of the pond dating from 2013 show just a few isolated plants along the margin of the pond, but the current population is much higher. A Weed Risk Assessment was completed for this plant in September 2016. The analysis suggests that this plant has the potential to be a major invader in the U.S., and is therefore to be considered “High Risk”. A herbicide application was made to the population using glyphosate in October 2016. The treatment appeared successful; however, plants resprouted in spring 2017. Herbicide evaluations are ongoing at this time. Other ponds in the area are being inspected for additional populations of the plant.

Algal Turf Scrubbers for Phycoremediation Dail Laughinghouse University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

Many of our aquatic environments are suffering eutrophication, which in turn can accelerate the growth of algal communities. Together with climatic changes, data indicate that we are becoming more 'blue-green', meaning more

37 cyanobacterial (algal) blooms. Though many treatment methods exist and are being developed to treat these blooms, remediation methods are needed to decrease the overall levels of nutrients in our waters thus decreasing the occurrences of these blooms. The Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™) is an ecologically engineered technology used to remove nutrient pollution from waters. This technology has evolved over nearly 30 years and one can consider this technique a 'controlled' algal bloom. The ATS™ system consists of an attached algal community growing on screens in a shallow trough or raceway through which polluted water is pumped. The algal community provides water treatment by uptake of nutrients and pollutants during their growth, improving the quality of the water discharged from the ATS™. Periodic harvest of the algae removes these pollutants and nutrients from the water thereby improving water quality while generating biomass. This biomass can then be used to produce algal biofuels. Other byproduct uses such as fertilizers, animal feeds, and concrete are being studied.

The Phenology of Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) in the Western U.S. John D. Madsen1 and Kurt D. Getsinger2 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research, Davis, CA 2U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS

Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) is an invasive aquatic plant with western infestations in Montana, Idaho, and Washington. We are examining the phenology of this species in two separate studies. In the first study, we established plants from populations in western Montana, eastern Idaho, and northwestern Minnesota in a common garden area at the Davis, CA research facility to compare seasonal growth of separate populations in a common environment. Plant height and phenological characteristics were measured weekly, and biomass samples were collected monthly from each population. At this point, no growth differences between populations have been detected. Shoot growth was initiated in March, and senescence began in September. Bud formation begins in June, and ceases in September. In the second study, we collected biomass samples from three locations (Idaho panhandle, western Montana, and eastern Idaho) four times a year (spring, early summer, late summer, fall). Bud densities ranged from 500 to 1200 rhizome buds per square meter, which translates to between 2 and 5 million buds per acre. Growth was evident from June through August. The goal of long-term management, at least for triploid flowering rush, should be to prevent rhizome bud formation and deplete the rhizome bud bank.

Revegetation of Giant Bulrush (Schoenoplectus californicus) on Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida Craig T. Mallison1 and Tim Coughlin2 1Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Lakeland, FL 2Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Aquatic Habitat Conservation and Restoration Section, Kissimmee, FL

In 2004, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) completed a habitat enhancement project on Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida. During an extreme water-level drawdown, heavy machinery was used to remove dense aquatic plants and associated organic material along 3,777 acres of shoreline in the littoral zone. In summer 2004, after project completion, three hurricanes passed within 50 miles of the lake. Rapid refilling of the lake basin prevented establishment of emergent vegetation. Many of the managed areas remained devoid of aquatic vegetation a year later. To jump start expansion of native plants, FWC hired a contractor to plant 210,000 giant bulrush plants in 42 barren areas within the littoral zone (5,000 plants per site). The objective of this project was to quantify the change in area of planted bulrush over a ten-year period. We used digital aerial photography (color infrared, one- foot pixel resolution) to digitize bulrush stands by photo-interpretation. We found that bulrush was successfully established at 40 of the 42 planted sites (95%). At 33 sites (79%), we observed an increase in area of more than 75%. Initial area of planted bulrush totaled 10.8 acres for all sites combined. After ten years, total area increased to 41.4 acres. Results of this study may help managers predict the number of plantings required to achieve a target area of habitat in a given time frame.

Aquatic Plant and Algae Management and Endangered Species: Stresses or Stressors, Risks or Benefits? Bernalyn D. McGaughey Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA

In April of 2013, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) presented their report on assessing endangered species and pesticide risk, responding to the government’s request for scientific advice on how pesticides should be evaluated

38 under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) with regard to their impact on species listed by the Endangered Species Act (ESA). After failing to make FIFRA and ESA “work together” in this process, EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Marine Fisheries Service (“EPA and the Services”) pinned their hopes on NAS providing input that would provide direction to policy on national level pesticide consultation for pesticide registration. EPA has determined that such consultation would take place under Registration Review. Registration Review is a cyclical, 15-year program that was initiated in 2008, with the first cycle closing in 2025. To date, there are no completed national consultations, which means there are 700 active ingredients still awaiting endangered species assessment and consultation. There have been three products reviewed and with draft findings, but the latest development is a request from industry to the agencies asking for a withdrawal of these draft documents based on their faulty science and unsupported conclusions. Consequently, at this time and from a process standpoint, FIFRA/ESA consultation is still at the starting line. This presentation will update APMS members on what has transpired over the last year and what opportunities and threats these developments bring to aquatic weed and algae management activities.

Impact of Food Deprivation on Hydrilla Tip-Mining Midge Survival and Subsequent Development Adriana O. Mitchell, James P. Cuda, and Emma N. Weeks University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gainesville, FL

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata [L.F.] Royle) is an invasive aquatic macrophyte found in freshwater throughout the United States. Introduction of hydrilla into the U.S. by the aquarium plant trade has led to its invasion throughout the southern U.S. and current listing as a federal noxious weed. Due to its many pathways of reproduction, this submersed plant is an environmental and financial burden. Waterways infested with hydrilla experience surface matting resulting in less light penetration, and changes in dissolved oxygen levels, leading to disturbed native species richness and diversity. Efforts to minimize hydrilla populations include using the hydrilla tip-mining midge (Cricotopus lebetis Sublette; Diptera: Chironomidae) as a potential biocontrol agent. The hydrilla tip-mining midge larvae feed on the apical meristem of hydrilla tips, disabling vertical growth and forcing growth in a branched horizontal direction. Currently, a colony of C. lebetis is being mass-reared in a laboratory to advent midge populations throughout hydrilla-infested waters. To maintain the colony for effective releases, the midge eggs must be placed on hydrilla before nutritive stores are exhausted, which requires an understanding of the effects of starvation on midge development. To test the effects of starvation, 60 midge larvae were placed into individual wells of a 96-well plate that were observed daily for survival. To study the effects of starvation on midge development to adult eclosion, midge larvae 0, 1, 2, and 3 days post-hatch were inserted into test tubes, each containing a hydrilla tip. Results showed a significant decrease of midge survival and adult eclosion when larvae are starved post hatch. Larvae starved for 2 days post-hatch did not develop to adults. For the highest chance of eclosion, midge larvae should be placed on hydrilla no later than the day of hatch (48 hours post-oviposition). This study highlights fundamental findings necessary for efficient midge rearing for effective biocontrol of hydrilla.

