Recommended Species for Native Plant Landscaping in the Helena Area Codes

RECOMMENDED SPECIES FOR NATIVE PLANT LANDSCAPING IN THE HELENA AREA CODES

MOISTURE HEIGHT LEAVES, FLOWERS, FRUITS APPLICATION mod. = moderate in = inches E = evergreen ctrl. = control ft = feet Bk = black tol. = tolerant SOIL TYPES ≤ means ‘less than or equal to’ Bl = blue med. = medium < means ‘less than’ Br = brown org. = organic > means ‘greater than’ Bz = bronze tex. = texture G = greeen Gy = grey A, B, P La = lavender A = Annual O = orange B = Biennial Pi = pink P = Perennial Pu = purple R = red W = white Y = yellow fl = flowers ♀ = female dioecious = male and female flowers borne on separate plants; you need both for fertilization

GRASSES or A, P Light Height Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Description Bunchgrass Sod Former Application / alkali sacaton Sporobolus airoides dry to moist full sun tolerates saline or P ≤ 4 in Bunchgrass birds; small sodic soil; best on mammals deep, fine soil (shelter) alkali saltgrass; Distichlis spicata moist to full sun saline & alkaline P ≤ 12 in Sod former revegetate inland saltgrass (D. stricta) wet soil saline areas blue grama Bouteloua gracilis drought partial med. to fine; P ≤ 12 in Sod former interesting tolerant to full well drained seed heads; sun lawns bluegrass, Canby’s Poa canbyi (P. secunda) dry full sun all types P ≤ 30 in Bunchgrass greens early in spring bluegrass, Sandberg’s Poa sandbergii drought full sun sand to loam; P ≤ 24 in Bunchgrass okay in birds; small (P. secunda) tolerant well drained sagebrush mammals bottlebrush squirreltail Elymus elymoides dry full sun thin or deep P ≤ 18 in Bunchgrass establishes (Sitanion hystrix) easily on disurbed sites brome, mountain Bromus marginatus moist partial well drained P Bunchgrass good in high to full elev. & on sun disturbed sites buffalo grass Buchloe dactyloides dry; full sun loam to clay P ≤ 8 in Sod former no mowing; drought stabilizer; tolerant dioecious fescue, Idaho Festuca idahoensis dry full sun loam to clay P ≤ 24 in Bunchgrass blue-green leaves fescue, rough Festuca scabrella dry full sun deep, sandy loam P ≤ 36 in Bunchgrass long, rough leaves hairgrass, tufted Deschampsia cespitosa moist to partial loam to clay P ≤ 36 in Bunchgrass good above wet to full 5000 ft. sun

GRASSES or A, P Light Height Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Description Bunchgrass Sod Former Application / Indian ricegrass Achnatherum hymenoides drought full sun deep, well P ≤ 30 in Bunchgrass excellent for birds; small (Oryzopsis hymenoides) tolerant drained; sandy, reclamation mammals rocky to loam (seed) junegrass, prairie Koeleria macrantha dry; full sun sand to loam; P ≤ 18 in Bunchgrass fluffy seed (K. cristata) drought well drained heads; tolerant disturbed sites little bluestrem Schizachyrium scoparium dry; mod. partial wide range P ≤ 36 in Bunchgrass fall = russet upland (Andropogon scoparius) drought to full color; soil game birds tolerant sun stabilizer (nesting) needle-and-thread Stipa comata drought full sun coarse texture; P ≤ 30 in Bunchgrass establishes seeds may tolerant well drained on disturbed bother pets sites needlegrass, green Stipa viridula dry; mod. full sun loam to clay P ≤ 36 in Bunchgrass seeds may drought bother pets tolerant pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens dry to moist partial P ≤ 12 in Sod former soft foliage; to full under shade conifer trees prairie sandreed Calamovilfa longifolia dry partial deep sand to well P ≤ 48 in Sod former stabilizes to full drained loam dunes sun red threeawn Aristida purpurea drought full sun well drained P ≤ 30 in Bunchgrass establishes tolerant easily; disturbed sites sweetgrass Hierochloe odorata wet partial loam to clay P ≤ 24 in Sod former sweet smell; shade ceremonial ticklegrass Agrostis scabra moist P ≤ 24 in Bunchgrass wheatgrass, bluebunch Pseudoroegneria spicata drought full sun sand to loam; P ≤ 36 in Bunchgrass best on dry, Montana state grass (Agropyron spicatum) tolerant non-alkaline south-facing slopes

