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Expression of the Homeodomain Transcription Factor Meis2 in the Embryonic and Postnatal Retina

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Expression of the Homeodomain Transcription Factor Meis2 in the Embryonic and Postnatal Retina THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 505:58–72 (2007) Expression of the Homeodomain Transcription Factor Meis2 in the Embryonic and Postnatal Retina KEELY M. BUMSTED-O’BRIEN,1,2 ANITA HENDRICKSON,1,3 SILKE HAVERKAMP,1 4 1 RUTH ASHERY-PADAN, AND DOROTHEA SCHULTE * 1Department of Neuroanatomy, Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenst. 46, 60218 Frankfurt, Germany 2Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 3Departments of Biological Structure and Ophthalmology, Box 357420, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 4Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel ABSTRACT Members of the Meis subfamily of homeodomain-containing transcription factors play important roles during development and disease. Here we report that the Meis family protein Meis2 is expressed by a subpopulation of ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic amacrine (AM) cells in the adult and embryonic retina of different vertebrate species. In mice, Meis2- expressing (Meis2ϩ) AM cells are not cholinergic or dopaminergic, but some are immunore- active for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (bNOS). About 50% of the mouse Meis2ϩ AM cell population expresses the calcium-binding protein calretinin, and some Meis2ϩ AM cells show characteristics of Type II CD-15ϩ cells. AM cell expression of Meis2 is lost in a conditional knockout mouse model for Pax6, indicating a dependency upon Pax6. Bromodeoxyuridine pulse labeling experiments and immunohistochemical staining for the neuronal marker NeuN in embryonic mouse retinae indicate that Meis2 is an early marker for newly postmi- totic AM cells. In addition, taking advantage of the protracted retinal development in humans, we show that newly generated AM cells express Meis2 before adopting the GABAer- gic or glycinergic neurotransmitter phenotype. As development proceeds, some AM cells lose Meis2 expression concomitantly with the appearance of glycine, while other AM cells retain Meis2 expression after they express GABA. These data identify Meis2 as a suitable marker for the study of AM cell diversity and development in addition to providing evidence for the stepwise specification of the glycinergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter phenotypes during AM cell differentiation. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:58–72, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: amacrine cell; transcription factor; neurotransmitter subtype specification; Pax6 Amacrine (AM) cells are interneurons in the vertebrate cells can also be grouped according to the neurotransmit- neural retina. Typical AM cell somata are located in the ters they accumulate. Most AM cells contain either inner nuclear layer (INL) and displaced AM cell somata are located in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), adjacent to the inner plexiform layer (IPL). AM cells make synapses This article includes Supplementary Material available via the Internet with bipolar cell terminals and the dendrites of retinal at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0021-9967/suppmat. ganglion cells, thereby modulating the synaptic transmis- Grant sponsor: University of Auckland Staff Research Fund and the Auck- land Medical Research Foundation (to K.B.O.); Alexander von Humboldt sion between these two cell classes (Wa¨ssle, 2004). AM Professorship (to A.H.); Grant sponsor: Israel Science Foundation; Grant cells are an abundant cell type, comprising about 40% of number: 694/06 (to R.A.P.); Grant sponsor: Israeli Ministry of Health, the all neurons in the INL of most vertebrates (Jeon et al., German Israeli Foundation; Grant number: I-756-187.2/02 (to R.A.P.); Grant 1998). They also exhibit a remarkable diversity. Based on sponsor: AMN Foundation, Glaucoma Research Foundation (to R.A.P.). *Correspondence to: Dorothea Schulte, Department of Neuroanatomy, criteria such as branching pattern, dendritic field diame- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Deutschordenst. 46, 60218 ter, and stratification in the IPL, up to 30 distinct types of Frankfurt, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] AM cells have been estimated to exist in vertebrates Received 10 October 2006; Revised 10 June 2007; Accepted 29 June 2007 (Wa¨ssle and Boycott, 1991; Strettoi and Masland, 1996; DOI 10.1002/cne.21458 MacNeil and Masland, 1998; MacNeil et al., 1999). AM Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). © 2007 WILEY-LISS, INC. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. DOI 10.1002/cne Meis2 AND AM CELL DIVERSITY AND DEVELOPMENT 59 ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine (Gly) (Vaney, about Meis expression and function in the nondiseased, 2002). Glycinergic AM cells are mostly small-field cells adult organism, however, is still superficial. with diffuse dendritic trees, while GABAergic AM cells Here we describe the expression of Meis2 in the adult generally have wider dendritic fields. Many GABAergic neural retina of different vertebrate species as well as AM cells also contain other neurotransmitters like acetyl- during retinal development in mice and humans. We re- choline or dopamine. To date, only few additional molec- port that Meis2 is expressed by a restricted subset of ular markers that identify distinct AM cell subpopulations mainly GABAergic AM cells of the adult retina, as well as have been described and these include parvalbumin, cal- by some retinal ganglion cells in the incipient human bindin, calretinin, neural nitric oxide synthase, the cyclin fovea. Meis2 is among the earliest markers for newly kinase inhibitor p57KIP2, or the glycoconjugate CD15 generated AM cells in mice and humans, and its expres- (3[␣1-3]-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine) (Pasteels et al., sion precedes neurotransmitter subtype specification in 1990; Uesugi et al., 1992; Wa¨ssle et al., 1993; Nag and these cells. These data will present a foundation for func- Wadhwa, 1997, 1999; Haverkamp and Wa¨ssle, 2000; Dyer tional studies on Meis2-expressing AM cells and provide and Cepko, 2001; Jakobs et al., 2003). evidence for the time course of specification of the The mechanisms directing AM cell production and dif- GABAergic versus glycinergic neurotransmitter fate in ferentiation have only recently begun to be investigated AM cells. on a molecular level. AM cells are generated during the first phase of neurogenesis in the vertebrate retina, start- ing at embryonic day (E)11 in mice, at the end of E3 MATERIALS AND METHODS (Hamburger Hamilton stage HH 20) in chicks or from fetal Tissue day (Fd)38 onwards in macaque monkeys (Young, 1985; Prada et al., 1991; La Vail et al., 1991; Hamburger and Human eyes were obtained under approved protocols Hamilton, 1992). A conditional deletion of the paired-type from the Human Tissue Program (University of Washing- homeodomain transcription factor Pax6 in mice demon- ton) or ABR (Alameda, CA). Fetal age was determined by strated that Pax6 is required for the multipotency of ret- eye size and foot length. Eyes were fixed in 4% parafor- inal progenitor cells and is particularly important for AM maldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) for cell genesis (Marquardt et al., 2001). Loss of Pax6 in 4–12 hours. The tissue was cryoprotected in graded su- retinal progenitor cells shortly before onset of cell differ- crose (10–30%) and serial frozen sections of 12 ␮m were entiation led to the loss of most bHLH (basic helix-loop- cut. Every 10th slide was stained with cresyl violet to helix) gene expression, except NeuroD1. Probably as a identify sections through the fovea. result of these altered gene expression profiles, progenitor Adult mice (C57/BL6/J) age 8–12 weeks or rats (Brown cells were exclusively driven toward the AM cell fate, Norway) were deeply anesthetized with halothane and leading to the formation of a mutant retina that was decapitated. E18.5 chick embryos were quickly removed entirely composed of AM cell-like neurons (Marquardt et from the shell and decapitated. The eyes were enucleated, al., 2001). In the normal retina, Pax6 continues to be the anterior segment removed, and the eyecup immersion expressed by postmitotic AM cells, suggesting that it plays fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.4) for 30 multiple roles in the genesis, differentiation, and function minutes at room temperature. Cryoprotection and section- of these cells. Other nuclear factors involved in AM cell ing was performed as described above. Retinae from adult development include the bHLH-type transcription factor macaque monkeys, Macaca fascicularis, or from adult cats Math3, the forkhead protein Foxn4, the homeodomain and rabbits were obtained from animals killed after proteins Barhl2 and Six3, and the cyclin kinase inhibitor experiments unrelated to those described here. The an- p57KIP2 (Morrow et al., 1999; Dyer and Cepko, 2000; Inoue imals were given a lethal dose of pentobarbitone and the et al., 2002; Li et al., 2004; Mo et al., 2004). eyes were quickly removed. The posterior eyecup was Three Meis family members have been identified in the immersion-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH mouse genome, Meis1–Meis3. Meis proteins belong to the 7.4) for 15–30 minutes. Cryoprotection and sectioning TALE (three amino acids loop extension) family of was performed as described above. All procedures in- homeodomain-containing transcription factors (Bu¨ rglin, volving animals were approved by the local animal care 1997). TALE-homeodomain proteins form stable hetero- committee and were in accordance with the law for meric complexes with other transcriptional regulators and animal experiments issued by the German Government. thereby enhance the affinity and/or specificity of their binding partner for distinct sequence elements in the en- Immunohistochemistry hancers of target genes (Moens and Selleri, 2006). A wide The primary antibodies used in the present study are variety of different transcription factors can interact with listed in Table 1. Meis family members in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that The specificity of the Meis2 antiserum was previously Meis proteins serve a general role as transcriptional co- tested in Western blots of different cell lines (Swift et al., factors (Swift et al., 1998; Knoepfler et al., 1999; Koba- 1998).
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