Evaluating Management Practices to Conserve Native Water Willow while Controlling Hydrilla (Student Presentation) Eryn E. Molloy1, Erika J. Haug2, and Robert J. Richardson1,2 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) is an invasive submersed aquatic plant that is now present on every continent except Antarctica. Hydrilla causes major issues from an environmental and an economic standpoint. It can displace native submersed plant communities and change water conditions such as increasing surface temperature, pH, and conductivity. It spreads aggressively due to its regrowth from fragments and clones from the stolons, rhizomes, and tubers. Justicia americana, also known as American water-willow, is native to the United States and found primarily in the eastern part of the country. Water-willow spreads through both seeds and rhizomes. It grows in dense patches along the shoreline where its roots help to stabilize the sediment. The patches provide habitat for both macro and micro invertebrates. Water-willow also serves as a link on the food chain to many animals including deer and muskrats. The benefits of having native plants, especially in aquatics, is an extremely sustainable and cost-effective way of lake management. Since the roots help with erosion and sediment control, water clarity is improved as well as through nutrient cycling that would otherwise go towards algae growth. Many water resource managers are faced

39 with the challenge of managing hydrilla while protecting water willow. Grass carp are frequently stocked for hydrilla control, however, hydrilla can find shelter in the dense layers of water-willow. Protected from herbivory, hydrilla can continue to fragment pieces into open water or another patch of water-willow where the cycle and destruction to the lake can continue. Due to a lack of other options, managers frequently use herbicides to control hydrilla in the presence of water-willow. The objective of this research is to identify control measures that may eliminate hydrilla while not damaging water-willow.

Row Cover Enhances Biological Control for Winter Management of Giant Salvinia (Student Presentation) Lori Moshman and Rodrigo Diaz Louisiana State University, AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA

Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta, Mitchell) is an invasive aquatic fern that clogs waterways, displaces native species, and inhibits boating access. Biological control of giant salvinia using the salvinia weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)), has been effective in the southern U.S., but is limited in temperate regions. Current evidence suggests that winter cold fronts and declining plant quality contribute to poor weevil establishment above 32°N latitude. A field study was conducted to test row cover (spunbonded polypropylene, 50 g/m2) as a method of increasing weevil overwinter survival and improving host plant quality. Floating nurseries of weevil-infested giant salvinia were established in closed waterbodies in northern and southern Louisiana. Treatments consisted of nurseries that were covered or uncovered (control), with 5 replicates per treatment. Weevil feeding activity, population density, and host plant quality were monitored monthly from January through April 2017. Air and plant mat temperature data were collected from each site. Giant salvinia mats maintained consistently warmer environments than ambient air conditions, but temperature increase from the covered treatment was only apparent in north LA. At this site, covered plants were significantly greener (86 ± 2.4% green, mean ± SE) and sustained less frost damage than controls (50 ± 3.2% green), indicating superior plant quality. Adult and larval density were not found to be statistically different between treatments at either site. In north LA, weevil population density decreased by 85% from January to April; in south LA, only a 58% decrease in population density was experienced from January to March (April data not available). This study represents the first step in examining the utility of row covers as a winter protection strategy in northern sites as well as their potential for increasing weevil establishment in biological control programs.

Aquatic Herbicides and Winter: Recipe for Successful Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Control? Christopher R. Mudge1 and Bradley T. Sartain2 1U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA 2Louisiana State University, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA

In Louisiana and Texas, the aquatic fern, giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is chemically managed with aquatic herbicides throughout the year, but considerably more effort is focused during the spring, summer, and fall whenever the plant is actively growing. Unfortunately, plant management during the non-growing season is often disregarded when plants are unhealthy and biomass is minimal. Utilizing herbicides during the winter could substantially reduce widespread populations and create a year-round maintenance program that would reduce efforts during the growing season. Although natural resource agencies in these two states rely heavily on the contact herbicide diquat during the winter, replicated research has not evaluated the efficacy of any herbicide during the colder months when plant growth is minimal. Therefore, three mesocosm trials were conducted during the winter of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 to evaluate foliar applications of glyphosate, diquat, flumioxazin, carfentrazone and endothall (dipotassium salt) against giant salvinia. The winter of 2014-2015 was colder and had more days that were at or below 0°C compared to the 2015-2016 winter. All herbicide treatments reduced plant dry weight 99 to 100% during the first winter trial. In the 2015-2016 uncovered (plants were exposed to natural conditions) and covered trials (plants were covered with tarp), herbicide treatments reduced plant biomass 73 to 99% and 48 to 96%, respectively. In general, plant control increased as the severity of the winter increased (i.e. colder and freezing temperatures). Under the milder winter (Trials 2 and 3), diquat provided the best control of all herbicides and these results support current diquat use for winter management of giant salvinia in Louisiana and Texas. These data also provide evidence that herbicide selection is critical and winter severity can influence efficacy. Regardless of herbicide and forecasted winter temperatures, giant salvinia management should continue throughout the winter to prevent widespread populations from rebounding or developing the following growing season.

