Annual Report 2013 Das Forschungszentrum Jülich Auf Einen Blick

Annual Report 2013 Das Forschungszentrum Jülich auf einen Blick

Das Forschungszentrum Jülich betreibt Gründung Vorstand interdisziplinäre Spitzenforschung und 11. Dezember 1956 Prof. Dr. Achim Bachem stellt sich drängenden Fragen der Gegen- Gesellschafter (Vorsitzender) wart. Mit seinen Kompetenzen in der Ma- Bundesrepublik Deutschland (90 Prozent) Karsten Beneke terialforschung und Simulation und seiner Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (10 Prozent) (Stellvertretender Vorsitzender) Expertise in der Physik, der Nano- und In- Stammkapital 520.000 Euro Prof. Dr. Sebastian M. Schmidt formationstechnologie sowie den Biowis- Erlöse (Mitglied des Vorstands) senschaften und der Hirnforschung ent- 617 Millionen Euro Prof. Dr. Harald Bolt wickelt es die Grundlagen für zukünftige Fläche (Mitglied des Vorstands) Schlüsseltechnologien. Damit leistet das 2,2 Quadratkilometer Forschungszentrum Beiträge zur Lösung Aufsichtsrat großer gesellschaftlicher Herausforderun- Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter Ministerialdirektor gen in den Bereichen Energie und Umwelt Gesamt 5.534 Dr. Karl Eugen Huthmacher sowie Information und Gehirn. Darin enthalten: (Vorsitzender) Das Forschungszentrum Jülich geht Wissenschaftler 1.924 neue Wege in strategischen Partnerschaf- (davon Doktoranden 498) Wissenschaftlicher Beirat ten mit Hochschulen, Forschungseinrich- Technisches Personal 1.700 Dr. Heike Riel, Schweiz (Vorsitz) tungen und der Industrie im In- und Aus- Auszubildende & Praktikanten 335 land. Mit mehr als 5.000 Mitarbeiterinnen (Stichtag 31.12.2013) Wissenschaftlich-Technischer Rat und Mitarbeitern gehört es als Mitglied Prof. Dr. Hans Ströher (Vorsitz) der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft zu den gro- Gastwissenschaftler ßen interdisziplinären Forschungszentren 995 aus 39 Ländern Europas.

2 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Forschungszentrum Jülich at a Glance

Forschungszentrum Jülich pursues Founded Visiting scientists cutting-edge interdisciplinary research 11 December 1956 995 from 39 countries addressing the pressing issues of the Partners present. With its competence in materi- Federal Republic of Germany (90 %) Board of Directors als science and simulation, and its ex- Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia Prof. Dr. Achim Bachem (Chairman) pertise in physics, nanotechnology, and (10 %) Karsten Beneke (Vice-Chairman) information technology, as well as in the Share capital € 520,000 Prof. Dr. Sebastian M. Schmidt biosciences and brain research, Jülich is Revenue (Member of the Board) developing the basis for the key technol- € 617 million Prof. Dr. Harald Bolt ogies of tomorrow. In this way, For- Area (Member of the Board) schungszentrum Jülich helps to solve 2.2 km2 the grand challenges facing society in Supervisory Board the fields of energy and environment, Staff Ministerialdirektor information, and brain research. Total 5,534 Dr. Karl Eugen Huthmacher (Chairman) Forschungszentrum Jülich is also ex- Including: ploring new avenues in strategic partner- Scientists 1,924 Scientific Advisory Council ships with universities, research institu- (inc. PhD students & scholarship Dr. Heike Riel (Chairman) tions, and industry in Germany and holders 498) abroad. With more than 5,000 employ- Technical staff 1,700 Scientific and Technical Council ees, Jülich – a member of the Helmholtz Trainees & students on placement 335 Prof. Dr. Hans Ströher (Chairman) Association – is one of the large interdis- (As of: 31.12.2013) ciplinary research centres in Europe.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 3 Annual Report 2013 Contents

17 Highlight: Information and the Brain

Understanding how the brain works and the processes within it is a huge challenge for science. For this task, Forschungszentrum Jülich utilizes its expertise in two areas: in brain research and in supercomputing.

25 Knowledge Management

Creating knowledge, imparting it, sharing it, and using it – these are the elements of effective knowledge management at Forschungszentrum Jülich. As part of this process, the sustainable campus project encompasses the aim of sustainable development targeting both science at large and each individual’s everyday work.