GRASSES or A, P Light Height Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Description Bunchgrass Sod Former Application / wheatgrass, slender Elymus trachycaulus dry to partial wide range; P; ≤ 36 in Bunchgrass good for (Agropyron trachycaulum) moist; mod. to full saline tolerant 3-4 quick, non- drought sun yrs. aggressive tolerant cover wheatgrass, streambank Agropyron riparium dry with sand to loam P Sod former (Elymus lanceolatus) slight moist; drought tolerant wheatgrass, thick spike Elymus lanceolatus dry to light to heavy; P ≤ 36 in Sod former establishes (Agropyron dasystachyum) moist; well drained on sand drought alkaline soil dunes, alkali tolerant flats wheatgrass, Western Pascopyrum smithii dry full sun clay to clay- P ≤ 24 in Sod former blue-green (Agropyron smithii) loam; saline foliage tolerant wildrye, blue Elymus glaucus moist partial sand to loam P ≤ 36 in Bunchgrass erosion birds to full control; shade blue-green foliage wildrye, Canada Elymus canadensis dry to moist partial light; tolerant of P ≤ 48 in Bunchgrass establishes to full sand; well quick, easy sun drained cover wildrye, creeping Leymus triticoides moist full sun tolerant of P ≤ 12 in Sod former improves (Elymus triticoides) varying soil saline conditions, if rangeland sub-irrigated wildrye, Great Basin Leymus cinereus winter mod. full sun loam to clay P ≤ 6 ft Bunchgrass erosion wildlife (Elymus cinereus) moist, control; cover; summer short flood browse; dry; tolerant birds drought tolerant

WILDFLOWERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture

Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application agoseris, pale Agoseris glauca mod. full sun loam P ≤ 15 in Y-O meadows moist alpine bladderpod Lesquerella alpina dry full sun sand to P ≤ 4 in Y rock garden; loam; well mat forming drained alumroot, roundleaf Heuchera cylindrica dry to partial to sandy P ≤ 16 in basal rock garden mod. full sun loam; moist rocky alumroot, small-leaved Heuchera parvifolia dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 15 in basal rock garden mod. full sun loam moist anemone, cliff Anemone multifida dry to partial to rocky P ≤ 15 in W-Y meadows; mod. full sun rock garden moist arnica, heartleaf Arnica cordifolia dry to partial to loam P ≤ 12 in heart- Y under mod. full shade shaped conifer moist trees; spreads arrowleaf balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata dry partial to light; well P ≤ 24 in large, Y border; wildlife; full sun drained arrow- medicinal browse shaped aster, smooth Aster laevis dry partial to loam P ≤ 3 ft Pu border; butterfly full sun meadows avens, large-leaved Geum macropyllum moist partial to loam to P ≤ 2 ft hairy Y streambank; full shade clay shady woods baneberry Actaea rubra moist partial to loam P ≤ 3 ft W R or W; shady full shade poison woods bee-plant, Rocky Cleome serrulata dry full sun sand to A ≤ 4 ft Pi-Pu pods; meadows; Mountain loam self- dry banks seeds WILDFLOWERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture

Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application bitterroot Lewisia rediviva dry full sun sand to P ≤ 3 in whither showy; rock garden; Montana state flower gravelly; before it W to no well flowers Pi to competition drained Rose blanket flower Gaillardia aristata dry to full sun sand to P ≤ 2 ft showy; meadows; butterfly moist loam; well R, O, border; easy drained & Y from seed bluebells, oblongleaf Mertensia oblongifolia moist in partial to loam P ≤ 7 in blue- Bl meadows spring; dry full sun green in summer blue-eyed grass, mountain Sisyrinchium montanum moist partial to loam P ≤ 10 in grass- Bl-Pu meadows full sun like columbine, yellow Aquilegia flavescens moist partial to loam P ≤ 15 in delicate Y humming- full shade bird coneflower, pale purple Echinacea angustifolia dry to full sun sand to P ≤ 24 in hairy Pu medicinal; butterfly; mod. loam rock garden birds moist coneflower, prairie Ratibida columnifera dry; water full sun sand to P ≤ 3ft R-Y self- meadows; in drought loam seeds rock garden crazyweed, rabbit-foot Oxytropis lagopus dry full sun sand to P ≤ 6 in Pu pods meadows; loam rock garden crazyweed, silky; white Oxytropis sericea dry full sun sand to P ≤ 10 in cream pods meadows; locoweed loam rock garden daisy, cut-leaved Erigeron compositus dry full sun sand; P ≤ 8 in W self- rock garden rocky seeds death-camas, mountain Zigadenus elegans mod. partial to sand to P ≤ 24 in grass- W meadows moist full sun loam like dogbane, spreading Apocynum dry partial to loam P ≤ 28 in Pi erosion androsaemifolium full sun control; spreads WILDFLOWERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture

Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application dotted gayfeather; blazing Liatris punctata dry full sun sand to P ≤ 18 in dark G Pu meadows; star loam; well drought drained tolerant; rock garden evening primrose, Oenothera villosa dry full sun sand to B ≤ 24 in Y disturbed common loam areas evening primrose, desert; Oenothera caespitosa dry full sun sand to P ≤ 5 in W; no wildlife; gumbo lily loam fades competition; browse next rock garden day false Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa moist partial to loam P ≤ 2.5 ft lily-like W R erosion full shade control; streambank fireweed Epilobium angustifolium dry to full sun loam P ≤ 4 ft willow- Pi old burns; mod. like spreads moist flax, Lewis’s blue Linum lewisii dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 3 ft light Bl self- meadows; (L. perenne) moist full sun loam seeds spreads fleabane, showy Erigeron speciosus dry to partial sun coarse P ≤ 24 in La meadows mod. texture moist forget-me-not, Howard’s Eritrichium howardii dry full sun limestone P short; small; Bl rock garden alpine cushion hairy plant gentian, pleated Gentiana affinis moist partial to loam P ≤ 12 in Bl-Pu meadows full sun geranium, sticky Geranium viscosissimum dry to full sun sand to P ≤ 3 ft Pi-Pu meadows mod. loam moist geranium, white Geranium richardsonii dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 2 ft W meadows; moist full shade loam open woods WILDFLOWERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture

Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application globemallow, red Sphaeralcea coccinea dry partial to sand to P ≤ 10 in G-Gy O disturbed full sun loam areas; no competition; drought tol. goldenrod, stiff Solidago rigida dry partial to sand P ≤ 3 ft Y meadows bees full sun hairy golden-aster Chrysopsis dry full sun light to P ≤ 12 in Y spreads; (Heterotheca) villosa med. tex. rock garden harebell Campanula rotundifolia dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 24 in Bl-W meadows mod. full sun loam moist hedysarum, Northern Hedysarum boreale dry to full sun medium P ≤ 15 in G-Gy; R-Pu pods meadows mod. texture hairy moist hoary chaenactis Chaenactis douglasii dry full sun sand to P ≤ 12 in W-Pi rock garden loam horsemint; bee balm Monarda fistulosa dry to partial to loam P ≤ 3 ft dark G; light easy to grow butterfly; mod. full sun fragrant; Pu bees; moist edible humming- bird iris, Rocky Mountain Iris missouriensis moist with partial to rich org.; P ≤ 3 ft G; Bl erosion birds; bees summer full sun sand to sword- control; dry clay shaped spreads larkspur, little Delphinium bicolor dry to full sun loam P ≤ 12 in Pu meadows; humming- mod. rock garden bird moist locoweed, showy Oxytropis splendens moist full sun loam P ≤ 15 in Pu pods meadows lupine, silvery Lupinus argenteus dry partial to sand to P ≤ 30 in silvery Bl pods; meadows; full sun loam G self- spreads seeds WILDFLOWERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture

Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application mint, field Mentha arvensis wet partial to loam to P ≤ 3 ft aromatic La streamside; bees full sun clay edible spreads monkeyflower, Lewis’s Mimulus lewisii wet with partial to loam to P ≤ 2 ft R creeks; flowing full sun clay ponds; water spreads mountain lily; sand lily Leucocrinum montanum dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 5 in W; meadows; mod. full sun clay fragrant woods moist onion, nodding Allium cernuum moist partial to loam to P ≤ 24 in edible W-Pi meadows full sun clay leaves & bulb pasqueflower Anemone patens moist, but full sun sand to P ≤ 10 in G; long Bl-Pu; feathery meadows; tolerates loam; well hairs Large seed rock garden dry drained pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 24 in G-Gy W meadows; slight full sun loam fls. dry well moist penstemon, Alberta Penstemon albertinus dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 24 in dark G Bl border humming- slight full sun loam & Pu bird moist penstemon, fuzzy-tongue Penstemon eriantherus dry full sun light; P ≤ 6 in G-Gy light Bl rock garden humming- sandy, to La bird gravelly penstemon, shining Penstemon nitidus dry full sun coarse to P ≤ 12 in Bl to rock garden humming- med. Pi bird penstemon, small- Penstemon procerus dry; water partial to most types P ≤ 20 in dark Bl self- rock garden humming- flowered in drought full sun to Pu seeds bird phacelia, silverleaf Phacelia hastata dry partial to sand P ≤ 15 in hairy W-La disturbed full sun area; rock garden WILDFLOWERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture

Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application polemonium, skunk- Polemonium dry with full sun sand P ≤ 12 in vivid border; rock leaved; Jacob’s ladder pulcherrimum slight Bl garden moist prairie smoke Geum triflorum dry to full sun loam P ≤ 8 in fls seem feathery rock garden; slight dark Pi; seed forms moist Y petals clumps prairie-clover, purple Dalea purpurea dry to full sun med. tex. P ≤ 20 in rose to pods border; slight Pu meadows moist prairie-clover, white Dalea candida dry to full sun coarse to P ≤ 24 in W pods border; slight med. tex. meadows moist Rocky Mountain Douglasia montana dry full sun sand P short G with Pi to rock garden douglasia cushion red Rose plant mounds sage, old man Artemisia ludoviciana dry to full sun med. P ≤ 24 in aromatic not erosion slight texture showy control; moist ceremonial scarlet gilia Ipomopsis (Gilia) dry to partial to sand to B/ ≤ 24 in 1st year showy; self- border; rock humming- aggregata slight full sun loam P = ferny R seeds garden bird; moist rosette browse stemless hymenoxys Hymenoxys acaulis dry full sun calcareous P ≤ 10 in G-Gy Y rock garden rocky stonecrop, lance-leaved Sedum lanceolatum dry full sun rocky; P ≤ 6 in suc- Y rock garden butterfly thin soil culent sunflower, common Helianthus annuus dry full sun med. tex. A ≤ 6 ft Y border bees; birds; wildlife thermopsis, round-leaved Thermopsis rhombifolia dry full sun sand to P ≤ 15 in Y pods erosion loam control; spreads townsendia, Hooker’s Townsendia hookeri dry full sun sand to P ≤ 3 in; W rock garden loam cushion WILDFLOWERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture

Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application townsendia, Parry’s Townsendia parryi dry full sun sand to B ≤ 10 in Violet- self- rock garden loam Bl seeds twinpod, common Physaria didymocarpa dry full sun sand B ≤ 6 in basal Y pods; rock garden P self- seeds vaseflower; sugar bowl Clematis hirsutissima dry to partial to loam P ≤ 10 in showy; feathery meadows; slight full sun Pu seed rock garden moist vetch, American Vicia americana dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 3 ft Pu climbs; slight full sun clay trails moist violet, yellow prairie Viola nuttallii dry partial to loam to P ≤ 4 in Y meadows; full sun clay rock garden Wyoming kittentails Besseya wyomingensis dry full sun loam P ≤ 7 in Pu meadows; stamen rock garden & style yarrow Achillea millefolium dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 24 in G-Gy W self- meadows; butterfly slight full sun loam seeds medicinal moist yellow bell Fritillaria pudica dry partial to med. loam P ≤ 5 in G; Y meadows full sun grass- like

