Approved Curriculum of Environmental Sciences

APPROVED CURRICULUM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

(Revised December 26, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Contents Page

1 Approved minutes of BOS 3-13

2 Curriculum of BS Environmental Sciences 14-84

3 Curriculum of M.Sc Environmental Sciences 85-122

4 Curriculum of MS/Mphil Environmental Sciences 123-157

5 Curriculum of PhD Environmental Sciences 158-192

He explained the aims and objectives of the meeting so as to bring curriculum in line with the international standards keeping in view the national needs. After initial remarks and briefing on the 1st meeting of the BoS held on February 20, 2014, the Convener open the forum for discussion on agenda items one by one. 1) Agenda Item No. 1: Subject: Approval of Courses and Syllabus for BS (Environmental Science) 4 years program

Decision: Chairman of the BoS asked Mr. Sanaullah (Semester Coordinator), to brief the honorable members regarding Courses/Syllabus of the BS Environmental Sciences 4 years program. After detailed discussion on the item, all members of the BoS unanimously agreed and approved the following: i. For admission to BS Program of Environmental Sciences, the eligibility criteria should be F.Sc (Pre-Medical/Pre-Engineering or other) with at least 45% marks. ii. It was recommended by all members of the BoS that course contents of BS- Environmental Science program should be in line with the HEC approved Curriculum (Revised 2013). iii. Uniform coding scheme should be thoroughly followed for the curriculum of BS Environmental Science. iv. It was recommended that existing scheme of studies of BS Environmental Science should be followed with minor changes (Annex-I) in accordance with HEC‟s unified template. v. The titles and contents of Biology-I and Biology-II should be revised and offered in Semester 1 and 2 respectively. vi. Environmental Physics (Foundation course) should be replaced by Population and Environment in Semester 3. vii. Since, minimum number of general courses should be 7 (21 credit hours) for BS Environmental Sciences, Introduction to Forestry (3 credit hours; general course) should be added in Semester 3. viii. Because 4 elective courses (12 credit hours) within the major discipline are allowed as per HEC guidelines, the course, Ecotourism should be removed from the new scheme. ix. The title of course Environmental Governance (in HEC approved Curriculum) should be read as Environmental Laws and Policies, the course contents should be remained the same. x. The courses Introduction to Statistics, Environmental Profile of Pakistan and Environmental Laws and Policies should be revised as suggested by Prof. Dr. Hizbullah Khan, Dr. Sardar Khan and Dr. Bushra Khan. xi. The title Urban Environmental Management was changed to Urban Environment. Similarly, the title Disaster Risk Management was changed to Disaster Management.

xii. Reshuffling of the General and Elective/ optional courses can be done by the Department based on Teacher availability. xiii. The BoS approved all courses, course codes and titles of the subjects (Annex-I) for BS (Environmental Science) 4 years program. 2) Agenda Item No. II: Subject: Approval of the courses for M.Sc. (Environmental Science) 2 years program Decision: The semester Coordinator for M.Sc. Environmental Science, Dr. Javed Nawab was asked to present agenda items. After thorough discussion on the captioned item, it was recommended by all the members of the BoS that course titles, course code and course contents of M.Sc. Environmental Science program should be in line with the scheme for BS Environmental Science (semester 5th onward). Also, following are the decisions of the BoS: i. For admission to M.Sc Program of Environmental Sciences, the eligibility criteria should be B.Sc in Biological Sciences with at least 45% marks. ii. All 4 semesters in M.Sc. 2 year program should comprise of 18 credit hours each. iii. Uniform coding scheme should be thoroughly followed for the curriculum of M.Sc. Environmental Science Course codes changed to as given in the approved Curriculum of Botany (Revised 2013) by Higher Education Commission (where applicable). iv. Reshuffling of courses between semesters is allowed in conditions like unavailability of teachers and vice versa. v. The BoS approved all courses, course codes and titles of the subjects (Annex-II) for M.Sc. 2 year Environmental Science program. 3) Agenda Item No. III Subject Approval of courses for MS/M.Phil and PhD (Environmental Sciences) Decision: For admission to MS/M.Phil Program in Environmental Sciences, the eligibility criteria should be Relevant Masters Degree/4-year education after intermediate (130 credit hours), with minimum CGPA 2.5 in Semester system or second division in Annual System.

For admission in PhD Program in Environmental Sciences, the eligibility criteria should be MS/M.Phil / 18 years education with a CGPA 3.0 in Semester System. After thorough discussion on various MS/M.Phil and PhD courses, the BoS approved the proposed courses and titles (Annex-III-V). A Seminar and Intensive Studies each with 01 credit hour was also recommended for inclusion in the syllabus.

The meeting was adjourned with vote of thanks by the Chair.

Annexure-I CURRICULUM OF BS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (04 YEAR PROGRAM) Scheme of Studies for the Four-year Bachelor Degree in Environmental Sciences 1st Year Semester-I S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs

1 ENGLISH-I ENV- 301 3 (3-0) 2 PAKISTAN STUDIES ENV- 302 2 (2-0) 3 MATHEMATICS ENV- 303 3 (3-0) 4 BIOLOGY-I (Diversity of Plants) ENV- 304 3 (2-1) 5 BASIC CHEMISTRY ENV- 305 3 (2-1) 6 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ENV- 306 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 17

Semester-II S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs

1 ENGLISH-II ENV- 307 3 (3-0) 2 ISLAMIC STUDIES ENV- 308 2 (2-0) 3 STATISTICS ENV- 309 3 (3-0) 4 INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES ENV- 310 3 (2-1) 5 SOCIOLOGY ENV- 311 3 (3-0) 6 BIOLOGY-II (Animal Life) ENV- 312 3 (2-1) Total Credit Hrs 17

2nd Year Semester-III S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY ENV- 401 3 (2-1) 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENV- 402 3 (3-0) 3 INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS ENV- 403 3 (3-0) 4 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 404 3 (3-0) 5 ENGLISH – III ENV- 405 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 15 Semester-IV S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 PSYCHOLOGY ENV- 406 3 (3-0) 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY ENV- 407 3 (2-1) 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY ENV- 408 3 (3-0) 4 CLIMATOLOGY ENV- 409 3 (3-0) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENV- 410 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 15 6

3rd Year Semester-V S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENV- 501 3 (2-1) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ENV- 502 3 (3-0) 3 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY ENV- 503 3 (2-1) 4 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENV- 504 3 (3-0) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN ENV- 505 3 (3-0) 6 APPLIED ECOLOGY ENV- 506 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 Semester- VI S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ENV- 507 3 (3-0) 2 GIS ANDREMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1) 3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENV- 509 3 (2-1) 4 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENV- 511 3 (2-1) 6 URBAN ENVIRONMENT ENV- 512 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 4th Year Semester-VII S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 CLIMATE CHANGE ENV- 601 3 (3-0) 2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENV- 602 3 (2-1) 3 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ENV- 603 3 (3-0) 4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ENV- 604 3 (3-0) 5 SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 605 3 (3-0) 6 RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENV- 606 3 (3-0) SCIENCE Total Credit Hrs 18

Semester-VIII S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV- 607 3 (3-0) 2 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 608 3 (3-0) 3 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV- 609 3 (3-0) 4 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ENV-610 3 (2-1) 5 RESEARCH PROJECT/INTERNSHIP/TWO 06 SPECIAL PAPERS Total Credit Hrs 18

Annexure-II

CURRICULUM OF M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Year program) Scheme of Studies for the Two-year M.Sc. Degree in Environmental Sciences 1st year Semester-I S.No. Courses Course Credit Hrs 1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENVCode- 501 3 (2-1) SCI. 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ENV- 502 3 (3-0) 3 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY ENV- 503 3 (2-1) 4 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENV- 504 3 (3-0) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN ENV- 505 3 (3-0) 6 APPLIED ECOLOGY ENV- 506 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 Semester- II S.No. Courses Course Credit Hrs 1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY CodeENV- 507 3 (3-0) 2 GIS & REMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1) 3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENV- 509 3 (2-1) 4 BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENV- 511 3 (2-1) 6 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENV- 402 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 2nd Year Semester-III S.No Courses Course Credit Hrs 1 CLIMATE CHANGE CodeENV- 601 3 (3-0) 2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENV- 602 3 (2-1) 3 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ENV- 603 3 (3-0) 4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ENV- 604 3 (3-0) 5 SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 605 3 (3-0) 6 RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCI. ENV- 606 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 Semester- IV S.No Course Course code Credit 1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV-607 hours3 (3-0) 2 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV-609 3(3-0) 3 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ENV-610 3 (2-1) 4 ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY ENV-611 3(3-0) 5 RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP/ TWO SPECIAL 06 PAPERS Total Credit Hrs 18

Annexure-III

CURRICULUM OF MS/MPhil ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Year program) Scheme of Studies for the Two-year MS/Mphil Degree in Environmental Sciences Semester- I S.No Course Course code Credit hours 1 Research Methods in Environmental Science ENV-701 3(3-0) 2 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ENV-702 3(3-0) 3 Strategic Environmental Assessment ENV-703 3(3-0) 4 ELECTIVE 1 3(3-0) Total Credit Hrs 12 Semester- II S.No Course Course Credit 1 Environmental Analytical Techniques codeENV -704 hours3(2-1) 2 ELECTIVE 2 3 3 ELECTIVE 3 3 4 ELECTIVE 4 3 rd th 3 & 4 Research Work for Thesis 06 Semesters Total Credit Hrs 30

Annexure-IV

CURRICULUM OF PhD ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (03 Year program) Scheme of Studies for the Three-year PhD Degree in Environmental Sciences Semester- I S.No Course Course code Credit hours 1 Major 1 3 2 Major 2 3 3 Major 3 3 Total Credit Hrs 09-12 Semester- II S.No Course Course Credit hours 1 Major 4 code 3 2 Major 5 3 3 Major 6 3 3rd,, 4th, 5th Research Work for Thesis & 6th 09 semester Total Credit Hrs 27

Annex-V

List of Course

Core Courses of MS/ M.Phil programme:

Titles Course Code Credit Hours

1. Research Methods in Environmental Sciences ENV-701 3(3-0) 2. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ENV-702 3(3-0) 3. Strategic Environmental Assessment ENV-703 3(3-0) 4. Analytical Techniques ENV-704 3(2-1)

Elective Courses: Title: Course Code Credit Hours 1. Environmental Chemistry ENV-705 3(3-0) 2. Applied Environmental Microbiology ENV-706 3(2-1) 3. Freshwater Ecology / Limnology ENV-707 3(3-0) 4. Environmental Sociology ENV-708 3(3-0) 5. Disaster Risk Management ENV-709 3(3-0) 6. Marine Pollution Management ENV-710 3(3-0) 7. Epidemiology ENV-711 3(3-0) 8. Population Dynamics and Environment ENV-712 3(3-0) 9. Environmental Biotechnology ENV-713 3(2-1) 10. Wetland Management ENV-714 3(3-0) 11. Wildlife and Forest Conservation ENV-715 3(3-0) 12. Alternative Energy Sources ENV-716 3(3-0) 13. Remote Sensing & GIS ENV-717 3(2-1) 14. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management ENV-7 18 3(2-1) 15. Principles and Applications of Bioremediation ENV-719 3(3-0) 16. Sustainable Urban Planning and Management ENV-720 3(3-0) 17. Sustainable Agriculture ENV-721 3(3-0) 18. Health, Safety and Environmental Management ENV-722 3(2-1) 19. Energy and Environment ENV-723 3(3-0) 20. Carbon sequestration and Environment ENV-724 3(3-0) 21. Advances in Plant Ecology ENV-725 3(3-0) 22. Biological Conservation ENV-726 3(2-1) 23. Urban Ecology ENV-727 3(3-0) 24. Laboratory Management Practices ENV-728 3(1-2) 25. Restoration Ecology ENV-729 3(3-0) 26. Gender and Environment ENV-730 3(3-0) 27. Global Environmental Politics ENV-731 3(3-0) 28. Coastal Environment and Management ENV-732 3(3-0) 29. Agrochemicals in the Environment ENV-733 3(3-0) 30. Remediation Strategies for Contaminated Environment ENV-734 3(3-0)

31. Treatment and Management of Wastewater ENV-735 3(3-0) 32. Environmental Application of Nanomaterials ENV-736 3(3-0) 33. Green Economy ENV-737 3(3-0) 34. Environmental Education ENV-738 3(2-1) 35. Polymers and the Environment ENV-739 3(3-0) 36. Environmental Geology ENV-740 3(3-0)

Courses of Ph.D programme: Titles Course Code Credit Hours 1. Research Methods in Environmental Sciences ENV-801 3(3-0) 2. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ENV-802 3(3-0) 3. Strategic Environmental Assessment ENV-803 3(3-0) 4. Analytical Techniques ENV-804 3(2-1) 5. Environmental Chemistry ENV-805 3(3-0) 6. Applied Environmental Microbiology ENV-806 3(2-1) 7. Freshwater Ecology / Limnology ENV-807 3(3-0) 8. Environmental Sociology ENV-808 3(3-0) 9. Disaster Risk Management ENV-809 3(3-0) 10. Marine Pollution Management ENV-810 3(3-0) 11. Epidemiology ENV-811 3(3-0) 12. Population Dynamics and Environment ENV-812 3(3-0) 13. Environmental Biotechnology ENV-813 3(2-1) 14. Wetland Management ENV-814 3(3-0) 15. Wildlife and Forest Conservation ENV-815 3(3-0) 16. Alternative Energy Sources ENV-816 3(3-0) 17. Remote Sensing & GIS ENV-817 3(2-1) 18. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management ENV-818 3(2-1) 19. Principles and Applications of Bioremediation ENV-819 3(3-0) 20. Sustainable Urban Planning and Management ENV-820 3(3-0) 21. Sustainable Agriculture ENV-821 3(3-0) 22. Health, Safety and Environmental Management ENV-822 3(2-1) 23. Energy and Environment ENV-823 3(3-0) 24. Carbon sequestration and Environment ENV-824 3(3-0) 25. Advances in Plant Ecology ENV-825 3(3-0) 26. Biological Conservation ENV-826 3(2-1) 27. Urban Ecology ENV-827 3(3-0) 28. Laboratory Management Practices ENV-828 3(1-2) 29. Restoration Ecology ENV-829 3(3-0) 30. Gender and Environment ENV-830 3(3-0) 31. Global Environmental Politics ENV-831 3(3-0) 32. Coastal Environment and Management ENV-832 3(3-0) 33. Agrochemicals in the Environment ENV-833 3(3-0) 34. Remediation Strategies for Contaminated Environment ENV-834 3(3-0) 35. Treatment and Management of Wastewater ENV-835 3(3-0) 36. Environmental Application of Nanomaterials ENV-836 3(3-0) 37. Green Economy ENV-837 3(3-0) 38. Environmental Education ENV-838 3(2-1) 39. Polymers and the Environment ENV-839 3(3-0) 40. Environmental Geology ENV-840 3(3-0) Note: Additional courses approved for MS/M.Phil/Ph.D programs will be offered time to time. The courses opted in MS/MPhil should not be opted/repeated in PhD. Further a Seminar and Intensive Studies each with 01 credit hour are included in the syllabus.

CURRICULUM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES BS-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

(Revised December 26, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SWAT

4 YEARS BS PROGRAMME LAY OUT

Foundation Compulsory Courses General Courses Courses (the student has no choice) (to be chosen from courses offered by other departments) (Discipline Specific) 9 courses 8 courses 10 courses 25 Credit Hours 24 Credit Hours 30 Credit Hours Cr Cr. Hr Cr. Hr . Subject Subject Subject Hr

3 3 Introduction to 3 ENGLISH I Biology I Environmental Science 3 3 Environmental 3 ENGLISH II Biology II Chemistry 3 3 Fundamentals of 3 ENGLISH III Basic Chemistry Ecology 2 3 Environmental 3 PAKISTAN STUDIES Sociology Microbiology ISLAMIC STUDIES 2 Introductory 3 Environmental 3 Economics Pollution 3 3 3 MATHEMATICS Psychology Climatology 3 3 Environmental Profile 3 STATISTICS Introduction to Forestry of Pakistan INTRODUCTION TO 3 3 Analytical Techniques 3 Urban Environment COMPUTER in ES INTRODUCTION TO 3 Population and 3

EARTH SCIENCES Environment Research Methods in 3 Environmental Science

25 24 30

P.T.O

Major Courses Elective Courses (including final year project/internship) (within the major discipline) 13 courses 4 courses 42 Credit hours 12 Credit hours Subject Cr. Hr Subject Cr. Hr

Applied Ecology 3 Water Resources Management 3

Environmental Toxicology 3 Soil and Environment 3

Environmental Economics 3 Disaster Management 3

GIS & RS 3 Environmental Biotechnology 3

Environmental Management System 3 Solid Waste Management 3

Biodiversity and Conservation 3 Agro-ecology 3

Environmental Monitoring 3

Climate Change 3

Environmental Impact Assessment 3

Natural Resource Management 3

Health and Environment 3

Pollution Control Technologies 3

Final Year Project 6 OR Internship

42 12

Total Cr. Hr: 133

CURRICULUM OF BS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (04 YEAR PROGRAM) Scheme of Studies for the Four-year Bachelor Degree in Environmental Sciences 1st Year Semester-I S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ENGLISH-I ENV- 301 3 (3-0) 2 PAKISTAN STUDIES ENV- 302 2 (2-0) 3 MATHEMATICS ENV- 303 3 (3-0) 4 BIOLOGY-I (Diversity of Plants) ENV- 304 3 (2-1) 5 BASIC CHEMISTRY ENV- 305 3 (2-1) 6 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ENV- 306 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 17 Semester-II S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ENGLISH-II ENV- 307 3 (3-0) 2 ISLAMIC STUDIES ENV- 308 2 (2-0) 3 STATISTICS ENV- 309 3 (3-0) 4 INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES ENV- 310 3 (2-1) 5 SOCIOLOGY ENV- 311 3 (3-0) 6 BIOLOGY-II (Animal Life) ENV- 312 3 (2-1) Total Credit Hrs 17 2nd Year Semester-III S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY ENV- 401 3 (2-1) 2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENV- 402 3 (3-0) 3 INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS ENV- 403 3 (3-0) 4 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 404 3 (3-0) 5 ENGLISH – III ENV- 405 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 15 Semester-IV S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 PSYCHOLOGY ENV- 406 3 (3-0) 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY ENV- 407 3 (2-1) 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY ENV- 408 3 (3-0) 4 CLIMATOLOGY ENV- 409 3 (3-0) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENV- 410 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 15

3rd Year Semester-V S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENV- 501 3 (2-1) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ENV- 502 3 (3-0) 3 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY ENV- 503 3 (2-1) 4 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENV- 504 3 (3-0) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN ENV- 505 3 (3-0) 6 APPLIED ECOLOGY ENV- 506 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 Semester- VI S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ENV- 507 3 (3-0) 2 GIS AND REMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 3 ENV- 509 3 (2-1) SYSTEMS 4 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENV- 511 3 (2-1) 6 URBAN ENVIRONMENT ENV- 512 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 4th Year Semester-VII S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 CLIMATE CHANGE ENV- 601 3 (3-0) 2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENV- 602 3 (2-1) 3 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ENV- 603 3 (3-0) 4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ENV- 604 3 (3-0) 5 SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 605 3 (3-0) 6 RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENV- 606 3 (3-0) SCIENCE Total Credit Hrs 18 Semester-VIII S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV- 607 3 (3-0) 2 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 608 3 (3-0) 3 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV- 609 3 (3-0) 4 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ENV-610 3 (2-1) 5 RESEARCH PROJECT/INTERNSHIP/TWO 06 SPECIAL PAPERS Total Credit Hrs 18 Total Degree Credit Hours 124-136

1st Year SEMESTER 1st ENGLISH-I (FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH) Course Code: ENV-301 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking. Course Outlines: Week 1: Parts of Speech,, Use of Articles Week 2: Sentence Structure, Active and Passive Voice Week 3: Active and Passive Voice, Practice in Unified Sentences Week 4: Clause Structure, Clause and Sentence Structure, Transitive Verbs Week 5: Intransitive Verbs, Punctuation, Punctuation Week 6: Spelling. Comprehension, Comprehension Week 7: General Topics for Discussion, Everyday Conversation Week 8: Reading practice for Vocabulary building, Questions Answers Session Week 9: Translation Skills, Practice on Translation Skills Week 10: Paragraph Writing Week 11: Paragraph Writing Week 12: Presentation Skills Week 13: Presentation Skills Week 14: Presentation Skills Week 15: Presentation Skills Week 16: Practice on Weak Areas Course Outcomes: The language skills and critical thinking of the students will be improved Recommended books: a) Grammar 1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 1 Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492 2. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313506 b) Writing 1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.

c) Reading/Comprehension 1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2. d) Speaking

PAKISTAN STUDIES (COMPULSORY) Course Code. ENV-302 Credit hours 2(2-0) Objectives: • Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan. • Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan. Course Outlines: Week 1: Historical Perspective Week 2: Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Week 3: Ideological rationale with special reference to Allama Muhammad Iqbal Week 4: Ideological rationale with special reference to Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Week 5: Factors leading to Muslim separatism Week 6: People and Land: i) Indus Civilization; ii) Muslim advent; iii) Location and geo-physical features Week 7: Government and Politics in Pakistan Week 8: Political and constitutional phases: a) 1947-58; b) 1958-71; c) 1971-77 Week 9: Political and constitutional phases: d) 1977-88; e) 1988-99; f) 1999 onward Week 10: Contemporary Pakistan Week 11: a) Economic institutions and issues Week 12: b) Society and social structure Week 13: c) Ethnicity Week 14: d) Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges Week 15 e) Futuristic outlook of Pakistan Week 16: revision of the political and constitutional development

Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, the students will get basic knowledge of historical perspective of governance in Pakistan, the ideology of Pakistan and future challenges in good governance. Books Recommended: 1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1980. 2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan‟s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000. 3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan‟s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993. 4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994. 5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972. 6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan KayyunToota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club Road, nd. 7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno -National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad. 8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson& sons Ltd, 1980. 9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980. 10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998. 11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967. 12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976. 13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987. 14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.

MATHEMATICS-I Course Code. ENV-303 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: To prepare the students, with the essential tools of algebra to apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines. Course Outlines: Week 1: Preliminaries Week 2: Real-number system, complex numbers Week 3: Introduction to sets, set operations Week 4: Functions, types of functions Week 4: Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse Week 5: Determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer‟s rule Week 6: Quadratic Equations: Solution of quadratic equations Week 7: Qualitative analysis of roots of a quadratic equations Week 8: Equations reducible to quadratic equations, cube roots of unity Week 9: Relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations Week 10: Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression Week 11: Harmonic progression. Binomial Theorem Week 12: Introduction to mathematical induction Wee 13: Binomial theorem with rational and irrational indices Week 14: Trigonometry Week 15: Fundamentals of trigonometry Week 16: Trigonometric identities. Course Outcomes: At the end of the semester the students will be familiar with the essential tools of algebra and other mathematical tools that will help them in their future assignments. Recommended Books: 1. Dolciani MP, Wooton W, Beckenback EF, Sharron S, Algebra 2 and Trigonometry, 1978, Houghton & Mifflin. 2. Boston (suggested text). 3. Kaufmann JE, CollegeAlgebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent Company, Boston. 4. Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition), 1986, PWS-Kent Company, Boston.

BIOLOGY I (DIVERSITY OF PLANTS) Course Code. ENV-304 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: To introduce the students to the diversity of plants and their structures and significance.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction: Definition and concept of life, chemical basis of structure and function of cell Week 2: Chemical diversity of functional groups Week 3: Molecular basis of life: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Week 4: Phospholipids in membrane systems, polypeptides in protein diversity Wee 5: Enzymes as molecular tools in chemical transformations Week 6: Nucleic acids, the molecule of genetic information, replication and protein synthesis Week 7: Overview of structure and function of cell organelles and cell cycle. Comparative study of life form, structure, reproduction and economic significance of Algae (Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara) Week 7: Algae (Vaucheria, Pinnularia, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia) Week 8; Fungi (Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Ustilago, Puccinia, Agaricus) Week 9: Fungi their implication on crop production and industrial applications Week 10: Lichens (Physcia) Week 11: Bryophytes: i) Riccia; ii) Anthoceros; iii) Funaria Wee 12: Pteridophytes: i) Psilopsida (Psilotum); ii) Lycopsida (Selaginella) Week 13: Pteridophytes iii) Sphenopsida (Equisetum); iv) Pteropsida (Marsilea) Week 14 Gymnosperms: i) Cycas; ii) Pinus; iii) Ephedra Wee15: Angiosperm: i) Dicot (Solanaceae) Week 16: Angiosperm: ii) Monocot (Poaceae)

Lab Work: Identification of chemical nature of different plant materials. Biochemical tests for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Protein digestion by enzyme pepsin. Study of mitosis in onion root tips. Culturing, maintenance, preservation and staining of microorganisms. Study of morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in theory. Identification of various types mentioned from prepared slides and fresh collections.

Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, the students will have basic knowledge of diversity of plants, their classification and environmental importance.

Recommended Books: 1. Lee, R.E. 1999. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, UK 2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons Publishers. 3. Ingrouille , M. 1992. Diversity and Evolution of Land Plants. Chapman & Hall. 4. Mauseth, J.D. 2003. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology 3rd ed., Jones & Bartlett Pub. UK. 5. Hussain, F. 2012. A Text Book of Botany and Biodiversity. Pak Book Empire. 6. Campbell Biology. Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L. and Wasserman, S.A., 9thEdition, Pearson/ Benjamin Cummings Publishers, USA. 2010. 7. Cells, Lewis, B., Cassimeris, L., Lingappa, V. R., Plopper, G. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Canada, 2007.

BASIC CHEMISTRY Course Code. ENV-305 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The main objective of this course is to provide a basic knowledge and understanding of chemistry and principles of chemical reactions. The course not only provides excellent practice in basic chemistry, but also allows the rigorous development of experimental schemes and analysis methods.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Periodic tables with emphasis on heavy metals Week 2: Chemical Bonding Week 3: Ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent bond Week 4: Radioactivity and its environmental hazards Week 5: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (alcohols) Week 6: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (carbonyls) Week 7: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (esters) Week 8: General chemistry of functional group of organic compound (carboxylic acids) Week 9: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (amines)

Week 10: Aromatic compounds Week 11: Ions, radicals Week 12: Photochemical reactions Week 13: Solution chemistry Week 14: Surface chemistry Week 15: Colloids chemistry Week 16: Thermodynamics and chemical kinetics

Lab Work: Preparation of molar, molal, normal solutions/buffers. Osmosis and Dialysis. Paper Chromatography (one and two dimensional), Thin layer chromatography, Column chromatography. Measurement of pH, EC and TDS in waste water. Use of titrimetric and gravimetric analysis. Use of spectrophotometric techniques.

Course Outcomes: At the end of semester the students will be get the basic knowledge of chemistry and chemical reaction and various methods of analysis. Recommended Books: 1. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Ed. Jones and Barlett, USA, 2005. 2. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, Andrews, J.E., Brimblecombe, P., Jickells, T.D., Liss, P.S. and Reid, B.J., 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science, UK, 2004. 3. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Skoog, D.A., West, D.M. and Holler, F.J., 8th Edition. Thomson and Brooks, Canada, 2004. 4. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, UK, 2004. 5. Qualitative Chemical Analysis, Harris, D.C., 6th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, USA, 2003. 6. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, Clair Sawyer, Perry McCarty, Gene Parkin, McGraw-Hill 2009.

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course Code. ENV-306 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: To introduce the students with basic concepts and the history of development of Environmental Science as an academic discipline, its importance in human life, its interdisciplinary nature and provide students with an understanding of the relationships between different components of environment, current global, and national environmental challenges for sustainable development.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction Week 2: Basic concepts, history, nature and scope of Environmental Science Week 3: Environmental Sciences and its contribution to society Week 4: Different aspects of environment: physical, ecological, socio-economic, ethical, philosophical Week 5: Different aspects of environment: physical, ecological Week 6: Different aspects of environment: socio-economic, ethical, philosophical Week 7: Major components of environment: physico-chemical Week 8: Major components of environment: biological and social Week 9: Major components of environment: physico-chemical, biological and social, and their relationships with various environmental factors Week 10: Human environment and its problems: global Week 11: Human environment and its problems: national, regional Week 12: Environmental challenges for sustainable development Week 13: Current and future trends in population growth Week 14: Environmental pollution Week 15: Development in industry and agriculture Week 16: Urbanization, poverty and resource depletion.

