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Hormigas Cortadoras De Hojas De Colombia: Acromyrmex & Atta

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Hormigas Cortadoras De Hojas De Colombia: Acromyrmex & Atta FAUNA DE COLOMBIA - Monografía No. 5 Hormigas cortadoras de hojas de Colombia: Acromyrmex & Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fernando Fernández, Valentina Castro-Huertas & Francisco Serna Hormigas cortadoras de hojas de Colombia: Acromyrmex & Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Hormigas cortadoras de hojas de Colombia: Acromyrmex & Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fernando Fernández, Valentina Castro-Huertas & Francisco Serna Bogotá, D.C. 2015 Catalogación en la publicación Universidad Nacional de Colombia Fernández Castiblanco, Fernando, 1961- Hormigas cortadoras de hojas de Colombia : Acromyrmex & Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) / Fernando Fernández, Valentina Castro-Huertas & Francisco Serna. -- Bogotá : Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Sede Bogotá). Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, 2015 352 páginas : ilustraciones, mapas – (Fauna de Colombia ; Monografía no. 5) Incluye referencias bibliográficas e índices ISBN : 978-958-775-257-1 -- ISBN : 978-958-775-258-8 (e-book) 1. Hormigas - Clasificación 2. Hormigas - Colombia 3. Hormigas cortadoras de hojas I. Castro Huertas, Ana Valentina, 1981 - II. Serna Cardona, Francisco Javier, 1963- III. Título IV. Serie CDD-21 595.796 / 2015 Hormigas cortadoras de hojas de Colombia: Acromyrmex & Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fauna de Colombia. Monografía No. 5 © Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Naturales © Fernando Fernández, Valentina Castro-Huertas & Francisco Serna, autores Director del Instituto: Germán Amat García. Comité Editorial Fauna de Colombia: Martha Lucía Calderón Espinosa Martha Rocha de Campos Fernando Fernández Germán Amat García Diego Giraldo C. Diseño y diagramación: Liliana P. Aguilar-G. Portada: Hormiga cortadora de hojas del género Atta. Cortesía de Andrés Sanchez. Biólogo Pontificia Universi- dad Javeriana. Primera edición, 2015 ISBN : 978-958-775-257-1 Cítese como: Fernández, F., Castro-Huertas, V. & Serna, F. Hormigas cortadoras de hojas de Colombia: Acromyrmex & Atta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Fauna de Colombia, Monografía No.5, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia, 350p. Prohibida la reproducción, total o parcial, por cualquier medio sin la autorización escrita del titular de los de- rechos patrimoniales. Impreso y hecho en Bogotá, Colombia. PRESENTACIÓN El Instituto de Ciencias Naturales presenta a la comunidad científica la Monografía 5 de la serie institucional Fauna de Colombia, dedicada al conocimiento de las llamadas “hormigas cortadoras de hojas”. Este estudio es de gran interés para los profesionales y estudiosos de la mirmecología, debido a que da una visión completa de las especies que ocupan el territorio nacional, con énfasis en los caracteres morfológicos, que determinan el estatus taxonómico de cada una de las doce especies tratadas. El estudio es integral, pues además del tratamiento taxonómico se incorpora conocimiento actual de carácter filogenético, ecológico y de distribución geográfica, e incluso aspectos de historia natural de las hormigas Attini, conocidos desde mediados del siglo XVIII. Las doce especies, agrupadas bajo el nombre común de ‘hormigas cortadoras” tienen una gran ingerencia ecosistémica, pues afectan significativamente la productividad natural al utilizar la fitomasa como recurso alimenticio para mantener las poblaciones de hongos, requisito vital para el desarrollo de las larvas en las colonias. Esta funcionalidad ecológica de las hormigas cortadoras, introducida en los ambientes agrosilviculturales del hombre, crea un gran impacto que se manifiesta sensiblemente en la disminución de la producción de los cultivos y por consiguiente en los renglones económicos y de las políticas fitosanitarias de los países latinoamericanos. En Colombia, desde principios del siglo XX estos insectos se vienen perfilando como verdaderos agentes biológicos de riesgo económico nacional; no está comprobado en la actualidad un eficiente sistema de control de estas especies. Por estas razones el conocimiento presentado por los entomólogos Fernando Fernández, Valentina Castro y Francisco Serna representa una importante contribución no solo taxonómica sino agroecológica. El estudio está basado en ejemplares depositados en nueve de las más importantes colecciones entomológicas del país, se complementa con mapas de distribución de las especies y una muestra fotográfica de imágenes muy bien logradas para asegurar la identificación de las especies. Estoy seguro que será gratificante para los autores de esta quinta monografía de Fauna de Colombia expandir los conocimientos de estas especies, y de esta manera estimular la investigación de los entomólogos profesionales, incentivar a los futuros mirmecólogos y facilitar las acciones de gestión a quienes tienen la responsabilidad de rehabilitar áreas con grandes afectaciones de carácter agroecológico, inducidas por las hormigas cortadoras de hojas. GERMÁN AMat-GARCÍA Director Instituto de Ciencias Naturales ÍNDICE Resumen ............................................................................................................. 18 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 18 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................... 19 1. SISTEMÁTICA Y FILOGENIA DE ATTINI .......................................... 21 2. BIOLOGÍA DE ATTINI Y LAS CORTADORAS DE HOJAS .............. 27 Sistema de castas ..................................................................................................... 28 Comunicación química ........................................................................................... 29 Vuelo nupcial ........................................................................................................... 29 Fundación de la colonia .......................................................................................... 30 Calidad del alimento y formación del jardín fungoso .......................................... 32 3. MÉTODOS .................................................................................................. 33 Nota 1. ...................................................................................................................... 34 Nota 2. ...................................................................................................................... 34 4. SINOPSIS .................................................................................................... 35 Tribu Attini .............................................................................................................. 35 Clave para los géneros de Attini en Colombia ...................................................................36 Especies de Acromyrmex y Atta en Colombia (* = probable) ............................................37 Género Acromyrmex Mayr ..................................................................................... 38 Caracterización ..................................................................................................................38 Diagnosis ............................................................................................................................39 Biología ..............................................................................................................................39 Historia del género .............................................................................................................40 Clave para las especies de Acromyrmex en Colombia ......................................................40 Clave para las especies en Colombia (obreras) ............................................................40 Clave para las especies en Colombia (reinas) ..............................................................42 Clave para las especies en Colombia (machos) ...........................................................42 Acromyrmex aspersus (F. Smith)........................................................................................43 Caracterización .............................................................................................................43 Diagnosis y comentarios. ............................................................................................45 Material examinado ......................................................................................................45 Acromyrmex coronatus Fabricus ........................................................................................51 Caracterización .............................................................................................................52 Diagnosis y comentarios. ............................................................................................53 Material examinado ......................................................................................................54 Acromyrmex hystrix (Latreille) ...........................................................................................57 Caracterización .............................................................................................................57 Diagnosis y comentarios. ............................................................................................58 Material examinado ......................................................................................................59 Acromyrmex landolti (Forel) ..............................................................................................62
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