GROUND COVERS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application buckwheat, sulfur Eriogonum umbellatum dry to partial to med. to P ≤ 12 in basal cream to Y rock garden butterfly moist full sun coarse juniper, creeping Juniperus horizontalis dry partial to sandy, P ≤ 12 in G-E G to border; birds full sun rocky Bl; erosion (berry) edible control kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva- ursi dry to partial to med. P < 6 in G-E W-Pi R erosion birds moist full sun coarse control; medicinal Oregon grape, Berberis (Mahonia) dry full sun med. P ≤ 12 in G to R Y Bl; erosion creeping repens coarse in fall; edible control; E medicinal phlox, Hood’s Phlox hoodii dry full sun med. to P < 6 in; G W, Pu, Bl rock garden; bees coarse cushion forms mats phlox, moss Phlox bryoides dry full sun alkaline P < 5 in; G W rock garden; bees okay cushion forms mats pussy-toes, Nuttall’s Antennaria parvifolia dry full sun fine to P ≤ 6 in W-Pi; rock garden; coarse dioecious forms mats pussy-toes, rosy Antennaria microphylla dry full sun fine to P ≤ 10 in W-Pi; rock garden; coarse dioecious forms mats pussy-toes, umber Antennaria umbrinella dry full sun fine to P ≤ 5 in W-Br; rock garden; coarse dioecious forms mats twinflower Linnaea borealis moist to partial to high P < 6 in G-E pair of Pi under more full shade organic flowers conifer trees moist whortleberry, grouse Vaccinium scoparium moist partial to acidic P ≤ 12 in R in fall Pi R-Pu; under birds full sun okay edible conifer trees (berry) wild strawberry Fragaria virginiana dry to partial to tolerant P ≤ 5 in G to R W R; birds moist full sun of poor in fall edible (fruit) soil