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course the students will be familiar with the basic concepts and the history of development of Environmental Science as an academic discipline, its importance in human life, its interdisciplinary nature and relationships between different components of environment, current global, and national environmental challenges for sustainable development.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B & Keller, E.A. 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. 2. Environmental Science: systems and solutions, McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M. &Yonavjak, L. 4th Ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007 3. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future, Wright, R.T. &Nebel, B.J. 10th Ed. Pearson Educational, 2007. 4. Environmental Science: working with the Earth. Miller, G., Thomson Learning, 2005. Semester-II ENGLISH II (COMMUNICATION SKILLS) Course Code. ENV-307 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to the Course, Paragraph Writing Week 2: Paragraph Writing Week 3: Essay Writing Week 4: Essay Writing Week 5: CV and Job Application Week 6: CV and Job Application Week 7: Translation Skills Week 8: General Discussion for Improving Communication Skills, Reading for Vocabulary Building Week 9: Study Skills (Skimming Scanning, Extensive Reading) Week 10: Study Skills (Intensive Reading, Speed Reading), Summary Writing Week 11: Précis Writing, Comprehension Week 12: Letter Writing, Memo Writing Week 13: Minutes of Meeting, Use of Library Week 14: Use of Internet, Presentation Skills, Presentation Skills (Personality Development) Week 15: Presentation Skills (Content, Style, Pronunciation)

Week 16: Showing Documentaries for Discussion, Questions Answers Session.

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the communication skills will be improved

Recommended books: Communication Skills a) Grammar 1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6. b) Writing 2. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-ChrisitineBoutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking). 3. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing). c) Reading 1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0. 2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan 3. Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.

ISLAMIC STUDIES Course Code. ENV-308 Credit hours 2(2-0) Objectives: This course is aimed at: 1. To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies 2. To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization 3. To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships 4. To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and religious life.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to Quranic Studies: 1) Basic Concepts of Quran; 2)History of Quran; 3) Uloom-ul -Quran Week 2: Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran 1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286) 2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18) Week 3: Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-11), Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77), Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154) Week 4: Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran, Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6,21,40,56,57,58.) Week 5: Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment, Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14) Week 6: Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I, Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood), Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah, Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah Week 7: Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II 1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina 2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina 3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina Week 8: Introduction To Sunnah: 1) Basic Concepts of Hadith; 2)History of Hadith; 3)Kinds of Hadith; 4)Uloom –ul-Hadith; 5)Sunnah & Hadith; 6)Legal Position of Sunnah Week 9: Selected Study from Text of Hadith, Introduction To Islamic Law & Jurisprudence Week 10: Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; Nature of Differences in Islamic Law; Islam and Sectarianism Week 11: Islamic Culture & Civilization: 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization; 2)Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization; 3)Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization; 4)Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues Week 12: Islam & Science: Basic Concepts of Islam & Science; 2)Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science; 3)Quranic & Science

Week 13: Islamic Economic System: 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System; 2)Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics; 3)Islamic Concept of Riba; 4)Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce Week 14: Political System of Islam: 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System; 2)Islamic Concept of Sovereignty; 3)Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam Week 15: Islamic History: 1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida; 2)Period of Ummayyads; 3)Period of Abbasids Week 16: Social System of Islam: 1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam; 2) Elements of Family; 3) Ethical Values of Islam

Course outcomes: On successful completion of this course the students will: 1. Get Basic information about Islamic Studies 2. Enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization 3. Improve Students skill to perform prayers 4. Enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and religious life. 5. Improve the understanding of the students regarding Islamic Economics

Reference Books: 1. Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI, Islamabad 2. Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State” 3. Hameed ullah Muhammad, „Introduction to Islam‟ 4. Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi, Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan. 5. Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993). 6. Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes” Islamic Book Service (1982) 7. H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep Publications New Delhi (1989) 8. Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001).

STATISTICS Course Code. ENV-309 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to introduce students to the basic concept of statistics and its application in the field of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Definition and importance of Statistics in Agriculture Week 2: Data, Different types of data and variables Week 3: Classification and Tabulation of data, Frequency distribution stem-and-Leaf diagram Week 4: Graphical representation of data Histogram Week 5: Frequency polygon, frequency curve Week 6: Measure of Central tendency Week 7: Definition and calculation of Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean Week 8: Harmonic mean, Median quantiles Week 9: Mode in grouped and ungrouped data Week 10: Measure of Dispersion, Definition and Calculation of Range Week 11: Mean deviation, Standard deviation and variance, coefficient of variation Week 12: Interference Theory: Estimation and testing of hypothesis Week 13: Type-I and type-II error Week 14: Testing of hypothesis about mean Week 15: Difference between two means using Z-test Week 16: Difference between two means using t-test and Paired t-test.

Course outcomes: At end of the semester the students will have basic knowledge of Statistics, its application in Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. The students will also get basic knowledge of different types of data and variables.

Recommended Books: 1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part- I by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition) 2. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-II by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid Kamal (Latest Edition)

3. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad 4. A Concise Course in A. Level Statistic with world examples by J. Crawshaw and J. Chambers (1994) 5. Basic Statistics an Inferential Approach 2nd Ed. (1986) Fran II. Dietrich-II and Thomes J. Keans.

INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES Course Code. ENV-310 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: This course aims to provide knowledge about the basic concepts of geology and geography. This will help the student to get the knowledge about different types of rocks and minerals, the processes of their formation, different earth processes like mountain buildings, earthquakes, weathering and erosion. The students will also be introduced to work with different type of maps and GPS system.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Major components of Earth Systems: earth systems and their characteristics, Geologic Time and processes, Geology as an historical science, scientific methods and study of Earth‟s evolving systems Week 2: Earth Systems: Processes and Interactions-Earth Solid System: components and processes Week 3: Rock cycle: Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. Practical and field work Week 4: The Hydrosphere–hydrologic cycle, Ocean circulations Week 5: The Biosphere–Biogeography, Energy relationships, biogeochemical cycles Week 6: Sedimentary rocks and fossils, processes of weathering Week 7: Biogenic sedimentary rocks, Chemical sedimentary rocks, Practical and field work Week 8: Marine environments, Coral Reefs, Continental Shelves Week 9: Terrestrial Environments: Forests, Deserts, Glaciers and Lakes Week 10: Time and Stratigraphy: Introduction, Relative ages, Absolute ages, Evolution of Geologic time scale, why sea level is so important Week 11: Plate tectonics, structure of earth, hypothesis of continental drift, Practical and field work

Week 12: Continental margins and plate boundaries types, features and behaviours, tectonic cycles Week 13: The Dynamic Earth and Natural Hazards: Earth Quake and Volcanoes, Land instability Week 14: Weather Hazards, Fires and Costal Hazards Week 15: Humans and the Environment: introduction to Holocene, sea level rise Week 16: Rapid climate change: at Millennial time scale, at Continental time scale and at Multidecadal time scales.

Practical and Field Work: Study of earth relief features with the help of topographical models and thematic maps. Identification of samples of rocks and minerals. Use of Brunton compass and GPS. One study tour in the field.

Course outcomes: This course will provide knowledge about the basic concepts of geology and geography, different types of rocks and minerals, the processes of their formation, natural phenomena like earthquakes, weathering and erosion.

Recommended Books: 1. Earth Evolving System: The History of Planet Earth by Ronald Martin, Jones & Bartlett Learning: LLC an Ascend Learning Company USA 2013 2. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and Tasa, D., 9thEdition, Prentice Hall; 2007 3. Historical geology: Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time, Wicander, R., and Monroe, J., 5thEdition, Brooks/Cole, 2007 4. Earth Science, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and Tasa, D., 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005.

SOCIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-311 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: Sociology is the sociological study of societal interactions. After completing this course the students will be able to explore the various forms of interaction between human

society focusing on the social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Foundations of Sociology Week 2: Foundations of Sociology Week 3: Basic concepts and branches of sociology Week 4: Basic concepts and branches of sociology Week 5: Human Dimensions of Social Stratification in sociology Week 6: Human Dimensions of Social Stratification in sociology Week 7: Human Dimensions of Social Stratification in sociology Week 8: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters Week 9: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters Week 10: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters Week 11: Consumer Society Week 12: Consumer Society Week 13: Rotating topic seminars in Sociology Week 14: Rotating topic seminars in Sociology Week 15: Rotating topic seminars in Sociology Week 16: Rotating topic seminars in Sociology Course Outcomes: After successful completion of the course the students will be able to explore the various forms of interaction between human society focusing on the social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments. Recommended Books: 1. Gottlieb, Robert. 2005. Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 2. Guha, Ramachandra. 2000. Environmentalism: A Global History. New York: Longman

BIOLOGY II (Animal Diversity) Course Code. EVN-312 Credit hours 3(2-1) Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to introduce the students with basic concepts of animal diversity in life and environmental sciences. Animals and their relationship with the environment. Provide understanding about taxonomic characteristics and classification of different phylum and Develop concepts of evolutionary relationship of animal kingdom.

Course Contents: Wee 1: Scope of Zoology: Introduction; significance and applications of zoology Week 2: Animal diversity; the scientific method; environment and world resources Wee 3: The Chemical Basis of Animal Life: Brief introduction to biomolecules; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Week 4: Animal tissues: Types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue; organs and organ systems Week 5: Invertebrate Zoology: basic concepts of invertebrate zoology, occurrence, distribution and environmental importance of molluscs, crustacean and annelid Week 6: Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water: locomotory adaptations, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange Week 7: Excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development Week 8: Amphibians: The first terrestrial vertebrates: Structure and locomotory adaptations, nutrition and the digestive system Week 9: Circulation, gas exchange, temperature regulation, reproduction, development, and metamorphosis Week 10: Reptiles: The First Amniotes: cladistic interpretation of the amniotic lineage Week 11: Adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation Week 12: Birds: Feathers, flight and endothermy: ancient birds and the evolution of flight; diversity of modern birds Week 13: Adaptation in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and regulation, migration and navigation Week 14: Mammals: Specialized teeth, endothermy, diversity of mammals

Week 15: Adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation Week 16: Behaviour, reproduction and development Note: Be focus on one specie of environmental significance from each Class/Phylem.

Practical: Museum study of: Protochordates, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, Field trips to study animal diversity in an ecosystem. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats. Field observation and report writing on animals in their ecosystem (a terrestrial and an aquatic ecosystem study).

Course Outcomes: Upon completion of this course students will be able to identify animals of different taxonomic categories. Understand the scope of Zoology. Understand the evolution of chordates and analyze the adaptive changes that have occurred in vertebrates. Recognise, describe, and point out the external and internal features that characterise the major groups of modern day vertebrates. Communicate knowledge and findings clearly both orally and in writing.

Books Recommended: 1. Molles, M.C. 2005. Ecology: Concepts and Applications. 6th Ed. McGraw Hill, New York, USA. 2. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. 2004. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 12th Ed. (International), Singapore: McGraw Hill. 3. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S., Larson, A. 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 15th Ed. (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill. 4. Campbell, N.A. Biology, 9th Ed. 2011. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. 2010. Zoology, 8th Edition (International) Singapore: McGraw Hill. 5. Miller, S.A. 2002. General Zoology Laboratory Manual. 5th Ed. (International), Singapore: McGraw Hill.

2nd Year Semester -III INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY Course Code. ENV-401 Credit Hours 3(2-1) Objectives: To orientate the students with forests, their importance and issues concerning forest protection. Course Outlines: Week1: Definition of forest and forestry Week 2: Forest resources of Pakistan and provinces Week 3: Distribution of forests in different ecological zones with species composition Week 4: Distribution of forests in different ecological zones with species composition Week 5: Economic and environmental importance of forests Week 6: Social and environmental importance of forests Week 7: Main issues in protections of forest resources in Pakistan Week 8: Main issues in development of forest resources in Pakistan Week 9: Main issues in development of forest resources in Pakistan Week 10: Measures taken for protection Week 12 Development of forest resources Week 13: Development of forest resources (legal) Week 14: Development of forest resources (technical) Week 15: Development of forest resources (social) Week 16: Development of forest resources (financial). Practical: Orientation to various forest of different ecological zones and forest resources. Study forest types, species growth, economic social, ecological and environmental aspects of forestry. Course Outcomes: At the end of semester the students will have basic knowledge of forests, different types of forest resources of Pakistan and their importance and issues concerning forest protection. Recommended Books: 1. Champion, H.G., Seth, S.K. and Khattak, G.M. (1965): Forest Types of Pakistan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 2. The State of Forestry in Pakistan, (annual reports) Forest Economics Branch, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Course No. ENV-402 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to impart basic computing skills necessary for use of digital support to modern education for acquiring knowledge through offline and online resources, analysis of data, composition of data and presentation of data in the in efficient and effective way. Course Outlines: Week 1: Definition and Types of computers Week 2: Classification of computers Week 3: Hardware: Input Hardware Week 4: Storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware Week 5: Software: Application software Week 6: System software, software packages Week 7: Operating system (Windows) Week 8: Internet, e-mail Week 9: Local Area Network Week 10: Configurations Week 11: Introduction to MS-Word Week 12: Introduction to Ms-Excel Week 13: Introduction to Ms-Power Point Week 14: Introduction to Ms-Access Week 15: Revision and Practice on MS-Word, Ms-Excel Week 16: Revision and Practice on Ms-Power Point, Ms-Access. Course Outcomes: After completion of this course the student will be able to impart basic computing skills necessary for use of digital support to modern education for acquiring knowledge through offline and online resources, analysis of data, composition of data and presentation of data in the in efficient and effective way.

Recommended Books: 1. Fundamentals of Computer. Long, l and Long, N. 6th Ed. 2001. 2. Microsoft office 2000. Courter, G and Marquis, A. BPB publication. 1999.

INTRODUCTRY ECONOMICS Course No. ENV-403 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The course aims to introduce the fundamental concepts of economics and provide understanding about economic development and economic growth. It discusses the impacts of economic activity on environment and sustainable development.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to economics Week 2: Scope and fundamental concepts of Economics Week 3: Consumer behavior, Producer behavior, and Resource allocation Week 4: Optimum utilization of resources from consumer, producer and community point of view Week 5: Economic development, economic progress, economic growth, economic welfare and difference among all Week 6: Man environmental relationship, Impact of economic activity on environment Week 7: Sustainable development, Measures for sustainable development Wee 8: Sustainable development in developed and developing countries. Pakistan economic context Week 9: National income, concepts and measurement, Growth and development, poverty, Growth and Environment Week 10: Environmental economics Week 11: Economic management and environmental quality Week 12: Economic growth and its measurement Week 13: Population and environmental quality Week 14: Natural resources and the economy Week 15: Interaction between ecology and economic management. Week 16: Economic functions of environment

Course Outcomes: The students after successful completion of this course will: • Get understand the fundamental concepts of economics • Provide understanding about economic development and economic growth. • Relationship between economic, environment and sustainable development.

Recommended Books: 1. Economic Development, Todaro, M. P., 7th Ed. Wesely Publishers. USA, 2008. 2. Development Economics through the Decades: A Critical Look at 30 Years of the World Development Repor, Yusuf, S. The World Bank's annual World Development Report. World Bank Publications. USA, 2008. 3. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank Publications. USA, 2008. 4. Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice. Hanley, N., Shogren, J. and White, B. Palgrave Macmillan. USA, 2007. 5. Economics. Michel Parkin. 5th Ed. Addison Wesley. 2004. 6. Economics. Samualson and Nordhaus. 18th Ed. McGraw-Hills, Inc. 2004. 7. Economics. Lipsey and Crystal. Oxford University Press. 1999.

POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT Course No. ENV-404 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course will give the students basic understanding about the human population and its interaction with environment. This will also help them to learn about resource utilization, social and economic services. Course Outlines: Week 1: Environment and Man: The Earth as humanity‟s home, Changes in global environments Week 2: Human origins and dispersals and human settlements Week 3: Nature and field of population studies Week 4: Historical outline of world population growth, importance and development of population studies Week 5: Different concepts and theories, relations of the subject to environment and other disciplines Week 6: Population composition Week 7: Urban and rural character, biological characteristics, cultural characteristics Week 8: World distribution of population Week 9: Population diversity and distribution Week 10: Factors influencing population distribution: physical i.e. environmental factors, culture and technological factors, temporal and political factors

Week 11: Interaction between population distribution and environmental, economic, political and other factors Week 12: Components of population growth Week 13: World patterns and trends of fertility, world patterns and trends of mortality Week 14: Causes and consequences of migration and regional variations Week 15: Demographic and epidemiological transition models Week 16: Population policies and their impacts on environment at local, regional and international levels Course Outcomes: At the end of semester the students will have the basic understanding of human population, historical view of human population, population interaction with the environments and consequences of over population. Recommended Books: 1. Angus I. and Butler, S. Too Many People? Population, Immigration, and the Environmental Crisis. Haymarket Books, P.O. Box 180165, Chicago, IL 60618. 2011. 2. Shyrock, H.S. and Siegel, J.S. The methods and Materials of Demography. Academic Press, New York. 2004.

ENGLISH III (Technical Writing and Presentation Skills) Course No. ENV-405

Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking Course Outlines: Week 1: Intro to the Course, Presentation Skills Preparing a Presentation Week 2: Organizing Presentation Materials, Writing a Presentation, Deciding the Presentation Method Week 3: Managing Presentation Notes, Working with Visual Aids, Coping with Presentation Nerves Week 4: Presentation by Students Week 5: Presentation by Students Week 6: Essay Writing (Introduction, Body, Conclusion) Week 7: Descriptive Writing, Narrative Writing, Discursive Writing

Week 8: Argumentative Writing, Reading for Vocabulary Building, Reading for Vocabulary Building Week 9: Writing a Proposal, Research Paper Writing, Term Paper Writing Week 10: Research Paper (Style, Content, Language) Week 11: Research Paper (Form, Clarity, Consistency) Week 12: Technical Report Writing, Introduction, Format of Technical Writing Week 13: Progress Report Writing, Introduction, Format of Progress Report Writing Week 14: Articles Reading and Analysis, Media Reports Reading, Critical Analysis of Reports Week 15: Reading for Vocabulary Building, General Discussion Week 16: General Discussion, Questions and Answers Session. Recommended books: Technical Writing and Presentation Skills a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing 1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report writing). 2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. Mc=Graw-Hill Higher Education. 2004. 3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin‟s Press. b) Presentation Skills c) Reading The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by norther Illinois University. General Editiors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton.

Semester-IV PSYCHOLOGY Course No. ENV-406 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objective: This course will give the basic knowledge to students about psychology and its applications and uses in the field of environmental sciences. Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to psychology, Fields of psychology Week 2: Fields of psychology, Application of psychology in world and Pakistan Week 3: Historical Back ground Week 4: Schools of psychology Week 5: What are research methods, types research, Descriptive research and experimental research Week 6: Experimental research 2: Characteristics of environmental psychology Week 7: Environmental Cognition and Perception Week 8: Theories of behavior Week 9: What is Behavior and types of Behavior, What is Emotion, types of emotion, what is motivation, role of motivation Week 10: Psychological concerns with weather Week 11: Psychological concerns with climate Week 12: Psychological theories about disaster Week 13: Disaster impact on primary victims, Disaster impact on secondary victims Week 14: High population density, what is population, Advantages and disadvantages of population Week 15: The psychological impacts of density population Week 16: Methods in psychology for daily life routine. Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course the students will have basic knowledge of psychology, it historical view and applications and uses in environmental sciences. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Psychology. 5th Edition. Bell, P.A., Greene, T.C., Fisher J.D. and Baum A. Taylor and Francis Group Publisher. CRC Press, Routledge, London. 2001.

2. Fundamental of Psychology. Eysenck, M.W. Taylor and Francis Group Publisher. CRC Press, Routledge, London, 1992. 3. Introduction to Psychology by Fernald, L.D.,& Fernald, P.S.(2005),WMC Brown Publishers, USA. 4. Introduction to psychology(13thed.) by Atkinson R. C., & Smith E. E. (2000). 5. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. 6. Approaches to Psychology by Glassman, W. E. (2000). Open University Press, UK. 7. Foundation of Psychology (3rded.) by Hayes, N. (2000).

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Course No. ENV-407 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: This course will provide an awareness and understanding to the students about the role of microorganisms in the environment. After completion of this course, students will be able to understand the significance, role and applications of microorganisms in the environment. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction and history of environmental microbiology Week 2: Groups of microorganisms: protozoans, algae and fungi (general characteristics) Week 3: Groups of microorganisms: bacteria and viruses(general characteristics) Week 4: Bacterial cell structure and metabolism Week 5: Eubacteria and archea Week 6: Characterization of bacterial colonies and cells Week 7: Environmental factors affecting the microbial growth Week 8: Microbial genetics (Conjugation, transformation and transduction) Week 9: Microbial interactions Week 10: Role of microbes in environment/industry Week 11: Biogeochemical cycles, (CO2, N, S, Photosynthesis) Week 12: Biogeochemical cycles, (P, Fe, Hg, O2, Hydrological) Week 13: Food and health Week 14: Biological warfare agents Week 15: Biodegradation Week 16: Bioremediation

Lab Work: Introduction to basic techniques for sterilization/disinfection, isolation, purification and characterizations, Dilution plate technique, Mean plate count, microscopy. Measurement of bacterial growth.

Course Outcomes: At the end of the semester the students will get familiar with microorganisms, its distribution, role, significance and applications of in the environment.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Microbiology, Maier, F.M., Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. 2nd Edition, Academic Press, London, UK, 2009. 2. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Sylvia, D.M., Fuhrmann, J.J., Hartel, P.G. and Zuberer, D.A. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 2005. 3. Microbiology, Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. McGraw-Hill Inc., USA, 2007. 4. Microbiology. Pelczar M.J., Chan, E.C. and Krige, N.R. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York. 1986. 5. Environmental Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, peppor,I.L.,Gerba,C.P. and Brendecke,J.W. and Jeffery, W.B. Academic Press, USA, 1995.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY Course No. ENV-408 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: Objectives To develop an understanding in the about ecology, its fundamental concepts, description of population, community, Ecosystem and its types, biogeography, and systems ecology. Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction and branches of ecology Week 2: Levels of ecological organization: species Population, community and ecosystem Week 3: Levels of ecological organization: species Population, community and ecosystem Week 4: Abiotic and biotic factors

Week 5: Concepts of limiting factors Week 6: Habitat and niche Week 7: Populations: distribution and abundance Week 8: Population dynamics and distribution limits Week 9: Community: organization and various concepts, community dynamics Week 10: Ecosystem: structure and function Week 11: Energy flow Week 12: Material cycling within ecosystem and carrying capacity Week 13: Biomes of the world Week 14: Ecological production Week 15: Primary and secondary productivity Week 16: Productivity of different ecosystems

Course Outcomes: After completion of this course the students will be able to define and explain ecology, its major braches, ecology and ecosystems major biomes and its relation with the environment.

Recommended Books 1. Ecology (principles and applications). Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M J. 1st Ed. Cambridge University Press, UK, 1992. 2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum, E P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004. 3. Ecology (concepts and applications.) Moles, M C J 1st ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill. New York, 1999. 4. Fundamentals of Ecology. Dash, M. C. Tata McGraw-Hill. New Delhi. 2001 5. Biogeography (an ecological and evolutionary approach).Cox, C. B. and More, J. 6th Ed. King‟s College London, UK. 2000. 6. Elements of Ecology. Thomas M. Smith and Robert L. Smith. 8th Ed. Benjamin Cummings, 2012

CLIMATOLOGY Course No. ENV-409 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to provide know-how regarding Earth's climate and weather systems, processes and the relationships between the atmosphere and climate. Concepts of climate of Pakistan will also be provided. Course outlines: Week 1: Introduction to Climatology and a brief History Week 2: Four Spheres of the Earth Week 3: Weather and Climate Week 4: Vertical structure of the Atmosphere Week 5: Heat and the Earth's atmosphere Week 6: Radiation and climate Week 7: Solar radiations Week 8: Mechanism of heat transfer Week 9: The Hydrologic cycle Week 10: Condensation and cloud Formation Week 11: Cloud Classification, Clouds and vertical motion in the atmosphere Week 12: Air pressure, Factors affecting air Pressure Week 13: Surface winds, local winds, global circulation Week 14: The climate of Pakistan Week 15: Concept of Seasons in the classification of climate Week 16: Climatic zones of Pakistan Course Outcomes: After successful completion of the course the students will have basic knowledge of global climate, the factors affecting climate, and climate and climatic zones of Pakistan. Recommended Books: 1. The Physics of Atmospheres, Houghton J, Cambridge University Press, 2002. 2. Climatology, A. Austin Miller, 9th Edition SHUBHI Publications. 3. The Atmosphere,Lutgens.F.K.,Tarbuck.E.J., 6th Edition. 4. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics - From Air Pollution to Climate Change Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros, N. - 2nd Editions. John Wiley and Sons, 2006 5. The Meteorology of Pakistan: The climate and weathers of Pakistan.Shamshad, K.M. Royal Book Company, Sadder, Karachi, 1988.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Course No. ENV-410 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The course is focused on introducing environmental pollution, its sources and their effects. It will also cover the existing laws related to pollutants in Pakistan and the conventions ratified internationally. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to Environmental pollution Week 2: Sources, and causes Week 3: Types of Environmental pollution Week 4: Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Marine and Industrial pollution Week 5: Types of pollutants: Physical, chemical and biological Week 6: Chemistry of Environmental Pollutants Week 7: Fate of Environmental Pollutants Week 8: Characteristics of Domestic & Industrial effluents Week 9: Effects of Pollutants on human & other living organisms Week 10: Treatment Technologies for Pollutants: Industrial and Domestic Week 11: Solid Waste generation, Collection, transportation and treatments Week 12: Hazardous Waste Management and Disposal Week 13: Monitoring of Environmental Pollution; Pollution Control Strategies Week 14: Environmental Laws Week 15: Pollutants Guidelines Week 16: International Protocols (BASEL Convention); Case Studies.

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course the students will be able to describe pollution, types of pollution, major causes and environmental and human health effects of pollution.

Recommended Books: 1. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005. 2. Environmental Pollution and Control. Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F.,andVesilaind, P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998. 3. Environmental Contaminants: Assessment &ControlDairel, A.V., Academic Press, USA, 2005.

4. Handbook of Industrial Waste Treatment, Lawrance K.W., Marcel Dekkar, 1992. 5. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA), 2003. 6. Environment Pollution: Types, Sources & Management. Ghafoor, A., G. Murtaza, M.Z. Rehman, M. Sabir, H.R. Ahmad and Saifullah. Allied Book Centre, Lahore, Pakistan. 2012.

3rd year Semester V ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course No. ENV-501 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The course educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments and analytical procedures and make their skills about practical aspects of environmental science more productive.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Quality assurance in an Environmental Science laboratory Week 2: Biomarkers in environmental assessment Week 3: Purposes and designs of environmental sampling Week 4: Sample preservation methods Week 5: Standard solutions and standard curves Week 6: Standard solutions and standard curves Week 7: Chromatography (Paper, thin Layer) Week 8: Chromatography (Gas, HPLC) Week 9: Conductivitymetry Week 10: Titrimetery Week 11: Gravimetery Week 12: Spectroscopy Chromatography Week 13: Principles and procedure for Potentiometery Week 14: Principles and procedure for Potentiometery Week 15: Determination of chemical characteristics of water and waste water (pH, All

Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N) Week 16: Soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).

Lab Work: S.I. and derived S.I. units. Sample collection, handling, preparation and storage. Analytical techniques for soil, water and plant analysis. Data interpretation for quality control, precision and accuracy. Preparation of Standard solutions and Standard curve. Use of Potentiometery, Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy and Chromatography for the analysis of environmental samples. Determination of chemical characteristics of water and waste water (pH, All Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N), soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).

Course Outcomes: The course will educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments & analytical procedures and will improve their skills about practical aspects of environmental science.

Recommended Books: 1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition. Skoog, D. A., West, D. M. and F. J. Holler. Thomson and Brooks, 2004. 2. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. A Greenberg (American Public Health Association), 2005. 3. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Edition. Harris, D. C., Freeman & Co., New York, 2003. 4. Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual.Peverill, K.L., L.A. Sparrow and D.J. Reuter. CSIRO Publ., Collingwood, Australia, 1999.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Course No. ENV-502 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to provide knowledge about different chemical process occurring in the environment, various physical and chemical methods to minimize pollution and adverse effects of various pollutants on human health and toxicity.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Concept and scope of environmental chemistry Week 2: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere

Week 3: Temperature changes in the atmosphere, units to describe atmospheric chemistry, chemical reactions in the atmosphere Week 4: Sources and effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide Week 5: Volatile organic compounds, automobile pollutants Week 6: Industrial smog, Photochemical smog, production of hydroxyl radical, their reaction with hydrocarbons Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates Week 8: Chemistry of ground level air pollution Week 9: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone Week 10: Hydroxyl Radical cycle, NO cycle, the chlorine cycle, Null cycles Week 11: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment, Green chemistry, its principles Week 12: Water pollution, Types of water pollutants oxidation Reduction reactions in aqueous systems Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids Week 14: Toxic organic compounds, pesticides, organochlorine insecticides, carbamates Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems Week 16: Biomagnification and Biodegradation. Toxic heavy metals and their Bioaccumulation.

