DCCUMENT FESUIE

ED 050 203 UD 011 489

TITLE A Fleport or Services tc the People of the by the Legal LEfense Fund, 1970-1971. NLACP Legal DeteLse and Educational fund, Inc., New York, N.Y. PUE LATE [71] NC7E 26p.

FEES Pi(ICE iDFS Price ;1F-$0.o F.C-1z.29 EFSChiPlOi;'i CiviJ Fights, *Court Litigation, *Legal Aid, *legal Problems, *Legislation, *i,:inority Gtou[s

ALS1aAC7 This is tbe 197-71 annual report ot the NAACP legal Defense Fund. Sumlaarits of court decisions as a result of Legal LELEHSE Fur.d(LDP) acticb ate included in the areas of education, euploymert, legal protlec.s of prominent black individuals, and problevis or incligcnt minorities. Activities of special project areas within Lbi are included, as well as a financial report. (Author/FM) re% US DEPARTMENT OF MEAl714, EDUCATION C.) I WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION TIIIS DOCUMENT Ai bILN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM TAE PER5ONOR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING ITPOINTS Or VIEW OR OPINIONS STATE° DO NOT NECES kr% 5 INV REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF FDU CATION POSITION CR PO/1C,,

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A REPORT ON SERVICES TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE

1111111111egal efense andd

1970 - 1971

as 00 ger

,04 0 THE NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND 2DUCATIONAL FUND, INC. 10 Columbus Circle, New York, New York 10019 Alclson 6-8397 table of contents

Introduction 5 Education 7 Emplo) rnent 12 Freedom of the Press 14 "The Fight of the Century" 15 The National Office for the Rights of the Indigent 16 Municipal Services 16 La 13 Use and Housing 16 Administration of Justice 17 Prison Reform 17 Capital Punishment 18 Spanish- Speaking Americans 19 Migrant Workers 19 American Indians 20 Division of Legal Information and Community Service 21 Higher Education Program 23 The Herbert Lehman Eduction Fund 23 The Legal Training Program 23 The Justice Fund A Reserve and Bequest Program 25 Statement of Income and Expenditures-1W0 26 Financial Needs 1971 27 Officers 28

2 introduction America was not happy in1970: The war tantinued inIndochina, unemployment rose, the stock market declined. Poliution, crime, continuing racial discrimination, filled headlines. Yet, many citizens acted vigorously, and with some success, to make the nation better. The NAACP LEGAL DctENSF AND EDUCATINAL FUND, always on the frontier of the law, always in action, scored notable victories against injustice, whIch affect the lives of all. In this report of its servi,:es to tl e people of the United State, , LDF highlights its accomplishments of the past twelve months and projects plans for the future. 1971 started auspicious!y for the Legal Defense Fund with the election of a new President, William T. Coleman, Jr. Succeeding the distinguished Judge Francis E. Rivers, who served as I.DF's President for five years, Mr. Coleman summed up his own dedication to LDF: "No duty Ihave ever performed in my life compares in significance with the honor an.'. responsi- bilityI have assumed as President of the Legal Defense Fund. Americans of all creeds and colors can hold their heads high knowing that our Constitution and Bill of Rights ,:ontinue to be living documents whose guarantees to every citizen are safeguarded by the L.egal Defense Fund comprised of that small but brilliant group of lawyers so carefully chosen and so intelligently led by Director-Counsel, . I shall endeavor, to the best of my ability, to carry on the honorable tradition of service to the people of the United Stz.oes so ably executed by my pre- decessors in this post." Mr. Coleman, a member of the LDF Board of Directors for over a decade and its Vice President since 1965, is an expert in both corporate and constitutional law and for many years has advised staff lawyers in the preparation of important test cases. A graduate, magna :um laude, of Harvard Law School, Mr. Coleman began his career as a law clerk for the late Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankf arter. He le now a partner in the Philadelphia law firm of Ditv orth, Paxson, Kalish, Levy and Coleman. He was a senior staff attorney for the whicn investigated the assassination of President Ktirinedy and was named a United States Delegate to the 24th Session of the United Nations General Assembly by President Nixon.

3 The NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND FDUCATtONAL FUND. INC. was cstablishul In 19'59 by the National Association For The Advancement r f Cotorcd People. It has since become separate and distinct from The founding organization. It has its own distinguished board of Directors, its own policies, stmt and budget. 'hi-lough it has pursued its own route, it retains the founding initials In its name as a re- minder of its heritage and as a mark of Identity which distinguishes it from numerous otner "legal defense funds," which have come into being to emulate it.

4 education

THE HISTORIC DECISIONS OF 1971: The average one-way ride for all bused children CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG AND MOBILF took one hour and fifteen minutes. Longest trips were made by the youngest children -700 A unanimous Supreme Court, on April 20, in Head Start programs, mostly blackwhere 1971, upheld the constitutionality of busing 3s round trips ranged from 14 to 78 miles. Some a means to dismantle dual school systems and eluntuntary school children rode two hours create unitary sys'ems. It also affirmed as con- each way daily. Most white junior high school stitutional the Charlotte - Mecklenburg school students were being bused to new schools in desegregation plan developed by an educa- outlying districts while their black neighbors tional expert and ordered into effort in Sep- walked to inner-city schools This system of tember, 1970 by Federal District Judge James busing succeededinmaintaining many all- B. McMillan. This plan eliminates the racial black and all-white scnoois. identifiability of every school in the Charlotte- Mecklenburg Cou,oty school systemthe larg- est Ili North Carolinaby cross-busing of black Busing for Integration More Students and white students from the inner cities to the But Shorter Ride suburbs arid vice versa. Charlotte- Mecklenburg The plan ordered by Judge McMillan and is today one of the most thoroughly integrated developed by Dr. John Finger of Rhode island systems in the nation in the racial tlfstribution College, has been in effect since September, of bath students and faculty. 1970.It adds 13,000 children to those being TI e Court, in the same series of decisions, bused. Their average ride is only 35 minutes. overturned the existing Mobile, Alabama, de- The Charlotte- Mecklenburg School Board ob- segregatior- plan, accepting LOF's argument jected to this plan on the grounds that busing thatitdid not satisfy constitutional require- is hard on children and costly to the schools. ments. LDF challengedtheseobjectionsbecause abundant evidence pointedtotheirbeing In arguments before the Supreme Court in si iply pretexts to destroy the plan and keep OcIoher, 1970, the U.S. Department of Justice more than half of the black elementary school joincd the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School Board children in ail or almost all black schools, LDF in asking the Court to throw out the plan believes thatif ausing can be used to keep ordered by Judge McMillan, Legal Defense schools segregated, it is infinitely better to use Fund lawyers, Juliu3 L. Chambers and James it to achieve integrated schools. M. Nabrit III, referring to carefully documented maps, argued for the plan's retention. Chief Justice Wcrren E. Burger, writing for the unanimous Court, stated that ", bus trans- portation has long been a part of all public CHARLOTTE BUSING USED TO educational systems and itis unlikely that a SEGREGATE truly effective remedy could be devised without Charlotte had bused approximately 23,000 continued reliance upon it." In an opinion deal- of the 84,000 children in the system in 1969-70. ing with another facet of the Charlotte-Meck- A relatively small number of them were black. lenburg case and overlapping into the Mobile