40 Investigating the Efficacy of Treating Desiccated Lyngbya in a Drawn Down Pond Stephanie R. Nawrocki1, Justin J. Nawrocki2, Tom M. Warmuth3, and Robert J. Richardson1 1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 2UPI, King of Prussia, PA 3Biosafe Systems, East Hartford, CT

Lyngbya wollei is a nuisance mat algae primarily found in the Southeastern U.S. Early in the growing season it can be found growing benthically and often forms floating mats later in the season. These mats can impede recreation, clog water intakes and break free, dispersing lyngbya throughout a waterbody. Lyngbya is also known to be able to produce both dermal and shellfish toxins. In North Carolina, lyngbya can be found in small farm ponds as well as some of the states’ largest reservoirs. Finding an effective control measure has been difficult, which is leading to investigating more outside the box ideas for management. An 11.2 A pond in Louisburg, NC infested with lyngbya was drawn down approximately 4ft exposing enough shoreline for 5 treatment plots approximately 0.06 A in addition to 1 reference plot of the same size. All treatment plots were treated with GreenClean 5.0 at a rate of 5 gal/A and Hydrothol 191 at a rate of 0.5 gal/A with a total spray volume of 100 gal/A. In each treatment plot a different added surfactant was used and they included Cygnet Plus, Aqua-King Plus, Cide-Kick, Liberate and an experimental surfactant from Biosafe Systems designated BSEF16. Dry and wet weights were taken both pre and post treatment (1MAT) as well as a percent viability rating. After 1 MAT the average dry weights for all treatment plots was reduced 14% and the percent viability was reduced by 85.5%. The dry weights in the reference increased 26% 1MAT and the percent viability decreased by 21% over the same time period. While drawing down a water-body may not be feasible in every situation this preliminary trial demonstrates the efficacy of an irregular application method.

Technology Transfer from Ten Years of Monitoring Large-Scale Operational Treatments for Control of Aquatic Invasive Plants in Florida Michael D. Netherland1, Kenneth D. Jones2, Matt V. Phillips3, Jeffrey D. Schardt4 1U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 2University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Lake Alfred, FL 3Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Invasive Plant Management Section, Tallahassee, FL 4Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (retired), Thomasville, GA

Large-scale treatments for invasive aquatic plant control in Florida occur throughout the year. Beginning in 2006, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), Invasive Plant Management Section (IPMS) contracted our group to monitor treatment outcomes with an emphasis on large-scale hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) control. Between 2006 and 2014, five new herbicides were registered in aquatics (penoxsulam, imazamox, flumioxazin, bispyribac, and topramezone) based largely on the development of resistance of hydrilla to fluridone. In addition, large-scale use patterns for endothall (registered in 1959), product combinations, and performance differences between application techniques and product formulations were evaluated. The objective was to reduce reliance on anecdotal information and develop a quantitative approach that would document efficacy, treatment longevity, and selectivity across a wide spectrum of sites. This required a commitment to long-term follow-up on treatments that could be hundreds or thousands of acres in size. This collaboration between the IPMS Regional Biologists, industry technical support personnel, and our group has resulted in development of multiple use patterns for control of hydrilla and other invasive plants. For example, during the course of this work more selective strategies for control of invasive floating plants were developed based on observations from the field. Results are disseminated on a routine basis at IPMS/UF workshops that focus on new developments in aquatic plant management. Many of the quantitative methods developed through this effort are now incorporated in routine operational treatments and surveys by the IPMS and their contractors. The evolution of use patterns for the newly registered herbicides is ongoing and we continue to advance novel patterns. Recent efforts include evaluation of Procellacor (a novel auxin herbicide) on hydrilla and crested floating heart (Nymphoides cristata), investigation of the Canopeo application to assess herbicide injury to non-target plants, use of drones to survey treated areas, and development of grass-selective herbicides.

41 Efficacy of Endothall (Aquathol® K) and Endothall+2,4-D (Chinook®) for Curlyleaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) Control Under Simulated Fall Conditions (Student Presentation) Mirella Ortiz1, Jéssica Scarpin1, Scott J. Nissen1, and Cody J. Gray2 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 2UPI, Colorado Springs, CO

Invasions of non-native aquatic plants such as curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) (CLP) can have wide- ranging negative effects on whole lake ecosystems. Herbicide treatments have been shown to successfully control invasive aquatic plants during treatment years. Endothall and 2,4-D have been used in combination to control CLP for over 10 years. The objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of endothall (Aquathol® K) alone and endothall+2,4-D (Chinook®) for CLP control under simulated fall conditions. CLP plants were grown from turions in 50ml falcon tubes containing field soil, slow release fertilizer and fine, unwashed sand at the top. When the plants reached 15cm, they were treated with either endothall or endothall+2,4-D. Five-gallon mesocosms filled with 4 gallons of tap water were treated with one of the five treatments (non-treated, endothall 1.5ppm and 0.75ppm, or endothall+2,4-D 1.5+0.6ppm and 0.75ppm+0.3ppm, respectively). Three plants were exposed for 3, 6 or 12 hours to each treatment, triple rinsed in clean water and transferred to five-gallon mesocosms containing non-treated water. The plants were kept in growth chamber, at 14C with 12-hour day length. Visual control ratings were taken at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. All the endothall+2,4-D treatments provided over 95% of CLP control, while treatments with only endothall did not. In addition, plants treated with endothall+2,4-D had more rapid symptom development than the ones treated with only endothall.

Translocation of 14C-Endothall in Eurasian Watermilfoil, Curlyleaf Pondweed, and Two Hydrilla Biotypes (Student Presentation) Mirella Ortiz1, Scott J. Nissen1, and Cody J. Gray2 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 2UPI, Colorado Springs, CO

Endothall was first labeled for aquatic weed control in 1960, and the endothall label was expanded to include aquatic weed control in flowing water in 2010. Endothall is generally considered a contact herbicide; however, many field observations suggest that it could have systemic activity. We hypothesize that endothall can translocate in Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) (EWM), curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) (CLP) and two hydrilla biotypes (Hydrilla verticillata). Each weed was clonally propagated from apical shoot cutting or turions (CLP). Plants with developed roots and 10 cm of shoot growth were transferred to test tubes containing fine, unwashed sand. A low melting point wax was used to seal each test tube to isolate the root system from the water column. Plants were then transferred to mesocosms filled with 3.5 L of dechlorinated tap water and allowed 48 hours to recover from transplanting. Mesocosms were then treated with 3 ppm endothall as the potassium salt plus 66 KBq 14C- endothall. Plants were exposed to the herbicide for 192 hour after treatment (HAT). At predetermined time points three plants of each species were harvested, divided into shoot and root tissue, dried at 60°C for 48 h, and oxidized. Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. Data were subjected to non-linear regression to determine maximum absorption, absorption rate, and translocation. Hydrilla showed a linear increase in herbicide absorption, while herbicide absorption in EWM and CLP best fit a hyperbolic function. Translocation to EWM and CLP roots was limited, reaching a maximum translocation of 11% and 8% of total absorbed radioactivity, respectively. Monoecious and dioecious hydrilla showed a linear increase without reaching maximum absorption or translocation 192 HAT. The distribution of radioactivity was 72% shoot:28% root for monoecious hydrilla and 75% shoot:25% root for dioecious hydrilla. These data provide strong evidence that endothall is systemic.