Course Outcomes: This course will provide fundamental knowledge about different chemical process occurring in the environment, various physical and chemical methods to minimize pollution and adverse effects of various pollutants on human health and toxicity.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Chemistry.Ibanez, J.G., Hernandez-Esparza, M., Doria-Serrano, C., Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany. 2008. 2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Edition. Jones and Barlett, USA, 2005. 3. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry,Andrews, J.E., Brimblecombe, P., Jickells, T.D., Liss, P.S. and Reid, B.J., 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science, UK, 2004. 4. Environmental Science, Miller, G.T., Thomson-Brooks, Canada, 2004.

5. Environmental Chemistry, Samir, K., Banerji Prentice Hall of India, India, 1999. 6. Environmental Chemistry. Baird Collin and Michael Cann. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York USA. 2008.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Course No. ENV-503 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The course introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental chemicals, from natural and anthropogenic sources, on human and other living organisms and focuses on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose response relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects on organ system, their containment and control strategies. Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to Toxicology: History, toxicology of chemicals; terminologies: Poisons, toxins vs toxicants Week 2: Anthropogenic chemicals as toxicants; Classification of environmental toxicants: Natural & anthropogenic Week 3: Toxicological agents and their types based on chemical structures Week 4: Biological effects, long-term (Chronic) and short-term (Acute) effects Week 5: Chemical interactions and their types Week 6: Synergism, Potentiation and Addition; dose and dose response relationship Week 7: Threshold limit for chemicals, toxins & toxicants Week 8: Toxicity: Types and its measurement Week 9: Organs, Organ system and effects of toxicants on Organ system Week 10: Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications Week 11: Toxicant metabolism and accumulation in body organs and pathways Week 12: Response of the body systems to toxicological agents Week 13: Immunological considerations in toxicology Week 14: Toxicological testing techniques: in vitro & in vivo techniques Week 15: Toxicity screening using microbial systems Week 16: Risks and their characterization: risk assessment and management.

Laboratory Work: Analysis of toxins, Dose-response relationship and D/R Curves. In vitro &In vivo techniques for toxicity testing. Proposed techniques (at least one of these); Ames test, Comet assay, CAM, TTC and Immuno-fluorescent assay or microscopic observation of changes in plant cell morphology after exposure to toxic substances.

Course Outcomes: The course will introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental chemicals, from various sources, on human and other living organisms and will focus on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose response relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects on organ system, their containment and control strategies.

Recommended Books: 1. Essentials of Environmental Toxicology, Hughes, W. Williams, CRC Press Llc; 1st Edition, 1996. 2. Casarrett&Doull‟sToxicology- Science of Poisons , Klassen, W.D., 5th Edition, McGrawhill, USA, 2005. 3. Environmental Toxicants (Human exposure and their Health Effects) Lippmann, M, 1st Edition. Van Nostrand and Reinhold New York, USA. 1992. 4. General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne, B.M, T and Turner, P. (ed.), Vol.1 & 2, Macmillan Press Ltd. USA, 1993. 5. Environmental Toxicology: Biological and health effects of pollutants. Yu M.H., Tsunoda H. and Tsunoda M. 3rd Edition. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 2011.

Week 3: Benefits and Costs Week 4: The equilibrium principle Week 5: Marginal cost and supply Week 6: Economic efficiency and market Week 7: Markets and Social Efficiency Week 8: External costs and external benefits Week 9: Pollution Control-a general model Week 10: Pollution damages and abatement costs Week 11: Valuing the environment Week 12: Measuring environmental benefits; contingent valuation Week 13: The travel cost method and the hedonic approach Week 14: The value of life, health, risk and safety Week 15: Economic Development and Environment Week 16: Natural resource economics.

Course Outcomes: This course will provide the students the application of natural laws and principles in economics. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Economics: An Introduction. Field, B.C.and Field, M.K. 3rd Edition McGraw-Hill/Irwin,UK,2002. 2. Environmental Economics. Kolstad, C.D. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000. 3. Environmental economics: An elementary introduction. Turner,R.K., Pearce, D.W. and Batemen, I. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 1993. 4. Environmental Economics: Theory, Application and Policy. Chapman, D., 2000. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. 5. Economics and the Environment, Goodstein E.S., 2002. 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN Course No. ENV-505 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: To provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the environmental resource base of Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for sustainable development.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to history of the region; features: land, geography, people, culture, health, education Week 2: Ecological: ecological zones, major ecosystems, topographic zones; economic Week 3: Agriculture, Industry, water resources, urbanization and pollution Week 4: Pakistan's environmental setting: location and extent, Physical setting, Biotic setting Week 5: Human habitat, Environment and Development: Resource Trends Week 6: Population Trends and Development trends Week 7: Terrestrial Ecosystem: the four destroyers. Deforestation and Forest Degradation Week 8: Erosion and Sedimentation, Desertification, Species Extinction Week 9: Aquatic ecosystem: Use and Misuse: aquatic Ecosystem and Development, Aquatic resources, Aquatic Pollution Week 10: Atmospheric Ecosystem: Defeating complacency, development and atmospheric ecosystem, Air pollution Week 11: Saving the non-renewables, Enhancing the Renewables Week 12: Rain fall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan Week 13: The environmental challenges and agricultural problems facing Pakistan Week 14: Various aspects for Pakistan's geography, economy, and population Week 15: Khyber pakhtunkhwa climate change policy, flood, drought, earthquakes Week 16: Khyber pakhtunkhwa – an ecological classification, Climate hazards in khyber pakhtunkhwa, climate change adaptation. Climate change and mitigation.

Course Outcomes: The course will provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the environmental resources present in Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for sustainable development.

3. Salma, S., Rehman, S., & Shah, M. A. (2012). Rainfall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 9. 4. Khan, F. K. (1991). A geography of Pakistan: environment, people and economy. Oxford University Press. 5. State of the Environment-Pakistan, Government of Pakistan,2005. 6. Climate Change Policy Environmental Protection Agency Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department June 2016.

APPLIED ECOLOGY Course No. ENV-506 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: To make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology and understand some major environmental issues such as global climate change, sustainable agriculture, conservation of resources in ecological perspectives, their management and ecological restoration.

Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction, Background and scope, Application of ecological knowledge in solving different environmental issues Week 2: Energy and carbon balance Week 3: Solar radiation and primary production Week 4: Carbon dioxide and global climate change Week 5: Effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on agriculture Week 6: Ecology of food production Week 7: Sustainable agricultural practices Week 8: Sustainable livestock management practices Week 9: Water as an ecological resource, Water and distribution of species Week 10: Water resources of the world and Pakistan Week 11: Future water scenario of Pakistan, threats and mitigation, limitation of irrigated agriculture Week 12: Soil as a natural resource, soil resources of Pakistan, soil salinity and water logging, soil erosion and conservation Week 13: Pollution control through Ecology, basic concepts about pollutant transfer in plant and animals, species response to pollutants

Week 14: Pyto-remediation and bio-remediation Week 15: Conservation and management of forests and rangelands in Pakistan Week 16: Management of aquatic ecosystems (marine, rivers, wetlands etc) with special emphasis on Pakistan. Ecological restoration: concepts and techniques.

Course Outcomes: This course will make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology and understand some major environmental issues, conservation of resources in ecological perspectives, their management and ecological restoration. Recommended Books: 1. Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum E.P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004. 2. Soil Science. Rashid, A. and Memon, K.S.,National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 1996. 3. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Falk, D.A., Margaret A., P., Zedler, J. B. and Hobbs, R. J. Island Press, USA. 2006. 4. Studies in Pakistan Geography,Israr-ud-Din, University of Peshawar. Peshawar, 1998. 5. Pakistan‟s Environment. Mumtaz, K and Habib, A. ShirkatGah, Lahore, 1989. 6. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession.2013. Clewell, A.F. 2ndEdition. Island Press. 7. Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications. 2011. Jari Niemela, Jurgen H. Breuste, Glenn Guntenspergen, Nancy E. McIntyre, Thomas. Oxford University Press. 8. Ecology of Industrial Pollution. 2010. Ed. Lesley C. Batty and Kevin B. Hallberg. Cambridge University Press.

Semester –VI ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Course No. ENV-507 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments.

Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to biotechnology Week 2: Tools in environmental biotechnology Week 3: Tools in environmental biotechnology Week 4: Fundamentals of biological interventions Week 5: Recombinant DNA Technology Week 6: Genetic manipulations Week 7: GMOs: Release and Regulations Week 8: Environmental applications of GMOs Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs Week 10: Bio-strategies for pollution control Week 11: Bio-strategies for pollution control Week 12: Bioremediation Week 13: Phytoremediation Week 14: Biofilm, Biomarkers Week 15: Biosensor, Bioreactors Week 16: Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic organisms

Course Outcomes: After completion of this course, the students will be able to understand the significance, and application of biotechnology in the environment.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Microbiology. 2nd Edition. 2010. Edited by Ralph Mitchell and Ji- Dong Gu. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. 2. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, HansJoachim, J. and Josef, W. (ed.). Wiley-VCH Verlag, Germany, 2005. 3. Biotechnology,Smith, J.E., 5thEd. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 2009. 4. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission, Government of Pakistan. 2005. 5. Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application. Gareth M. Evans and Judith C. Furlong. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 2003.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM & REMOTE SENSING Course No. ENV-508 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The focal point of the course includes fundamental understanding of spatial data acquisition, geo-processing, geostatistical methods; visualization, and querying of spatial data; network modeling, terrain mapping, and spatial analysis.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Week 2: History and data collection Week 3: Advantages and limitations of process Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries Week 9: Image Processing, Interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps Week 10: Fundamental of Geographic Information System (GIS) Week 11: Integration with other technologies and its importance Week 12: Data acquisition, analysis and output Week 13: Types of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems Week 14: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation Week 155: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and wildlife Week 16: Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS. Lab Work: Getting familiarization with Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster to vector data. Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for different application, Ground Truthing.

Course Outcomes: The course will provide comprehensive instruction in the underlying concepts and principles of geographic information system (GIS) technology and its application to the analysis of environmental data.

Recommended Books: 1. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. Harvey, F. Guilfoud press New York, 2009. 2. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mission. Lulla, K and L. V. Dessinov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000. 3. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. Mc Graw Hill Education. 2008. 4. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R. Pearsons Education, Inc. 2000. 5. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. A. Z. Rancez. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 1999. 6. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Thomas Lillesand (Author), Ralph W. Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6thedition (2007) ISBN-10: 0470052457. 7. Fundamentals of remote sensing and air photo interpretation Prentice Hall series in geographic information science, Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, GraydonLennis Berlin5th Edition, 2009 ISBN0023050357. 8. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. Harvey, F. Guilfoud Press New York, 2009.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Course No. ENV-509 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: This course educate students about the Environmental Management Systems and how they lead environmental benefits, and help to learn waste minimization methods and principles of cleaner production.

Week 7: Environmental Economy Week 8: Environmental/social auditing procedures and reporting processes Week 9: Environmental aspects and impacts Week 10: Environment and sustainable development Week 11: Methods of environmental protection Week 12: Related Environmental legislation, standards and guidelines Week 13: Principles of Cleaner production Week 14: Tools of sustainable consumption and production Week 15: Eco -label, eco-design, cleaner technologies, etc. Week 16: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Lab Work: Industrial Field Trip: Practical Work: Class room exercises on identification of environmental aspects; assessment of environmental impacts and suggestion of mitigation measures of activities of some hypothetical organization. Development of Environmental Management Plan by a group of students for a hypothetical or real organization. Industrial visits to identify environmental issues of management. Course Outcomes: This course will educate students about the Environmental Management Systems and how they lead environmental benefits, and will help to learn waste minimization methods and principles of cleaner production.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Management Systems: An Implementation Guide for Small and Medium-Sized Organizations: NSF International Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2001. 2. Environmental Management Systems: General Guidelines on Principles, Systems and Support Techniques. American Society for Quality, International Organization for Standardization.2nd Ed., American Society for Quality, 2005. 3. Environmental Management Systems: A step-by-step Guide to Implementation and Maintenance, Sheldon, C. and Yoxon, M.,3rd Edition . 2006. 4. EMAS Environmental Management and Auditing Systems: A Practical Guide for the Development and Implementation of an Effective Environmental Management System. Khan, A. B. and Qasim, M. F., WWF Pakistan, 1998.

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Course No. ENV-510 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with different forms of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity and its conservation.

Course Outlines Week 1: Introduction to Biodiversity, Levels of biodiversity (Alpha, Beta and Gamma) Week 2: Biodiversity hotspots (tropical and coral reef ecosystems) Week 3: Philosophical, ecological, economic, social and ethical values of biodiversity Week 4: Plants and animal resources of world and Pakistan Week 5: Conservation of biodiversity. Introduction to biological conservation, its history, guiding principles and characteristics Week 6: Need and approach of biodiversity conservation and prevailing threats Week 7: IUCN threatened species categories Week 8: Conservation at species and population level Week 9: Applied population biology, establishing new populations Week 10: Ex-situ conservation strategies, Field visit Week 11: Conservation at community and ecosystem level Week 12: Protected areas, their categories and objectives, Field Visit Week 13: Considerations for reserve design& ecotourism Week 14: Conservation outside protected areas: conservation in man-made ecosystems, croplands, cities Week 15: Legal protection of species and habitats: national and international laws and agreements for species and habitat protection Week 16: National Conservation Strategy of Pakistan.

Field Work: Reconnaissance survey of different local communities. Study of analytical characteristics of local vegetation types: Population density (D), Relative density (RD), Frequency (F), Relative frequency (RF), estimating biodiversity, Habitat and ecosystem diversity: Species diversity and Genetic diversity. Indices of biodiversity: Species Richness (Richness Index), Species Diversity (Biodiversity Index), Similarity Index (Simpson's Similarity Index). Visit to National Park/Sanctuary, Zoo and Botanical Garden.

Course Outcomes: After completion of this course the students will be familiarize with different forms of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity and its conservation.

Recommended Books: 1. A Primer for Conservation Biology. 2ndEd. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ. Sunderland. 2000. 2. Biogeography, Cox, C.B. and Morre, P.D., Kings College, London., 2000. 3. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z.B., Saad Printers, Rawalpindi, 1998. 4. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Bawa, K., Primack, S., Oommen, R.B. and Anna, M., 2011., Orient Black Swa. 5. Essentials of Conservation Biology, 5thEd.,Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B associates Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010. 6. Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications. 2nd Ed. Dyke, F.V., Springer, 2010.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Course No. ENV-511 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: This course aims to provide information of techniques used in environmental monitoring and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e. air, water, soil and living organisms.

Week 9: Planning analytic protocols quality assurance programmes, quality control sampling Week 10: Considerations, quality assessment, field custody Week 11: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control Week 12: Chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing methods Week 13: Biological indicators for environmental monitoring Week 14: Biomarker Week 15: Role of biomarkers in environmental assessment Week 16: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control.

Lab Work: • Sampling techniques (air, water and soil) for physical and chemical monitoring. • Study the indicators for biological monitoring of the river and canal water, the indicators for ecological monitoring in the field for fauna and flora. • Use of various instrumental techniques for analysis of samples. • Field visit/ study tour to water testing laboratory/local water authority and report writing. • Visit to EPD for the study of air and water monitoring procedures. • Report on monitoring of municipal waste in the city. • Visit to GIS laboratory (WWF-Pakistan, Lahore).

Course Outcomes: This course will provide information of techniques used in environmental monitoring and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e. air, water, soil and living organisms.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Monitoring Handbook, Burden, F. R, McKlivie, I. D., Forstner U. and Guethner. (eds.) McGraw-Hill,USA, 2002. 2. Animal Biomarker as pollution indicators: Ecotoxicology Series 1. Peakall, D. Chapman and Hall. USA, 1992. 3. A Guide for the technical Evaluation of Environmental Data, Korte, N. Technomic Publishing Company Inc. USA, 1999. 4. Environmental Chemistry. Manahan, S. E. Lewis Publisher London, UK, 2000.

5. Earth Observation of Global Change, Chuviero, E. (ed) Springer, New York, USA, 2008. 6. Environmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide. Keith, L. H, 2002.

URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Course No. ENV-512 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course is aimed at providing students information about the different aspects of ever-increasing urbanization, the salient features of urban environments, environmental problems of urban life and their possible solutions.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction, Urbanization, Definition Week 2: Process and outcome Week 3: Causes of urbanization Week 4: Forms of urbanization Week 5: urbanization in Pakistan Week 6: Urban ecology: atmospheric processes, hydrological processes Week 7: Urban soils, Urban flora and fauna Week 8: Urban transport & residential mobility Week 19: The neighborhood change Week 10: Humans as components of urban ecosystems Week 11: Urban settlements Week 12: Urban ecosystem, Urban ecosystem functions Week 13: Urban patterns Week 14: Urban landscapes characteristics Week 15: Urban political ecology Week 16: Future of urban centers

Course Outcomes: At the end of this course the students will be have basic information about the different aspects of ever-increasing urbanization, the salient features of urban environments, environmental problems of urban life and their possible solutions.

Recommended Books: 1. Urban Ecology, Smith, D.S. Routledge, UK, 2006. 2. Urban Ecology: Plants and Plant Communities in UrbanEnvironments, Sukopp, H., Hejny, S.andKowaril, I., SBS academic publishing, Hague,1990. 3. Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. Alberti, M, Springer, UK. 2009. 4. The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Gilbert, O.L. Chapman and Hall. London, 1989. 5. Cities and Natural Process: A Basis for Sustainability, Hough, M. 2nd Edition. Routledge, UR, 2004.

4th Year Semester VII CLIMATE CHANGE Course No. ENV-601 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to provide a wide-ranging understanding on climate change, understanding climate system, being aware of the impacts of climate change on society, understanding of adaptation and mitigation options in relation to climate change.

Week 14: Uncertainty in climate change projections, Climate change impacts-reasons for concern, Impacts on natural systems, societal systems, human health and comforts Week 15: Reactions and attitudes to climate change: Adaptation Week 16: Mitigation options: increased energy efficiency, fuel substitution, nuclear power, hydropower, solar energy, wind power, biomass energy, tidal, wave and geothermal energy, hydrogen economy, changes in infrastructure and behavior.

Course Outcomes: This course will provide a wide-ranging understanding on climate change, understanding climate system, being aware of the impacts of climate change on society, understanding of adaptation and mitigation options in relation to climate change. Recommended Books: 1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, 2004. 3. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach, Earth scan Publication Ltd, London, 2005. 4. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 5. The Green House Effect, Climate Change and Ecosystems. Warrick, B & Jager, D. (Ed.). ECOPE 29. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. UK 1991. 6. William James Burroughs (2007) Climate change: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 7. Sharon L. Spray, Karen Leah McGlothlin, (2002) Global climate change, Rowman& Littlefield, Maryland, USA Horace M. Karling, (2001) Global climate change, Nova Publishers, New York, USA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Course No. ENV-602 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The aim of this course is to enable the participants to build their capacity to integrate environmental concerns in project proposals. The specific objectives of the course are to help students to: • learn the principles, skills, procedures and practices of integrating environment in development through EIA; • become aware of the legal and regulatory obligations of integrating environment in development projects;

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction, overview EIA Week 2: Introduction, overview of IEE Week 3: Principles and purposes of IEE and EIA Week 4: EIA Significance for the society Week 5: Cost and benefits of EIA Week 6: Main stages in EIA process Week 7: Law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems Week 8: Public involvement Week 9: Screening, scoping Week 10: Impact analysis, mitigation and impact management Week 11: Reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement the project Week 12: Project implementation and follow up Week 13: EIA project management Week 14: Social impact assessment (SIA) Week 15: National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis Week 16: EIA Regulations 2000 of Pakistan.

Course Outcomes: After completion the student will learn the principles, skills, procedures and practices of integrating environment in development through EIA and will become aware of the legal and regulatory obligations of integrating environment in development projects;

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental impact assessment: Guidelines by the Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad; 1986. 2. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and Chadwick, A., Routledge, London, 2005. 3. Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice, Harrop, D.O. & Nixon, J.A., National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 2000. 4. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment (vol 1 & 2), Petts, J., (ed.). Blackwell, Oxford, 1999. 5. EIA Manual: Training Resource Manual, Sadler, B., & McCabe, M., (ed.),2nd Edition, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002. 6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia, Lohani, B., Evans, J., Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. and Tu, S.,Asian Development Bank; 1997. 7. Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook for Pakistan, Fischer, T.S. (ed.), 2014, Liverpool University Press, UK.

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Course No. ENV-603 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course aims at providing student with the basic understanding of principles and concepts of Natural Resource. Course is designed to provide student with the basic understanding of role performed by these natural resources, threats that are associated with them and approaches used for their management. Course will also emphasize on the issues and constraints involved in the management of these resources. Course is designed to provide student with a general overview keeping in view its undergraduate level however special focus will be on Pakistan‟s perspective.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to Non-renewable and renewable resources & its Types

Week 2: Existing situation in world in general while in Pakistan particularly Week 3: Wildlife: Management existing situation at national level Week 4: Wildlife census, reasons for its decline and its possible remedies Week 5: Existing management approaches, sustainable/trophy hunting projects and its role in local and national development, National and provincial legislation Week 6: Agricultural Resources Management, Existing situation of agriculture sector in Pakistan Week 7: Agriculture products and their share in GDP, Problem in agriculture, agriculture chemicals, their pros and cons Week 8: National agriculture policy, management options Week 9: Energy and Mineral Resources Management Week 10: Present situation at national level, limitation in the future, best available option for future, solar power, wind power and nuclear power Week 11: Land use Planning and Management: evolution of land use planning, review of land use plans developed by the various organizations, field visit to develop a land use plan for selected area Week 12: Development of Management Plan: needs, requirement, process and contents of the management plan Week 13: Watershed management: Importance basic principles, methodologies, national example, forest types and its existing management Week 14: Rangeland Management: existing status, importance, threats, causes and methods for its improvement Week 15: Water Resources Management: Available waters resources, threat and its causes, effective management Week 16: Fisheries Management: Types of fishes in Pakistan, existing situation reason for decline and its potential in the national economy, management options.

Course Outcomes: This course will provide student with the basic understanding of principles and concepts of Natural Resource and threats that are associated and various approaches for management of these Resources and issues and constraints involved in the management of these resources.

Recommended Books: 1. Conservation in Progress, Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. John Willey & Sons; New York, USA. 1993. 2. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce & Turner Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1990. 3. Environmental Conservation, Dasmann, R.F, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984. 4. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), GOP and IUCN, Islamabad. 1992. 5. Introduction to Environmental management development in Environmental modeling, Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E.,Amsterdam, Elsevier.1991. 6. Environmental Science: working with Earth. 2013. Miller, T.G. 9thEdition. Jack Cary Publisher London. 7. Basics of forestry and Applied Sciences, Concepts and Theory. Masood A.A Qureshi, 3rd Ed Vol-1, A-one Publishers 2005. 8. Environment: Problems and Solutions. Asthana, D. K & Asthana, M, 5th Ed, S. Chand & company LTD 2006. 9. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. Botkin, D., & Keller, E, 8th Ed. John Wiley and Sons 2000. 10. Environmental Science: working with Earth. Miller. T. G, 9th Edition, Jack Cary publisher 2003.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT Course No. ENV-604 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a wide range of aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable situations to the disaster management continuum.. It finally tends to provide the students with basic knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability mitigation.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Natural hazards and disasters Week 2: The need for hazard and disaster studies Week 3: Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research

Week 4: Disaster its types, Natural vs Man-made Disaster Week 5: Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and their role Week 6: Prediction; Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability Week 7: Definitions and characterization, Different approaches and Indicators Week 8: Factors of vulnerability: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political factors, Physical factors Week 9: The impact of natural disasters, Direct and short-term impact of disasters, Indirect and long-term consequences of catastrophes Week 10: Disaster as an opportunity for development Week 11: Disaster Management: Components of management, International phenomenon Week 12: Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation Week 13: Hard and soft measures; Earthquake Management, Flood Management Week 14: Organizational Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Role of Media in Disaster Management Week 15: Techniques and methods to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk Week 16: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Disaster Management Trainings and Policies.

Course Outcomes: This course will provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies and will underline the importance of disasters in socio-economic development and will finally tends to provide the students with basic knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability mitigation.

5. Disasters and Development Cuny, F.C., Oxford University Press / Oxfam America, New York, 1983. 6. Disaster Management: Warning Response and Community Relocation, Perry R.W. and Mushkatel, A.H., Quorum Books, Westport, USA, 1984. 7. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hydman, David Hyndman. 2006 8. Update. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman.

SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT (ELECTIVE-III) Course No. ENV-605 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course provide students with the knowledge of the basic properties and significance of soil and its care for sustainable environment. After completion of this course, students will be better equipped with the information about the ways and means for better and efficient management of soils for healthy environment for future generations.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction, Soil forming minerals Week 2: Types and properties of parent materials Week 3: Physical and chemical processes of weathering Week 4: Physical and chemical processes of weathering Week 5: Factors and processes of soil formation Week 6: Physical and chemical properties of soil Week 7: Physical and chemical properties of soil Week 8: Cation and anion exchange Week 9: Soil buffering capacity and its importance Week 10: Soil degradation Week 11: Soil management and green productivity Week 12: Environmental implications of fertilizers and agrochemicals Week 13: Environmental impact of agricultural and Industrial wastes Week 14: Environmental impact of agricultural and Industrial wastes Week 15: Soil as a natural sink for pollutants (organic) Week 16: Soil as a natural sink for pollutants (Inorganic).

Course Outcomes: After completion of this course, students will be better equipped with the information about the ways and means for better and efficient management of soils for healthy environment for future generations.

Recommended Books: 1. The Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2008. 2. Soils in Our Environment, Miller, R.W.,Gardiner, D.T., 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2007. 3. Soil in the Environment: Crucible of Terrestrial Life. Hillel, D. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2007. 4. Soil Science. Bashir, E. and Bantel, R. National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1996.

RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course No. ENV-606 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The course provides participants with an introduction to the knowledge and skills necessary to develop a research proposal and subsequently to conduct a research study. It help to develop research abilities in the activities of research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research papers and in writing reviews with critical thinking skills & to evaluate a range of specific literature via the ability to reason clearly and think critically.

Week 8: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature, Objectives, Methodology Week 9: How to put things together? Introduction, Material Methods, Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search Week 10: Database, Search Engines Week 11: Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods Week 12: Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and sampling frames, types of sampling design Week 13: Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data Week 14: Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire Week 15: Data Analysis: Data Interpretation: Current data interpretation with comparative studies (Inter-laboratory comparison) Week 16: Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation. Course Outcomes: After completion of this course the students will be able to write a research proposal and subsequently to conduct a research study. It will help: to develop research abilities in the activities of research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research papers.

Recommended Books: 1. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007. 2. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2nd Edition, Univ. of Chicago Press. USA, 2003. 3. Writing Science Through Critical Thinking, Marilyn F. Moriarty, 1st Edition Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1997. 4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rd Edition, Sage Publishers. USA, 2003. 5. Survey Research Methods. Babbie, E. R., Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont California.USA, 1989. 6. Students project in Environmental Science, Harrad,S.,Batty,h., Diamon, M. and Arhonditsis, G, John and sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2008.

7. Gliner, J. A., & Morgan, G. A. (2000). Research methods in applied settings: an integrated approach to design and analysis. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Semester-VIII ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES Course No. ENV-607 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course aims at giving an understanding of the role of state and its instruments in the governance of environment in order to enable to the students to learn about responsibilities of state and rights of its citizens to live in environmentally sound conditions to contribute in sustainable development.

Course Outlines Week 1: The National Environmental Policy 2005 and its implementation Week 2: The National Environmental Policy 2005 and its implementation Week 3: Climate Change Policy Week 4: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations m Week 5: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations Week 6: KP Environmental Protection Act 2014 Week 7: The SNBP Local Government ordinance 2001 Week 8: EPAs powers and functions Week 9: Conservation Strategies Week 10: National Conservation Strategies (NCS) Week 11: Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy (SPCS) and Action plans, Week 12: National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) made under KP EPA, 2014 Week 13: National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) made under KP EPA, 2014 Week 14: WHO Guidelines. Week 15: MEAs (Multilateral Environment agreements) regarding pollution control and sustainable development Week 16: MEAs (Multilateral Environment agreements) regarding pollution control and sustainable development.

Course Outcomes: After completion of this course the students will understand the role of the state and its responsibilities in the governance of the environment in order to learn responsibilities of state and rights of its citizens for environmentally sustainable development. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Laws and their implementation in Pakistan, Qadar, S. Law Books House, 2000. 2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Government of Pakistan 3. National Environmental Policy 4. National Conservation Strategy 5. SNBP Local Government Ordinance, 2001.

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Course No. ENV-608 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to introduce participants to various environmental factors affecting human health. The Course Outlines emphasize on the environmental health core issues of air, land and water pollution; and public and community health. The prevention of morbidity and mortality in human populations through the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards in the environment will be presented using the tools of epidemiology, toxicology, law, and risk assessment and communication techniques.

Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction: concept, basic requirements for a healthy environment Week 2: Communicable & Non-communicable diseases Week 3: Environmental Exposure, Measuring environmental quality, Human exposure and health Impact Week 4: Impact of environmental factors on health Week 5: Role of environmental health professional Week 6: Nature of environmental hazards Week 7: Risk assessment& Risk management Week 8: Air, Water and sanitation, Food and agriculture Week 9: Health and disease

Week 10: Human settlement and urbanization Week 11: Health and energy use. Health and development Week 12: Health indicators, Industrial pollution and chemical safety, Trans-boundary and global health concerns Week 13: Action to protect health and the environment Week 14: Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Communicable diseases, Non- communicable diseases Week 15: Introduction to Immunology, Pathology, Epidemiology Week 16: Occupational Health Safety devices; Laws and Regulations.

Course Outcomes: After completion of this course the students will get awareness about different types of communicable and none communicable diseases, various environmental factors affecting human health. The students will know how to control different types of diseases by improving the quality of the environment.

Recommended Books: 1. Basic Environmental Health. Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and Guidotti, T. L., 1st Edition . Oxford University Press New York, USA, 2001. 2. Environmental Science (The Way the World Works) Nebel, B. J. and Wright, R. T., 8th Edition. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK, 2004. 3. Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and their Health Effects). Lippmann, M. V. N. and Reinhold, J . 1st Ed. New York, USA, 1992. 4. Park‟s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Park, K., 2nd Edition. M/s Banarsid. 2002. 5. Medical Microbiolog, Khan, A.M., 1st Edition. Time Publishers, Karachi, 2001.

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES Course No. ENV-609 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The course objectives are: to provides an overview of types and sources of pollution; to determine the effects of soil, water and air pollution; meteorology as related to dispersion of pollutants in air, water, and soil; to discuss various techniques in pollution control and the regulatory environment facing sources of environmental pollution.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Environmental Pollution and Pollutants, An introduction; Pollution and Environmental Ethics Week 2: Roots of our problem, Environmental ethics as public health Week 3: Conservation and preservation Week 4: Ethics for non-human nature Week 5: Environmental Risk Analysis: Risk, Risk Assessment, Risk Management Week 6: Pollution Concept: Types of Pollution, Air, water and soil pollution – Causes and Consequences Week 7: Control technologies for Air, Water and Soil Pollution Week 8: Municipal and Solid Waste (MSW) Management: minimization techniques, controls and 3-Rs: reuse, recycling & recovery Week 9: Energy Recovery from organic MSW; Landfill sites and their potential for recycling waste Week 10: Waste water treatment technologies: estimates, treatments and utilization Week 11: Membrane Technology; Reuse, Recycling and Recovery Week 12: Hazardous Waste Management: segregation of healthcare and municipal waste Week 13: Radioactive waste: Sources, health effects, waste management Week 14: Noise pollution & its Effects: Control technologies for its containment Week 15: Other Pollution Controls, Biotechnology for environment: bioremediation for Industrial pollution control, oil spills and pesticides Week 16: Occupational Health Safety devices: Laws & Regulations regarding waste.

Course Outcomes: The course will provides an overview of types and sources of pollution, and determine the effects of soil , water and air pollution; to discuss various techniques in pollution control and the regulatory environment facing sources of environmental pollution.

4. Industrial Water Pollution Control , Felder, E., 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, USA, 1989. 5. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Cheremisinoff, N. P., Prentice Hall, India, 1996. 6. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook, Freeman and Harry, M, McGraw-Hill, USA, 1995. 7. Solid Waste Technology and Management, T. Christensen, John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 8. Water Treatment Technologies, B. Salopek, Akademija tehničkih znanosti Hrvatske, 2007 9. Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control, L.K. Wang, N.C. Pereira and Y.T. Hung, Humana Press, 2005. 10. Preventive Environmental Management, S.R. Asolekar, R. Gopichandran and Centre for Environment Education, Foundation Books, 2005. 11. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies, N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. 12. Municipal solid waste management: strategies and technologies for sustainable solutions, C. Ludwig, S. Hellweg and S. Stucki, Springer, 2003. 13. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. 14. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Course Code: ENV-610 Credit hours: 3(2-1) Objectives: The aim of this course is to educate students about the Water Resources Management with reference to Pakistan, how to minimize the wastage and how to increase its efficiency especially in irrigation sector.

Course Outline: Week 1: Water resource and its management Week 2: Hydrological cycle, water quality and quantity aspects Week 3: Water supply and demand management measures

Week 4: Virtual water, Groundwater, Soil water , form of water Week 5: Groundwater exploitation, its over-mining and pollution and urbanization aspects Week 6: Improving water productivity/irrigation water efficiency Week 7: Flood and droughts, water conservation Week 8: Fisheries management, Week 9: Climate change and its impacts on our future water resources Week 10: Precipitation distribution in Pakistan Week 11: Indus Water Accord 1991 Week 12: Indus Water Treaty 1960 (IWT) Week 13: Rain water harvesting in urban and rural environment Week 14: Water relevant institutions and authorities in Pakistan Week 15: Water resources management and future challenges in Pakistan Week 16: Integrated water resources management (IWRM).

Lab Work: Study tours to visit water supply & waste water treatment plants, watershed/catchment, with drinking water facilities like springs, tube-wells, pollution aspects, like solid waste and waste water disposal into the natural streams etc.

Course Outcomes: This course will educate students about the Water Resources Management with reference to Pakistan, how to minimize the wastage and how to increase its efficiency especially in irrigation sector. Recommended Books: 1. Pakistan‟s Water Economy Running Dry, Briscoe, J. and Qamar, U., Oxford University Press Karachi, 2006. 2. Problems and Politics of Water Sharing and Management in Pakistan, Cheema, P.I., Khan, R. A. and Malik, A. R., Asia Printer, Islamabad, 2006. 3. Integrated Water Resources Management in South and Southeast Asia, Biswas, A.K.,Varis, O, and Tortajada, C, (eds.), Oxford University Press New Delhi, 2005.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (Special paper-I) Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The students learn the types, handling and management systems of solid wastes. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to solid waste management Week 2: Solid waste characterization Week 3: Sources, quantities, quality Week 4: Waste collection and transport Week 5: Treatment technologies Week 6: Bioremediation strategies Week 7: Composting Week 8: Types and methods Week 9: Environmental requirements Week 10: Incineration Week 11: Reuse Week 12: Recycling Week 13: Landfills: Site design and management Week 14: Pollution and risk assessment of landfills Week 15: Biogas generation Week 16: Use of biogas digest; recent technologies used for solid waste management.

Course Outcomes: The students will be able to learn the various types of solid waste and how to handle and manage systems for wastes.

Recommended Books: 1. Principles and Applications of Microbiology. Salivia, D.M., J.J. Fuhrman, G.P. Hartel and A.D. Zuberer.2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. 2005. 2. Compost Science and Technology. Diaz, L.F., M. de Bertold and W. Bidlingmaier. Elsevier, London, UK. 2007. 3. Compost. Kenneth, T. and E. Annelise. Dorling Kindersly, London, UK. 2007. 4. Organic Waste Recycling: Technology and Management. Polprasent, C. IWA, London, UK. 2007.

AGRO-ECOLOGY (Special Paper-II) Credit Hour: 3(3-0) Objectives: This course trains students to compare agro-ecosystems and attempt to integrate knowledge of natural ecosystems into agricultural practice. Learn to link ecology, socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming communities, and environmental health.

Course Outline: Week 1: Application of ecological principles to modern farming systems Week 2: Goals of long term food production without depleting Earth‟s resources Week 3: Explore on-farm and off-farm ecological implications of agricultural and livestock practices for crop biodiversity Week 4: Riparian and wetland systems Week 5: Agroforestry, soil fertility, and pasture Week 6: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystemsviz; enhance recycling of biomass and optimizing nutrient availability and balancing nutrient flow Week 7: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystems viz; enhance recycling of biomass and optimizing nutrient availability and balancing nutrient flow Week 8: Securing favorable soil conditions for plant growth Week 9: Particularly by managing organic matter and enhancing soil biotic activity Week 10: Particularly by managing organic matter and enhancing soil biotic activity Week 11: Minimizing losses due to flows of solar radiation Week 12: Air and water by way of microclimate management Week 13: Water harvesting and soil management through increased soil cover Week 14: Water harvesting and soil management through increased soil cover Week 15: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space Week 16: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space.

Course Outcomes: This course will trains students to compare agro-ecosystems and attempt to integrate knowledge of natural ecosystems into agricultural practice.and will learn to link ecology, socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming communities, and environmental health.

Recommended Books: 1. Gliessman, S. R. 2007. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431 ISBN 0-8493-2845-4 2. GliessmanS. R. (Ed). AndC. A. Edwards, 2000.Agroecosystem Sustainability Developing Practical Strategies. CRC Press 224 pages 3. Wojtkowski, P. A. Introduction to Agroecology: Principles and Practices, Rutled

RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP /TWO SPECIAL PAPERS Credit hours: 06

CURRICULUM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES M.SC-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

(Revised December 26, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT

CURRICULUM OF M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Years program) Scheme of Studies for the Two-year M.Sc. Degree in Environmental Sciences 1st year Semester-I S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL 1 ENV- 501 3 (2-1) SCIENCE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ENV- 502 3 (3-0) 3 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY ENV- 503 3 (2-1) 4 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENV- 504 3 (3-0) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN ENV- 505 3 (3-0) 6 APPLIED ECOLOGY ENV- 506 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 Semester- II S.No Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ENV- 507 3 (3-0) 2 GIS & REMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1) 3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENV- 509 3 (2-1) 4 BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1) 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENV- 511 3 (2-1) 6 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENV- 402 3 (3-0) Total Credit Hrs 18 2nd Year Semester-III S.No Courses Course Code Credit Hrs 1 CLIMATE CHANGE ENV- 601 3 (3-0) 2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENV- 602 3 (2-1) 3 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ENV- 603 3 (3-0) 4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE-I) ENV- 604 3 (3-0) 5 SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT (ELECTIVE-II) ENV- 605 3 (3-0) RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL 6 ENV- 606 3 (3-0) SCIENCE Total Credit Hrs 18 Semester-IV S.No Course Course code Credit Hrs 1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV-607 3(3-0) 2 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV-609 3(3-0) 3 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE –III) ENV-610 3(2-1) 4 ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY (ELECTIVE –IV) ENV-611 3(3-0) 5 RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP/ TWO SPECIAL 06 PAPERS Total Credit Hrs 18 Total Degree Credit Hours 60-72

1st Year Semester-I ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course No. ENV-501 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The course educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments and analytical procedures and make their skills about practical aspects of environmental science more productive.

Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N) Week 16: Soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).

Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N), soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).

Course Outlines: Week 1: Concept and scope of environmental chemistry Week 2: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere Week 3: Temperature changes in the atmosphere, units to describe atmospheric chemistry, chemical reactions in the atmosphere Week 4: Sources and effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide Week 5: Volatile organic compounds, automobile pollutants Week 6: Industrial smog, Photochemical smog, production of hydroxyl radical, their reaction with hydrocarbons

Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates Week 8: Chemistry of ground level air pollution Week 9: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone Week 10: Hydroxyl Radical cycle, NO cycle, the chlorine cycle, Null cycles Week 11: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment, Green chemistry, its principles Week 12: Water pollution, Types of water pollutants oxidation Reduction reactions in aqueous systems Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids Week 14: Toxic organic compounds, pesticides, organochlorine insecticides, carbamates Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems Week 16: Biomagnification and Biodegradation. Toxic heavy metals and their Bioaccumulation.

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Course No. ENV-504 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course provide the students the application of natural laws and principles in economics to develop their understanding of internalization of externalities. Course Outlines: Week 1: Basic concepts in environmental economics Week 2: The Economy and the Environment Week 3: Benefits and Costs Week 4: The equilibrium principle Week 5: Marginal cost and supply Week 6: Economic efficiency and market Week 7: Markets and Social Efficiency Week 8: External costs and external benefits Week 9: Pollution Control-a general model

Week 10: Pollution damages and abatement costs Week 11: Valuing the environment Week 12: Measuring environmental benefits; contingent valuation Week 13: The travel cost method and the hedonic approach Week 14: The value of life, health, risk and safety Week 15: Economic Development and Environment Week 16: Natural resource economics. Course Outcomes: This course will provide the students the application of natural laws and principles in economics. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Economics: An Introduction. Field, B.C.and Field, M.K. 3rd Edition McGraw-Hill/Irwin,UK,2002. 2. Environmental Economics. Kolstad, C.D. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000. 3. Environmental economics: An elementary introduction. Turner,R.K., Pearce, D.W. and Batemen, I. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 1993. 4. Environmental Economics: Theory, Application and Policy. Chapman, D., 2000. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. 5. Economics and the Environment, Goodstein E.S., 2002. 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

Week 6: Population Trends and Development trends Week 7: Terrestrial Ecosystem: the four destroyers. Deforestation and Forest Degradation Week 8: Erosion and Sedimentation, Desertification, Species Extinction Week 9: Aquatic ecosystem: Use and Misuse: aquatic Ecosystem and Development, Aquatic resources, Aquatic Pollution Week 10: Atmospheric Ecosystem: Defeating complacency, development and atmospheric ecosystem, Air pollution Week 11: Saving the non-renewables, Enhancing the Renewables Week 12: Rain fall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan Week 13: The environmental challenges and agricultural problems facing Pakistan Week 14: Various aspects for Pakistan's geography, economy, and population Week 15: Khyber pakhtunkhwa climate change policy, flood, drought, earthquakes Week 16: Khyber pakhtunkhwa – an ecological classification, Climate hazards in khyber pakhtunkhwa, climate change adaptation. Climate change and mitigation.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Profile of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan (Environment and Urban Division Islamabad, 1988 2. National Conservation Strategy Government of Pakistan Ministry of Environment and IUCN – 1993. 3. Salma, S., Rehman, S., & Shah, M. A. (2012). Rainfall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 9. 4. Khan, F. K. (1991). A geography of Pakistan: environment, people and economy. Oxford University Press. 5. State of the Environment-Pakistan, Government of Pakistan,2005. 6. Climate Change Policy Environmental Protection Agency Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department June 2016.

Recommended Books: 1. Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum E.P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004. 2. Soil Science. Rashid, A. and Memon, K.S.,National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 1996. 3. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Falk, D.A., Margaret A., P., Zedler, J. B. and Hobbs, R. J. Island Press, USA. 2006. 4. Studies in Pakistan Geography,Israr-ud-Din, University of Peshawar. Peshawar, 1998. 5. Pakistan‟s Environment. Mumtaz, K and Habib, A. ShirkatGah, Lahore, 1989. 6. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession.2013. Clewell, A.F. 2ndEdition. Island Press. 7. Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications. 2011. Jari Niemela, Jurgen H. Breuste, Glenn Guntenspergen, Nancy E. McIntyre, Thomas. Oxford University Press. 8. Ecology of Industrial Pollution. 2010. Ed. Lesley C. Batty and Kevin B. Hallberg. Cambridge University Press.

Semester –II ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Course No. ENV-507 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments.

Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs Week 10: Bio-strategies for pollution control Week 11: Bio-strategies for pollution control Week 12: Bioremediation Week 13: Phytoremediation Week 14: Biofilm, Biomarkers Week 15: Biosensor, Bioreactors Week 16: Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic organisms

Course Outcomes: After completion of this course, the students will be able to understand the significance, and application of biotechnology in the environment.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Week 2: History and data collection Week 3: Advantages and limitations of process Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries Week 9: Image Processing, Interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps Week 10: Fundamental of Geographic Information System (GIS) Week 11: Integration with other technologies and its importance Week 12: Data acquisition, analysis and output Week 13: Types of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems Week 14: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation Week 155: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and wildlife Week 16: Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS. Lab Work: Getting familiarization with Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster to vector data. Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for different application, Ground Truthing.

5. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. A. Z. Rancez. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 1999. 6. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Thomas Lillesand (Author), Ralph W. Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6thedition (2007) ISBN-10: 0470052457. 7. Fundamentals of remote sensing and air photo interpretation Prentice Hall series in geographic information science, Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, GraydonLennis Berlin5th Edition, 2009 ISBN0023050357. 8. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. Harvey, F. Guilfoud Press New York, 2009.

Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Week 2: Introduction to Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Week 3: Introduction of ISO 14000 series of standards and their role in environmental management Week 4: Environmental Management Systems Principles Week 5: Certification of EMS Week 6: Environmental Management tools Week 7: Environmental Economy Week 8: Environmental/social auditing procedures and reporting processes Week 9: Environmental aspects and impacts Week 10: Environment and sustainable development Week 11: Methods of environmental protection Week 12: Related Environmental legislation, standards and guidelines Week 13: Principles of Cleaner production Week 14: Tools of sustainable consumption and production

Week 15: Eco -label, eco-design, cleaner technologies, etc. Week 16: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Course Outlines Week 1: Introduction to Biodiversity, Levels of biodiversity (Alpha, Beta and Gamma)

Week 2: Biodiversity hotspots (tropical and coral reef ecosystems) Week 3: Philosophical, ecological, economic, social and ethical values of biodiversity Week 4: Plants and animal resources of world and Pakistan Week 5: Conservation of biodiversity. Introduction to biological conservation, its history, guiding principles and characteristics Week 6: Need and approach of biodiversity conservation and prevailing threats Week 7: IUCN threatened species categories Week 8: Conservation at species and population level Week 9: Applied population biology, establishing new populations Week 10: Ex-situ conservation strategies, Field visit Week 11: Conservation at community and ecosystem level Week 12: Protected areas, their categories and objectives, Field Visit Week 13: Considerations for reserve design& ecotourism Week 14: Conservation outside protected areas: conservation in man-made ecosystems, croplands, cities Week 15: Legal protection of species and habitats: national and international laws and agreements for species and habitat protection Week 16: National Conservation Strategy of Pakistan.

Recommended Books: 1. A Primer for Conservation Biology. 2ndEd. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ. Sunderland. 2000. 2. Biogeography, Cox, C.B. and Morre, P.D., Kings College, London., 2000.

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3. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z.B., Saad Printers, Rawalpindi, 1998. 4. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Bawa, K., Primack, S., Oommen, R.B. and Anna, M., 2011., Orient Black Swa. 5. Essentials of Conservation Biology, 5thEd.,Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B associates Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010. 6. Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications. 2nd Ed. Dyke, F.V., Springer, 2010.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to Monitoring Week 2: Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring methods Week 3: Sampling, objectives of sampling monitoring programmers Week 4: Design and types and Approaches to sampling Week 5: Pre sampling requirements/information, sampling and design purposes Week 6: NEQS regulatory purposes for NEQS compliance, EIA requirement Week 7: NOC for plant operation, Determination of concentration and distribution of a specific pollutant environment sampling techniques Week 8: Quality assurance and quality control Week 9: Planning analytic protocols quality assurance programmes, quality control sampling Week 10: Considerations, quality assessment, field custody Week 11: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control Week 12: Chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing methods Week 13: Biological indicators for environmental monitoring Week 14: Biomarker Week 15: Role of biomarkers in environmental assessment

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Week 16: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control.

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2nd Year Semester III CLIMATE CHANGE Course No. ENV-601 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to provide a wide-ranging understanding on climate change, understanding climate system, being aware of the impacts of climate change on society, understanding of adaptation and mitigation options in relation to climate change.

Course Outline: Week 1: Defining Climate, Climate system: Components; controls on climate Week 2: Latitude, Earth-sun relationships, Revolution Week 3: Rotation, Axial tilt and their combined effect Week 4: Distance to large bodies of water Week 5: Defining Climate Change, Climate change processes Week 6: Green House Gases‟ emission Week 7: Drivers and Indicators of Climate Change Week 8: Cause & Effect of Climate Change Week 9: Climate Change Policy, Impacts of Climate Change in Pakistan Week 10: Green Economy, Carbon Footprint Week 11: Technological Development and Changing climate Week 12: Climate Change matters Week 13: Present rapid warming, Projection of future climate change Week 14: Uncertainty in climate change projections, Climate change impacts-reasons for concern, Impacts on natural systems, societal systems, human health and comforts Week 15: Reactions and attitudes to climate change: Adaptation Week 16: Mitigation options: increased energy efficiency, fuel substitution, nuclear power, hydropower, solar energy, wind power, biomass energy, tidal, wave and geothermal energy, hydrogen economy, changes in infrastructure and behavior.

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Recommended Books: 1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, 2004. 3. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach, Earth scan Publication Ltd, London, 2005. 4. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 5. The Green House Effect, Climate Change and Ecosystems. Warrick, B & Jager, D. (Ed.). ECOPE 29. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. UK 1991. 6. William James Burroughs (2007) Climate change: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 7. Sharon L. Spray, Karen Leah McGlothlin, (2002) Global climate change, Rowman& Littlefield, Maryland, USA Horace M. Karling, (2001) Global climate change, Nova Publishers, New York, USA

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Week 6: Main stages in EIA process Week 7: Law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems Week 8: Public involvement Week 9: Screening, scoping Week 10: Impact analysis, mitigation and impact management Week 11: Reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement the project Week 12: Project implementation and follow up Week 13: EIA project management Week 14: Social impact assessment (SIA) Week 15: National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis Week 16: EIA Regulations 2000 of Pakistan.

Practical Work: Screening & Scoping exercises, Using impact prediction and analysis tools; i) Checklist, Matrices, Networks, Overlays. Organizing public Participation; identifying stakeholders, role plays exercises, Field Visit, One case study to be completed by the end of the semester. Course Outcomes: After completion the student will learn the principles, skills, procedures and practices of integrating environment in development through EIA and will become aware of the legal and regulatory obligations of integrating environment in development projects;

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6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia, Lohani, B., Evans, J., Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. and Tu, S.,Asian Development Bank; 1997. 7. Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook for Pakistan, Fischer, T.S. (ed.), 2014, Liverpool University Press, UK.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to Non-renewable and renewable resources & its Types Week 2: Existing situation in world in general while in Pakistan particularly Week 3: Wildlife: Management existing situation at national level Week 4: Wildlife census, reasons for its decline and its possible remedies Week 5: Existing management approaches, sustainable/trophy hunting projects and its role in local and national development, National and provincial legislation Week 6: Agricultural Resources Management, Existing situation of agriculture sector in Pakistan Week 7: Agriculture products and their share in GDP, Problem in agriculture, agriculture chemicals, their pros and cons Week 8: National agriculture policy, management options Week 9: Energy and Mineral Resources Management Week 10: Present situation at national level, limitation in the future, best available option for future, solar power, wind power and nuclear power

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Week 11: Land use Planning and Management: evolution of land use planning, review of land use plans developed by the various organizations, field visit to develop a land use plan for selected area Week 12: Development of Management Plan: needs, requirement, process and contents of the management plan Week 13: Watershed management: Importance basic principles, methodologies, national example, forest types and its existing management Week 14: Rangeland Management: existing status, importance, threats, causes and methods for its improvement Week 15: Water Resources Management: Available waters resources, threat and its causes, effective management Week 16: Fisheries Management: Types of fishes in Pakistan, existing situation reason for decline and its potential in the national economy, management options.

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8. Environment: Problems and Solutions. Asthana, D. K & Asthana, M, 5th Ed, S. Chand & company LTD 2006. 9. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. Botkin, D., & Keller, E, 8th Ed. John Wiley and Sons 2000. 10. Environmental Science: working with Earth. Miller. T. G, 9th Edition, Jack Cary publisher 2003.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE-I) Course No. ENV-604 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a wide range of aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable situations to the disaster management continuum.. It finally tends to provide the students with basic knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability mitigation.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Natural hazards and disasters Week 2: The need for hazard and disaster studies Week 3: Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research Week 4: Disaster its types, Natural vs Man-made Disaster Week 5: Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and their role Week 6: Prediction; Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability Week 7: Definitions and characterization, Different approaches and Indicators Week 8: Factors of vulnerability: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political factors, Physical factors Week 9: The impact of natural disasters, Direct and short-term impact of disasters, Indirect and long-term consequences of catastrophes Week 10: Disaster as an opportunity for development Week 11: Disaster Management: Components of management, International phenomenon Week 12: Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation Week 13: Hard and soft measures; Earthquake Management, Flood Management

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Week 14: Organizational Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Role of Media in Disaster Management Week 15: Techniques and methods to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk Week 16: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Disaster Management Trainings and Policies.

Recommended Books: 1. Natural Disasters Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993. 2. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster Anderson, M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder ,UNESCO, Paris, 1989. 3. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd Edition, The Guilford Press, New York, 1993. 4. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager‟s Handbook Carter N.W., ADB, Manila, 1991. 5. Disasters and Development Cuny, F.C., Oxford University Press / Oxfam America, New York, 1983. 6. Disaster Management: Warning Response and Community Relocation, Perry R.W. and Mushkatel, A.H., Quorum Books, Westport, USA, 1984. 7. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hydman, David Hyndman. 2006 8. Update. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman.

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SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT (ELECTIVE-II) Course No. ENV-605 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course provide students with the knowledge of the basic properties and significance of soil and its care for sustainable environment. After completion of this course, students will be better equipped with the information about the ways and means for better and efficient management of soils for healthy environment for future generations.

Recommended Books: 1. The Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2008.

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2. Soils in Our Environment, Miller, R.W.,Gardiner, D.T., 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2007. 3. Soil in the Environment: Crucible of Terrestrial Life. Hillel, D. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2007. 4. Soil Science. Bashir, E. and Bantel, R. National Book Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1996.

Course Outlines: Week 1: Introduction to Research Week 2: Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research Week 3: Science, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific Research Week 4: Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question Week 5: Defining the Research Problem Week 6: Selecting the Research Method Week 7: Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research; Research Proposal Writing Techniques Week 8: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature, Objectives, Methodology Week 9: How to put things together? Introduction, Material Methods, Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search Week 10: Database, Search Engines Week 11: Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods

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Week 12: Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and sampling frames, types of sampling design Week 13: Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data Week 14: Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire Week 15: Data Analysis: Data Interpretation: Current data interpretation with comparative studies (Inter-laboratory comparison) Week 16: Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation. Course Outcomes: After completion of this course the students will be able to write a research proposal and subsequently to conduct a research study. It will help: to develop research abilities in the activities of research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research papers.

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Semester-IV ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES Course No. ENV-607 Credit hours 3(3-0) Objectives: This course aims at giving an understanding of the role of state and its instruments in the governance of environment in order to enable to the students to learn about responsibilities of state and rights of its citizens to live in environmentally sound conditions to contribute in sustainable development.

Course Outlines Week 1: The National Environmental Policy 2005 and its implementation Week 2: The National Environmental Policy 2005 and its implementation Week 3: Climate Change Policy Week 4: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations m Week 5: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations Week 6: KP Environmental Protection Act 2014 Week 7: The SNBP Local Government ordinance 2001 Week 8: EPAs powers and functions Week 9: Conservation Strategies Week 10: National Conservation Strategies (NCS) Week 11: Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy (SPCS) and Action plans Week 12: National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) made under KP EPA, 2014 Week 13: National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) made under KP EPA, 2014 Week 14: WHO Guidelines Week 15: MEAs (Multilateral Environment agreements) regarding pollution control and sustainable development Week 16: MEAs (Multilateral Environment agreements) regarding pollution control and sustainable development.

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Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Laws and their implementation in Pakistan, Qadar, S. Law Books House, 2000. 2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Government of Pakistan 3. National Environmental Policy 4. National Conservation Strategy 5. SNBP Local Government Ordinance, 2001.

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Week 13: Radioactive waste: Sources, health effects, waste management Week 14: Noise pollution & its Effects: Control technologies for its containment Week 15: Other Pollution Controls, Biotechnology for environment: bioremediation for Industrial pollution control, oil spills and pesticides Week 16: Occupational Health Safety devices: Laws & Regulations regarding waste.

Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Pollution & Control. and Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F., and Vesilaind, P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998. 2. Understanding Environmental Pollution Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005. 3. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Nevers, N D, McGraw-Hill. USA, 1995. 4. Industrial Water Pollution Control , Felder, E., 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, USA, 1989. 5. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Cheremisinoff, N. P., Prentice Hall, India, 1996. 6. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook, Freeman and Harry, M, McGraw-Hill, USA, 1995. 7. Solid Waste Technology and Management, T. Christensen, John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 8. Water Treatment Technologies, B. Salopek, Akademija tehničkih znanosti Hrvatske, 2007 9. Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control, L.K. Wang, N.C. Pereira and Y.T. Hung, Humana Press, 2005. 10. Preventive Environmental Management, S.R. Asolekar, R. Gopichandran and Centre for Environment Education, Foundation Books, 2005. 11. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies, N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. 12. Municipal solid waste management: strategies and technologies for sustainable solutions, C. Ludwig, S. Hellweg and S. Stucki, Springer, 2003.

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13. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. 14. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE-III) Course Code: ENV-610 Credit hours: 3(2-1) Objectives: The aim of this course is to educate students about the Water Resources Management with reference to Pakistan, how to minimize the wastage and how to increase its efficiency especially in irrigation sector.