7 case, the Chief Justice stated, ''The importance realistically to work now." Cnief Justice Burger, of bus transportation as a normal and accepted for the Court, further stated, "A District Court tool of educational policy is readily discernible may and should consider the i,se of all available in this and the companion case (Mobile." techniques including restructuring of attend- ance zones and both contiguous and non- MOBILE PLAN REJECTED contiguous attendance zones." Ineffect, the Court was saying that "neighborhood schools" The Mobile case is a suit filed by LDF in which perpetuate segregation in a state with a 1963. After five years in the courts, during hislory of segregation, do not meet the require- which time evci-y judicial order was evaded, ments of the Constitution. only 2% of all black school children were in previously all-white schools, with only 6% of The issues in Mobile are identical with those black high school students attending school in several other cases concerning urban centers with whites. Mobile had effectively kept inte- in the Deep South. The Court's decision will grationto token numbers. LDF researchers affect all of them. found that busing was used to maintain segre- gated schools. For example, 582 black students EXPECT FASTER INTEGRATION from o.le rural area were bused Into the center of Mobile to prevent their otteitclance at white From the tine the Supreme Court heard the arguments in these cases in October, 1970, schools near their homes. Portable classrooms until it issued its decisions on April ?0, 1971, expanded facilities at black elementary schools rower courts have, in most cases, refused to so that black children would not have to attend while schools near their homes. rule on school desegregation plans. They were awaiting further clarification and instructions After the Supreme Court's decision in flex- from the Supreme Court. We expect they will now hear arguments quickly and that, by the ander v. Holmes County Board of Education in beginning of the school term in September, October, 1969, the Legal Defense Fund went 1971, we will have succeeded in persuading Lack into court to ask for a plan that would them to accept many more constitutional de- abolish the cioal school system In Mobile, as segregation plans. required by law. From a variety of plans put beforeit,the Filth Circc Court of Appeals Federal Fool-Dragging approved an inadequate one based on the "neighborhood school," which left nine schools After October 29, 1969, when, in the Alexan- 90% or more black and assigned 64% of the der v. Holmes County decision, the Supreme black elementary schc..4 pupils to them. Our Court ruled that every school district had the appeal to the Supreme Court, made by Director- obligation to operate ''now and hereafter only Counsel, Jack Greenberg, contended that the unitary schools," and that this be done "al Mobile plan did not meet the requirements once," LDF moved rapidly in its approximately of the Constitution and that nothing less than 200 school cases which were in various stages total desegregation will suffice, that every black oflitigation. The intensive and accelerated child al every grade in his educational career activity of LDF lawyers, moving cases through must be free of assignment to a "black" school. the courts, resulted in far more integration In The Supreme Court overturned he Mobile plan Southern schools than ever before. But we and order .1:1 the development of a planthat have often been at odds with the Departments promised realistically to work and promised of Justice and of Health, Education and Wel-

8 6 fare. They have been wilting to settle for much coming. less than the Supreme Court has ordered and we are still having to "go it alone" much of LDF Protects Rights of Black Faculty the time to satisfy constitutional requirements that no person suffer discrimination because Throughout the year, LDF has been trying to of race. stop the massive lay-offs and demotions of Our school cases are supervised by Assistant black teachers and principals in schools which Counsel Norman Chachkin. have desegregated. We have 35 cases in the courts at present in which we represent dis Confusing the Public missed teachers and other back school staff members. We have established the legal prin- On Octobri 22,1970, the Department of ciple that if an all-black school is phased out, Health,Education and Welfare statedthat its black staff cannot simply be fired. 90.5% of Southern children, black and white, were attending desegregated school systems, A recent offer of $3.2 million to retrain black a statement which befuddled the record. The teachers in the South has been made by the word "system" isthe key to understanding Government. We contend that itis discrimina- what the present situation actually is. Within tion rather than inadequate training from which many "unitary systems" black and white chil- these teachers suffer. Hundreds have been dren stillattend segregated schools. Within demoted, dismissed outright, denied new con- many desegregated schools, widespread segre- tracts,pressuredIntoresigning. Many new gation persists In classrooms, buses and extra- teachers have been hired to replace them, few curricular activities; and even in desegregated of whom are black. It is estimated that, during classrooms, some schools have arranged seg- the past two years, the number of black prin- regated seating. Black teachers,principals, cipals has fallen from 620 to 170 in North Caro- coaches and staff have been dismissed or lina, and from 250 to between 40 and 50 in demoted in massive numbers. In clear violation Alabama. LDF suggests that the $3.2 million be of law and, at times, Department of Hetith, used by the Government to enforce the law Education ano Welfare guidelines, assignment rather than to accept at face value statements of faculty and staff has often been carried out that black teachers and principals are un- so as to leave schools identifiable as black or trained. white. These facts were revealed In an exten- sive report which resulted from the monitoring NORTHERN SCHOOLS of over 400 desegregated districts. The report, made by LOF together with five other organiza- tions, also revealed that the Departments of The Legal Defense Fund has charged, in Justice and HEW have accepted some desegre- suit brought against the New York City Board gation plans which wilt result in re- segregation of Education and the Board of Examiners, that and others which unnecessarily permit con- the use of examinations to determine eligibility tinuationof segregated schools. Tha report for supervisory jobs in the New York City school concludel :hat, while some school districts system violates the Constitution and New York had made remarkable progress, the overall law. The case, handled by LOF lawyer, Eliza- process of desegregation is in Imminent danger beth B. DuBois, is now under scrutiny in a of failure unless new ano stronger policies of federal court. Our suit claims that the system enforcement at the federallevel areforth- of selection has worked to keep out virtually