Florida’s Adaptive Aquatic Plant Management Program Matt V. Phillips Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Invasive Plant Management Section, Tallahassee, FL

Florida has had to adapt to many changing and challenging conditions to combat invasive plants in the state. This presentation highlights innovative approaches Florida has used to address new management issues. From detecting pioneer infestations to implementing control options, Florida has applied new technologies and strategies to increase effectiveness and efficiency through every step of the management process, including how we handle new

42 infestations of Salvinia molesta, Luziola subintegra, exotic grasses and Azolla pinnata. Discussions will include a database and accountability tracking system, advances and standardization of plant mapping and identification protocol, new formulations for herbicide management, as well as improved stakeholder engagements. One highlighted stakeholder engagement is an outreach effort called “What’s Happening on My Lake” geared towards educating, encouraging participation and gaining a better rapport with interested members of the public.

A New Experience for Macrophyte Community Management in Santana Reservoir, Brazil Robinson A. Pitelli1, Robinson L. Pitelli2, Rinaldo Rocha3, Jorge Jabob Jr.4, Monicke O. Vieira5, and Wilson R. Cervera, Jr.6 1University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 2Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 3Light Energia S.A., Pirai, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 5Pirai, Brazil 6Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil

Brazilian energetic option is for hydropower energy. This option implicates in the construction of big reservoirs especially in the main rivers that cross the country. Aquatic weed colonization of the water reservoirs is a big concern for the hydropower companies because they affect the multiple uses of water and the hydric bodies in different ways and there are enormous concerns for public health agencies due to proliferation of tropical human disease vectors. In Brazil, the use of herbicides for aquatic weeds is not permitted and there were limitations for mechanical control, especially due to high costs and legislation for biomass disposal. The Santana Reservoir (Light - RJ) was created in 1950. Since then it is facing a serious problem with aquatic weeds because its water comes from two eutrophic rivers which are very rich in sediments, leading to strong sedimentation of the reservoir bed. Several methods of aquatic weed control were tested, like chemical control, when permitted in the 70's, which promoted a weed shifting and the problem persisted because there were no herbicide options for the new macrophyte community. The herbicides were prohibited in the early 80's. Mechanical control become the main weed control strategy and the biomass was developed as organic fertilizer in degraded areas restoration. In the last decade, mechanical control became extremely difficult in Santana reservoir due to the high level of sedimentation and the invasion of Urochloa subquadripara. So, a new strategy was implemented considering that the evapotranspiration rate of aquatic weeds has no significant impact on energy generation. In the silted areas, mechanical control was stopped and was used for disposal of the biomass collected in deep water regions. The succession of plant populations is being monitored for understand the hydrosere evolution and also the mechanical control effort and costs are being assessed. The expectative is that in some years the formation of a riparian forest occurs in silted areas with environmental and economic advantages.

Ludwigia sedioides Chemical Control under Greenhouse Conditions Robinson L. Pitelli1, Claudinei Cruz2, Robinson A. Pitelli3, and Jorge Jabob, Jr.4 1Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 2Fundação Educacional de Barretos, Barretos, Brazil 3University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Ludwigia sedoides is a very beautiful aquatic plant, largely used for ornamental purposes in Brazil. The ornamental potential of this plant should be considered as a major risk of its introduction in the United States. So, two assays were carried out to evaluate L. sedoides control with herbicides under greenhouse conditions. The plants were grown in 1L plastic boxes and submitted to herbicides diquat (100, 200 and 400 g ai/ha), 2,4-D (335, 670 and 1340 g ai/ha), triclopyr (240, 480 and 960 g ai/ha), imazamox (1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 g ai/ha) and glyphosate (403, 807, and 1614 g ai/ha). The herbicides were applied with a pressurized sprayer at the herbicide solution of 200 L/ha. The plants were maintained at greenhouse conditions and evaluated at different periods after herbicide application. The herbicides 2,4-D and triclopyr promoted a quick symptom development, reaching values higher than 80% after 20 days in all doses. Diquat did not result in a satisfactory control, occurring plants regrowth at 20 days after application. Glyphosate resulted in a slow symptom development in comparison with triclopyr and 2,4-D, although it promoted more than 85% of control after 45 days in the two highest doses. Imazamox presented a very variable effect on both experiments, resulting in values greater than 80% of control only in the second experiment.

43 Chemical Control of Phragmites australis under Climate Change Conditions in Florida (Student Presentation) Candice M. Prince, Gregory E. MacDonald, and John E. Erickson University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Gainesville, FL

Native wetland plant communities throughout North America have been replaced by dense monocultures of Phragmites australis (common reed; hereafter referred to as Phragmites). This species is divided into haplotypes, with native and exotic haplotypes present in the United States. Two haplotypes present management concerns in Florida: Haplotype M (an aggressive Eurasian haplotype) was first identified in the state in 2013, and haplotype I (which has unclear origins) has recently become aggressive in disturbed freshwater wetlands. Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature can have a significant impact on the growth characteristics and physiological processes of C3 species such as Phragmites, potentially altering their herbicide tolerance. We examined this relationship in a greenhouse experiment. Haplotypes I and M were grown under elevated (700 ppm, 22/34 ⁰C) or ambient (390 ppm CO2, 18/30 ⁰C) climate conditions for six weeks, before being treated with glyphosate (0.5 lb.- a.i. per acre). Morphological and photosynthetic characteristics were measured prior to herbicide application. Visual injury symptoms were recorded weekly for 30 days, before height, stem number, and aboveground biomass were measured. Plants regrew for another 30 days before height, stem number, and biomass were measured. Haplotype I showed fewer stress responses to glyphosate treatment under elevated climate conditions, while the response of haplotype M to treatment was largely unaffected by climate.