Course Outline: Week 1: Water resource and its management Week 2: Hydrological cycle, water quality and quantity aspects Week 3: Water supply and demand management measures Week 4: Virtual water, Groundwater, Soil water, form of water Week 5: Groundwater exploitation, its over-mining and pollution and urbanization aspects Week 6: Improving water productivity/irrigation water efficiency Week 7: Flood and droughts, water conservation Week 8: Fisheries management Week 9: Climate change and its impacts on our future water resources Week 10: Precipitation distribution in Pakistan Week 11: Indus Water Accord 1991 Week 12: Indus Water Treaty 1960 (IWT) Week 13: Rain water harvesting in urban and rural environment Week 14: Water relevant institutions and authorities in Pakistan Week 15: Water resources management and future challenges in Pakistan Week 16: Integrated water resources management (IWRM).

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ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY (ELECTIVE-IV) Course Code: ENV-611 Credit hours: 3(3-0) Objectives: Environmental sociology is the sociological study of societal-environmental interactions, although the focus of the field is on relationship between society and environment in general and the social factors that cause environmental problems in particular. Course Outlines: Week 1: Introductions to Environmental Sociology Week 2: Global environmental issues and society Week 3: Food and Agriculture Week 4: Critical Perspectives on the Alternative Food Movement Week 5: Human Dimensions of Environmental Change Week 6: Sustainability and Environmental Justice Week 7: Sustainability and Environmental Justice and Social Stratification Week 8: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters Week 9: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters Week 10: International Climate Issues Week 11: The human, economic, and political causes of climate change Week 12: Global Environmental Issues Week 13: Global Environmental Governance Week 14: Environmental Movements

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Week 15: Movements for Sustainability Week 16: Sustainable Consumption and its Politics Course Outcomes: After completing this course the students will be able to explore the various forms of interaction between human society and the environment, focusing on the social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments. Recommended Books: 1. David Goodman, Melanie DuPuis and Michael Goodman, Alternative FoodNetworks: Knowledge, Practice and Politics (Routledge 2011), chs. 7. 2. Kate Soper and Frank Trentmann, eds., 2008, Citizenship and Consumption (Palgrave MacMillan). 3. Theda Skocpol, “Naming the Problem: What It Will Take to Counter Extremism and Engage Americans in the Fight against Global Warming,” unpublished paper, Harvard University, January 2013. 4. Connolly J. and Prothero A. (2008), “Green Consumption: Life-politics, Risk and Contradictions,” Journal of Consumer Culture, 8(1), pp 117-145. 5. Shove, Elizabeth, 2005, “Changing human behavior and lifestyle: a challenge for sustainable consumption?” in Inge Ropke and Lucia Reisch (eds), The Ecological Economics of Consumption. Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 111-132. 6. Gottlieb, Robert. 2005. Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 7. Guha, Ramachandra. 2000. Environmentalism: A Global History. New York: Longman. 8. Pralle, Sarah. 2006. „„„I‟m Changing the Climate, Ask Me How!‟: The Politics ofthe Anti-SUV Campaign.” Political Science Quarterly 121(3):397-423. 9. Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, 2004, “The Death of Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World,” Breakthrough Institute http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_death_of_environmentalism.

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Course Outcomes: The students will be able to learn the various types of solid waste and how to handle and manage systems for wastes.

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Course Outline: Week 1: Application of ecological principles to modern farming systems Week 2: goals of long term food production without depleting Earth‟s resources Week 3: Explore on-farm and off-farm ecological implications of agricultural and livestock practices for crop biodiversity Week 4: Riparian and wetland systems Week 5: Agroforestry, soil fertility, and pasture Week 6: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystemsviz; enhance recycling of biomass and optimizing nutrient availability and balancing nutrient flow Week 7: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystems viz; enhance recycling of biomass and optimizing nutrient availability and balancing nutrient flow Week 8: Securing favorable soil conditions for plant growth Week 9: Particularly by managing organic matter and enhancing soil biotic activity Week 10: Particularly by managing organic matter and enhancing soil biotic activity Week 11: Minimizing losses due to flows of solar radiation Week 12: Air and water by way of microclimate management Week 13: Water harvesting and soil management through increased soil cover Week 14: Water harvesting and soil management through increased soil cover Week 15: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space Week 16: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space.

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RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP /TWO SPECIAL PAPERS Credit hours: 06

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CURRICULUM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES MS/MPhil-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (Revised December 26, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT

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SEMESTER 1 RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course Code. ENV-701 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to equip the students with the skills to undertake a project by planning, designing and defining a research problem; and select indicators and parameters of research and its methodologies. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to Research, Nature of Research, Purpose of Research, Ethics in Research Week 2: Types of Research, Tools of Research, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre- requisites for Scientific Research Week 3: Types of Questions, Types of Relationships, Variables, Hypothesis, Types of Data, Week 4: Starting a Research Project/Research Proposal, Research Project Conceptualization, Elements of a Research Proposal Week 5: Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question, Defining the Research Problem; Choosing the Research topics Week 6: Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research, Research Proposal Writing Techniques Week 7: Research Design; Importance of Research Design, Formulation of Research Design Reliability, validity, generalization, Experimental design and use of indicators in research, Tradeoffs in design decisions Week 8: Sampling Design; Introduction to sampling design, Logic of Sampling; Concepts and Terminologies, Types of Sampling Designs (Classifying experimental design, factorial design, randomized block design, covariance design, Quasi experimental design) Relationship among pre-post design. Advances in Quasi Experimentation Week 9: Survey of Research, Questionnaires construction Week 10: How to put things together? Introduction, Objectives, Material and Methods, Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search: Database, Search Engines; Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods; Week 11: Evaluation Research: How to carry out evaluation research, Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data, Week 12: Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire Week 13: Data Analysis: Conclusion, Validity - Statistical analyses, Week 14: Descriptive Statistics (Correlations) Inferential Statistics, Univariate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multivariate Analysis (T-Test, Generalized linear model, Factorial design, randomized block analysis, Analysis of covariance, Regression Analysis) Week 15: Data Interpretation, Current data interpretation with comparative studies (Inter laboratory comparison), Inference based on findings; Week 16: Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation Recommended Books: 1. Students project in Environmental Science, Harrad,S.,Batty,h., Diamon, M. and Arhonditsis, G, John and sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2008. 2. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.

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3. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2ndEdition, Univ. of Chicago Press. USA, 2003. 4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rdEdition, Sage Publishers. USA, 2003. 5. Gliner, J. A., & Morgan, G. A. (2000). Research methods in applied settings: an integrated approach to design and analysis. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Course Code. ENV-702 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: Climate Change Impacts Adaptation and Mitigation is an interdisciplinary course offered at MS level. The focus of the course is climate change impacts and the human response to climate change, including efforts to adapt to climate change, as well as efforts to avoid or reduce the negative impacts of climate change. The aim of the course is to give an understanding of climate change impacts, and provide the knowledge and tools to devise effective strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. After completion the students will be able to identify natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change, have knowledge of the direct observations of climate change, and describe the impacts of climate change on agriculture, forestry, ecosystems, water resources, society and human health. The objective of this course is to provide students with knowledge to learn the dimensions of proliferating effects of climate change on human life and its future generations. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction, types and their climatic effects, Week 2: Modeling of climate change, types of climate change models. Week 3: Climate Change and Wetlands: impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Week 4: Basic understanding of the physical science of climate change, Week 5: Climate change impacts and the human response to climate change. Week 6: Adaptation to climate change, natural and anthropogenic drivers and direct observations of recent climate change. Week 7: Potential adaptation strategies in different sectors. Week 8: Climate change impacts and adaptation practices for ecosystems, Week 9: Land use, water resources, society and human health, Week 10: Climate change mitigation strategies, Carbon sequestration, Week 11: Transition to carbon neutral energy sources, Week 12: Geo-engineering as well as measures to increase energy efficiency. Week 13: Climate change policy and social change, Week 14: International climate change negotiations, regulatory instruments, voluntary agreements and social change. Week 15: Climate change and food production, climate change and its effects on Week 16: Pakistan‟s agriculture, water resources, forests, etc. Recommended Books: 1. Adaptation to climate change /Mark Pelling. Abingdon, Oxon, England;New York Routledge,c 2010. 2. Dow, Kirstin, 1963 The atlas of climate change mapping the world‟s greatest challenge/Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing. London Earthscan, 2011. 3. Climate Change Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1stEdition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

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4. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton.(3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, 2004. 5. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach, Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2005. 6. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 7. IPCC Assessment Reports on Climate Change 8. Botkin D. & Keller E., 2000. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons. 9. Cunningham W.P., & Saigo, B.W., 2001. Environmental Science, 6th Ed. Mc-Graw Hill

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) Course Code. ENV-703 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: SEA is a rapidly evolving field around the World. The objective of this course is to explain theory, practice and methodology strategic environmental assessment. After completing this course, the students will be able to: 1. appreciate the relationship between SEA and environmental planning processes. 2. obtain a practical understanding of SEA methods and approaches. 3. develop and awareness of SEA effectiveness and performance requirements.

Course Outlines: Week 1-4: Environmental Assessment Introduction and concepts, Week 5-8: Methods and tools for EA Week 9: Strategic Environmental Assessment: Key concepts. Week 10: SEA legislation and process, Week 11: Regulatory and planning framework of SEA and Implementation, Week 12: SEA Tools and Techniques Week 13: SEA case studies: examples from a wide spectrum of sectors; Week 14: SEA case studies for Water and SEA case studies for Waste, Week 15: Future directions: Week 16: Cumulative impact assessment, Sustainability assessment. Recommended Books: 1. A Practical Guide to the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (2005) 2. Sheate, W.R. et al (2004) Implementing the SEA Directive. Sectoral Challenges and Opportunities for the UK and EU, European Environment, Vol 14 (2), 73-93 3. SEA and Integration of the Environment into Strategic Decision-Making: Report to EC (2001)

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SEMESTER 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Course Code. ENV-704 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The objective of this course is to impart skills and techniques necessary for measurement of different environmental pollutants. This course will enable the students to carryout monitoring and evaluation. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction; Week 2: Principles of physical, chemical and Week 3-4: Microbiological analysis of environmental pollutants, Week 5-6: Sampling Procedure for the examination of Water, Wastewater, Week 7: Air and Solid Waste; sampling rules, Week 8: Sample collection and preservation. Week 9: Laboratory Techniques Week 10-11: Field Monitoring for parameters of importance causing environmental pollution. Week 12: Environmental Chemical Analysis; Week 13: Principles for Instrumental Techniques using Spectroscopy, Week 14: Chromatography, Week 15: Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analyses etc. Week 16: Assessment and Interpretation of Results using Statistical Tools. Lab work: Analyses of Water, wastewater, air and solid wastes for pollutant determination; Instrumental analyses using Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analyses etc. Data Interpretation using Statistical Tools Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Engineering Laboratory. Ahmed, K.A one Publishers Lahore, Pakistan, 1998. 2. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. L. S. Clesceri, A. E. Greenberg, A. D. Eaton. 20th Edition. APHA publisher, USA, 1998.

ELECTIVE COURSE

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Course Code. ENV-705 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to provide knowledge about different chemical process occurring in the environment, various physical and chemical methods to minimize pollution and adverse effects of various pollutants on human health and toxicity. Course Outline: Week 1: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere, Week 2: Temperature changes in the atmosphere, units to describe atmospheric chemistry, Week 3: Chemical reactions in the atmosphere sources

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Week 4: Effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide Week 5: Volatile organic compounds, automobile pollutants Week 6: Industrial smog, Photochemical smog, production of hydroxyl radical, their reaction with hydrocarbons, Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates, chemistry of ground level air pollution. Week 8: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone, Week 9: Hydroxyl Radical cycle, NO cycle, the chlorine cycle, Null cycles Week 10: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment, Week 11: Green chemistry, its principles Week 12: Water pollution, Types of water pollutants oxidation Reduction reactions in aqueous systems. Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids. Week 14: Toxic organic compounds, pesticides, organochlorine insecticides, carbamates. Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems. Biomagnification and Biodegradation. Week 16: Toxic heavy metals and their Bioaccumulation. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Chemistry. Ibanez, J.G., Hemandez-Esparaz, M., Doria- Serrano, C., Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany.2008. 2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, lE., 1stEdition. Jones and Barlett, USA, 2005. 3. Environmental Chemistry. Baird Collin and Michael Cann. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York USA. 2008.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-706 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The course is designed to disseminate the best available information about the genetics, biochemical and Environmental agriculture related properties of the microorganisms and their possible exploitation in the production of food, vaccines , fermented products, antibiotics, diseases resistant crops, Bioremediation, Solid waste treatment and other similar areas in the most efficient and economic manner. Course Outline: Week 1: Fermentation Technology: Stages of fermentation process, Week 2: Isolation, screening, preservation and improvement of industrial microorganisms, Week 3: Media formulation, Sterilization, Inoculum development- The range of fermentation process, Submerged, Week 4: Solid state fermentation The chronological development of the fermentation industry, Week 5: The component parts of a fermentation, process Continuous culture, Fed- Batch culture, Chemo stat culture. Week 6: Process Engineering: Bioreactor- Design, Operation, Cell Harvesting, and Disruption

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Week 7: Product recovery and Purification, Instrumentation and Process Control, Types of bioreactors. Week 8: Fermentation Products: Alcohols, Alcoholic beverages, Week 9: Organic acids, Polysaccharides, antibiotics, Vitamins, Fermented Foods, Organic acids Week 10: Environmental Aspects: Mineral leaching with bacteria, microorganisms involved in the sulfide mineral leaching, chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation by bacteria, exploitation of bacterial sulfide mineral oxidation, dump and heap leaching, Week 11: In-situ bacterial leaching of ore, mineral concentrate-leaching utilization of bacterially generated solvents, heavy metal pollutants removal by bioaccumulation, Week 12: Degradation of toxic wastes, mechanisms of detoxification, biotechnological remedies, waste recovery, single cell protein, biogas technology. Week 13: Bioremediation: Microbial control of environmental pollution, Transport and fate Week 14: Biodegradation, microbial activities and Environmental effects on biodegradation Week 15: Transform of metal pollutants Week 16: Phytoremediation: Mechanisms involving removal of hazardous compounds and heavy metals from soil and water. Lab work: Production of Fermented Food Tempeh, Water analysis, Isolation and screening of metal resistant bacteria, Isolation and screening of metal resistant fungi, Demonstration of Fermenter, Sterilization Techniques, Identification of microbes. Recommended Books: 1. Glazer, A. N. 2007. Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology. 2nd Ed. Hiroshi Nikaido, Cambridge University Press, New York,USA. 2. Patrick, K. J. 2004 .Environmental Microbiology Principles and Applications. Biological Sciences Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

FRESHWATER ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-707 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is totrain the students for ecological analysis of freshwater habitats in terms of identification of flora and fauna and the interactions among them. At the end of the course, the students are expected to acquire the techniques for study of freshwater habitats. Course Outline: Week 1: Hydrology and Physiography of various types of freshwater systems. Week 2: Chemistry of various freshwater systems and associated organisms. Week 3: Physical relationships, Movement of light, heat and chemicals in water, Week 4: Hydrology and Physiography of groundwater and wetland habitats, Week 5: Physiography of lakes and reservoirs. Week 6: Types of aquatic organisms: Cyanobacteria, Eukaryotic Algae, Aquatic fungi, Protozoa, Week 7: Non-vascular plants and vascular plants. Week 8: Animals: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes and Nemertea,

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Week 8: Gastrotricha, Ŕotifera, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Fishes, Tetrapods; Week 10: Biodiversity of freshwaters, Measures of diversity, temporal and spatial factors, short term factors influencing local distribution. Week 11: Invasious of Nonnative species, extinction. Week 12: Chemicals in freshwater, Redox potential, potential energy and chemical transformations. Week 13: Distribution of dissolved oxygen in environment, transformations of carbon, fermentation, methanogenesis, Week 14: Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus and other Nutrients. Week 15: Effects of toxic chemicals and other pollutants on aquatic ecosystems, Week 16: Fish Ecology, Freshwater Ecosystems: Groundwater Ecosystems, Streams, Lakes and Reservoirs, Wetlands. Recommended Books: 1. Lampert, W. and Sommer, U., 2007. Limno-ecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams. Oxford University Press, New York. 2. Dodds, W.K., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Env. Applications. Academic Press. London. 3. Dodds, W.K. and Whiles, M.R., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology. 2nd Ed. Academic Press. London.

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-708 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: Environmental sociology is the sociological study of societal-environmental interactions, although the focus of the field is on relationship between society and environment in general and the social factors that cause environmental problems in particular. After completing this course the students will be able to explore the various forms of interaction between human society and the environment, focusing on the social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments. Course Outlines: Week 1-4: Foundations of Environmental Sociology; Week 4-8: Human Dimensions of Environmental Change; Week 9-10: Environmental Justice and Social Stratification; Week 11-13: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters; Week 14: Consumer Society. Week 15-16: Rotating topic seminars in Environmental Sociology should also be included. Recommended Books: 1. Gottlieb, Robert. 2005. Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 2. Guha, Ramachandra. 2000. Environmentalism: A Global History. New York: Longman.

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DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-709 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: This course will provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a wide range of aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable situations to the disaster management continuum. To underline the importance of disasters in socio-economic development, this course also aims to make an assessment of the consequences of „natural‟ catastrophic at both short and long terms. It finally tends to provide the students with basic knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability mitigation. Course Outlines: Week 1: Natural hazards and disasters: The need for hazard and disaster studies Week 2: Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research; Disaster its types Week 3: Natural vs Man-made; Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and their role, Prediction Week 4: Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability: Definitions and characterization, Different approaches and Indicators; Factors of vulnerability Week 5: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political factors, Physical factors Week 6: The impact of natural disasters: Direct and short-term impact of disasters, Indirect and long-term consequences of catastrophes Week 7: Disaster as an opportunity for development; Disaster Management: Week 8: Components of management, identifying communities at risk, International phenomenon Week 9: Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation: hard and soft measures; Earthquake Management, Flood Management: Organizational Week 10: Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Week 11: Role of Media in Disaster Management; Techniques and methods to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Week 12: Disaster Management Trainings and Policies, Pre-disaster management (Early warning system, emergency communication), Week 13: Common environmental disasters in Pakistan, Plate Tectonics and Physical Hazards Week 14: Earthquake and their damages, Week 15: Landslides and their down slope movements, Climate and weather related Hazards Week 16: Storms on the horizon, streams and flood processes, flood and human interactions, Coastal erosion. Recommended Books: 1. Natural Disasters, Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993. 2. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hydman, David Hyndman. 2006 Update. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman. ISBN-10: 0538737522. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd Edition, The Guilford Press, New York, 1993. 3. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager‟s Handbook. Carter N.W., ADB, Manila, 1991.

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4. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster, Anderson, M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder, UNESCO, Paris, 1989.

MARINE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-710 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To develop a basic understanding of marine pollution, its sources, impact of pollutants on the biotic and abiotic environment impacting the marine recourses. Develop a clear understanding of pollution control and management techniques. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to marine pollution, Week 2-3: Chronic and acute inorganic marine pollutants. Week 4-5: Chronic and acute organic marine pollutants. Week 6: Causes, effects and impacts on marine environment and humans. Week 7: Health of the oceans, Week 8-9: Various forms of environmental pollution as they affect both the land and maritime environment. Week 10: Control of pollution in marine and coastal environments Week 11: Pollution Management, Week 12: Ocean disposal: marine outfalls, shipboard wastes, Week 13-14: Ocean disposal: dumping of sludge, disposal of dredge spoil, radioactive wastes Impacts of ocean disposal. Week 15: Marine pollution control and mitigation measurements; Week 16: oil spills contingency plan and combating techniques. Recommended Books: 1. Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate: Sustainability and Economic Perspectives Kevin J. Noone‟ Ussif Rashid SumailaRobert J. Diaz 2013. 2. Marine Pollution and Human Health (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology) R E Hester, R M Harrison RSC Publications 2011 3. Coastal Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans (Marine Science) by Carl J. Sindermann (2005). 4. Marine Pollution and Its Control (McGraw-Hill series in water resources and environmental engineering) by Paul L. Bishop (1982). 5. Protecting the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution: Towards Effective International Cooperation by Daud Hassan (2006). 6. Transboundary Environmental Governance: Inland, Coastal and Marine Perspectives Robin Warner, Simon Marsden 2012

Journals/Periodicals: Marine Pollution Bulletin. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology. Marine Chemistry.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-711 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of the course is to provide the student with insight in the principles and important issues of environmental epidemiology. This course will focus on assessment of disease burden, measurement of exposure and interpretation of mortality, morbidity concepts. Upon completion of this course, it is assumed that students will be able to comprehend emerging diseases in the context of climate change and global environmental change. Course Outline: Week 1: Environmental risks to human health. Epidemics, endemics, and pandemics. Week 2: Epidemiology triangle. Disease concepts: Communicable and noncommunicable diseases and conditions. Modes of disease transmission and chain of infection. Portals of entry to the human body. Zoonoses. Week 3: Type of epidemiology: social, occupational, environmental, nutritional and infectious disease epidemiology. Week 4: Occupational health and industrial hygiene. Week 5: Disease surveillance and health impact assessment. Week 6: Basic concepts: rates, ratios, proportions and relative risks. Measures of association and odds ratio analysis. Week 7: Design strategies and experimental epidemiology: case-control studies, cohort studies, double-cohort studies. Week 8: Role of confounding factors in causation of disease. Web of causation. Sensitivity and Specificity. Week 9: Designing a randomized controlled trial. Week 10: Ethics in epidemiologic research. Week 11: Statistical Methods in Epidemiology: Sample size determination and statistical inference. Week 12: Integrating toxicological and epidemiological data. Week 13: Regression methods. Time-series, spatial analysis and meta-analysis in epidemiology. Week 14: Field Epidemiology: Epidemiological field work in population-based studies. Week 15: Exposure assessment, surveillance and screening methods. Week 16: Examples of case studies: cardiovascular, cancer, asthma and vector borne diseases. Recommended Books: 1. Ahrens, W. and Pigeot, I. (2013). Handbook of Epidemiology. 2nd Ed. Springer, London. UK. 2. Merril, R. M. and Timmreck, T. C. (2006). Introduction to Epidemiology. (4th ed.). Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA. 3. Merril, R. M. (2008). Environmental Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. (4thed.). Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA. 4. Aschengrau, A. and Seage, G. R. 2003. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA

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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-712 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course will provide the conceptual framework to the students for understanding of complex web of multiple dimensions of environmental issues linked with population and development.

Course Outline: Week 1: World Population: current scenario and future trends. Week 2: Framework for understanding population environment nexus, Week 3: Population size and environment, Week 4: Population distribution and environment. Week 5: Population composition and environment, Week 6: Population growth and climate change, Week 7: Population growth and land use change, Week 8: Research need for correlation studies. Week 9-10: Poverty-population- environment linkages in the context of migration and urbanization. Week 11: Population-development nexus: integrating environment and development. Week 12: Response to demographic crisis: Government responses, Week 13: Individual attitudes and perceptions, Week 14: Sustainable approach to population stabilization, Week 15: Population dynamics in Pakistan, Week 16: Pakistan‟s Biocapacity, resource consumption & crisis. Recommended Books: 1. Botkin D. & Keller E., 2000. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons 2. Cunningham W.P., & Saigo, B.W., 2001. Environmental Science, 6th Ed. McGraw- Hill.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Course Code. ENV-713 Credit hours 3 (2-1) Objectives: This course will provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments. After completion of this course, students will be able to understand the significance, and application of biotechnology in the environment. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to biotechnology, Week 2-3: Tools of environmental biotechnology, Week 4: Fundamentals of biological interventions, Week 5: Recombinant DNA Technology, Week 6: Genetic manipulations, Week 7: GMOs: Release and Regulations, Week 8: Environmental applications of GMOs, Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs,

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Week 10: Bio-strategies for pollution control, Week 11: Bioremediation, Week 12: Phytoremediation, biofilm, Week 13: Biomarkers, Biosensor, Bioreactors. Week 14-16: Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic organisms. Lab Work: Introduction to basic molecular techniques; Isolation, purification and preservation of DNA, Recombinant DNA technology, PCR.Gel Electrophoresis, DNA measurement through spectrophotometer. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, Hans-Joachim, J. and Josef, W. (ed.). Wiley-VCH Verlag, Germany, 2005. 2. Biotechnology,Smith, J.E., 5thEd. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 2009. 3. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission, Government of Pakistan. 2005. 4. Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application. Gareth M. Evans and Judith C. Furlong. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 2003. 5. Environmental Microbiology. 2ndEdition. 2010. Edited by Ralph Mitchell and Ji- Dong Gu. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey 6. Genetically Engineered Organisms: Assessing Environmental and Human Health Effects. 2002. Edited by Deborah K. Letourneau and Beth Elpern Burrows. CRC Press, USA

WETLAND MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-714 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: The course will be helpful to understand the ecological structure and functions of wetlands, significance of wetlands, sustainable use of wetlands, and know how to write a conservation and management plan for wetland. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to wetland ecosystem, Week 2: Wetland communities, Week 3-4:Wetland classification and inventory, Week 5-6: Wetland values, functions, and evaluation. Week 7-8: Identification of important flora and its role within the wetlands. Week 9-10: Identification of important fauna and its role within the wetlands. Week 11-12: Ecosystem approach to wetland management. Week 13: Participatory approach to wetland management. Week 14: Government regulations and policies on wetland, Week 15-16: Formulation of wetland management plans for Pakistan. Recommended Books: 1. William J. M. and James G. G. (2007). Wetlands. USA. 2. Falconer R A and Goodwin, P. (1994). Wetland Management. United Kingdom

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3. Mary, E.K., Roberts, P.B., Staphanie, F.G., Cindy, C.H., Arthur, D.S. and Jean, C.F. (1992). Wetlands: An approach to improving decision making in wetland restoration and creation. USA 4. Hammer, D.A. (1992). Creating freshwater wetlands. Chelsea, Michigan.

WILDLIFE AND FOREST CONSERVATION Course Code. ENV-715 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: This course will make the students familiar with the concepts of wildlife and forest management practices. It further aims to introduce factors that lead towards loss of wildlife and forest resources and its consequences on ecosystems. Course Outline: Week 1: Philosophy and concepts in wildlife management. Week 2: Biological, scientific, commercial, recreational, philosophical, educational, ethical, social values of wildlife and forests. Week 3: Variety of wildlife, abundance, evolution, Week 4: Ecological niches, competition and population dynamics. Week 5: National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves of Pakistan. Week 6: Impact of human population on habitat degradation and fragmentation. Week 7: Effect of pollution and overgrazing on wildlife and forest resources. Week 8: Role of databases in wildlife management. Week 9: Wildlife and habitat measurements: Week 10: Indices of ecological density, data collection and analyses for wildlife management. Week 11: Forests: their ecological and economic importance, Week 12: Factors affecting forest growth and management. Week 13: Status of forests in Pakistan, their types, distribution, management, deforestation and its control. Week 14: Participatory forest management. Week 15: Sustainable forest management. Week 16: Rangeland management as mitigating measure to resolve human wildlife conflicts. Recommended Books: 1. Bailey, J. A. 1998. Principals of Wildlife Management. John-Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. 2. Hosetti, B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife management. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 3. Sinclair, A. R. E., J. M. Fryxell and G. Caughley. 2006. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management. 2nd Ed. Blackwell Publishing, New York, USA.

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Course Code. ENV-716 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: The overarching aim of this graduate course is to enable the students to learn how the energy scenario is building globally in the context of environmental and economic concerns. The specific objectives are to enable the students to: gain knowledge of the dynamics of energy in the environment learn about skills and techniques of obtaining energy from various sources develop attitude for using energy from alternative sources with efficiency Course Outline: Week 1: Matter and energy in nature; Week 2: Flow of energy in nature in ecosystem, Week 3: Carbon cycle in nature, Week 4: Energy efficiency in nature. Week 5: Fossil fuels and their environmental effects; Greenhouse effect and acid rain etc. Week 6: Renewable energy principles; fluid mechanics, thermodynamics etc. Week 7: Solar radiation characteristics, measurements and local data. Week 8:Passive use of solar energy (water heating, air heating, crop dryers, space heating, water desalination, solar ponds and solar concentrators etc) Week 9: Photovoltaic; Micro-hydroelectric plants; Week 10: Wind power; Concept and Principles, evaluating potential to use this resource, Week 11: Biofuels; Ethanol from Biomass; Week 12: Wave and tidal and ocean thermal energy; Week 13: Geothermal energy; Week 14: Energy storage (batteries and fuel cells etc.). Week 15: Hydrogen from renewable energy sources. Week 16: Role of energy in Green Economy Recommended Books: 1. Walisiewicz, M and Gribbin, J (ed.), 2002. Alternative Energy (Essential Science Series). D K Publishing. 2. Hoffmann, P., 2002. Tomorrow’s Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and the Prospects for a Cleaner Planet. MIT Press. 3. Cassedy, E.D., 2002. Prospects for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment. Cambridge University Press. 4. Trivedi, P.R. and Raj, Gurdeep., 1992. Environmental Energy Resources. Akashdeep Publishing, New Delhi.