7 all black and Puerto Rican applicants from have represented both black and white parents supervisory jobs. We charged that tests are who are trying to get enforcement of an order culturally biased against minorities and that by the State Commissioner of Education that they bear no relationship to the applicant's elementary schools be paired to achieve racial ability to perform the job. Pending its further balance in that community. The State has made consideration, the court has enjoined the Board funds available for this purpose. The Mount of Examiners from issuing any more licenses Vernon Board of Education has consistently or "lists of eligibles" based on the old system. fought the order. We have won several deci- New York Chancellor of Sci.00ls, Harvey Scrib- sions in this case but each decision Is appealed ner, a defendant in the suit, has declined to to a higher court by the local Board of Educa- defend himself, conceding that the present tion. These delaying tactics are reminiscent of system is unworkable. the early days of school litigation in the South after the Brown decision in 1954. The latest Apart from the ethnic issue, correct answers appeal by the Board is scheduled to be heard to some of the questions on the tests are based in June, 1971. Meanwhile, Mount Vernon's ele- on what current administrators consider the mentary school children are attending readily approved solution to a problem. This tends to identifiable "black" and "white" schools. reward those who know how to please the system rather than those who may offer Innova- tive and unconventional answers to complex Morristown educational problems facing the City's schools. In Morristown, , we are Involved The recent LDF victory In the U.S. Supreme in a case which is the reverse of the one in Court in Griggs v. Duke Power (see under Mount Vernon. Here, for over 100 years, stu- "Employment", page 12), while based on Title dents from both the Inner and outer school VII of the Civil Rights Act and not on a constitu- districts of Morristown have shared the same tional violation, has overtones similar to the high school. in 1967, the Board of Education of ones in the New York City case regarding job- the outer city school district voted to build its related tests. own high school and move its children, mainly white, out of the present well-integrated school. Buffalo Representing both black and white parents, Ina case arising In Buffalo, LDF won a vic- LOF's attorney, A. Sylvia Drew, has sought to tory from a three -judge Federal District Court stop that school from being built because it which ruled that New York State's so-called would lead to the segregation of an Integrated Anti-Busing statute of 1969 was unconstitu- school. The New Jersey Commissioner of Edu- tional. The statute provides that school boards cation, although agreeing with the allegation which are appointed, not elected, cannot order of the complainants, has entered an order Integration plans. LDF argued that the statute stating that he does not have the power to stop had altered State law and deprived minority the construction of the new high school. We groups of their rights. New York's Attorney have appealed that order to the New Jersey General has appealed the ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court. Supreme Court. THE FUTURE COURSE Mount Vernon Now that the Supreme Court has spoken with Since 1968, in Mount Vernon, New York, we such clarity on the range of techniques that

10 8 may be employed to desegregate thoroughly, insist upon two-way busing, if that is appro- the Legal Defense Fund is moving vigorously priate, to achieve school integration.Ar 3we to push for the total dis.nantling of the dual shall work for a quality of Integration which school systems of the South anti, at the same preserves tha rights and dignity of black chil- time,iscarefully preparing . attack upon dren, teachers and supervisorystair,end, segregation in medium size cities of the North thereby, improves the education of alt children. where segregated schools are often the result The Supreme Court has made clear in its of a history of housing restrictions Imposed on latest decisions its insistence that this nation blacks. We have over 200 current cases dealing must abide by the Constitution and must alimi- with education. nate all vestiges of segregateJ education im- In the process of desegregation, one of our posed by local law and custom. The Legal points of emphasis will be to see that it does Defense Fund Intends to see the Court's words not, as it has so much of the tame, put the translated into affirmative action across the burden sorely upon black students. Wa shall lend.

11 employment

"Last hired, first fired," remains a truism. in ing outside the plant, who applied for promotion a year of high unemployment, black workers, to work ilscloors as coal handlers, includes such many of whom were hired in efforts by some irrelevancies as being able to distinguish be- industriestoreverse former discriminatory tween "pretentions" and "pretentious," "moral" practices, are the first to go. Today the rate and "morale," and one question which requires of unemployment for Negroes is considerably knowledge of the vernal equinox. the Supreme more than twice that for whites. But that is Court's decision in this caso Is causing much only one side of the coindiscrimination is the self-examination among corporate personnel other. directors and publishers of tests. Said of this decision, "Over the long run Seven ,ears ago, the U.S. Congress specifi- ... the decision could mean greater job op- cally outlawed discrimination in employment on portunities for minority workers, with impact the basis of race. Yet, in Personnel offices and being telt in 'union hiring halls and government union hiring hairs all over the tinned States, this offices as well as in private Industry." law is broken daily. And black workers with long years of service to an employer find that SEX DISCRIMINATION OUTLAWED their color prevent, advancement to better, higher paying Jobs In the other case, Phillips v. Marlin Marietta, argued by First Assistant Counsel, William L. LOF currently has over 100 job discrimination Robinson, the Supreme Court held that it was suits in various stages of litigation more than unlawful to refuse to h,re a woman with pre- double the number of such cases brought by the shool age children unless the same standard U.S. Department of Justice. These suits attack was applied to men in similar situations. Mrs. what we believe to be policies ano practices Phillips, a white mother of seven children, was which are widely used and have a discrimioa- refused employment at the Orlando, Florida tory effect plant of the Martin Marietta Corporation, be- cause the company had a policy of not hiring SUPREME COURT RULES ON JOB TESTING mothers of young children This decision was the first on sex discrimination issued by the The first two cases under Title VII, the equal Supreme Court under Title VII of the 1964 Civil employment provision of the 1964 Civil Rights Rights Act. The decision has significant rele- Act, to reach the Supreme Court of the United vance for black women and ise,step forward States were brcught and won by the legal towards achieving fair employment practices Defense Fund en the current session of the for ail women. Court. In one case, Griggs v. Duke Power, argued by 'OF Director-Counsel, Jack Green- OTHER JOB VICTORIES berg, the Court ruled that tests for 'imployment or promotion must be related to the job in cwes- Other 'OF victoriesin employment cases tion and thatle burden to prove that they are this past year include a decision by the Fifth so related rests with the employer. The Duke Circuit Court of Appeals stating that, where Power Company's test for black laborers work- pericies of racial discrimination are open and