Lyngbya Distribution and Abundance in Selected North Carolina Waterbodies (Student Presentation) Shannon Regan1, Steve T. Hoyle2, and Robert J. Richardson1,2 1North Carolina State University, Fish and Wildlife Program, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Lyngbya (Lyngbya wollei) is a benthic mat forming, filamentous cyanobacterium. It produces several neurotoxins and taste and odor compounds that negatively affect the recreational, agricultural, and economic uses of the water body. Lyngbya is present in many of North Carolina’s water bodies including Tuckertown reservoir, Badin Lake, Lake Gaston, Sutton Lake, Shearon-Harris reservoir, Kerr Lake, and Lake Waccamaw. Multi-year survey data from Tuckertown, Badin Lake, and Lake Gaston show increasing occurrence and abundance since 2013. Estimated lyngbya acreage in Tuckertown increased from 130 acres in 2013 to 533 acres in 2016. Lyngbya occurrence also increased in Badin Lake and Lake Gaston. Lyngbya occurrence doubled from 2015-2016 in Badin Lake with lyngbya present in 17% of points sampled in 2016 compared to only 6% in 2015. Lyngbya presence has also increased in Lake Gaston over the last three sampling years with lyngbya occurring in 5.8% of points sampled in 2013 compared to 10.5% in 2016. Further implications and management options will be discussed.

The Integration of Triploid Grass Carp and Herbicides for Monoecious Hydrilla Control on Two North Carolina Reservoirs (Student Presentation) Alejandro J. Reyes1, Steve T. Hoyle1, Robert J. Richardson1, and Mark Fowlkes2 1North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC 2North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh, NC

Triploid grass carp have been one of the most widely used control measures for monoecious hydrilla in North Carolina. These fish have been used in small ponds to large Piedmont reservoirs. While hydrilla is one of the most preferred plant species for grass carp to feed on, they will feed on other species potentially degrading habitat and requiring a stocking permit from North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) prior to any stocking activity. In order to streamline grass carp stocking for hydrilla control, NCWRC developed a cohort analysis to determine the number of fish to be stocked in order to maintain a desired rate under specific variables. In collaboration with North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality and North Carolina State University, this cohort analysis was further modified to provide stocking numbers when hydrilla biomass is still widespread as well as after biomass has been depleted but a tuber bank remains. In two specific situations, triploid grass carp have been used in an integrated approach with herbicides to meet hydrilla management objectives. In Lake Gaston, triploid grass carp have been used concurrently with herbicide applications to reduce hydrilla biomass while maintaining some native vegetation. In the Tar River Reservoir, herbicides were used for six years and then a low stocking rate

44 of grass carp was utilized in order to finish depletion of the tuber bank. Due to concerns of grass carp escapement, they were not utilized in high numbers during the early years of management. An overview of North Carolina’s grass carp cohort analysis as well as integrated use of grass carp in these two water bodies will be presented.

Effects of Temperature during Dormancy on Viability of Monoecious Hydrilla verticillata Propagules Amy L. Henry, J. T. Harris, and Robert J. Richardson North Carolina State University, Crop and Soil Science, Raleigh, NC

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle) is a federal noxious, submersed aquatic weed that causes much economic and environmental harm. This study utilized two research locations; a cool climate and a warm climate to understand climatic effects on the production and viability of asexual propagules after an overwintering period in cooling chambers at three different temperatures. Tubers produced in the cooler climate were significantly heavier, averaging 0.113 g compared to 0.096 g in the warmer climate. The cooler climate had a higher viability percent, averaging 89% when overwintered at 4° C and 20% when overwintered at 0° C, while the warmer climate hydrilla tubers had an average viability of 63% when overwintered at 4° C, and 0% when overwintered at 0° C. Tuber densities were different between locations, with the cool climate averaging 823 tubers/m2, while the warm climate averaged 2142 tubers/m2.

Effects of Water Hyacinth and Tanner Grass Soil Incorporations on Physical and Chemical Properties of Degraded Soils Rinaldo Rocha1, Robinson A. Pitelli2, Robinson L. Pitelli3, and Jorge Jabob, Jr.4 1Light Energia S.A., Pirai, Brazil 2University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 3Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and tanner grass (Urochloa subquadripara) are two of the major weeds in hydropower reservoirs in Brazil. This grass is often associated with water hyacinth through epiphytic growth increasing its levels of colonization. The mechanical harvest of aquatic weeds is very expensive and, by law, the harvested biomass must be used in an environmental friendly way. The use of aquatic weed biomass in the biofertilization of degraded soil has been one the most common solutions for the disposal of this material. In tropical regions, the soils usually are acid, have low cation exchange capacity and low levels of P, Ca and Mg. In three soils (two sandy and one clay) it was evaluated the effects of the incorporation of four doses (5, 10, 20 and 40 t/ha) of the water hyacinth and tanner grass dry biomass, in a factorial design 3 (soil) x 2 (aquatic weeds) x 4 (doses). The incubation was carried out in 2 L pots at 25ºC and the soil moisture was maintained between 50% and 70% of field capacity. Soil incorporation of aquatic weeds biomass improved all the parameters studied and was more evident in sandy soils. Comparing the two weeds, water hyacinth was more effective increasing the soil pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and the contents of organic matter, P, Ca, Mg, K, S, B, Mn. Zn Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb. Tanner grass was more effective increasing the contents of Al, H+Al, Cu and Fe. The effects on soil water retention capacity and on the content of organic matter were similar for both weeds. Only for soil Fe contents there was not a clear relation with the amount of biomass incorporated.