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REMOTE SENSING AND GIS Course Code. ENV-717 Credit hours 3 (2-1) Objectives: The main objectives of the RS & GIS are to maximize the efficiency of decision making and planning, provide efficient means for data distribution and handling, eradication of the duplicated data, integration of information from many sources. Remote sensing (RS) Geographical Information System (GIS) and had been one of the key subprojects envisaged in the National Information System. The attempts of a digital description of that world create a computerized GIS which is usually a partial description of the world in relation with some feature tasks. Course Outline: Week 1: Review of Basic Remote Sensing, Week 2: Electromagnetic Spectrum. History and data collection, Week 3: Advantages and limitations of Remote Sensing process. Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere. Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms. Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing. Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape. Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Week 9: Image Processing: Image enhancement, Histogram, stretching, colour palettes, Week 10: Contrast enhancement, Linear Stretch , Histogram equalization, Interpretation, visual interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps. Week 11: Review of Geographic Information System(GIS). Week 12: Integration with other technologies and its importance. Week 13: Data acquisition, analysis and output. Types of data used in GIS. Week 14: Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems. Week 15: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation, Week 16: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS. Lab Work: Review of Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster to vector data. Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for different application, Ground Truthing. Thematic Maps Generation, Preparation of GIS Maps for different utilities. Recommended Books: 1. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Thomas Lillesand (Author), Ralph W. Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6 edition (2007) 2. Fundamentals of remote sensing and airphoto interpretation Prentice Hall series in geographic information science Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, Graydon Lennis Berlin Edition 5, 2009 ISBN0023050357 3. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. Harvey, F. Guilfoud Press, New York, 2009. 4. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mission. Lulla, K and L. V. Dess inov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000. 5. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. McGraw-Hill Education. 2008. 6. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R. Pearsons Education, Inc. 2000.

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTS AND MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-718 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The course aims to review the forms of hazards and their associated risks, define the elements of risk assessment and describe the types of information needed for each element of risk assessment, describe the ways to risk identification, estimation of magnitude of the potential risks and illustrate different approaches of exposure assessment, explain the principles of risk management and control strategies and outline the approaches to managing the environmental emergencies. Course Outline: Week 1: Environmental risk assessment and management; the what‟s, whys and how‟s a historical perspective Week 2: Risk assessment to human health from chemicals in the environment. Week 3: Risk assessment to ecological systems from chemicals, from biological introductions (excluding genetically modified organisms). Week 4: Evaluation of the likelihood of, major accidents in industrial processes Week 5: Assessing risks to ecosystems and human health from genetically modified organisms. Week 6: Retrospective assessment, eco-epidemiology and ecological monitoring. Week 7: Hazard identification, dose and exposure assessment, risk quantification, Epidemiology and environmental risk assessment. Week 8: Risk assessment in legislation: Application of risk assessment in policy and legislation in developed and developing countries. Week 9: Balancing risks with other considerations: The psychology of risk and uncertainty, the economics of risk. Valuing risks. Natural hazards, risk analysis and risk management. Week 10: Risk management: Principles, approaches and concepts: Corporate chemical management; a risk based approach. Week 11: Environmental risk assessment in business. Week 12: Risk assessment and management for water treatment and disposal. Week 13: Risk assessment and management in the exploitation of the seas. Week 14: Risk assessment and management for inland waters. Week 15: Environmental risk assessment in development programmes, the experience of World Bank. Week 16: Risk communication. A framework for sustainable product development.

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4. Questionnaires design and epidemiological studies for risk assessment and formation of recommendations for risk management in industrial, agricultural, rural and urban setups. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Risk Analysis. (2001). Larche, I. and Paleologos, E. K. McGraw-Hill NY, USA. 2. Occupational Health Hazards and Remedies. (2002). Mohapatra, R. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd., India. 3. Biosafety Management: Principles and Applications. (2000). Tarynor, P. L. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Publications. USA. 4. Environmental Risk Evaluation of Polluted Soils. (2000). Riviere, J. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. India. 5. Environmental Hazards: Plants and People. (2000). Iqbal, M., Srivastava, P. S.and Siddiqi, T. O. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION Course Code. ENV-719 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: Bioremediation is the study of role of living entities in treatment of contaminated environments. The course will emphasize how bioremediation works and the students will also learn the role of microbes and different enzymes in bioremediation. This course will also help to design different bioremediation strategies. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to biodegradation and bioremediation. Week 2: Types and nature of recalcitrants, Week 3: Types and nature of xenobiotics. Week 4: Types and mechanisms of biodegradation and bioremediation. Week 5-7: Bioremediation of organic pollutants (hydrocarbons, PCBs, PAHs, halogenated compounds, plastics, dyes, herbicides and pesticides). Week 8: Bioremediation of heavy metals. Week 9-10: Various methods and technologies used for remediation. Week 11: Role of enzymes in bioremediation. Week 12: Factors effecting bioremediation. Week 13: Aerobic and anaerobic degradation pathways of contaminants. Week 14: Microbial ecology and metabolism. Week 15: Microbial community dynamics during bioremediation. Week 16: Molecular strategies used to explore the role of microbes in bioremediation. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Microbiology, 2nd Edition, Mitchell, T., G. J-Dong. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2010). 2. Bioremediation: Applied Microbial Solutions for Real-World Enviornment Cleanup by Ronald M. Atlas and Jim Philp (2005). 3. Environmental Biotechnology. Concepts and Applications. Jordening H.-J., J. Winter. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (2005). 4. Biodegradation and Bioremediation- Vol 2. Singh and Ajay Springer- Verlang Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. Kg, Germany (2004).

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5. Biodegradation and Biocatalysis. Wackett, L. P., C. D Hershberger. ASM Press, American Society for Microbiology, N. W. Washington, DC (2001).

SUSTAINABBLE AGRICULTURE Course Code. ENV-721 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To extend students' knowledge about management of agricultural resources on sustainable basis. Course Outline: Week 1: Concept of sustainable agriculture. Week 2: Threatened agricultural resources in Pakistan; soil, water and environment. Week 3: Sustaining soil resources. Organic farming Week 4: Soil erosion control. Week 5: Soil natural amendments; sewage sludge and other organic wastes. Week 6: Sustaining water resources. Week 7: Control of run-off and evaporation losses, Week 8: Reduction of water losses from deep percolation, Week 9: Use of salt tolerant and drought resistant crops and varieties. Week 10: Reduction of agricultural pollutants. Week 11: Optimum use of agricultural chemicals, fertilizers. Week 12: Cropping systems to sustain productivity. Week 13: Multiple cropping, rotations, N-fixation, mycorhizae and alternate land uses. Week 14: Compromise between higher yields and resource conservation. Week 15: Principles and strategies for designing sustainable farming systems. Week 16: Site specific technological options for sustainable crop production. Recommended Books: 1. Shaw, T. 2010. Dryland Farming. Nabu Press, USA 2. Dixit,R.S.2007.Croppingsystemsresearch.KalyaniPub.New Dehli. 3. Lichtfouse, E., M. Nanarrete, B. Debacke, and V. Souchere. 2009. Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, The Netherland. 4. Reddy, T.Y. and G.H.S. Reddy. 2002. Principles of Agronomy. 3rdEdition, Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi. 5. DAS, P.C. 2000. Crops and their production technology under different conditions. 1stEdition. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi.

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HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-722 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The objective of this course to provide orientation to the students on importance of occupational safety, health and environment. Course Outline: Week 1: Health, safety and environment: Hazards; Physical, mechanical, biological, chemical and psychological hazards and stress. Week 2: Health and environment, Environmental safety, Week 3: Hazards identification and risk assessment and management process. Week 4: Work place environment: Occupational safety and health issues in industries, construction, agriculture and service sectors, Accidents, injuries and workplace fatalities statistics, Week 5: Occupational safety and health management systems (international and national). Week 6: Safety Management: Regulations of health, safety and environment. Week 7: Internal control and management philosophy, Duties and rights, strategies and goals, Week 8: Roles and responsibilities of occupational health and safety professionals. Week 9: Key principles of management and HSE, Measures and models for HSE, Week 10: Organizational environment, HSE statutes and regulations, Establishing HSE plans, Week 11: Challenges of health within working environment, external environment and safety, Week 12: Different tools and instruments. Culture, Behaviour, Interactions, participation and communication, health surveillance, injury reporting, Week 13: Emergency response procedures; fires, spills, leaks etc. Week 14: Preparedness and monitoring of adverse events and follow-ups, Case studies. Week 15: Work place safety and health: Assessing current practices and promoting change in the profession, Personnel Protective Equipment, Week 16: Formulation of Standard operating procedures, Human Factors and Ergonomic, Planning, decision making and problem solving. Recommended Books: 1. Reese, C. D. 2012. Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group. USA 2012 2. English, P. F. 2012. Safety Performance in a Lean Environment: A Guide to Building Safety into a Process (Occupational Safety & Health Guide Series), CRC press. Taylor and Francis group. USA. 3. Salvendy, G. 2012. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. 4th ed., John Willey Inc. New Jersey, USA. 4. Pain, S. W. 2008. Safety, Health and Environmental Auditing: A Practical Guide. CRC press. Taylor and Francis group. USA.

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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-723 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to provide knowledge about the linkages of energy with environment and the importance of renewable energy. Course Outline: Week 1: Forms of energy, Week 2-3: Sources of energy and their environmental/health concerns, Week 4: Non-renewable and renewable sources: fossil fuels, Week 5-6: Non-renewable and renewable sources: nuclear, solar, wind, Week 7: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydel, tidal, Week 8-9: Non-renewable and renewable sources: waste-to-energy, bio-fuels, Week 10: Non-renewable and renewable sources: thermal, fuel cells, Week 11: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydrogen as energy carrier etc. Week 12: Overview of energy sources in Pakistani perspective; Week 13: Losses of energy and its conservation; Week 14: Building, insulation, cooling, lighting etc. Week 15: Materials, hybrid vehicles; Week 16: Future trends in energy production and conservation. Recommended Books: 1. Energy & Environmental Security: A Cooperative Approach in South Asia. Suba Chandran, D. and Jeganaathan, J. (Eds.). IPCS, New Delhi, India. 2011 2. Biomass, Energy, and Environment: A Developing Country Perspective from India. Ravindranath, N. H. and Hall D. O. Oxford University Press, USA. 1995. 3. Energy: Its Use and the Environment. Roger A. Hinrichs, Merlin H. Kleinbach. Cengage Learning; 5th edition. 2013.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-724 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The course will provide a comprehensive introduction to carbon sequestration and its role in the environmental sustainability. Course Outline: Week 1: Carbon sequestration Week 2: Introduction and concepts Week 3: Global carbon cycle Week 4: Carbon emissions Week 5: Carbon capture and storage Week 6: Soil organic matter and terrestrial C cycle Week 7: Terrestrial biosequestration Week 8: Soil enzymes and plants in C sequestration Week 9-10: Role of C sequestration in the climate change mitigation Week 11: Factors influencing C accumulation Week 12: National and International adaptation and mitigation plans Week 13: Carbon foot prints Week 14: Carbon offsets

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Week 15: Carbon trading Week 16: Carbon credits and clean development mechanisms Recommended Books: 1. Carbon capture: Sequestration and storage. Hester, R.E. and R.M. Harrison. Vol 29. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2010. 2. Plant litter: Decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration. Berg, B. and C. McClaugherty. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2008. 3. Climate change and terrestrial C sequestration in Central Asia. R. Lal, M. Suleimenov, P. Doraiswamy, P. Wall and D. Hansen. (Eds) Taylor and Francis, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2007.

ADVANCES IN PLANT ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-725 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to update the students about recent developments in plant ecology and physiological modifications with reference to environment, its conservation and management. Course Outline: Week 1: Global aspects of plant ecology Week 2: Life history strategies of plants Week 3: survival and extinction Week 4: Plant population dynamics Week 5: Species richness Week 6: vegetation dynamics, fine–scale to large–scale dynamics Week 7: Leaf Energy Budgets Week 8: Effects of Radiation and Temperature Week 9: Life Cycles: annuals and perennials Week 10: Environmental influences and plant adaptations Week 11: Biotic Influences: symbiotic associations Week 12: Pathogenicity, parasitic associations and carnivory. Ecological Biochemistry Week 13: Allelopathy and defense against herbivores Week 14: Plant invasions and its threats of plant diversity Week 15-16: Conservation, management and restoration of threatened plant communities. Recommended Books: 1. Vegetation Ecology. Ed. Maarel, ED. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 2005. 2. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Silvertown, J. & Charlesworth, D. Blackwell Publishing.Oxford UK. 2005. 3. Plant Physiological Ecology. Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin, Francis Stuart Chapin (III.), Thijs L. Pons, Springer, 2008. 4. Plant Ecology. Shulze, E.D; Beck, E & Muller-Hohenstein, K. Springer, Berlin. 2005.

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BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Course Code. ENV-726 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The objectives of this course are to develop a thorough understanding among the students about threats to biodiversity and its conservation using ex-situ and in-situ approaches and laws and policies related to species and habitat conservation. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction, biological diversity, Global and national biodiversity Week 2: Ecological and economic values of biodiversity Week 3: Monetizing Economic tools to promote conservation of Biodiversity Week 4: Extinction of Species; The process of extinction Week 5: Characteristics of declining populations Week 6: Influence of humanity on extinction and loss of biodiversity Week 7: Protection and restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems; Translocation and reestablishment Week 8: The role of ecological restoration in conservation Week 9: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation Week 10: Protected areas, their types and role in conservation, Establishment and management of protected areas Week 11: Ex-situ Conservation strategies (The role of botanic gardens, Gene banks and germplasm conservation, Zoological Gardens and Aquaria) Week 12: Population Management; Maintaining population characteristics Week 13: Viable population planning and risk analysis, Field study techniques, Habitat fragmentation Week 14: The Role of Institutions and Policymaking in Conservation Week 15: Types of institutions and their roles in conservation, Institution and policy challenges for conservation biology, Conservation Legislation Week 16: Conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan, problems and solutions. Recommended Books: 1. A Primer of Conservation Biology. 5th Ed. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ. Sunderland. 2012. 2. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Orient Blackswan Bawa, K., Primack, S., Oommen, R.B. and Anna, M., 2011. ISBN # : 9788173717246. 3. Essentials of conservation Biology, 5th Ed., Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B associates Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010. 4. Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications. 2nd Ed. Dyke, F.V., Springer, 2010.

URBAN ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-727 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to develop a thorough understanding of the influence of urbanization and urbanized areas on populations, communities, ecosystem and human societies. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to urban ecology

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Week 2: Humans as components of urban ecosystems Week 3-4: Global urbanization patterns (past, present, future) and recent trends in Pakistan Week 5: Populations and community diversity in the urban environment Week 6: Urbanization effects on environmental health Week 7: Functions in urban ecosystem: growth Week 8-9: Productivity, disease, exotic species and invasive species in urban areas Week 10: Landscape signature and urban heat-island effect Week 11: Ecological design and sustainable cities Week 12: Concept of urban green spaces for people and biodiversity Week 13: Urban inequalities and slum area characteristics Week 14: Urban health and emerging diseases Week 15-16: Urban land use planning and management in Pakistan. Recommended Books: 1. Urban Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gaston, K.J. (ed.) 2010. 2. Applied Urban Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, UK. Richter M and U. Weiland (ed.) 2012. 3. Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser, C., CRC Press LLC. USA, 2000.

LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICES Course Code. ENV-728 Credit hours 3 (1-2) Objectives: The objectives of this course are to impart skills for sampling techniques and identification of sampling locations where high molecular-mass organic compounds and metals may accumulate, provide understanding about sampling and sample variability in air, water, land, solid and waste analysis, impart skills for the range of the methods needed for subsequent chemical analysis i.e., from classical to instrumental methods including Mass spectrometer, UV/visible spectrophotometer, Infrared spectrometer, NMR, GC-MS, HPLC etc. and train for methods to interpret the result of analysis and quality assurance. Course Outline: Week 1: The environmental issues Reasons for concern, Pollution. The necessity of chemical analysis Week 2: Transport of pollutants in the environment and approaches to their analysis: Sources, dispersal, re-concentration and degradation Week 3: Transport and reconcentration of neutral organic compounds; Bio- concentration, Accumulation in sediments Week 4: Bio-magnification and Degradation Week 5: Transport and reconcentration of, metal ions: Solubilization Week 6: Deposition and uptake by organisms and What is safe level Week 7: Sampling and sampling variability: Representative sampling Week 8: Samples storage and Critical path and critical group Week 9: Water analysis-Major constituents: Sampling Week 10: Techniques for analysis of common ions; UV/visible spectrometry Week 11: Emission spectrometry (Flame photometry), lon-chromatography and Examples of uses of other techniques Week 12: Water analysis-Trace pollutants: Organic trace pollutants

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Week 13: Sampling and storage, Extraction techniques for chromatographic analysis Week 14: Gas chromatography, Liquid chromatography, immunoassay and Spectrometric methods Week 15: Metal ions; Storage of samples, Pre-treatment, Atomic spectrometry, Visible Spectrometry, Anodic stripping voltametry and Examples. Ultra-trace analysis Week 16: Analytical methods; Mass spectrometry detection, Quantification, Gas chromatography and Examples. Quality control and quality assurance. Lab Work: 1. Extraction of chlorophyll from plant material. 2. Determination of amount of Fe (II) in a given industrial water sample by visible spectrometry. 3. Quantification of lead in industrial wastewater. 4. Determination of total alkalinity due to Carbonate and Bicarbonate ions present in a given sample. 5. Separation of neutral, acidic/basic organic components by using separating funnel. 6. Complex metric titration for the detection of temporary and permanent hardness of water in terms of ppm. 7. Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH and Conductivity of industrial effluents.

Recommended Books: 1. Carson, P.and Mumford, C. 2002. Hazardous Chemical Handbook. 2nd Ed. Butterworth-Heinmann. Oxford, UK. 2. Patnaik, P.1997. Handbook of Environmental Analysis: Chemical Pollutants in Air, Water, Soil, and Solid Wastes .CRC Press Inc. USA. 3. Extraction }'; Methods for Environmental Analysis. 1999. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. UK.

RESTORATION ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-729 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objectives of this course are to develop an understanding among the students of the need and approach of ecological restoration at species, population and landscape level and to enable them to apply their knowledge in real world situation. Course Outline: Week 1: The Background; Introduction and Philosophy, Rationale for Restoration Week 2: The Ecological Context; A Landscape Perspective Week 3: A Species Population Perspective Week 4: The Evolutionary Context; A Species Perspective Week 5: Manipulation of the Physical Environment; Terrestrial Ecosystems, Wetlands and still waters Week 6: Manipulation of the Chemical Environment Week 7: Manipulating the Chemical Environment of the Soil Week 8: Chemical Treatment of Water and Sediments Week 9: Manipulation of the Biota; In Terrestrial Ecosystems, In Aquatic Ecosystems Week 10: Monitoring and Evaluation Week 11: Restoration in a changing climate Week 12: Biological invasions, resilience and restoration

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Week 13: Restoration Policy and Infrastructure Week 14: Social and institutional support Week 15: Restoration policy in Pakistan and other countries Week 16: Case Studies. Recommended Books: 1. Clewell, A.F. 2013. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession. 2nd Edition. Island Press. 2. Andel, J.V. and J. Aronson (Eds.). 2012. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier. 2nd Edition. Blackwell. 3. Galatowitsch, S.M. 2012. Ecological Restoration. Sinauer Associates. 4. Howell, E.A., Harrington, J.A. and Glass, S.G. 2011. Introduction to Restoration Ecology. Island Press. 5. Perrow, M.R. and A.J. Davy. (Eds.). 2002. Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Vol. 1.Principles of Restoration.Cambridge University Press. 6. Perrow, M.R. and A.J. Davy. (Eds.). 2002. Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Vol. 2.Restoration in Practice.Cambridge University Press.

GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-730 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objective: The objective of the course to draw linkages of environmental degradation with gender and the role it can play in addressing the environmental degradation. Course Outline: Week 1: Gender and Environment: Concepts, issues and perspectives Week 2: Eco feminism, theories related to Eco feminism, Gender, environment and sustainable environment Week 3: Emerging perspectives on gender and environment: Relationship between Woman and Nature Week 4: Question of domination of women and nature rooted in patriarchal ideology. Feminist critiques of science and western concepts of development Week 5: Relationship of gender division of labor structure and the natural world Week 6: Women in the two-thirds world: environmental degradation and the struggle for survival Week 7: The Green Revolution and its impacts on food production. Cash crop production, appropriation and degradation of land Week 8: Affect of environmental degradation on the lives of poor women. Women, water, fuel and forest resources Week 9: Gender division of labor and environmental impacts on women's work. Women's traditional ecological knowledge Week 10: Poverty, survival and women's roles in maintaining the means of sustenance Week 11: Dialogues with and within ecological feminism: Women engagement in environmental action Week 12: Ecofeminist perspectives on gender and environment, Major weaknesses of ecofeminist theory and practice Week 13: Political action and cultural transformation: Ecofeminist politics, ethics, and spirituality. Week 14: Issues in cultural transformation and cultural appropriation Week 15: Greenham Common, Chipko Movement, Kenya Green Belt Movement

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Week 16: World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, Local stories of women and environmental action Recommended Books: 1. Nightingale, A. (2006) 'The nature of gender:Work, gender, and environment', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24: 165– 185 2. McIlwaine, C. and K. Datta (2003) 'From feminizing to engendering development', Gender, Place and Culture 10: 369–382 3. Rodda, A. (1991) Women and the Environment, London: Zed Books 4. Dankelman, Irene. (2003) Gender, Environment and Sustainable Development: 5. Varadarajan, "Women and Environment Eco-feminists‟ perspectives". In Empowerment of Women and Ecological Development 2002:445) 6. Kurian, P. (2000) Engendering the Environment? Gender in the World Bank's Environmental Policies, Aldershot: Ashgate

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS Course Code. ENV-731 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course provides a comprehensive approach of Global Environmental Politics. It gives insight in leading international environmental issues and global politics about environment. Course Outline: Week 1-2: Global environmental politics as a discipline and its historical perspective Week 3: Actors and institutions in global environmental politics Week 4:Role of states, international organizations Week 5: Domestic politics and corporations in global environmental issues Week 6: Environmental justice movements Week 7: Environmental security uncertainty Week 8: North-South relations Week 9: Participation and citizenship as key factor in shaping global politics Week 10-11: Political ecology, climate change and globalization Week 12: Trade in hazardous waste, endangered species and genetically modified foods Week 13: International treaties and regional agreements Week 14: Transboundary disputes and environmental threats Week 15-16: Environmental advocacy at global, regional and local level.

Recommended Books: 1. Kutting, G. 2010. Global Environmental Politics: Concepts, Theories and Case Studies. Routledge. 2. Chasek, P. S., D. L. Downie, J. W. Brown, 2010. Global Environmental Politics, Dilemmas in World Politics Series, Westview Press, 3. Macmillan, P. 2000. Understanding Global Environmental Politics. 4. Elliott, L. M.1998. The global politics of the environment. New York University, pp 311.

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COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-732 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To have a better understanding of Coastal Marine and offshore Areas, Marine Ecosystems. Economic significance of coast line. Coastal phenomena, coastal erosion and accretion, Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Course Outline: Week 1-2: Develop a Clear understanding of Definitions and boundaries of coastal and offshore areas of Pakistan Week 3: Coastal ecosystems Week 4-5: Mangroves, Coral reefs, rocky, sandy, muddy shores and biotic communities Week 6-7: Understanding of coastal Physical phenomena that generate potential energy from Tides, Waves, and Ocean Thermal Energy Week 8: Significance, Coastal erosion and accretion Week 9-10: Pelagic and Demersal Living Resources and products of natural marine ecosystems Week 11: Non Living Marine Resources Week 12-13: Impact of coastal pollution on coastal resources and amenities Week 14: Develop integrated coastal management, conservation and sustainable development of resources Week 15-16: The course will be complimented by Assignment and case studies. Students assess the assigned projects of interests for development, conservation of coastal areas, ecosystems and critical habitats. Recommended Books: 1. Oceanography, An Invitation to Oceanography 2009 by Paul R. Pinet 2. Oceanography, an introduction to the Marine Environment by Peter K. Weyl. 2008 3. Oceanography: A view of the Earth by Grant Gross. 20

AGROCHEMICALS IN ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-733 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: Te objective of this course is to demonstrate the negative and positive impact of use of agrochemicals in the short term and in long term. Course Outline: Week 1: Agrochemicals: Fertilizers, pesticides Week 2-3: Soil conditioners, hormones, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics) and fumigants Week 4: Fate of agrochemicals in the environment Week 5-6: Sorption/desorption, movement, drift, volatilization, availability, leaching and decay Week 7: Impact of agrochemicals on public health and environment Week 8: Environmental exposure to pesticides Week 9: Fertilizer pollution measurement and prediction models Week 10: Pest resistance and phyto-toxicity Week 11: Safe handling and awareness about agrochemicals Week 12-13: Factors affecting use for agrochemicals and environmental outcomes Week 14: Efficient use of agrochemicals

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Week 15-16: Management practices and strategies to control agrochemical pollution. Recommended Books: 1. Cheremisinoff, N.P. and P.E. Rosenfeld. 2011. Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. Best Practices in Agrochemical Industry. Elsevier, Kidlington, UK. 2. Matthews, G.A. 2006. Pesticides: Health, Safety and the Environment. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA, USA. 3. Wheeler, W.B. 2005. Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment. Marcel and Dekker, Inc. New York, USA. 4. Sparks, D.L. 2003. Environmental Soil Chemistry. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.

REMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR CONTAMINANTED ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-734 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Course Outline: Week 1-2: Environmental remediation; Factors affecting remediation efficiency Week 3-4: Evaluating speciation and contaminant availability in polluted environment Week 5: Factors affecting contaminant degradation Week 6: Remediation strategies Week 7: Natural attenuation, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation Week 8: Conventional methods Week 9: Physical techniques Week 10: Chemical Oxidation and other chemical treatments Week 11: Photocatalytic processes Week 12: Electrochemical techniques Week 13: Chemical and biological sorption Week 14: Integrated approaches for remediation Week 15: Application of nano-materials Week 16: Social and economic aspects of remediation. Recommended Books: 1. Ghafoor, A., G. Murtaza, M.Z. Rehman, M. Sabir, H.R. Ahmad and Saifullah. 2012. Environmental Pollution: Types, Sources and Management. Allied Book Centre, Lahore. 2. Sarkar, B. 2002. Heavy Metals in the Environment. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA. 3. Raskin, I. and B.D. Ensley. 2000. Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, USA. 4. Lens, P., T. Grotenhuis, G. Malina and H. Tabak. 2005. Soil and Sediment Remediation: Mechanisms, Technologies and Applications. IWA Publishing, London, UK.

TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER Course Code. ENV-735 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Course Outline: Week 1: The nature and sources of wastewater Week 2: Modern wastewater treatment

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Week 3: Primary treatment Week 4: Secondary treatment Week 5: Tertiary treatment Week 6-7: Removal of pathogens by sewage treatment process Week 8-9: Removal of organics and inorganics by sewage treatment processes Week 10: Oxidation Ponds Week 11: Septic tanks Week 12: Use of treated wastewater Week 13: Wetland and Aqua culture system Week 14: Sludge processing and land application of biosolids Week 15-16: Biofuel production from wastewater. Recommended Books: 1. Sharma, S.K. and R. Sanghi (eds.). 2012. Wastewater Reuse and Management. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. 2. Maier, R.M., I.L. Pepper and C.P. Gerba. 2009. Environmental Microbiology. 2ndEd. Academic Press, London, UK. 3. Tchobanoglous, G. F.L. Burton and D.H. Stensel. 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. 4. APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association. Washington, DC.

ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIALS Course Code. ENV-736 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to nanomaterials Week 2-3: Application of nanomaterials in: remediation of polluted soil and water Week 4-5: pollutant sensing and detection Week 6: filtration membranes, green chemistry Week 7: Nanomaterials as adsorbents Week 8-9: Nanomaterials for groundwater remediation Week 10: Use of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents Week 11-12: Renewable energy and nanotechnology Week 13-14: Eco-toxicological risks associated with nano-materials Week 15-16: Future challenges in nanotechnology. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Nanotechnology: Applications and Impacts of Nanomaterials. Mark R. Wiesner and Jean-Yves Bottero. The McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, USA. 2007. (http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/environmentalnanotechnology- applications-and-impacts-of-nanomaterials) 2. Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials Synthesis, Sorbents and Sensors. Glen E Fryxell and Guozhong Cao. World Scientific. 2007.