12 10 notorious, blacks do not have to go through Also pending are similar suits brought by the demeaning experience of applying for Jobs. LOF against the State of New Jersey, arguing They can now go directly to the Federal Court that under the Fourteenth Amendment, the and claim discrimination. state has a constitutional obligation to assure that no one is denied employment because of Another "first' was the Eighth Circuit Court race in state-funded programs. of Appeals ruling inat evidence, based solely cn statistics which dearly show that racial dis- BLACK RIGHTS IN UNION MERGERS crimination in employment exists, is sufficient proof of its existence. as a matter of law. The The current docket includes suits dealing fact thai the courts will now accept statistics with problems ar'sing from mergers of black as e '.)asis on which to rule,facilitates our and wh:te unions. These cases contend that ability to litigate large Issues of discrimination black;, rhoold have leadership representation in en ploment. in the merged unions. Blacks now are treated as new members and are strippedof the Decisions awarding counsel fees to plaintiffs grievance protection which they enjoyed under who have suffered employment discrimination their separate union. wore won and other cases further clarified The docket also includes cases involving procedures under Title VII. testing procedures similar to those in Griggs v. Duke Power, and others asking for counsel fees BREAKING BUILDING-TRADES BIAS for plaintiffs and seniority rights in Job trans- The construction industry, both employers fers. Other cases seek answers to questions involving appropriate remedies to the findings and unions, is under aitack by LDF in Newark, of employment discrimination and how far a New Jersey. A plan, similar to the Administra- District Court can go to order relit':f. tion's much heralded "Philadelphia Plan," Is being challenged as unconstitutional by both Said LDF lawyer, William L. Robinson, who contractors and unions. The plan orders con- heads the employment litigation section,From tractors to hire blacks on federal construction May, 1970, to June, 1971, we will have tried projects and Insists that unions accept black as many cases of employment discrimination workers as members and Include blacks In under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act as their apprenticeship program. LDF claims that we did in the preceding four years." We hope Executive Order 11246, originally Issued by to continue at this accelerated pace in the President Franklin D. Roosevelt and broadened future. However, because funds for additional under each President since, requires affirmative staff lawyers are in short supply, we are as action on the part of employers and unions to much deterred from pursuing rapid and effec- hire members of mincriti groups when federal tive Implementation of the law by lack of man- funds are involved. Thus far, LOF's argument power as we are by the traditional slowness of has been upheld by the Federal District Court. the litigation process.

13 11 freedom of the press

Earl Caldwell, a black reporter for the New have to show an overwhelming need to get York Times, won a landmark decision for free- his testimony specifically. The appeals court dom of the press. The U. S. Department of agreed that the Justice Department had laid no Justice had subpoenaed him to testify in a such foundation and could not make Caldwit:11 secret Grand Jury proceeding and to produce appear. The Court said "if the Grand Jury may toe recordings and notes of interviews with require [Caldwellto make available to it infor- Black Panther leaders. LDF, which previously mation obtained by him as news gatherer, then had been consulted by Black Perspective, an the Grand Jury and the Department of Justice associationofblack journalistsconcerned have the power to appropriate his investigative about this very problem, was asked by Caldwell efforts to their own behalf, converting the re- represent himpersonally. LDF lawyers porter into an investigative agent of the govern- moved to set aside the subpoena, declaring ment." This was the first time a Federal Court that Cardwell would be destroyed as a reporter: had supported a reporter's refusal to testify. no radical would trust him again. The district The U. S. Department of Justice has applied court ordered him to testify. Caldwell again for a Supreme Court hearing. refused and was cited for civil contempt. Argu- The New York Times stood by Caldwell ing on appeal, LDF's Anthony Amsterdam, pro- throughout the ordeal, but many legal experts fessor of law at Stanford University, persuaded thought Caldwell would have no choice about the U. S. Cow. of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit testifyng, until LDF lawyers developed their thatbefore the government could destroy legal argument. Caldwell's effectiveness as a newsman, it would

14 12 "the fight of the century"

In 1967, the New York State Athletic Com- State had be i issued to convicted armed rob- mission had denied a license to bers, rapists, men with military offenses on fight, contending that its duty was "to maintain their records, and even a murderer. Muhammad the integrity of boxing in this state." Other state Ali had refused, on religious grounds, to be commissions followed New York's lead and All dratted. He was denied a license to fight be- was unable to fight professionally anywhere. cause of that. Federal Judge Walter R. Mans- The Legal Defense Fund took the case when field ordered Ali's license restored after hearing Ali was unable to earn a living as a boxer. the evidence.It had 'aken painsfaking work Because he asserted issues of racial discrimi- over a long period of time by LDF lawyers to nation, the case took on added significance. develop the facts in this case. It was clear that Whether he received fair treatment would help the Commission haddiscriminatedagainst determine for many black citizens the law's Muhammad Ali and was punishing him because credibility as an instrument for social change. of his political and religious beliefs. After Ali began to fight once more, he reim- With his license reissued, Muhammad Ali bursed LOF for its expenses in his litigation. fought the "figlof the century" against Joe However, we may not and do not charge legal Frazier and lost honorably, in a 15 -round fight, fees. the World's Heavyweight Championship title, LDF lawyers, Michael Meltsner and Ann E. which previously hac: been his and had arbi- Wagner, probed the New York Commission's trarily been taken from him. files End found that licenses to fight in that

15 13" the national office for the rights of the indigent

The National Office for the Rights of the In- tion to thousands of Shaws across the nation. digent (NORI), the poverty law program of the It will affect both city and rural slums. Legal Defense Fund, is devoted to developing Lackawanna, New York law for the poor of all races, colors and creeds. In another landmark decision won by NORI, Since 1967, through its research and litiga- the federal courts have forbidden the City of tion program, NORI has won landmark deci- Lackawanna, New York, to interfere with a pro- sions that sere to build a foundation of new posed low-income housing development which law for those viho are denied justice because black citizens of the City desired to build in a of their poverty. In a wide-ranging program in- white section of Lackawanna. LDF-NORI attor- anduse, renewal, housing, volving urban neys, Michael Davidson and Jeffry A. Mintz, education,mi- municipalservices,welfare, representing the black citizens, were Joined in grants, consumer fraud, prison reform, capital the case by the Catholic Archdiocese, which punishment, and other areas affecting the daily agreed to sell the land, and by the U. S. De- lives of poor people, NORI works for change partment of Justice. The district judge found through law.Itis helping American Indians, that the City's objections to the housing project Spanish-speaking Americans, and poor whites were subterfuges and that racial discrimination as well as blacks. and racial segregation were the real motives. Some typical NORI cases follow: The City lost its appeal to the United Sates Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and MUNICIPAL SERVICES the Supreme Court refused to review the case. Shaw, Mississippi These victories are a beginning in developing 'aw to assure that the Wad( and the poor are In a decision that opens up for constructive not made to suffer discrimination in municipal legal attack a broad area of discrimination services. hitherto untouched, the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the town of Shaw, Missis- LAND USE AND HOUSING sippi, must provide services on a racialiy equal Well Virginia basis. The pioneering suit in Shaw developed by NORI-LDF lawyers, Jonathan Shapiro and From New York, through Pennsylvania, south Melvin Leventhal, and brought on behalf of to West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and Andrew Hawkins, a black carpenter, held that Alabama, and across lo California, the Legal the town draw: a line between its black and Defense Fund's cases seek to stop new high- white resident:. Where the black section be- ways from dispossessing the poor who live in gins, paved roads end and so do drainage their path and to broaden housing opportunities sewers, adequate fighting and water supply. for people with low income. Jack Greenberg for The Court's decision in this case has applica- NOR1, argued before the U. S. Supreme Court