SHRUBS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application alder, mountain Alnus incana moist, partial to loam to clay P ≤ 30 ft G to Y erosion bees likes cold full sun in fall control; water aggressive bitter-brush; antelope-brush Purshia tridentata dry full sun med. coarse; P ≤ 6 ft G-Gy Y erosion browse well drained control; drought tolerant buffaloberry, Canada Shepherdia canadensis mod. partial to sand to loam P ≤ 6 ft G; Br to Y; Y to R birds moist full sun rusty dioecious (♀) (berry) dots buffaloberry, thorny Shepherdia argentea dry to full sun rocky, P ≤ 10 ft G-Gy Br to Y; R; edible forms birds some sandy, or dioecious (♀) clumps; (berry) moisture clay; drought tolerates tolerant poor soil cherry, pin Prunus pensylvanica dry to partial to P ≤ 25 ft W R browse; moist full sun birds (berry); bees chokecherry, common Prunus virginiana dry to partial to sand to loam P ≤ 15 ft G to R W R to Bk; forms birds some full sun in fall edible clumps; (berry); moisture drought bees; tolerant browse cinquefoil, shrubby Pentaphylloides dry to partial to sand to loam P ≤ 4 ft G-Gy Y border floribunda; moist full sun Potentilla (Dasiphora) fruticosa currant, golden Ribes aureum moist full sun sand to clay P ≤ 6 ft Y Y-R; hedge humming- edible birds (flower); birds (berry); browse SHRUBS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application currant, wax Ribes cereum dry to partial to rocky or P ≤ 5 ft W - Pi R border; birds moist full sun sandy hedge (berry) dogwood, red-osier Cornus sericea moist partial to loam to clay P ≤ 10 ft R-Pu in W W to pale erosion browse; (C. stolonifera) full sun fall; Bl control; birds stems forms R clumps elderberry, black Sambucus racemosa moist partial sun rich, rocky P ≤ 6 ft W Bk; medicinal bees; birds; edible, if bears cooked (berry) elderberry, blue Sambucus cerulea moist full sun to sand to clay P ≤ 10 ft bright W Bl; medicinal bees; birds full shade G edible (berry) hawthorn, black Crataegus douglasii moist partial to sand to loam P ≤ 20 ft fall W Bk; erosion birds full sun colors; edible control; (berry) thorns hedge; medicinal juniper, common Juniperus communis dry full sun sand to P ≤ 5 ft G-E G to Bl; border; birds loam; rocky edible erosion (berry) control; medicinal Lewis’s mock orange; Philadelphus lewisii dry to partial to alkaline; P ≤ 7 ft G to Y W; ornamental birds syringa some full sun sand to loam in fall fragrant drought (fruit); moisture tolerant browse maple, Rocky Mountain Acer glabrum mod. partial to sand to loam P ≤ 30 ft fall birds; bees moist full shade colors; red stems mountain balm; snowbrush Ceanothus velutinus dry to full sun light to med. P ≤ 10 ft glossy; W nitrogen browse moist loam E fixer; old burns mountain-ash, Sitka Sorbus sitchensis moist partial sun loam to P ≤ 15 ft fall W R birds clay; rich color (berry) mountain-mahogany; Cercocarpus ledifolius drought partial to sand to loam P ≤ 12 ft dark G; hedge browse curl-leaf mahogany tolerant full sun E SHRUBS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus dry partial to sand to clay; P ≤ 6 ft W erosion full sun well drained control ocean spray Holodiscus discolor moist partial to sand to loam P ≤ 10 ft groups of full sun W fl. penstemon, bush Penstemon fruticosus dry to partial to sand to P ≤ 2 ft Bl-Pu border humming- some full sun loam; well bird moisture drained plum, wild Prunus americana dry to partial to sand to clay P ≤ 20 ft W R-Pu; forms wildlife; moist full sun edible clumps birds; bees rabbitbrush, green Chrysothamnus dry full sun sand to clay P ≤ 3 ft G-Y Y good in butterfly viscidiflorus disturbed areas rabbitbrush, rubber Chrysothamnus dry full sun sand to clay P ≤ 4 ft G-Gy Y erosion butterfly nauseosus control; disturbed areas raspberry, red Rubus idaeus mod. partial to sand to clay P 3-6 ft thorns W R; edible good in wildlife moist full sun disturbed (fruit) areas rose, prairie Rosa arkansana dry full sun loam P ≤ 4 ft thorns deep Pi R; edible erosion wildlife; control bees rose, Wood’s Rosa woodsii moist partial to sand to loam P ≤ 7 ft thorns Pi R; edible hedge; bees; birds full sun spreads (rosehip) sagebrush, big Artemisia tridentata dry full sun sand to clay; P ≤ 6 ft G-Gy; Y drought wildlife; well drained aromatic; tolerant; browse; E ceremonial birds sagebrush, fringed Artemisia frigida dry full sun med. coarse P ≤ 15 in G-Gy; drought texture aromatic; tolerant; E ceremonial sagebrush, silver Artemisia cana dry full sun sand to P ≤ 5 ft G-Gy; loam; well aroma- drained tic; E saltbush, four-wing Atriplex canescens dry full sun sand to loam; P ≤ 5 ft G-Gy; disturbed alkaline spines areas tolerant SHRUBS Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application serviceberry, Western Amelanchier alnifolia mod. partial to sand to loam P ≤ 15 ft deep G; W Bl-Bk; erosion wildife; moist full sun Y-R in edible control birds fall (berry) snakeweed, broom Gutierrezia sarothrae dry full sun sand to loam P ≤ 2 ft Y drought tolerant snowberry, common Symphoricarpos albus dry to partial to gravelly; P ≤ 4 ft Pi-W W erosion birds moist full sun sand to control; (berry); loam; well spreads; browse drained drought tolerant spiraea, rosy Spiraea densiflora moist partial sun rocky slopes P ≤ 5 ft Pi-R spiraea, white; shiny-leaf Spiraea betulifolia moist partial to sand to loam P ≤ 1.5 ft light G W spreads full sun sumac, skunk-bush Rhus trilobata dry to partial to sand to clay P ≤ 6 ft dark G; Y R hedge; wildlife; moist full sun R-Bz in drought browse; fall tolerant birds; bees thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus dry to full sun to sand to loam P ≤ 6 ft G; W R; edible stream-side wildlife moist full shade large (fruit) twinberry, black; Lonicera involucrata moist partial to sand to loam P ≤ 5 ft Y Bk stream-side wildlife honeysuckle full shade (fruit) willow, Bebb Salix bebbiana moist to full sun to deep & fine P ≤ 15 ft R-Pu dioecious erosion browse; wet full shade twigs control bees willow, Booth Salix boothii moist to partial to deep & fine P ≤ 20 ft G both dioecious erosion ctrl; browse; wet full sun sides higher bees elevations willow, sandbar Salix exigua moist to partial to sand to P ≤ 13 ft G both dioecious erosion browse; wet full sun loam; sides control; bees alluvial forms clumps winterfat Ceratoides dry full sun clay; saline P ≤ 3 ft drought browse (Krascheninnikovia) or alkaline tolerant lanata tolerant yucca Yucca glauca dry full sun sand to P ≤ 4 ft E; G-W drought browse loam; well succulent tolerant; drained ornamental