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GREEN ECONOMY Course Code. ENV-737 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: The objective of this course is to develop understanding of basic principles of green economy within the economic, energy and food security context of the country and the region. Course Outline: Week 1: The concept of green economy, Week 2-3: Framework of policies and approaches that accelerates progress toward sustainable development goals. Week 4: Caron foot prints Week 5: Carbon footprint assessment, Week 6: Carbon trading and carbon sequestration, Week 7-8: REDD and REDD plus mechanisms. Week 9-10: Employment and labor market policies for Green Jobs in context of Pakistan. Week 11-12: Role of Microfinance in Promoting Renewable Energy. Week 13-14: Institutional Framework for Renewable Energy and community adaptation. Week 15: Entrepreneurship in Energy Solutions. Week 16: Green economy and its relationship to Livelihood and Poverty Alleviation. Recommended Books: 1. Lightfoot, H. Douglas, et al, “Nuclear Fission Fuel is Inexhaustible”, Climate Change Technology Conference: Engineering Challenges and Solutions in the 21stCentury, Engineering Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 10-12, 2006. 2. Boyd, David R, Sustainability within a generation: a new vision for Canada, The David Suzuki Foundation, ISBN 0-9689731-6-7, 2004. 3. Day, Danny M. et al, Distributed Hydrogen Production with Profitable Carbon Sequestration: A Novel Integrated Sustainable System for Clean Fossil Fuel Emissions and a Bridge to the New Hydrogen Economy and Global Socio-Economic Stability, National Hydrogen Association Conference, Washington, DC., Poster Presentation, March 4-8, 2003. 4. Lehmann, J., D. Kern, B., Glaser, W. Woods, Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, ISBN 1-4020- 1839-8, 2003. 5. Love, Murray, et al, Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Systems: Spatial and Storage Requirements, Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria (IESVic) and Love, Murray, "Land Area and Storage Requirements for Wind and Solar Generation to Meet the US Hourly Electrical Demand", M.A.Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria, August 2003.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION Course Code. ENV-738 Credit hours 3 (2-1) Objectives: The course is designed to impart knowledge and understanding of the environmental education, introduce various concepts of environmental education at different levels, provide guidelines for the design and development of resource materials for environmental education, train and develop skills for teaching and learning in environmental education with reference to environmental issues and to provide the insight of status of environmental education at national, regional and global levels. Course Outline: Week 1: Education: Knowledge, Information, Education and awareness, Skills, Values, Attitude, Behaviour, Beliefs, Norms Week 2: Environmental Education: Aims of environmental education, Types of environmental education Week 3: Teaching and learning: Four stages of learning, Teaching learning theories and EE, How people learn, Types of learners, Role of teacher/educator Week 4: Teaching learning approaches: Inductive and deductive approaches, Teaching learning process, Active and passive learning Week 5: Curriculum, syllabus, course development for environmental education at various levels Week 6: History and Philosophy of Education: Guiding principles of Environmental Education (EE), Environmental literacy, Citizen Action and responsibilities Week 7: Status of Environmental Education: EE at National, regional and global levels Week 8: Events that shaped the development of education in Pakistan, Role of Government, NGOs, Educational institutions Week 9: Environmental policy: EE at primary, secondary and at higher levels of education, EE and research Week 10: Teaching Methodologies: Common teaching methods/activities of formal, nonformal and informal EE Week 11: Using community resources for Environmental Education Week 12: Teaching Environmental Issues in Classroom and in the real world methodologies Week 13: Considerations for teaching environmental issues with particular reference to resources, pollution, population, management and enforcement of policies and regulations in Pakistan Week 14: Communication strategies to work in community: Reading, writing, listening and speaking skills Week 15: Designing of seminars, workshops, field trips for Environmental Education Week 16: Computer and EE: Use of computer for Environmental Education, Computer literacy, Internet, Websites and Databases etc. Practical Work: Preparation of teaching material: Development of teaching material for Environmental Education and Sample lessons for different levels of EE. Preparation of resource material (brochures, pamphlets, posters and booklets etc.) to provide information on various environmental issues. Field trips and visits to acquire the knowledge on various environmental issues and to develop management strategies. Organization and arrangements of events, festivals and exhibits for EE.

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Campaign designing for National, regional and local environmental issues. Organization of seminars and special lectures on general environmental management and specific issues. Making of documentaries on various environmental issues. Preparation of portfolio for EE. Recommended Books: 1. Arif, R. Status of Environmental Education in Sustainable development Strategies of Pakistan. (Comparative report). NCS. Islamabad. 2. Engleson, D. C. (1994). A Guide to curriculum planning in Environmental Education. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. USA. 3. Fordham, P. E. (1993) Informal, non-formal and formal education program.' In: YMCA George Williams College ICE301 Lifelong Learning Unit 2, London: YMCA George Williams College.

POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-739 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To develop the basic concepts about polymer science physical and chemical properties of polymers, various synthetic procedures involved in polymerization, characterization techniques used to analyze the type of polymers. Usefulness of thermal analytical techniques involved in polymer characterization techniques for stability and durability and to appreciate the applications of polymers in various fields such as industry, medicine, daily life etc. This course aims to provide knowledge and understanding of the environmental benefits and hazards of polymeric materials and responsible use plastics with emphasis to importance of degradable and biodegradable polymers. Course outline: Week 1: Introduction to Polymers: Basic definitions and nomenclature; Various Classifications of polymers; Week 2: Mechanical properties of polymers; Week 3: Spectroscopic Analysis of Polymers; Week 4: Impact of Polymers on Environment: Week 5: Stability of polymers, Resistance to degradation. Air, water, and solid waste pollution caused by polymeric materials. Week 6: Effect of additives, fillers and stabilizers on the environment; Monitoring of various types of pollution caused by polymeric materials. Week 7: Biodegradable Polymer: Photolytic Polymers, Per-oxidisable Polymers, Photo- Polymers, Hydro-biodegradable Polymers; Week 8: Biodegradable Copolymers and Composites; Agricultural Applications of Environmentally Degradable Polymers; Week 9: Technical Advantages of Degradable Mulching Films; Economics of Degradable Mulching Films; Week 10: Soil Sterilization, Agricultural Packaging; Bioassimilation of Photo- biodegradable Plastics; Eco toxicological Aspects in the Week 11: Biodegradation Process of Polymers, Management of Polymer Wastes: Week 12: The Polymer Waste Problem; Legislation; Disposing of Post-consumer Plastics; Life-cycle Assessment; Week 13: Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Waste Production, Mechanical Recycling; Reprocessing of Mixed Plastics Wastes, Energy Recovery by Incineration; Week 14: Liquid Fuel and Feedstock Recovery;

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Week 15: Management of Urban Waste; Biodegradable Plastics in Integrated Waste Management; Week 16: Degradable Plastics: Sewage, Compost, Litter. Management of Polymer Wastes in Pakistan; Polymer Industry in Pakistan. Recommended Books: 1. Charles E. Carraher Jr., Polymer Chemistry-An Introduction, latest Edition. Marcel Dekket. Inc. 2. Robert J.Young, Introduction to Polymers, Chapman Hall Ltd.NY 1981. 3. Fred W. Billmeyer,Jr. Textbook of Polymer Science, Wiley- Interscience,John Wiley and Sons. 4. Gerald Scott., Polymers and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK 1999. 5. Catia Bastioli, Editor, Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, Rapra Technology. Ltd, UK. 2000.

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY Course Code. ENV-740 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

Objectives: This course aims to provide knowledge about a wide range of topics in geology, discussing fundamental geologic principles to the specific geologic hazards, from an environmental perspective. Course Outline: Week 1: Earth materials and processes. Week 2: Geology and Ecosystems. Week 3: Hazardous natural processes: River flooding, Week 4: Landslides and related phenomena, Week 5: Earthquakes and related phenomena, Week 6: Volcanic activity, Week 7: Coastal hazards, Week 8: Impact of extraterrestrial objects. Week 9: Human interaction with environment: Week 10: Hydrology and human use, Week 11: Waste disposal, Geologic aspects of environmental health, Week 12: Climate change. Week 13: Mineral resources and environment. Week 14: Energy and environment. Week 15: Land use and decision making: Landscape evaluation. Week 16: Related environmental laws. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental geology: Keller, E.A., 9th edition, Prentice Hall, 2011. 2. Introduction to environmental geology: Keller, E.A., 5th edition, Prentice Hall, 2012.

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CURRICULUM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PhD-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (Revised December 26, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL & CONSERVATION SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT

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CURRICULUM OF PhD ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (03 Year program) Scheme of Studies for the Three-year PhD Degree in Environmental Sciences Semester- I S.No Course Course code Credit hours 1 Major 1 3 2 Major 2 3 3 Major 3 3 Total Credit Hrs 09-12 Semester- II S.No Course Course code Credit hours 1 Major 4 3 2 Major 5 3 3 Major 6 3 3rd,, 4th, 5th Research Work for Thesis & 6th 09 semester Total Credit Hrs 27

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RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course Code. ENV-801 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to equip the students with the skills to undertake a project by planning, designing and defining a research problem; and select indicators and parameters of research and its methodologies. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to Research, Nature of Research, Purpose of Research, Ethics in Research Week 2: Types of Research, Tools of Research, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre- requisites for Scientific Research Week 3: Types of Questions, Types of Relationships, Variables, Hypothesis, Types of Data, Week 4: Starting a Research Project/Research Proposal, Research Project Conceptualization, Elements of a Research Proposal Week 5: Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question, Defining the Research Problem; Choosing the Research topics Week 6: Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research, Research Proposal Writing Techniques Week 7: Research Design; Importance of Research Design, Formulation of Research Design Reliability, validity, generalization, Experimental design and use of indicators in research, Tradeoffs in design decisions Week 8: Sampling Design; Introduction to sampling design, Logic of Sampling; Concepts and Terminologies, Types of Sampling Designs (Classifying experimental design, factorial design, randomized block design, covariance design, Quasi experimental design) Relationship among pre-post design. Advances in Quasi Experimentation Week 9: Survey of Research, Questionnaires construction Week 10: How to put things together? Introduction, Objectives, Material and Methods, Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search: Database, Search Engines; Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods; Week 11: Evaluation Research: How to carry out evaluation research, Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data, Week 12: Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire Week 13: Data Analysis: Conclusion, Validity - Statistical analyses, Week 14: Descriptive Statistics (Correlations) Inferential Statistics, Univariate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multivariate Analysis (T-Test, Generalized linear model, Factorial design, randomized block analysis, Analysis of covariance, Regression Analysis) Week 15: Data Interpretation, Current data interpretation with comparative studies (Inter laboratory comparison), Inference based on findings; Week 16: Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation Recommended Books: 1. Students project in Environmental Science, Harrad,S.,Batty,h., Diamon, M. and Arhonditsis, G, John and sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2008. 2. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark, V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.

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CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Course Code. ENV-802 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: Climate Change Impacts Adaptation and Mitigation is an interdisciplinary course offered at MS level. The focus of the course is climate change impacts and the human response to climate change, including efforts to adapt to climate change, as well as efforts to avoid or reduce the negative impacts of climate change. The aim of the course is to give an understanding of climate change impacts, and provide the knowledge and tools to devise effective strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. After completion the students will be able to identify natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change, have knowledge of the direct observations of climate change, and describe the impacts of climate change on agriculture, forestry, ecosystems, water resources, society and human health. The objective of this course is to provide students with knowledge to learn the dimensions of proliferating effects of climate change on human life and its future generations. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction, types and their climatic effects, Week 2: Modeling of climate change, types of climate change models. Week 3: Climate Change and Wetlands: impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Week 4: Basic understanding of the physical science of climate change, Week 5: Climate change impacts and the human response to climate change. Week 6: Adaptation to climate change, natural and anthropogenic drivers and direct observations of recent climate change. Week 7: Potential adaptation strategies in different sectors. Week 8: Climate change impacts and adaptation practices for ecosystems, Week 9: Land use, water resources, society and human health, Week 10: Climate change mitigation strategies, Carbon sequestration, Week 11: Transition to carbon neutral energy sources, Week 12: Geo-engineering as well as measures to increase energy efficiency. Week 13: Climate change policy and social change, Week 14: International climate change negotiations, regulatory instruments, voluntary agreements and social change. Week 15: Climate change and food production, climate change and its effects on Week 16: Pakistan‟s agriculture, water resources, forests, etc. Recommended Books: 1. Adaptation to climate change /Mark Pelling. Abingdon, Oxon, England;New York Routledge,c 2010. 2. Dow, Kirstin, 1963 The atlas of climate change mapping the world‟s greatest challenge/Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing. London Earthscan, 2011. 3. Climate Change Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1stEdition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

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STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) Course Code. ENV-803 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Course Code. ENV-804 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The objective of this course is to impart skills and techniques necessary for measurement of different environmental pollutants. This course will enable the students to carryout monitoring and evaluation. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction; Week 2: Principles of physical, chemical and Week 3-4: Microbiological analysis of environmental pollutants, Week 5-6: Sampling Procedure for the examination of Water, Wastewater, Week 7: Air and Solid Waste; sampling rules, Week 8: Sample collection and preservation. Week 9: Laboratory Techniques Week 10-11: Field Monitoring for parameters of importance causing environmental pollution. Week 12: Environmental Chemical Analysis; Week 13: Principles for Instrumental Techniques using Spectroscopy, Week 14: Chromatography, Week 15: Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analyses etc. Week 16: Assessment and Interpretation of Results using Statistical Tools. Lab work: Analyses of Water, wastewater, air and solid wastes for pollutant determination; Instrumental analyses using Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analyses etc. Data Interpretation using Statistical Tools Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Engineering Laboratory. Ahmed, K.A one Publishers Lahore, Pakistan, 1998. 2. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. L. S. Clesceri, A. E. Greenberg, A. D. Eaton. 20th Edition. APHA publisher, USA, 1998.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Course Code. ENV-805 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to provide knowledge about different chemical process occurring in the environment, various physical and chemical methods to minimize pollution and adverse effects of various pollutants on human health and toxicity. Course Outline: Week 1: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere, Week 2: Temperature changes in the atmosphere, units to describe atmospheric chemistry, Week 3: Chemical reactions in the atmosphere sources Week 4: Effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide Week 5: Volatile organic compounds, automobile pollutants

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Week 6: Industrial smog, Photochemical smog, production of hydroxyl radical, their reaction with hydrocarbons, Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates, chemistry of ground level air pollution. Week 8: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone, Week 9: Hydroxyl Radical cycle, NO cycle, the chlorine cycle, Null cycles Week 10: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment, Week 11: Green chemistry, its principles Week 12: Water pollution, Types of water pollutants oxidation Reduction reactions in aqueous systems. Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids. Week 14: Toxic organic compounds, pesticides, organochlorine insecticides, carbamates. Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems. Biomagnification and Biodegradation. Week 16: Toxic heavy metals and their Bioaccumulation. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Chemistry. Ibanez, J.G., Hemandez-Esparaz, M., Doria- Serrano, C., Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany.2008. 2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, lE., 1stEdition. Jones and Barlett, USA, 2005. 3. Environmental Chemistry. Baird Collin and Michael Cann. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York USA. 2008.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-806 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The course is designed to disseminate the best available information about the genetics, biochemical and Environmental agriculture related properties of the microorganisms and their possible exploitation in the production of food, vaccines , fermented products, antibiotics, diseases resistant crops, Bioremediation, Solid waste treatment and other similar areas in the most efficient and economic manner. Course Outline: Week 1: Fermentation Technology: Stages of fermentation process, Week 2: Isolation, screening, preservation and improvement of industrial microorganisms, Week 3: Media formulation, Sterilization, Inoculum development- The range of fermentation process, Submerged, Week 4: Solid state fermentation The chronological development of the fermentation industry, Week 5: The component parts of a fermentation, process Continuous culture, Fed- Batch culture, Chemo stat culture. Week 6: Process Engineering: Bioreactor- Design, Operation, Cell Harvesting, and Disruption Week 7: Product recovery and Purification, Instrumentation and Process Control, Types of bioreactors. Week 8: Fermentation Products: Alcohols, Alcoholic beverages,

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Week 9: Organic acids, Polysaccharides, antibiotics, Vitamins, Fermented Foods, Organic acids Week 10: Environmental Aspects: Mineral leaching with bacteria, microorganisms involved in the sulfide mineral leaching, chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation by bacteria, exploitation of bacterial sulfide mineral oxidation, dump and heap leaching, Week 11: In-situ bacterial leaching of ore, mineral concentrate-leaching utilization of bacterially generated solvents, heavy metal pollutants removal by bioaccumulation, Week 12: Degradation of toxic wastes, mechanisms of detoxification, biotechnological remedies, waste recovery, single cell protein, biogas technology. Week 13: Bioremediation: Microbial control of environmental pollution, Transport and fate Week 14: Biodegradation, microbial activities and Environmental effects on biodegradation Week 15: Transform of metal pollutants Week 16: Phytoremediation: Mechanisms involving removal of hazardous compounds and heavy metals from soil and water. Lab work: Production of Fermented Food Tempeh, Water analysis, Isolation and screening of metal resistant bacteria, Isolation and screening of metal resistant fungi, Demonstration of Fermenter, Sterilization Techniques, Identification of microbes. Recommended Books: 1. Glazer, A. N. 2007. Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology. 2nd Ed. Hiroshi Nikaido, Cambridge University Press, New York,USA. 2. Patrick, K. J. 2004 .Environmental Microbiology Principles and Applications. Biological Sciences Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

FRESHWATER ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-807 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is totrain the students for ecological analysis of freshwater habitats in terms of identification of flora and fauna and the interactions among them. At the end of the course, the students are expected to acquire the techniques for study of freshwater habitats. Course Outline: Week 1: Hydrology and Physiography of various types of freshwater systems. Week 2: Chemistry of various freshwater systems and associated organisms. Week 3: Physical relationships, Movement of light, heat and chemicals in water, Week 4: Hydrology and Physiography of groundwater and wetland habitats, Week 5: Physiography of lakes and reservoirs. Week 6: Types of aquatic organisms: Cyanobacteria, Eukaryotic Algae, Aquatic fungi, Protozoa, Week 7: Non-vascular plants and vascular plants. Week 8: Animals: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes and Nemertea, Week 8: Gastrotricha, Ŕotifera, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Fishes, Tetrapods;

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Week 10: Biodiversity of freshwaters, Measures of diversity, temporal and spatial factors, short term factors influencing local distribution. Week 11: Invasious of Nonnative species, extinction. Week 12: Chemicals in freshwater, Redox potential, potential energy and chemical transformations. Week 13: Distribution of dissolved oxygen in environment, transformations of carbon, fermentation, methanogenesis, Week 14: Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus and other Nutrients. Week 15: Effects of toxic chemicals and other pollutants on aquatic ecosystems, Week 16: Fish Ecology, Freshwater Ecosystems: Groundwater Ecosystems, Streams, Lakes and Reservoirs, Wetlands. Recommended Books: 1. Lampert, W. and Sommer, U., 2007. Limno-ecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams. Oxford University Press, New York. 2. Dodds, W.K., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Env. Applications. Academic Press. London. 3. Dodds, W.K. and Whiles, M.R., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology. 2nd Ed. Academic Press. London.

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-808 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: Environmental sociology is the sociological study of societal-environmental interactions, although the focus of the field is on relationship between society and environment in general and the social factors that cause environmental problems in particular. After completing this course the students will be able to explore the various forms of interaction between human society and the environment, focusing on the social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments. Course Outlines: Week 1-4: Foundations of Environmental Sociology; Week 4-8: Human Dimensions of Environmental Change; Week 9-10: Environmental Justice and Social Stratification; Week 11-13: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters; Week 14: Consumer Society. Week 15-16: Rotating topic seminars in Environmental Sociology should also be included. Recommended Books: 1. Gottlieb, Robert. 2005. Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 2. Guha, Ramachandra. 2000. Environmentalism: A Global History. New York: Longman.

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DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-809 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

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4. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster, Anderson, M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder, UNESCO, Paris, 1989.

MARINE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-810 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To develop a basic understanding of marine pollution, its sources, impact of pollutants on the biotic and abiotic environment impacting the marine recourses. Develop a clear understanding of pollution control and management techniques. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to marine pollution, Week 2-3: Chronic and acute inorganic marine pollutants. Week 4-5: Chronic and acute organic marine pollutants. Week 6: Causes, effects and impacts on marine environment and humans. Week 7: Health of the oceans, Week 8-9: Various forms of environmental pollution as they affect both the land and maritime environment. Week 10: Control of pollution in marine and coastal environments Week 11: Pollution Management, Week 12: Ocean disposal: marine outfalls, shipboard wastes, Week 13-14: Ocean disposal: dumping of sludge, disposal of dredge spoil, radioactive wastes Impacts of ocean disposal. Week 15: Marine pollution control and mitigation measurements; Week 16: oil spills contingency plan and combating techniques. Recommended Books: 1. Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate: Sustainability and Economic Perspectives Kevin J. Noone‟ Ussif Rashid SumailaRobert J. Diaz 2013. 2. Marine Pollution and Human Health (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology) R E Hester, R M Harrison RSC Publications 2011 3. Coastal Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans (Marine Science) by Carl J. Sindermann (2005). 4. Marine Pollution and Its Control (McGraw-Hill series in water resources and environmental engineering) by Paul L. Bishop (1982). 5. Protecting the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution: Towards Effective International Cooperation by Daud Hassan (2006). 6. Transboundary Environmental Governance: Inland, Coastal and Marine Perspectives Robin Warner, Simon Marsden 2012

Journals/Periodicals: Marine Pollution Bulletin. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology. Marine Chemistry.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-811 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of the course is to provide the student with insight in the principles and important issues of environmental epidemiology. This course will focus on assessment of disease burden, measurement of exposure and interpretation of mortality, morbidity concepts. Upon completion of this course, it is assumed that students will be able to comprehend emerging diseases in the context of climate change and global environmental change. Course Outline: Week 1: Environmental risks to human health. Epidemics, endemics, and pandemics. Week 2: Epidemiology triangle. Disease concepts: Communicable and noncommunicable diseases and conditions. Modes of disease transmission and chain of infection. Portals of entry to the human body. Zoonoses. Week 3: Type of epidemiology: social, occupational, environmental, nutritional and infectious disease epidemiology. Week 4: Occupational health and industrial hygiene. Week 5: Disease surveillance and health impact assessment. Week 6: Basic concepts: rates, ratios, proportions and relative risks. Measures of association and odds ratio analysis. Week 7: Design strategies and experimental epidemiology: case-control studies, cohort studies, double-cohort studies. Week 8: Role of confounding factors in causation of disease. Web of causation. Sensitivity and Specificity. Week 9: Designing a randomized controlled trial. Week 10: Ethics in epidemiologic research. Week 11: Statistical Methods in Epidemiology: Sample size determination and statistical inference. Week 12: Integrating toxicological and epidemiological data. Week 13: Regression methods. Time-series, spatial analysis and meta-analysis in epidemiology. Week 14: Field Epidemiology: Epidemiological field work in population-based studies. Week 15: Exposure assessment, surveillance and screening methods. Week 16: Examples of case studies: cardiovascular, cancer, asthma and vector borne diseases. Recommended Books: 1. Ahrens, W. and Pigeot, I. (2013). Handbook of Epidemiology. 2nd Ed. Springer, London. UK. 2. Merril, R. M. and Timmreck, T. C. (2006). Introduction to Epidemiology. (4th ed.). Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA. 3. Merril, R. M. (2008). Environmental Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. (4thed.). Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA. 4. Aschengrau, A. and Seage, G. R. 2003. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA

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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-812 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course will provide the conceptual framework to the students for understanding of complex web of multiple dimensions of environmental issues linked with population and development.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Course Code. ENV-813 Credit hours 3 (2-1) Objectives: This course will provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments. After completion of this course, students will be able to understand the significance, and application of biotechnology in the environment. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to biotechnology, Week 2-3: Tools of environmental biotechnology, Week 4: Fundamentals of biological interventions, Week 5: Recombinant DNA Technology, Week 6: Genetic manipulations, Week 7: GMOs: Release and Regulations, Week 8: Environmental applications of GMOs, Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs,

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WETLAND MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-814 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

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WILDLIFE AND FOREST CONSERVATION Course Code. ENV-815 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Course Code. ENV-816 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS Course Code. ENV-817 Credit hours 3 (2-1) Objectives: The main objectives of the RS & GIS are to maximize the efficiency of decision making and planning, provide efficient means for data distribution and handling,

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eradication of the duplicated data, integration of information from many sources. Remote sensing (RS) Geographical Information System (GIS) and had been one of the key subprojects envisaged in the National Information System. The attempts of a digital description of that world create a computerized GIS which is usually a partial description of the world in relation with some feature tasks. Course Outline: Week 1: Review of Basic Remote Sensing, Week 2: Electromagnetic Spectrum. History and data collection, Week 3: Advantages and limitations of Remote Sensing process. Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere. Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms. Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing. Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape. Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Week 9: Image Processing: Image enhancement, Histogram, stretching, colour palettes, Week 10: Contrast enhancement, Linear Stretch , Histogram equalization, Interpretation, visual interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps. Week 11: Review of Geographic Information System(GIS). Week 12: Integration with other technologies and its importance. Week 13: Data acquisition, analysis and output. Types of data used in GIS. Week 14: Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems. Week 15: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation, Week 16: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS. Lab Work: Review of Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster to vector data. Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for different application, Ground Truthing. Thematic Maps Generation, Preparation of GIS Maps for different utilities. Recommended Books: 1. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Thomas Lillesand (Author), Ralph W. Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6 edition (2007) 2. Fundamentals of remote sensing and airphoto interpretation Prentice Hall series in geographic information science Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, Graydon Lennis Berlin Edition 5, 2009 ISBN0023050357 3. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. Harvey, F. Guilfoud Press, New York, 2009. 4. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mission. Lulla, K and L. V. Dess inov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000. 5. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. McGraw-Hill Education. 2008. 6. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R. Pearsons Education, Inc. 2000.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTS AND MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-818 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The course aims to review the forms of hazards and their associated risks, define the elements of risk assessment and describe the types of information needed for each

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element of risk assessment, describe the ways to risk identification, estimation of magnitude of the potential risks and illustrate different approaches of exposure assessment, explain the principles of risk management and control strategies and outline the approaches to managing the environmental emergencies. Course Outline: Week 1: Environmental risk assessment and management; the what‟s, whys and how‟s a historical perspective Week 2: Risk assessment to human health from chemicals in the environment. Week 3: Risk assessment to ecological systems from chemicals, from biological introductions (excluding genetically modified organisms). Week 4: Evaluation of the likelihood of, major accidents in industrial processes Week 5: Assessing risks to ecosystems and human health from genetically modified organisms. Week 6: Retrospective assessment, eco-epidemiology and ecological monitoring. Week 7: Hazard identification, dose and exposure assessment, risk quantification, Epidemiology and environmental risk assessment. Week 8: Risk assessment in legislation: Application of risk assessment in policy and legislation in developed and developing countries. Week 9: Balancing risks with other considerations: The psychology of risk and uncertainty, the economics of risk. Valuing risks. Natural hazards, risk analysis and risk management. Week 10: Risk management: Principles, approaches and concepts: Corporate chemical management; a risk based approach. Week 11: Environmental risk assessment in business. Week 12: Risk assessment and management for water treatment and disposal. Week 13: Risk assessment and management in the exploitation of the seas. Week 14: Risk assessment and management for inland waters. Week 15: Environmental risk assessment in development programmes, the experience of World Bank. Week 16: Risk communication. A framework for sustainable product development.

Lab Work: The practical exercises will be based on following aspects and will involve site visit. 1. Pollution risk assessment and management by tools and checks. a. Primary protection standards. b. Emission standards. c. Environmental standards in an industrial setup. 2. To study the cause, nature and frequency of chemical accidents in two industries e.g., tanneries and sports industries involving comparison of accident data base. 3. Site visits for ecological risk assessment e.g., habitat survey and study of flora and fauna in certain areas (industrial, agricultural and urban setups). 4. Questionnaires design and epidemiological studies for risk assessment and formation of recommendations for risk management in industrial, agricultural, rural and urban setups. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Risk Analysis. (2001). Larche, I. and Paleologos, E. K. McGraw-Hill NY, USA. 2. Occupational Health Hazards and Remedies. (2002). Mohapatra, R. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd., India.