is

111 on 22, 1971, inTriangle Improvement ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE Council v. Ritchie, a case in which we repre- Prison Reform sent black residents of the "Triangle" neighbor- hood in Charleston, Virst Virginia. Their homes Readers of "Papillon," the recent best seller, were selected to be leveled to make way for a learned in excruciating detail the horrors of the six-lane highway. Housing is scarce in Charles- pre-World War II French penal colony system. Probably no American reader could conceive ton, especially for blacks who are kept out of of his country countenancing prison conditions many neighborhoods. We have asked the Court even approaching those of which he read. Un- to rule that in this situation, state and Federal fortunately, he would be wrong. A few hours of officials are barred, by a 1968 act of Congress, reading through the Legal Defense Fund cases from approving construction plans that would on prison reform would reveal conditions more displacepeoplefromtheir homes unless like fiction emanating fom a sadistic mind than specific assurances are given that safe, sani- from the American system of jurisprudence and tary and decent housing will be given to the the condition of its prisons. relocatees. In a landmark decision won by LDF In a case The Government contends that since routing where we represented the prisoners of the through "Triangle" was approved in 1967, be- Lucas County Jail in Toledo, Ohio, U. S. District fore Congress acted, the law does not apply. Judge Don J. Young referred to "a refined sort (of punishment) much more comparable to the LDF has argued that, as long as homes have not Chinese water torture than to such crudities as yet been leveled, the 1968 law should apply to breaking on the wheel." Judge Young described projects authorized before then. We awr;t the the Toledo prison as "a local jail at (its) worst." Court's decision.Itwill affect simiiar cases . .. ''When the total picture of confinement In we are pressing in lower courts. the Lucas County JailIs examined, what ap- pears is cramped and overcrowded quarters, lightless, airless, damp, and filthy with leaking Huntington, New York water and human wastes, slow starvation, dep- rivation of most human contacts, except with In English v. Town of Huntington, New York, others in the same sub-human state, no exer- we represent low income black residents of cise or recreation, little if any medical attention, Huntington whose homes are threatened by no attempt at rehabilitation, and for those who urban renewal and other city sponsored pro- In despair or frustration lash out at their sur- grams which make no provision for relocating roundings, confinement, stripped of clotnIng them. This suit also seeks to Invalidate the use and every last vestige of humanity, in a sort cf of zoning laws as a means to deny low-Income oubliette" (secret dungeon). people the benefit of residence In certain areas, Ruling that conditions In the Lucas County in this case a suburban community adjacent to Jail constitute "cruel and unusual punishment," New York City. a violation of the Constitution, Judge Young held that the Federal Court has jurisdiction over Our major objective in the land use and hous- what normally would be a State matter. In his ing litigation Is to establish rules of law which opinion the Judge wrote "... Confinement as assure that ur')on planning serves, rather than itis handled in the Lucas County Jail denies disserves, the poor, them (prisoners) equal protection of the law."

17 15 . . "Obviously if confinement in the Lucas merely because they cannot afford bail (52% of County Jail is a cruel and unusual punishment all prisoners currently held are in this category); forbidden to be employed against those who imposition of disciplinary punishment of pris- are in jail to be punished, it is hard to think of oners without essential procedural safeguards any reason why it should be permitted for and .rithout standards to guide prison officials; those who are in Jail awaiting trial and are, ac- cruel and inhumane conditions of solitary con- cording to law, presumed to be innocent of any finement; the rights to religious freedom, to wrong doing. For centuries under our law, vote, to engage in political activity, to petition punishment before conviction has been for- for redress of grievances; plus the rights of bidden." freedom of speech and press, freedom of com- munication, particularly with counsel, without Little Rock, Arkansas unnecessarycensorship.AssistantCouncil Stanley Bass, heads the LDF prison reform Our prison reform cases reach every section litigation. of the nation and are filledwith unbetiev- eble horror. in a case handled by former LDF An enlightened and civilized society must Intern John Walker, where we won an order make every effort to rehabilitate its criminals. closing the Pulaski County Jail in Little Rock, It should accord them the dignity of treating ArkansasunlessconditionsImproved,the them as human beings, entitled to a second record discloses that men awaiting trial were chance. Conditions in too many prisons across sometimes kept for four or five days In "The the United States are designed to I.-lake embit- Hole" a10' x 14' cell,in darkness, with no tered, vengeful repeaters of those who have furniture nr plumbing, no ventilation, no heat, once broken the law. We are fighting to change and only a mattress to keep them warm. Such those conditions for the guilty as well as to conditions are suffered by those too poor to assure that those who are innocent are given an put up the bail which would free them while opportunity to prove their innocence and are they await trial. In his decision, Federal District treated with justice while they are awaiting trial. Judge J. Smith Henley stated that, for the or- dinary convict, a sentence to the Arkansas Capital Punishment Penitentiary, "amounts to a banishment from Freddie Pitts and Wilbert 1.ee have been on civilized society to a dark and evil world com- pletely alien to the free world a world that Death Row for seven years in northern Florida, convicted of a murder they did not commit. Is ministered by criminals under unwritten rules and customs completely foreign to free-world Another man confessed to that crime after Pitts end Lee had been convicted. Our lawyers have culture." An inmate, 'however cooperative and since been in the Courts, slopping the execu- inoffensive he may be, has no assurance whst- ever that he wilt not to killed, seriously Injured tion of these men and fighting to win a new trial or sexually abused," the Judge wrote. for them. Finally, on April 15, 1971, Florida's Attorney General asked the Florida Supreme PreTrIel Detention and Prisoners' Rights Court to grant the condemned men a new trial In a "confession of judgment" In which the We are involved in securing the whole are Attorney General stated that the State's Prose- of prisoners' rights; challenging conditions of cutor had suppressed evidence In the original pre-trial detention where persons awaitiitrial 1963 murder trial by "oversight, Inadvertence are treated worts than convicted prisoners or neglect." The Florida Supreme Gourt has