Intervening in Major Algal “Blooms” in Florida John Rodgers, Jr.1, Tyler Geer1, Alyssa Calomeni2, Kyla Iwinski3, Ciera Kinley1 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Clemson University, School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 3Applied Polymer Systems, Woodstock, GA

Recently, factors that could be considered a “perfect storm” resulted in a massive algal “bloom” in south Florida. Scientists are well aware that our ability to accurately predict the onset of an algal “bloom” is limited as the causes are multifaceted and there are usually several to many moving parts. As scientists and practitioners recognize, dealing with a ‘bloom” like this is best approached in a tiered fashion. If the algal “bloom” is massive, and the affected area is concomitantly large, usually limited resources are focused on management units in the affected area that are prioritized by the critical services that they provide (e.g. potable water, swimming, boating, habitat, etc.). The tools

45 (mechanical, chemical, etc.) for management of algae in critical water resources are limited. Through adaptive water resource management, the most efficient approaches can be brought to bear on an algal “bloom”.

Managing Nitellopsis obtusa (Starry Stonewort) in Lake Koronis, MN: A Pilot Project Using an Integrated Approach John Rodgers, Jr.1 and Kevin Farnum2 1Clemson University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson, SC 2Koronis Lake Association Board, Delano, MN

A relatively new invasive species in Minnesota, Starry Stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa) was discovered in Lake Koronis (Stearns County) in 2015. This noxious species of relatively large green algae in the Characeae family has spread rapidly among the northern tier of states in the U.S. A pilot project was initiated in 2016 with the goal to determine a small area and large area management strategy for Starry Stonewort in Lake Koronis that is applicable across the county, the state, as well as the infested range. The pilot project involved 1) mechanical harvesting of about 4 acres contained by a mesh net to retain fragments, 2) assisting the harvester with divers, 3) application of algaecide indicated by an Algal Challenge Test (ACT), and 4) evaluation of performance of management tactics by a third-party auditor. Diver-assisted harvesting and algaecide applications were effective for decreasing Starry Stonewort mass. The algaecide alone was effective, but not as effective as the harvesting and algaecide treatment. In the coming years, effective tactics will be expanded in the lake along with efforts to prevent off-site movement of Starry Stonewort.

The Effects and Implications of Chemical and Biological Control on Waterhyacinth IPM with Stressors to Biocontrol Agents (Neochetina spp. and Megamelus scutellaris) (Student Presentation) Samantha Sardes, Lyn Gettys, Ian Markovich and Kyle Thayer University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL

Waterhyacinth (Pontederiaceae: Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the world’s worst invasive plants. According to the Invasive Species Specialist Group, waterhyacinth ranks number 32 on their list of top 100 invasive species (including animals and fungi) globally. Integrated pest management (IPM) has been applied to waterhyacinth through a variety of control measures, including, but not limited to, chemical and biological control. Diquat, 2,4-D, and penoxsulam are three herbicides used for chemical control of waterhyacinth. Two weevils that are considered moderately successful biocontrol agents are Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Both species were released in the 1970s by the USDA. A more recently discovered waterhyacinth biocontrol agent is the plant hopper Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), which was released in 2010. There are three ongoing experiments to determine the effects, if any, that these control methods have on one another and on the management of waterhyacinth. The first is evaluating rate reductions of penoxsulam control of waterhyacinth with herbivory pressure from biocontrol agents (Neochetina spp. and Megamelus scutellaris). The second is studying the effects of different biocontrol agent establishment periods on integrated management of waterhyacinth using 2,4-D, diquat, and penoxsulam with biocontrol agents (Neochetina spp. and Megamelus scutellaris). The final study examines direct herbicide toxicity effects on the life stages of Megamelus scutellaris. This series of studies should yield a more complete picture of the integrated pest management of waterhyacinth.

Utilizing Remote Sensing Technology for Monitoring Chemically Managed Salvinia molesta Populations (Student Presentation) Bradley T. Sartain1 and Christopher R. Mudge2 1Louisiana State University, School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA 2U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA

Thousands of acres of Salvinia molesta (giant salvinia) are managed annually in the Southeastern United States, but management success is difficult to measure quantitatively. Numerous factors, including, but not limited to, coastal tide movement, precipitation, water flow, human interactions, and plant decomposition impact assumptions of successful or un-successful control. These factors make it difficult for managers to determine if remaining plants are the result of re-growth or re-infestation. The objective of this study was to evaluate and develop remote sensing techniques to quickly and accurately assess S. molesta health and herbicide efficacy in a field scenario. Remotely

46 sensed data has previously been used to accurately identify S. molesta populations and monitor biological control agents, but herbicide efficacy assessments have not been previously documented. Computer software and global positioning system (GPS) technology was used to collect quantitative/qualitative data of chemically treated S. molesta at specific locations within treatment areas. These data were compared to remotely sensed reflectance data collected via satellite imagery at or within one week of field data collection. Remotely sensed data and field data were subjected to a linear regression to determine if S. molesta plant reflectance values are directly correlated to herbicide injury. The utilization of remote sensing technology to assess giant salvinia herbicide efficacy on a large scale will provide lake managers with a beneficial tool for monitoring management efforts with minimal travel to field sites.

Flumioxazin as a Potential Pre-emergent Treatment for Submersed Aquatic Weeds George L. Selden University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, Jonesboro, AR

The active ingredient flumioxazin is a contact herbicide approved for aquatic use under the trade name Clipper. It is also approved for use under the trade name Valor for control and/or suppression of certain weeds in cotton, dry beans, field corn, soybean, peanut, sugarcane, sweet potato, fallow land and to maintain bare ground on non-crop areas of farms. One of the recommended uses for this herbicide is as a pre-emergent herbicide. The manufacturer advertises that the product can be applied to bare ground, where if it is activated by rainfall or overhead watering, it will form what is called a “solid flumioxazin barrier”. There have been anecdotal reports that this also occurs if it is applied to pond bottoms, and activated prior to filling. In early May 2016, this product was applied in a 20ft band around four, 8-acre baitfish ponds on the Coldstream farm in Paragould, AR. These ponds were checked regularly throughout the summer and no growth of submersed aquatic weeds (excluding algae) was observed.

Anionic PAM use During Drainage and Pond Maintenance Eddie Snell Applied Polymer Systems, Incorporated, Minneola, FL

Stormwater conveyance channels and ponds require routine maintenance to remove accumulated sediment to maintain hydraulic capacity. Equipment often dislodges soil particles which can cause turbidity and travel distances downstream from the site. These sediments are regulated pollutants that can cause unintended negative impacts during these activities. Water soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) technologies can be utilized to stabilize slopes, provide turbidity control, and allow for recycling of sediments removed from stormwater systems. Several case studies of Florida activities will be shown to illustrate the various ways that anionic PAMs can be included in routine maintenance activities to mitigate soil disturbance.