TREES Light Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Wildlife Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type and Fruits Application ash, green Fraxinus pennsylvanica dry to wet partial to acid to P ≤ 60 ft G to Y dioecious shade birds full sun alkaline in fall (seed); browse aspen, quaking Populus tremuloides very moist partial to loam to clay P ≤ 40 ft G to Y dioecious shade; birds; full sun in fall clumps browse box elder Acer negundo moist full sun loam to clay P ≤ 50 ft G to Y dioecious wind- in fall break; spreads cottonwood, Great Plains Populus deltoides very moist full sun loam to clay P ≤ 98 ft G to Y dioecious bees in fall cottonwood, narrowleaf Populus angustifolia moist full sun light to med. P ≤ 60 ft G to Y dioecious erosion bees gravelly in fall control Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii dry to moist full sun med. coarse P ≤ 175 ft E wind- break elm, American Ulmus americana mod. moist partial to rich alluvial P ≤ 98 ft G to Y shade full sun in fall juniper, Rocky Mountain Juniperus scopulorum dry full sun sand to clay P ≤ 20 ft E fruits: G drought birds to Bl tolerant; (berry); wind browse break pine, limber Pinus flexilis dry full sun light to heavy P ≤ 60 ft E drought birds clay tolerant (seed) pine, lodgepole Pinus contorta dry to mod. full sun, sand to loam; P ≤ 82 ft E squirrels, moist but cool well drained birds (seed) pine, ponderosa Pinus ponderosa dry full sun sand to clay; P ≤ 115 ft E drought birds Montana state tree alkaline & wind (seed); tolerant; tolerant browse well drained spruce, Engelmann Picea engelmannii moist partial sun loam P ≤ 165 ft E wind birds break

VINES Light Fruits Height Leaves A, B, P Flowers Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application clematis, Columbia Clematis columbiana slight moist full shade to med. loam P ≤ 20 ft 3 - Bl-Pu feathery climbs; trails full sun parted seed Western virgins- Clematis ligusticifolia dry to slight partial to med. loam P ≤ 20 ft > 3 - W feathery climbs; trails bower moist full sun parted seed

CACTUS Fruit Light Height Leaves Leaves Flower A, B, P Moisture Common Name Scientific Name Soil Type Application pincushion cactus Coryphantha vivipara dry full sun sandy P ≤ 3 in succulent; Pi – Pu G rock garden spiny prickly-pear, plains Opuntia polyacantha dry full sun sandy P ≤ 12 in; mat succulent; Y – R R; rock garden forming spiny; pads edible edible