111 18 granted a new trial and the two innocent men, ready a detailed legal program which we are who have been saved from execution but fcr preparedtoimplement immediatelyifthe seven years have suffered the anticipation of it: Court's ruling should be unfavorable. We also will now have a chance to prove their innocence. have a plan to implement a favorable decision of the Court. We believe we can head off mass This is one of over 400 capital punishment executions and that our actions will move us cases in which we are directly involved. In- closer to the abolition of the death penalty. directly, our cases affect the remainder of the 630 men on Death Row. With a minimum of Spanish-Speaking Americans resources but with a far-reaching legal strategy developed by LOF lawyers Anthony Amsterdam We representtheparentsofSpanish- and Jack Himmelstein, we have effectively speaking children of Santa Ana, California, in a stopped executions of all condemned prisoners class action which challenges, as unconstitu- since June, 1067. tional, the procedures for determining that Spanish-speakingchildrenarementallyre- In 1968, LDF succeeded in getting the U. S. tarded. We claim that children so classified are Supreme Court to review the case of Maxwell in most cases not mentally retarded but suffer v. Bishop, in which we raised two critical capital solely from a language barrier. punishment issues: The constitutionality of un- limited discretion in the choice between the Migrant Workers penalties of life and death, and the constitution- In March, 1971, we won a victory in a case ality of the single-verdict capital trial, where a newspaper reporter was kept from Anthony Amsterdam argued the Maxwell case enteric): a migrant farm laborers' camp in up- in the Supreme Court in 1969 and again in 1970. state New York and was charged with trespass We finally won the case but the Court left the when he attempted to speak with the laborers. major constitutional issues unresolved. There The court declared that farm laborers have a were only eight justices eligible to hear argu- constitutional right to access to information and ments,n the Maxwell case. But the Court that visitors, such as news reporters, cannot acceded to our urgent request thatit grant be barred from the camp if their purpose is review In other cases raising the same constitu- to gather or disseminate news. tional issues. The Court has heard two such The refusal of farmers to permit outsiders to cases and now we await its decision. visit labor camps not only has prevented ex- posure of unlawful conditions; it has deprived Capital Punishment Conference the migrant workers of knowledge of or access to facilities such as t;ivic groups, social agen- Having successfully prevented executions in cies or doctors nearby communities. the United States for nearly four years, we are determined to avoid a brood bath of horrifying In a Florida migrant workers' case, we are prop( rtions If the Supreme Court should uphold suing sugar cane growers and local enforce- thi, death penalty. Whatever the outcome of the ment officials in behalf of 40 Jamaican cane cases, we have prepared for a National Capital cutters who were arrested, some jailed over- Punishment Conference to be held within ten night, and all eventually flown back to Jamaica, days of the Court's decision, which will bring because they protested that they were receiv- together the key people involved in the effort ing wages below the Federal-required minimum to abolish capital punishment. And we have wage.

17 AMERICAN INDIANS School Lunches Fishing In another case, we represented indigent American Indians in Oklahoma, seeking to stop 10E-NORI represents the Yakima Indians discriminatory exclusion of needy Indian chil- against officials of the State of Oregon, seeking dren from the public school lunch program on to restrain the State from imposing undue re- the basis of race. After our case was filed, a strictions on Indians fishing in the Columbia Government Investigation of the charges re- River. The Indians' right to fish in the Columbia sulted In the appointment of a new school su- Rive' derives from a treaty with the United perintendent and today the children are being States and the Government has filed a com- fed on an equal basis. panion suit with us against the State. We won this case when the court ruled that Oregon's Preservation of the Indian land base is an restrictions violated treaties and ordered that issue of the highest priority with Indian citizens. Indians be accorded a larger share of the catch. In addition to cases already developed, we are But State authorities have failed to follow the engaged in research concerning charges of court's order. We have therefore had to file unscrupulous alienation of Indian land. another motion to press the State to obey the Besides research and litigation on behalf of Indians, NORI lawyers have frequently been called upon by Office of Economic Oppertunity lawyers practicing on or near reservations, for advice In matters of Indian law.

20 18 division of legal information and community service

Since 1967, when it was established, the work impact of this report on Governmental agencies of the Division of Legal Information and Com- responsible for the education of Indian children munity Service, headed by Jean Fairfax, has has been stunning. The facts revealed in the undergirded a substantial part of the litigation study present a shocking record of disregard work of the LDF and its companion organization of the rights of Indians guaranteed them by NORI. The Division Informs the poor and the treaties, laws passed by Congress, and laws of black of their rights and assists them In obtain- individual states. Ti e' eport opens the way, ing equality of treatment.It focuses on the based on facts, for action to correct wrongs s-cial and economic structure of the com- Inflicted upon Indian children and their parents. munities in which it works and on this institu- tions, national and local, wilich create and JOBS FOR BLACKS supportracistattitudesand discriminatory Division's continuing effort to eliminate practices.It acts as a watchdog of federal disr.minatory employment practicesinthe agencies which hive a public mandate to en- South and open the road for agricultural work- force laws intended to meet the needs of racial ers, displaced by technology, to find jobs, has minority groups and the poor. In cooperation already resulted in tr.ining and hiring programs with other organizations, it has monitored and in two major industries of the Soutn: textiles reported its findings on such federal programs and pulp paper. However, much remains to be as the National School Lunch Program ("Their done in those industries and the DivisionIs Daily Bread"), Title 1 of the Elementary and pressing for affirmative action, uniformly im- Secondary Education Act ("Title 1 of ESEA, Is plemented, which will eliminate the patterns of itHelping Poor Children?') the Emergency discrimination revealed by its research. School Assistance Program and the Status of Southern School Desegregation In the South SCHOOL FUNDS FOR THE POOR? In 1970. In education, the Division keeps a c;ose watch on the use of funds which Congress has ear- AMERICAN INDIAN CHILDREN marked specifically for the use of children of TheDivision'slateststudy, AnEven low-income families. After publication ofits Chance," which was made in coopnration with study "Title 1 of ESEA, Is it Helping Poor Chil- the Harvard Center foi Law and Education, dren?" which documented the misuse of those appeared in January, 1971. It concerns the use federal funds, the Division's staff set up pro- of federal funds for Indian children in public grams to assist local citizens In exposing viola- school districts. This study has given LDF an tions of Title1 In their communities. These opportunity to develop a close working rela- aware citizens are now able themselves to Insist tionship with Indian citizens and has deepened upon official audits by HEW, which is respon- our understanding of what equal educational sible to Congress for the proper use of Title 1 opportunity means to the first Americans. The funds.