How do We Identify High-risk Genotypes for Adaptive Management of Eurasian and Hybrid Watermilfoil? Ryan A. Thum Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT

Genetic variation has not historically been a focus of traditional aquatic plant management. Yet, several studies reveal that managed aquatic plant taxa can exhibit cryptic and heritable variation for traits that influence their potential for growth, spread, impact, and response to control. For example, it is now clear that different Eurasian and hybrid watermilfoil genotypes can exhibit different growth and herbicide response properties, and that the genetic composition of watermilfoil populations can change over time. Therefore, cryptic genetic variation is likely to impact management outcomes among lakes, or within the same lake over time. A critical question therefore is, “how do we identify high-risk genotypes in adaptive management programs?” In this presentation, I propose several criteria to identify high-risk genotypes using genetic survey and monitoring data.

47 Introduction and Spread of a Cryptic Water Chestnut Species in the Northeastern U.S. Ryan A. Thum1, Lynde Dodd2, Nancy Rybicki3, Nathan E. Harms4, and Kadiera Ingram3 1Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, MT 2U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Lewisville, TX 3U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 4U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS

Trapa natans L. has been present in the U.S. since the latter half of the 19th century. However, a suspected new introduction of water chestnut (Trapa L.) was identified within the freshwater reaches of the Potomac River in Virginia in 2014. This introduced taxon was first noticed by the presence of 2-horn fruit, as opposed to the typical 4-horn fruit associated with T. natans. The species identification of this newly-discovered 2-horn taxon is hampered because it is inherently difficult to differentiate Trapa species morphologically, which is exacerbated by unclear global taxonomy and distribution of species within the genus. In 2016, water chestnut was collected from 20 introduced populations across the northeastern U.S. to determine whether 2-horn and 4-horn populations were genetically distinct from one another. Indeed, amplified fragment length polymorphism data (AFLPs) showed a clear genetic separation between previously-identified T. natans and the newly-discovered 2-horn taxon, confirming them as distinct taxa. We also compared the U.S. Trapa taxa to three species collected from Japan (T. incisa, T. natans, and T. japonica), and one unidentified species collected from South Africa. Interestingly, although two U.S. introduced populations identified as T. natans showed a genetic affinity to Japanese T. natans, the majority of U.S. populations identified as T. natans did not, suggesting cryptic species within what is currently recognized as T. natans in the U.S. Similarly, while the U.S. 2-horn Trapa was suspected as T. japonica, which also has 2-horned fruits, the U.S. 2-horn populations were not genetically similar to Japanese T. japonica. Thus, a global taxonomic revision of the genus that includes both morphological and genetic data is necessary in order to understand the origins of introduced populations in the U.S. Given the history and current problems associated with introduced water chestnut in the U.S., further investigation into the genetic and ecological characteristics of the distinct taxa are warranted, and will contribute to the knowledge base necessary for managers to make decisions about this potentially invasive plant.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Granular Copper and Triclopyr Alone and in Combination for Control of Flowering Rush Gray Turnage1, Ryan M. Wersal2, and John D. Madsen3 1Mississippi State University, Geosystems Research Institute, Starkville, MS 2Lonza, Specialty Ingredients - Surface Water, Alpharetta, GA 3U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research, Davis, CA

Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) is an invasive aquatic plant to lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and irrigation canals from New England to Washington State. At this point, there are no standard herbicide use patterns for control of this nuisance species. In this study, we evaluated the use of granular copper-ethylenediamine and granular triclopyr formulations, alone and in combination to control flowering rush. Plants were grown for seven months in flats placed within thirty-six 1140 L mesocosms. Water was added to the tanks to a depth of 41 cm, or a volume of 757 L. Prior to herbicide treatment, samples were collected for pretreatment biomass levels. Treatments included a granular copper-ethylenediamine (0.75 mg/L), liquid copper-ethanolamine complex (0.5 mg/L), granular triclopyr (1.5 mg/L), granular copper + granular triclopyr (0.5 + 1.5 mg/L), liquid copper complex and granular triclopyr (0.5 + 1.5 mg/L), and all of the above with a protein solution (0.001 ml/L). The experiment was replicated four times in mesocosms. Six weeks after treatment (WAT), all treatments and the untreated reference were harvested, separated to above- and belowground biomass, and dried at 70° C for five days. Granular triclopyr alone, granular triclopyr + protein, and the triclopyr + + complexed copper combinations + protein solution reduced aboveground and belowground biomass by six WAT.

48 Effects of Aquatic Macrophyte Biomass on Soil Nutrient Concentration Monicke O. Vieira1, Jorge Jabob, Jr.2, Robinson L. Pitelli3, Robinson A. Pitelli4, and Rinaldo Rocha5 1Pirai, Brazil 2University of State of Sao Paulo, Plant Protection, Jaboticabal, Brazil 3Ecosafe SS Ltda., Jaboticabal, Brazil 4Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 5Light Energia S.A., Pirai, Brazil

This work was carried out aiming to study the influence of aquatic macrophyte biomass deposition at soil surface on its nutrient concentration. The work was carried out at LIGHT Company experimental area, located in the city of Piraí, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The experiments were conducted in cement columns (3 meters high) filled with sieved soil (Red Latossol). Freshly harvested and chopped macrophytes from Santana Reservoir were deposited over the columns at different rates per area. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design, with six treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of the deposition of crushed macrophytes add up to 0.5 m higher in to cylinder with 0.5 m diameter and 1.5 m depth, with the treatments being replenished every 20 days. In the largest volume of deposited macrophytes corresponded to the treatment where 5 replacements were performed. At the depths of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m of the cylinder were installed extractors for collecting the percolated material (soil solution). The extractors were constructed by coupling a porous capsule at the end of a ½-inch-thick PVC pipe. The tube was closed at the end with a PVC seal, which has a hole of 0.2 mm in diameter. The porous capsule was introduced at the experimental depths 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m. At 0.5 m long hose was inserted into the hole until it reached the inner cavity of the porous capsule. A new vacuum pump was used to create a negative pressure in the porous chamber in order to force water from the solution of the soil into contact with the capsule. The chemical analysis performed on the soil solution at 60 days after the beginning of the experiment showed that the concentrations of N, Na, Ca, Mg, S and Fe found to be significantly higher in the 0.5m depth. The concentrations of Bo and Cu were similar at different depths. In the soil analysis at 90 days, the values of pH, Al + H, cations exchange and bases, showed that, despite the addition of biomass, the concentrations of the elements found in the concentration range of this type of soil. The addition of biomass in experiment practically did not alter the concentration of organic matter along the sampled depths. The presence of heavy metals was not detected in the soil analysis; suggesting that the macrophytes in the doses used can be used to increase soil fertility.