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3. Biosafety Management: Principles and Applications. (2000). Tarynor, P. L. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Publications. USA. 4. Environmental Risk Evaluation of Polluted Soils. (2000). Riviere, J. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. India. 5. Environmental Hazards: Plants and People. (2000). Iqbal, M., Srivastava, P. S.and Siddiqi, T. O. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION Course Code. ENV-819 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

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SUSTAINABBLE AGRICULTURE Course Code. ENV-821 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To extend students' knowledge about management of agricultural resources on sustainable basis. Course Outline: Week 1: Concept of sustainable agriculture. Week 2: Threatened agricultural resources in Pakistan; soil, water and environment. Week 3: Sustaining soil resources. Organic farming Week 4: Soil erosion control. Week 5: Soil natural amendments; sewage sludge and other organic wastes. Week 6: Sustaining water resources. Week 7: Control of run-off and evaporation losses, Week 8: Reduction of water losses from deep percolation, Week 9: Use of salt tolerant and drought resistant crops and varieties. Week 10: Reduction of agricultural pollutants. Week 11: Optimum use of agricultural chemicals, fertilizers. Week 12: Cropping systems to sustain productivity. Week 13: Multiple cropping, rotations, N-fixation, mycorhizae and alternate land uses. Week 14: Compromise between higher yields and resource conservation. Week 15: Principles and strategies for designing sustainable farming systems. Week 16: Site specific technological options for sustainable crop production. Recommended Books: 1. Shaw, T. 2010. Dryland Farming. Nabu Press, USA 2. Dixit,R.S.2007.Croppingsystemsresearch.KalyaniPub.New Dehli. 3. Lichtfouse, E., M. Nanarrete, B. Debacke, and V. Souchere. 2009. Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, The Netherland. 4. Reddy, T.Y. and G.H.S. Reddy. 2002. Principles of Agronomy. 3rdEdition, Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi. 5. DAS, P.C. 2000. Crops and their production technology under different conditions. 1stEdition. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi.

HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-822 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The objective of this course to provide orientation to the students on importance of occupational safety, health and environment. Course Outline: Week 1: Health, safety and environment: Hazards; Physical, mechanical, biological, chemical and psychological hazards and stress. Week 2: Health and environment, Environmental safety, Week 3: Hazards identification and risk assessment and management process. Week 4: Work place environment: Occupational safety and health issues in industries, construction, agriculture and service sectors, Accidents, injuries and workplace fatalities statistics,

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Week 5: Occupational safety and health management systems (international and national). Week 6: Safety Management: Regulations of health, safety and environment. Week 7: Internal control and management philosophy, Duties and rights, strategies and goals, Week 8: Roles and responsibilities of occupational health and safety professionals. Week 9: Key principles of management and HSE, Measures and models for HSE, Week 10: Organizational environment, HSE statutes and regulations, Establishing HSE plans, Week 11: Challenges of health within working environment, external environment and safety, Week 12: Different tools and instruments. Culture, Behaviour, Interactions, participation and communication, health surveillance, injury reporting, Week 13: Emergency response procedures; fires, spills, leaks etc. Week 14: Preparedness and monitoring of adverse events and follow-ups, Case studies. Week 15: Work place safety and health: Assessing current practices and promoting change in the profession, Personnel Protective Equipment, Week 16: Formulation of Standard operating procedures, Human Factors and Ergonomic, Planning, decision making and problem solving. Recommended Books: 1. Reese, C. D. 2012. Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group. USA 2012 2. English, P. F. 2012. Safety Performance in a Lean Environment: A Guide to Building Safety into a Process (Occupational Safety & Health Guide Series), CRC press. Taylor and Francis group. USA. 3. Salvendy, G. 2012. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. 4th ed., John Willey Inc. New Jersey, USA. 4. Pain, S. W. 2008. Safety, Health and Environmental Auditing: A Practical Guide. CRC press. Taylor and Francis group. USA.

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-823 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objective of this course is to provide knowledge about the linkages of energy with environment and the importance of renewable energy. Course Outline: Week 1: Forms of energy, Week 2-3: Sources of energy and their environmental/health concerns, Week 4: Non-renewable and renewable sources: fossil fuels, Week 5-6: Non-renewable and renewable sources: nuclear, solar, wind, Week 7: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydel, tidal, Week 8-9: Non-renewable and renewable sources: waste-to-energy, bio-fuels, Week 10: Non-renewable and renewable sources: thermal, fuel cells, Week 11: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydrogen as energy carrier etc. Week 12: Overview of energy sources in Pakistani perspective; Week 13: Losses of energy and its conservation; Week 14: Building, insulation, cooling, lighting etc. Week 15: Materials, hybrid vehicles;

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Week 16: Future trends in energy production and conservation. Recommended Books: 1. Energy & Environmental Security: A Cooperative Approach in South Asia. Suba Chandran, D. and Jeganaathan, J. (Eds.). IPCS, New Delhi, India. 2011 2. Biomass, Energy, and Environment: A Developing Country Perspective from India. Ravindranath, N. H. and Hall D. O. Oxford University Press, USA. 1995. 3. Energy: Its Use and the Environment. Roger A. Hinrichs, Merlin H. Kleinbach. Cengage Learning; 5th edition. 2013.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-824 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The course will provide a comprehensive introduction to carbon sequestration and its role in the environmental sustainability. Course Outline: Week 1: Carbon sequestration Week 2: Introduction and concepts Week 3: Global carbon cycle Week 4: Carbon emissions Week 5: Carbon capture and storage Week 6: Soil organic matter and terrestrial C cycle Week 7: Terrestrial biosequestration Week 8: Soil enzymes and plants in C sequestration Week 9-10: Role of C sequestration in the climate change mitigation Week 11: Factors influencing C accumulation Week 12: National and International adaptation and mitigation plans Week 13: Carbon foot prints Week 14: Carbon offsets Week 15: Carbon trading Week 16: Carbon credits and clean development mechanisms Recommended Books: 1. Carbon capture: Sequestration and storage. Hester, R.E. and R.M. Harrison. Vol 29. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2010. 2. Plant litter: Decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration. Berg, B. and C. McClaugherty. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2008. 3. Climate change and terrestrial C sequestration in Central Asia. R. Lal, M. Suleimenov, P. Doraiswamy, P. Wall and D. Hansen. (Eds) Taylor and Francis, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2007.

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ADVANCES IN PLANT ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-825 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to update the students about recent developments in plant ecology and physiological modifications with reference to environment, its conservation and management. Course Outline: Week 1: Global aspects of plant ecology Week 2: Life history strategies of plants Week 3: survival and extinction Week 4: Plant population dynamics Week 5: Species richness Week 6: vegetation dynamics, fine–scale to large–scale dynamics Week 7: Leaf Energy Budgets Week 8: Effects of Radiation and Temperature Week 9: Life Cycles: annuals and perennials Week 10: Environmental influences and plant adaptations Week 11: Biotic Influences: symbiotic associations Week 12: Pathogenicity, parasitic associations and carnivory. Ecological Biochemistry Week 13: Allelopathy and defense against herbivores Week 14: Plant invasions and its threats of plant diversity Week 15-16: Conservation, management and restoration of threatened plant communities. Recommended Books: 1. Vegetation Ecology. Ed. Maarel, ED. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 2005. 2. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Silvertown, J. & Charlesworth, D. Blackwell Publishing.Oxford UK. 2005. 3. Plant Physiological Ecology. Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin, Francis Stuart Chapin (III.), Thijs L. Pons, Springer, 2008. 4. Plant Ecology. Shulze, E.D; Beck, E & Muller-Hohenstein, K. Springer, Berlin. 2005.

BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Course Code. ENV-826 Credit hours 3(2-1) Objectives: The objectives of this course are to develop a thorough understanding among the students about threats to biodiversity and its conservation using ex-situ and in-situ approaches and laws and policies related to species and habitat conservation. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction, biological diversity, Global and national biodiversity Week 2: Ecological and economic values of biodiversity Week 3: Monetizing Economic tools to promote conservation of Biodiversity Week 4: Extinction of Species; The process of extinction Week 5: Characteristics of declining populations Week 6: Influence of humanity on extinction and loss of biodiversity

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Week 7: Protection and restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems; Translocation and reestablishment Week 8: The role of ecological restoration in conservation Week 9: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation Week 10: Protected areas, their types and role in conservation, Establishment and management of protected areas Week 11: Ex-situ Conservation strategies (The role of botanic gardens, Gene banks and germplasm conservation, Zoological Gardens and Aquaria) Week 12: Population Management; Maintaining population characteristics Week 13: Viable population planning and risk analysis, Field study techniques, Habitat fragmentation Week 14: The Role of Institutions and Policymaking in Conservation Week 15: Types of institutions and their roles in conservation, Institution and policy challenges for conservation biology, Conservation Legislation Week 16: Conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan, problems and solutions. Recommended Books: 1. A Primer of Conservation Biology. 5th Ed. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ. Sunderland. 2012. 2. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Orient Blackswan Bawa, K., Primack, S., Oommen, R.B. and Anna, M., 2011. ISBN # : 9788173717246. 3. Essentials of conservation Biology, 5th Ed., Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B associates Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010. 4. Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications. 2nd Ed. Dyke, F.V., Springer, 2010.

URBAN ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-827 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course is designed to develop a thorough understanding of the influence of urbanization and urbanized areas on populations, communities, ecosystem and human societies. Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to urban ecology Week 2: Humans as components of urban ecosystems Week 3-4: Global urbanization patterns (past, present, future) and recent trends in Pakistan Week 5: Populations and community diversity in the urban environment Week 6: Urbanization effects on environmental health Week 7: Functions in urban ecosystem: growth Week 8-9: Productivity, disease, exotic species and invasive species in urban areas Week 10: Landscape signature and urban heat-island effect Week 11: Ecological design and sustainable cities Week 12: Concept of urban green spaces for people and biodiversity Week 13: Urban inequalities and slum area characteristics Week 14: Urban health and emerging diseases Week 15-16: Urban land use planning and management in Pakistan. Recommended Books: 1. Urban Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gaston, K.J. (ed.) 2010.

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2. Applied Urban Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, UK. Richter M and U. Weiland (ed.) 2012. 3. Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser, C., CRC Press LLC. USA, 2000.

LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICES Course Code. ENV-828 Credit hours 3 (1-2) Objectives: The objectives of this course are to impart skills for sampling techniques and identification of sampling locations where high molecular-mass organic compounds and metals may accumulate, provide understanding about sampling and sample variability in air, water, land, solid and waste analysis, impart skills for the range of the methods needed for subsequent chemical analysis i.e., from classical to instrumental methods including Mass spectrometer, UV/visible spectrophotometer, Infrared spectrometer, NMR, GC-MS, HPLC etc. and train for methods to interpret the result of analysis and quality assurance. Course Outline: Week 1: The environmental issues Reasons for concern, Pollution. The necessity of chemical analysis Week 2: Transport of pollutants in the environment and approaches to their analysis: Sources, dispersal, re-concentration and degradation Week 3: Transport and reconcentration of neutral organic compounds; Bio- concentration, Accumulation in sediments Week 4: Bio-magnification and Degradation Week 5: Transport and reconcentration of, metal ions: Solubilization Week 6: Deposition and uptake by organisms and What is safe level Week 7: Sampling and sampling variability: Representative sampling Week 8: Samples storage and Critical path and critical group Week 9: Water analysis-Major constituents: Sampling Week 10: Techniques for analysis of common ions; UV/visible spectrometry Week 11: Emission spectrometry (Flame photometry), lon-chromatography and Examples of uses of other techniques Week 12: Water analysis-Trace pollutants: Organic trace pollutants Week 13: Sampling and storage, Extraction techniques for chromatographic analysis Week 14: Gas chromatography, Liquid chromatography, immunoassay and Spectrometric methods Week 15: Metal ions; Storage of samples, Pre-treatment, Atomic spectrometry, Visible Spectrometry, Anodic stripping voltametry and Examples. Ultra-trace analysis Week 16: Analytical methods; Mass spectrometry detection, Quantification, Gas chromatography and Examples. Quality control and quality assurance. Lab Work: 1. Extraction of chlorophyll from plant material. 2. Determination of amount of Fe (II) in a given industrial water sample by visible spectrometry. 3. Quantification of lead in industrial wastewater. 4. Determination of total alkalinity due to Carbonate and Bicarbonate ions present in a given sample. 5. Separation of neutral, acidic/basic organic components by using separating funnel.

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6. Complex metric titration for the detection of temporary and permanent hardness of water in terms of ppm. 7. Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH and Conductivity of industrial effluents.

RESTORATION ECOLOGY Course Code. ENV-829 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: The objectives of this course are to develop an understanding among the students of the need and approach of ecological restoration at species, population and landscape level and to enable them to apply their knowledge in real world situation. Course Outline: Week 1: The Background; Introduction and Philosophy, Rationale for Restoration Week 2: The Ecological Context; A Landscape Perspective Week 3: A Species Population Perspective Week 4: The Evolutionary Context; A Species Perspective Week 5: Manipulation of the Physical Environment; Terrestrial Ecosystems, Wetlands and still waters Week 6: Manipulation of the Chemical Environment Week 7: Manipulating the Chemical Environment of the Soil Week 8: Chemical Treatment of Water and Sediments Week 9: Manipulation of the Biota; In Terrestrial Ecosystems, In Aquatic Ecosystems Week 10: Monitoring and Evaluation Week 11: Restoration in a changing climate Week 12: Biological invasions, resilience and restoration Week 13: Restoration Policy and Infrastructure Week 14: Social and institutional support Week 15: Restoration policy in Pakistan and other countries Week 16: Case Studies. Recommended Books: 1. Clewell, A.F. 2013. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession. 2nd Edition. Island Press. 2. Andel, J.V. and J. Aronson (Eds.). 2012. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier. 2nd Edition. Blackwell. 3. Galatowitsch, S.M. 2012. Ecological Restoration. Sinauer Associates. 4. Howell, E.A., Harrington, J.A. and Glass, S.G. 2011. Introduction to Restoration Ecology. Island Press. 5. Perrow, M.R. and A.J. Davy. (Eds.). 2002. Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Vol. 1.Principles of Restoration.Cambridge University Press.

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6. Perrow, M.R. and A.J. Davy. (Eds.). 2002. Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Vol. 2.Restoration in Practice.Cambridge University Press.

GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-830 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objective: The objective of the course to draw linkages of environmental degradation with gender and the role it can play in addressing the environmental degradation. Course Outline: Week 1: Gender and Environment: Concepts, issues and perspectives Week 2: Eco feminism, theories related to Eco feminism, Gender, environment and sustainable environment Week 3: Emerging perspectives on gender and environment: Relationship between Woman and Nature Week 4: Question of domination of women and nature rooted in patriarchal ideology. Feminist critiques of science and western concepts of development Week 5: Relationship of gender division of labor structure and the natural world Week 6: Women in the two-thirds world: environmental degradation and the struggle for survival Week 7: The Green Revolution and its impacts on food production. Cash crop production, appropriation and degradation of land Week 8: Affect of environmental degradation on the lives of poor women. Women, water, fuel and forest resources Week 9: Gender division of labor and environmental impacts on women's work. Women's traditional ecological knowledge Week 10: Poverty, survival and women's roles in maintaining the means of sustenance Week 11: Dialogues with and within ecological feminism: Women engagement in environmental action Week 12: Ecofeminist perspectives on gender and environment, Major weaknesses of ecofeminist theory and practice Week 13: Political action and cultural transformation: Ecofeminist politics, ethics, and spirituality. Week 14: Issues in cultural transformation and cultural appropriation Week 15: Greenham Common, Chipko Movement, Kenya Green Belt Movement Week 16: World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, Local stories of women and environmental action Recommended Books: 1. Nightingale, A. (2006) 'The nature of gender:Work, gender, and environment', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24: 165– 185 2. McIlwaine, C. and K. Datta (2003) 'From feminizing to engendering development', Gender, Place and Culture 10: 369–382 3. Rodda, A. (1991) Women and the Environment, London: Zed Books 4. Dankelman, Irene. (2003) Gender, Environment and Sustainable Development: 5. Varadarajan, "Women and Environment Eco-feminists‟ perspectives". In Empowerment of Women and Ecological Development 2002:445) 6. Kurian, P. (2000) Engendering the Environment? Gender in the World Bank's Environmental Policies, Aldershot: Ashgate

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS Course Code. ENV-831 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: This course provides a comprehensive approach of Global Environmental Politics. It gives insight in leading international environmental issues and global politics about environment. Course Outline: Week 1-2: Global environmental politics as a discipline and its historical perspective Week 3: Actors and institutions in global environmental politics Week 4:Role of states, international organizations Week 5: Domestic politics and corporations in global environmental issues Week 6: Environmental justice movements Week 7: Environmental security uncertainty Week 8: North-South relations Week 9: Participation and citizenship as key factor in shaping global politics Week 10-11: Political ecology, climate change and globalization Week 12: Trade in hazardous waste, endangered species and genetically modified foods Week 13: International treaties and regional agreements Week 14: Transboundary disputes and environmental threats Week 15-16: Environmental advocacy at global, regional and local level.

COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Course Code. ENV-832 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To have a better understanding of Coastal Marine and offshore Areas, Marine Ecosystems. Economic significance of coast line. Coastal phenomena, coastal erosion and accretion, Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Course Outline: Week 1-2: Develop a Clear understanding of Definitions and boundaries of coastal and offshore areas of Pakistan Week 3: Coastal ecosystems Week 4-5: Mangroves, Coral reefs, rocky, sandy, muddy shores and biotic communities Week 6-7: Understanding of coastal Physical phenomena that generate potential energy from Tides, Waves, and Ocean Thermal Energy Week 8: Significance, Coastal erosion and accretion Week 9-10: Pelagic and Demersal Living Resources and products of natural marine ecosystems

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Week 11: Non Living Marine Resources Week 12-13: Impact of coastal pollution on coastal resources and amenities Week 14: Develop integrated coastal management, conservation and sustainable development of resources Week 15-16: The course will be complimented by Assignment and case studies. Students assess the assigned projects of interests for development, conservation of coastal areas, ecosystems and critical habitats. Recommended Books: 1. Oceanography, An Invitation to Oceanography 2009 by Paul R. Pinet 2. Oceanography, an introduction to the Marine Environment by Peter K. Weyl. 2008 3. Oceanography: A view of the Earth by Grant Gross. 20

AGROCHEMICALS IN ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-833 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: Te objective of this course is to demonstrate the negative and positive impact of use of agrochemicals in the short term and in long term. Course Outline: Week 1: Agrochemicals: Fertilizers, pesticides Week 2-3: Soil conditioners, hormones, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics) and fumigants Week 4: Fate of agrochemicals in the environment Week 5-6: Sorption/desorption, movement, drift, volatilization, availability, leaching and decay Week 7: Impact of agrochemicals on public health and environment Week 8: Environmental exposure to pesticides Week 9: Fertilizer pollution measurement and prediction models Week 10: Pest resistance and phyto-toxicity Week 11: Safe handling and awareness about agrochemicals Week 12-13: Factors affecting use for agrochemicals and environmental outcomes Week 14: Efficient use of agrochemicals Week 15-16: Management practices and strategies to control agrochemical pollution. Recommended Books: 1. Cheremisinoff, N.P. and P.E. Rosenfeld. 2011. Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production. Best Practices in Agrochemical Industry. Elsevier, Kidlington, UK. 2. Matthews, G.A. 2006. Pesticides: Health, Safety and the Environment. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA, USA. 3. Wheeler, W.B. 2005. Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment. Marcel and Dekker, Inc. New York, USA. 4. Sparks, D.L. 2003. Environmental Soil Chemistry. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.

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REMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR CONTAMINANTED ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-834 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Course Outline: Week 1-2: Environmental remediation; Factors affecting remediation efficiency Week 3-4: Evaluating speciation and contaminant availability in polluted environment Week 5: Factors affecting contaminant degradation Week 6: Remediation strategies Week 7: Natural attenuation, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation Week 8: Conventional methods Week 9: Physical techniques Week 10: Chemical Oxidation and other chemical treatments Week 11: Photocatalytic processes Week 12: Electrochemical techniques Week 13: Chemical and biological sorption Week 14: Integrated approaches for remediation Week 15: Application of nano-materials Week 16: Social and economic aspects of remediation. Recommended Books: 1. Ghafoor, A., G. Murtaza, M.Z. Rehman, M. Sabir, H.R. Ahmad and Saifullah. 2012. Environmental Pollution: Types, Sources and Management. Allied Book Centre, Lahore. 2. Sarkar, B. 2002. Heavy Metals in the Environment. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA. 3. Raskin, I. and B.D. Ensley. 2000. Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, USA. 4. Lens, P., T. Grotenhuis, G. Malina and H. Tabak. 2005. Soil and Sediment Remediation: Mechanisms, Technologies and Applications. IWA Publishing, London, UK.

TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER Course Code. ENV-835 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Course Outline: Week 1: The nature and sources of wastewater Week 2: Modern wastewater treatment Week 3: Primary treatment Week 4: Secondary treatment Week 5: Tertiary treatment Week 6-7: Removal of pathogens by sewage treatment process Week 8-9: Removal of organics and inorganics by sewage treatment processes Week 10: Oxidation Ponds Week 11: Septic tanks Week 12: Use of treated wastewater Week 13: Wetland and Aqua culture system Week 14: Sludge processing and land application of biosolids Week 15-16: Biofuel production from wastewater.

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Recommended Books: 1. Sharma, S.K. and R. Sanghi (eds.). 2012. Wastewater Reuse and Management. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. 2. Maier, R.M., I.L. Pepper and C.P. Gerba. 2009. Environmental Microbiology. 2ndEd. Academic Press, London, UK. 3. Tchobanoglous, G. F.L. Burton and D.H. Stensel. 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc. 4. APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association. Washington, DC.

ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIALS Course Code. ENV-836 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Course Outline: Week 1: Introduction to nanomaterials Week 2-3: Application of nanomaterials in: remediation of polluted soil and water Week 4-5: pollutant sensing and detection Week 6: filtration membranes, green chemistry Week 7: Nanomaterials as adsorbents Week 8-9: Nanomaterials for groundwater remediation Week 10: Use of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents Week 11-12: Renewable energy and nanotechnology Week 13-14: Eco-toxicological risks associated with nano-materials Week 15-16: Future challenges in nanotechnology. Recommended Books: 1. Environmental Nanotechnology: Applications and Impacts of Nanomaterials. Mark R. Wiesner and Jean-Yves Bottero. The McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, USA. 2007. (http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/environmentalnanotechnology- applications-and-impacts-of-nanomaterials) 2. Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials Synthesis, Sorbents and Sensors. Glen E Fryxell and Guozhong Cao. World Scientific. 2007.

GREEN ECONOMY Course Code. ENV-837 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

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Week 7-8: REDD and REDD plus mechanisms. Week 9-10: Employment and labor market policies for Green Jobs in context of Pakistan. Week 11-12: Role of Microfinance in Promoting Renewable Energy. Week 13-14: Institutional Framework for Renewable Energy and community adaptation. Week 15: Entrepreneurship in Energy Solutions. Week 16: Green economy and its relationship to Livelihood and Poverty Alleviation. Recommended Books: 1. Lightfoot, H. Douglas, et al, “Nuclear Fission Fuel is Inexhaustible”, Climate Change Technology Conference: Engineering Challenges and Solutions in the 21stCentury, Engineering Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 10-12, 2006. 2. Boyd, David R, Sustainability within a generation: a new vision for Canada, The David Suzuki Foundation, ISBN 0-9689731-6-7, 2004. 3. Day, Danny M. et al, Distributed Hydrogen Production with Profitable Carbon Sequestration: A Novel Integrated Sustainable System for Clean Fossil Fuel Emissions and a Bridge to the New Hydrogen Economy and Global Socio-Economic Stability, National Hydrogen Association Conference, Washington, DC., Poster Presentation, March 4-8, 2003. 4. Lehmann, J., D. Kern, B., Glaser, W. Woods, Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, ISBN 1-4020- 1839-8, 2003. 5. Love, Murray, et al, Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Systems: Spatial and Storage Requirements, Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria (IESVic) and Love, Murray, "Land Area and Storage Requirements for Wind and Solar Generation to Meet the US Hourly Electrical Demand", M.A.Sc. Thesis, University of Victoria, August 2003.

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION Course Code. ENV-838 Credit hours 3 (2-1) Objectives: The course is designed to impart knowledge and understanding of the environmental education, introduce various concepts of environmental education at different levels, provide guidelines for the design and development of resource materials for environmental education, train and develop skills for teaching and learning in environmental education with reference to environmental issues and to provide the insight of status of environmental education at national, regional and global levels. Course Outline: Week 1: Education: Knowledge, Information, Education and awareness, Skills, Values, Attitude, Behaviour, Beliefs, Norms Week 2: Environmental Education: Aims of environmental education, Types of environmental education Week 3: Teaching and learning: Four stages of learning, Teaching learning theories and EE, How people learn, Types of learners, Role of teacher/educator Week 4: Teaching learning approaches: Inductive and deductive approaches, Teaching learning process, Active and passive learning

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Week 5: Curriculum, syllabus, course development for environmental education at various levels Week 6: History and Philosophy of Education: Guiding principles of Environmental Education (EE), Environmental literacy, Citizen Action and responsibilities Week 7: Status of Environmental Education: EE at National, regional and global levels Week 8: Events that shaped the development of education in Pakistan, Role of Government, NGOs, Educational institutions Week 9: Environmental policy: EE at primary, secondary and at higher levels of education, EE and research Week 10: Teaching Methodologies: Common teaching methods/activities of formal, nonformal and informal EE Week 11: Using community resources for Environmental Education Week 12: Teaching Environmental Issues in Classroom and in the real world methodologies Week 13: Considerations for teaching environmental issues with particular reference to resources, pollution, population, management and enforcement of policies and regulations in Pakistan Week 14: Communication strategies to work in community: Reading, writing, listening and speaking skills Week 15: Designing of seminars, workshops, field trips for Environmental Education Week 16: Computer and EE: Use of computer for Environmental Education, Computer literacy, Internet, Websites and Databases etc. Practical Work: Preparation of teaching material: Development of teaching material for Environmental Education and Sample lessons for different levels of EE. Preparation of resource material (brochures, pamphlets, posters and booklets etc.) to provide information on various environmental issues. Field trips and visits to acquire the knowledge on various environmental issues and to develop management strategies. Organization and arrangements of events, festivals and exhibits for EE. Campaign designing for National, regional and local environmental issues. Organization of seminars and special lectures on general environmental management and specific issues. Making of documentaries on various environmental issues. Preparation of portfolio for EE. Recommended Books: 1. Arif, R. Status of Environmental Education in Sustainable development Strategies of Pakistan. (Comparative report). NCS. Islamabad. 2. Engleson, D. C. (1994). A Guide to curriculum planning in Environmental Education. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. USA. 3. Fordham, P. E. (1993) Informal, non-formal and formal education program.' In: YMCA George Williams College ICE301 Lifelong Learning Unit 2, London: YMCA George Williams College.

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POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Course Code. ENV-839 Credit hours 3 (3-0) Objectives: To develop the basic concepts about polymer science physical and chemical properties of polymers, various synthetic procedures involved in polymerization, characterization techniques used to analyze the type of polymers. Usefulness of thermal analytical techniques involved in polymer characterization techniques for stability and durability and to appreciate the applications of polymers in various fields such as industry, medicine, daily life etc. This course aims to provide knowledge and understanding of the environmental benefits and hazards of polymeric materials and responsible use plastics with emphasis to importance of degradable and biodegradable polymers. Course outline: Week 1: Introduction to Polymers: Basic definitions and nomenclature; Various Classifications of polymers; Week 2: Mechanical properties of polymers; Week 3: Spectroscopic Analysis of Polymers; Week 4: Impact of Polymers on Environment: Week 5: Stability of polymers, Resistance to degradation. Air, water, and solid waste pollution caused by polymeric materials. Week 6: Effect of additives, fillers and stabilizers on the environment; Monitoring of various types of pollution caused by polymeric materials. Week 7: Biodegradable Polymer: Photolytic Polymers, Per-oxidisable Polymers, Photo- Polymers, Hydro-biodegradable Polymers; Week 8: Biodegradable Copolymers and Composites; Agricultural Applications of Environmentally Degradable Polymers; Week 9: Technical Advantages of Degradable Mulching Films; Economics of Degradable Mulching Films; Week 10: Soil Sterilization, Agricultural Packaging; Bioassimilation of Photo- biodegradable Plastics; Eco toxicological Aspects in the Week 11: Biodegradation Process of Polymers, Management of Polymer Wastes: Week 12: The Polymer Waste Problem; Legislation; Disposing of Post-consumer Plastics; Life-cycle Assessment; Week 13: Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Waste Production, Mechanical Recycling; Reprocessing of Mixed Plastics Wastes, Energy Recovery by Incineration; Week 14: Liquid Fuel and Feedstock Recovery; Week 15: Management of Urban Waste; Biodegradable Plastics in Integrated Waste Management; Week 16: Degradable Plastics: Sewage, Compost, Litter. Management of Polymer Wastes in Pakistan; Polymer Industry in Pakistan. Recommended Books: 1. Charles E. Carraher Jr., Polymer Chemistry-An Introduction, latest Edition. Marcel Dekket. Inc. 2. Robert J.Young, Introduction to Polymers, Chapman Hall Ltd.NY 1981. 3. Fred W. Billmeyer,Jr. Textbook of Polymer Science, Wiley- Interscience,John Wiley and Sons. 4. Gerald Scott., Polymers and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK 1999. 5. Catia Bastioli, Editor, Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, Rapra Technology. Ltd, UK. 2000.

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ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY Course Code. ENV-840 Credit hours 3 (3-0)

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