21 19 "THEIR DAILY BREAD" Communications Commission in programming and employment. Focusing on Memphis, Ten- After tkr publication of "Their Daily Bread," nessee, as a pilot project, the Division organ- the study of the National School Lunch Pro- ized the Memphis Coalition for Better Broad- gram, Congress reviewed the law and decided casting which challenged the license renewal that it should be strengthened. The new school of three local television stations after monitor- lunch law passed by Congress in 1970 incorpo- ing their programs. As a result, two of the rates practically allof the recommendations stations have negotiated agreements to hire made in "Their Daily Bread." If this new law is black staff members and to sponsor programs fully implemented, 10,000,000 needy children which reflect the interest of the black commu- will benefit. The Division continues to monitor nity of Memphis. Building on this experience, this program. the Division is preparing challenges In other The Division's staff helped provide the com- communities which violate FCC rules. It Is at- munity analysis in preparation for the Charlotte- tempting, at the same time, to interpret to Mecklonburg case.Italso secured the out- national leaders of the broadcasting Industry standing educational expert, later appointed as the role which the mass media cen play In the court's own expert, who fashioned the de- creating both the climate and the information segregation plan which United States District needed to bring black and white togeiher In Judge McMillan ordered and which the United our nation. Stales Supreme Court has upheld. SCHOOL INTEGRATION LOOKING NORTH COMMUNICATIONS CHALLENGED The Division is playing a major role in pre- In cooperation with the Office of Communica- paring LDF's attack upon northern school de- tions of the United Church of Christ, the Division segregation. It will be providing the facts for is challenging the license renewal of radio and community action to desegregate schools and, television stations which violate the Federal if nececsary, for the purpose of litigation.

22 20 higher education program

THE HERBERT LEHMAN EDUCATION FUND The Program Established in 1964 to provide scholarships 1. Scholarship aid to 300 students each year for for black students entering newly desegregated the full three years of law school. Over seven state colleges of the South, the Herbert Lehman years, this Program will have graduated 1,500 Education Fund continues to make it possible lawyers. attend the for Southern black students to 2. Summer employment for law students at leading public colleges and universities in their Legal Defense Fund offices. Students will work states. with seasoned lawyers Involved in precedent- In the 1e7O-1971 academic year, 158 students setting cases and will learn something of the out of a total of 1,067 who applied, were award- intricacies of constitutional and business law ed scholarships to state colleges In 14 states most relevant to the black community. and the District of Columbia. A total of 622 3. A one-year postgraduate internship at Legal students have been helped since the inception Defense Fund offices. Over a five-year period of the Fund. we will train some 200 top law school graduates The higher education program Is adminis- in human rights law. The postgraduate curricu- tered Ly Dr. John W. Davis, a former president lum is designed to give the interns practical ex- of West Virginia State College. who has also perience under close supervision in fact gather- served the U. S. Stale Department on special ing and analysis, legal research and writing, diplomatic assignments. oral examination and advocacy. II will Involve them in a broad spectrum of cases aff'cting large public Issues. THE LEGAL TRAINING PROGRAM When they complete their postgraduate year, The Board of Directors of the Legal Defense each lawyer will be aided financially In starting Fund resolved in 1970 to take decisive action his own practice in an area where his expertise toward correcting the critical shortage of black is critically needed. lawyers in our nation, now but one percent of These wet -trained lawyers will to magnets the American bar. The lack of indigenous and attracting other young black law school gradu- friendly lawyers has for too long crippled a ates to work with them. people striving to reach upward out of poverty and Ignorance. The Board voted to undertake 4. Three Human Rights Law Institutes each a program which will add 1,500 practicing We& year, under the direction of Michael Sovern, the lawyers within the next seven years. Because Dean of Columbia University School of Law, for the past seven years the Legal Defense Fund and with a disti.;guished faculty drawn from the has operated a complete four-pronged Legal nation's leading law schools. Unique in the Training Program on a small scale, experience nation, these Institutes are the sine qua non for has prepared us to carry out a huge expansion. the human rights lawyer.

23 21 1970 Progress Report the black population. Each of these twelve law- yers will receive diminishing financial assist- In the first year of the expanded program, we ance over the next three years. fell short of our 300-student goal because of in- sufficient funds. We are currently aiding 212 Summer jobs were filled; Human Rights Law students: 170 in their first year and 42 In their Institutes brought lawyers, interns and law stu- second or third year of law school. dentsblack and whitetogether from across the nation. Penetrating analyses of current liti- Twelve interns are presently completing their gation and Informed discussions of future ac- postgraduate year of training. They will begin law practice this year in communities where tions made up the curriculum. there are either no black lawyers or whe -e a The Program is working. severe shortage of lawyers exists in relelion to

24 22 the justice fund a reserveand bequest program

The Justice Fund, established in 1970, is designed to receive:

1.All bequests to LDF, not otherwise designated. 2.Special endownent gifts. It is essential that the Legal Defense Fund have a reserve upon which it can call li expenses in any one month exceed income. This assures an even flow of work, uninterrupted by what may be a temporary financial crisis. Also, if tund raising efforts should suffer as a result of economic condi- tions, as they did in '170, the Justice Fund will provide the emergency money to keep LOF operating. Endowment gifts to the Justice Fund of stocks and bonds, as well as cash, are solicited. Bequests can keep alive the interest of contributors in building American Justice through the Legal Defense Fund. A simple form of bequest follows:

FORM OF BEOUE3T I give and bequeath dollars to THE NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of New York with headquarters located at tO Colurrtzus Circle, New York, N.Y. 10019, to be used for such purposes as may be determined by the Board of Directors.

25 23 statement of income and expenditures (Preaudit) Year ended December 31,1970

INCOME: General Contributions $2,113,200.38 Bequests 44,803.67 Administration of Justice Study 66,687.28 Legal Training Program 433,500.00 Herbert Lehman Education Fund 211,089.31 National Office for the Rights of the Indigent (NORI) 256,249.50 Miscellaneous 26,939.28 TOTAL $3,152,449.42

EXPENDITURES: Cost of Legal Action Staff $ 586,610.99 Direct Costs of Litigation 817,574.36 Operating Expenses 288,485.33 National 0.fice for the Rights of the Indigent (NORI) 247,959.81 $1,940,630.49

Legal Training Program 369,668.67 Division of Legal Information and Community Service 191,205.59 Campaign Expenses 484,478.43 Administration of Justice Study 104,773.35 Non-Legal Research and Public Information 128,302 96 Herbert Lehman Education Fund 295,312.31 TOTAL $3,514,371.80

Excess (Expenditures) ' ($361,922.38)

NOTE Funds from a deterred bequest reserve tolarin $411p00 received in prior year, set aside for such emergency purposes (The Justrce Fund), ha,* been used inrrir tin sthave excess expend,tes.

28 24 financial needs1971

The economic difficulties of 1970 resulted in a considerable shortage of revenue for the Legal Defense Fund. Although we received somewhat more in contributions than in prior years, our multi- faceted program required expenditures above our income. Fortunately, a small reserve sustained us. But that reserve has been badly depleted. In 1971, we will require $4,952,500 to meet the needs of our program, as outlined below.