Targeting the "Bad Players": Effective Cyanobacteria Management with Liquid Activated Peroxygen Algaecide/Cyanobacteriacide Tom Warmuth1, Hugh Dalton2, Tom McNabb3 1BioSafe Systems LLC, Winston Salem, NC 2Santa Cruz Water Laboratory, Santa Cruz, CA 3Clean Lakes, Incorporated, Martinez, CA

Effective copper alternative treatments for cyanobacterial management are emerging as a needed option as the threat to our waters by these organisms becomes more realized and understood. The development of effective treatments for the “Bad Players”, or what are identified as cyanobacteria that are known to produce harmful toxins or even taste and odor compounds, has never been more imperative. Santa Cruz Water Laboratory, through a program of monitoring, sampling, algal enumeration and development of an algaecide treatment regime with Clean Lakes, Inc., has delivered effective control of cyanobacteria throughout the season using a liquid activated peroxygen algaecide, GreenClean Liquid 2.0, in their reservoir. Peroxide based algaecide has been identified as effective in selective treatments for cyanobacteria, where it is not greatly effecting the population of green algae/phytoplankton. Traditional use and delivery of “granular peroxide”, known as SCP – Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate, can have challenges not only in the delivery of the treatment to the water, but also in effectively controlling the target depending on where it may be in the water strata. The chemistry of GreenClean Liquid 2.0 activated peroxygen algaecide has shown to be effective, while also being easier to apply SCP and having the ability to be more effectively applied near the surface as well as at variable depths and temperatures in the reservoir where the target cyanobacteria are found. This all leading to a better potable water source through better control of target cyanobacteria while preserving the phytoplankton. An overall healthier and productive algal population while limiting the input of copper based algaecides to the system.

49 AMP® Activator, a New Adjuvant for Aquatic Plant Management Ryan M. Wersal1 and Bill Ratajczyk2 1Lonza, Specialty Ingredients - Surface Water, Alpharetta, GA 2Lonza, Water Treatment, Reedsville, WI

AMP® Activator is a new patent pending adjuvant that combines proteins and surfactants to improve control of both aquatic vascular plants and algae. The use rate of the adjuvant in combination with aquatic herbicides and algaecides is density dependent and ranges from 0.25 gal/acre to 1.0 gal/acre. In small-scale aquaria trials on Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) using an 8 hr exposure, it was observed that the LC50 for Eurasian watermilfoil treated with 2,4-D alone was 0.77 mg/L (r2=0.91). When AMP® Activator was added to the 2,4-D treatments the 2 ® LC50 was decreased to 0.34 mg/L (r =0.87). AMP Activator resulted in the reduction in exposure time needed to control hybrid watermilfoil with of 2,4-D. When 2,4-D was applied alone it required at least 24 h of exposure time, however only 12 h was needed when AMP® Activator was added to the treatment. Algal Challenge Test (ACT) results demonstrated that AMP® Activator applied to Lyngbya sp. from Lake Gaston, NC first followed 2 days later by Algimycin® PWF elicited the greatest response among algaecide treatments. Additionally, Anabaena sp. and Aphanizomenon sp. from Morrison Lake, MI subjected to an ACT resulted in the recommendation of 0.5 gal/acre- ft. of AMP® Activator followed 4 days later by 20 lbs/acre-ft of Phycomycin® SCP based on chlorophyll a and cell densities. When Phycomycin® SCP was applied alone it required 60 lbs/acre-ft to achieve the same results. AMP® Activator has shown promise at multiple scales on several vascular plant and algae species in enhancing the efficacy of both herbicides and algaecides.

Investigating Invasive Aquatic Plant and Toxic Cyanobacteria Management to Improve Wildlife Habitat for Threatened and Endangered Species Susan B. Wilde1, Brigette Haram2, Kenneth D. Jones3, and Michael D. Netherland4 1University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, GA 2University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Lake Alfred, FL 4U.S. Army Engineer Research Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Gainesville, FL

We monitored Florida lakes to determine locations/seasons at highest risk for avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) disease using density of Aetokthonos hydrillicola (Ah) and relative toxicity of plant and snail extracts. We detected moderate levels of Ah in Lake Tohopekaliga (Toho) at 9/13 sites during December 2016 and found higher densities of Ah (50-70% leaf area) during January 2017 and low density Ah on two new sites. We also detected low densities of Ah on Potamogeton illinoensis, Bacopa caroliniana, and Nitella sp in locations with high density of Ah on hydrilla. The extracts from these samples were toxic in the cell line bioassay, but not in an acute or chronic Ceriodaphnia dubia assay. We observed bald eagles, snail kites, limpkin, ring-necked ducks, coots, and moorhen in dense hydrilla locations. We also found dense colonies of Ah on hydrilla in Lake Istokpoga (2/6 sites), and at lower densities on Utricularia sp. No Ah was found on hydrilla, Ceratophyllum, Utricularia, Naiad, or Vallisneria in Okeechobee, (0/11 sites). We are processing toxicity extracts from January samples and microscopy/toxicity of samples collected from February 2017 from Lakes Toho (including apple snails), Kissimmee, Hatchineha, and Cypress. American coots (11) were harvested from Toho by FFWC personnel during December 2016. Additional coots will be collected to compare prevalence of the brain lesions at sites with high Ah prevalence and toxicity (hydrilla/Ah, apple snail tissue extracts). We will use Ah prevalence and toxicity using cell-line, Ceriodaphnia, and zebrafish (Danio rerio) bioassays to construct a risk map based on conditions at existing locations.

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