TOTAL FINANCIAL NEEDS OF THE NAAC1 LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. 1971

Cost of Legal Action $1,660,000 Division of Legal Information & Community Service 490,000 National Office for the Rights of the indigent 340,000 Legal Research 200,000 Non-Legal Research and Public Information 100,000 Undergraduate Scholarships-Southern State Colleges 200,000 Legal Training Program 1,472,500 Campaign Expenses 490,000 Total f4.952,560

Respect for law and faith in its ability to serve as man's best tool in building an orderly, con- stantly advancing society, is today being questioned by many. Injustice and abuse of the law by those who are charged with enforcing it are now more visible and, therefore, more unacceptabie to mot Americans. Nothing is of greater importance to all our citizens, old and young, than to see justice done in our land. The legal Defense Fund exists for that purpose.

This report on our services to the people of the United States is presented to those who have paid for the work herein outlined the work of building American justice. We honor their faith In our ability to bring nearer the day when "Equal Justice Under Law" will be more than the words which appear above the entrance to the Supreme Court be i;ling. We pray they will keep that faith and continue to sustain our efforts by their substance.

Contributions are tax deductible. The NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATION FUND, INC. has been classified tinder the 1969 Tax Reform Act as not being a private foundation.

27 25 officers

80AA0 OF 0 RECTORS WILLIAM T. COLEMAN, JR. President JUDGE FRANCIS E. RIVERS LOUIS H. POLLAK President Emeritus Vice President MRS. THORNBURG COWLES DR GEORGE D. CANNON Treasurer Secretary Clifford L. Alexander, Jr. Robert W. Gilmore Dr. James M. Nabrit, Jr. Mrs. Farrow R. Allen Amos T. Hall Mrs. Estelle M. Osborne Mrs. Robert S. Benjamin Mrs. William Beasley Mavis Shad Feller Judge Homer Brown Judge William H. Hastie Cecil F. Poole Charles Buchanan Mrs. Fills E. Hauser Dr. C. B. Powell Peter L. Butlenerieser Judge A. Leon Higginbotham Minter! M. Rabb Alfred Corning Clark Eliot Hubbard. III Fre es F. Re",dolph, Jr. Ramsey Clark Hans W. Huber MrIl, Samuel I. Rosenman William K. Cob tents Dr. Percy L. Julian Dr. David G. Salton The Rev. , Jr. Harry Kahn William H. Schelde Or. John A. Davie Judge %mon J. Keith Arthur 0, Shores Ossie Davis John G. Lewis, Jr. Ass T. Spaulding Adrian W. De Wind Mrs. Alfred M. Landau Dr. Cherie' H. Thompson Thomas B. Dyett Dr. Arthur C. Logan Judge Andrew R. Tyler David E. Feller Curtis F. kAcCiane Cyril D. Tyson Clarence Clyde Ferguson, Jr. Robert McDougal, Jr. Cheuncey L. Waddell MI:don Francis L. D Milton William 0. Wa'ker Dr. John Hope Franklin The Right Rev. Paul Moore, Jr. Dr. M. Moran Weston A. G. Gaston John H. Wheeler Waller Genhorn Claude Young STAFF OFFICERS JACK GRZENBERG ;WES M. NABRIT, Ill WILLIAM L. ROBINSON Direclor-Countel Asocial. Counsel FluAssfalant Counsel CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON WILLIAM B. TURNER NORMAN C. AMAKER' Firer Assistant Counsel Director, San Francisco Office MICHAEL MELTSNER FirefMeinfanl Counsel during 1970 ASSISTANT COUNSEL Stanley A. Bass R. Sylvia Drew Jack H. Himmelstein Jeffry A. Minix Margarel Burnham" Elizabeth B. DuBois Lowell D. Johnston William L. Robinson Norman J. Chachkin James H. Finney Elaine R. Jones Eric Schr apper Chew S Days, Ill Conrad K. Harper Buford J. Kegler, Jr. Jonathan Shapiro IeII during the year Ann E. Wagner on leave of absence Coeur Williams DIVISION OF LEGAL INFORMATION ANO COMMUNITY SERVICE Jean Fairfax, Director Allen Black, Jr.. Director Phyliis P. McClure, Director Robert Valder, Director Memphis Regional Office Washinglon, D.C. Chiba Charlotte Regional Office Carl Ulrich, California Slate Education Director DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Or. John W. Davis, Director, Department of Education and Cot. Wallace W. Price Frances Johnson, Secretary Herbert Lehman Education Fund Assistant Director Herbert Lehman Education Fund DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC INFORMATION Anna C. Frank lames Robinson, Secretary Betty J. Slebman Director, Development "Committee of 100" Consultant Sandra O'Gorman Sheila 5 Taub*, Director Mr!. Jars,' Voris nberg, Director Paul Singer, Directo Director, Public Information Las Angeles Commitlee New England Committee Chicago Committee The knowing Ire parlicipents Ind (Inv:LOUOF the EDF repel intern Proven, Reuben V. Anderson U. W. Clemon John Gaines John Nichols Jackson. Miss. Birmingham, Aril. Rock XIII, S C. Jackson, Miss. Robert Anderson David Coar John Harper Norris Ramsey irouston. Tex. Mobil*, Ale. Columbia, S.C. Baltimore, Md. Fred Bank Aigernon J. Cooper, Jr. Bobby L. Hill l';illarn C. Randall, Jr. Jackson,Miss, Mail*, Ala. Savannah. Ga. Macon, Ga. Charles I.Berton Cherie! Cotton Mordecai Johnlon Peter Rindtkopt Morehead City, N C New Orleans, Ls. Florence, S C. Atianl e. Ga. Robert Belton Melvyn R. Leventhal Brenda Robinson Charlotte, N C Washington, DC. Jackson, Miss, Oklahoma City, Okla. James Benton Allred Feinberg Reese Marshall Gerald A. Smith Richmond, VI Miami, Fla. Jacksonville, Fie. Baltimore, Md. JulianBlackshear hankie Fiords Richard Mays Edward H. Tucker Nashville, Tenn. Mobile, Ala. Little Rock. Arkansas Jackson. Miss. 1,4 Brest James E. Ferguson, II Gabrielle Kirk McDonald Bernice Turner Sior,i0r0, Ce'if Charlotte, N.C. Hovtlon, Tea, Auguste, Ga. Petit A Brest Margret 7-ord Mary A. L. Moss John W. Willer Stanford, Calif. Shreveport. La. Atbany, Ga. Little Rock, Ark. Junta L Chambers Melvin Watt Charlotte, N C. Charlotte. N C 26 ,40e.1611