This annual report is also available as an e-book: http://issuu.com/fz_juelich/stacks

4 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Forschungszentrum Jülich at a Glance 2

Preface by the Board of Directors 6

Chronology 8

Highlight 17 • Digital 3D Atlases of the Brain 18 • How the Brain is Wired 20 • “Operating the Computer that Will Simulate the Brain as a Whole” 21 • Rules for Reorganization in the Brain 23

Knowledge Management 25 Sustainable Campus on Open Day 26 Our Business: Knowledge 29

Creating Knowledge Achieving and Publishing New Insights 30 A Vision Becomes Reality: Electrically Controllable Qubits 32 How Aerosols that Affect the Climate are Formed 34 Accolades 36 Third-Party Funding 38 Work at Other Locations 40 Project Management Organizations 42 Excellent Platforms 44 Personnel and Professors 47

Imparting Knowledge Training with Prospects 50 The Next Generation of Scientists 52

Sharing Knowledge Knowledge Worldwide 56 Collaborations 59 Commercial Airliners Serving Atmospheric Research 63 Europe Accelerates Development of Exascale Computer 64 Jülich Aachen Research Alliance 65 JARA-FIT: Nanoswitches for Tomorrow’s Information Technology 66

Using Knowledge Jülich Know-How in Industry and Society 67 Research for Practical Applications 68

Appendix 73 Finances 74 Bodies and Committees 78 Organization Chart 80 Contact Information 82 Publication Details 83

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 5 Preface by the Board of Directors

nderstanding the human brain, human brain works at the cellular and evaluating information on structure and uncovering how some 100 bil- molecular levels. Forschungszentrum function as they proceed; researchers lion neurons with their trillion Jülich’s expertise in the areas of brain at Jülich are developing simulations that connections function when research and supercomputing is invalua- are as true to reality as possible of in- Uhumans think and act – this is an enor- ble for this endeavour. As both of these dividual areas of the brain using super- mous scientific challenge. The EU’s scientific fields are becoming increas- computers and have thus learned, for in- Human Brain Project aims to get clos- ingly intertwined, we have combined stance, how the brain re-organizes itself er to this goal. It kicked off in 2013 and them in a new research priority at Jülich: following injuries. Forschungszentrum Jülich is an impor- information and the brain. This annu- Work on the second research priority tant partner. The EU and its member al report highlights examples from this at Jülich – energy and environment – states are investing more than € 1 bil- field of work. For example, neuroscien- was successfully expanded in 2013 with lion in this large-scale research pro- tists at Jülich are working on increas- the foundation of the Helmholtz Institute ject in order to learn bit by bit how the ingly detailed maps of the human brain, Erlangen-Nürnberg Renewable Energy Production (HI ERN) in August. This institute merges the expertise of Frie- drich-Alexander-Universität Erlan- gen-Nürnberg (FAU), Forschungszen- trum Jülich, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Ber- lin in the areas of photovoltaics and chemical energy storage, expertise that is essential for the widespread and cheap use of renewable energy and for the successful transformation of the energy sector in Germany. Another new external subinstitute – the Helmholtz Institute Münster – will concentrate on the area of battery research. It was officially opened in June 2014 and has since begun work. This centre of excellence pools expertise from the University of Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, and RWTH Aachen University and focuses on energy storage, which is critical for the transformation of the energy sector and for the expansion of electromobility. More than 20,000 visitors got a taste of the wide range of research at Jülich when Forschungszentrum Jülich opened Prof. Dr. Achim Bachem (right), who had been Chairman of the Board of its doors to the public on 29 September. Directors of Forschungszentrum Jülich since 1 October 2006, has since re- The theme of Open Day this time around tired. He hands over to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Marquardt, former Chairman was sustainability as Forschungszen- of the German Council of Science and Humanities and professor of process trum Jülich has taken on a responsibility systems engineering at RWTH Aachen University. From 1 July 2014, he will for the world of tomorrow – in research, set the course for Forschungszentrum Jülich together with his colleagues on for example, by developing a climate- the Board of Directors. smart energy supply, and in the way we

6 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 The Board of Directors of Forschungszentrum Jülich: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Bolt, Prof. Dr. Achim Bachem, Prof. Dr. Sebastian M. Schmidt, and Karsten Beneke (from left to right)

work everyday, such as by using ener- strategically planned and implemented. (GRI) in its Sustainability Reporting gy-efficient lighting on our campus. The As one of only a few non-university re- Guidelines and is the first of its kind concept of a sustainable campus, which search institutions, Forschungszentrum within the Helmholtz Association. also includes a master plan for the sus- Jülich recently published its first sustainable construction and renovation of tainability report. It complies with the buildings as well as smart energy use, internationally accepted standards de- defines how such measures should be fined by the Global Reporting Initiative

Prof. Dr. Achim Bachem Karsten Beneke Prof. Dr.-Ing. Harald Bolt Prof. Dr. Sebastian M. Schmidt (Chairman of the Board (Vice-Chairman of the (Member of the Board (Member of the Board of Directors) Board of Directors) of Directors) of Directors)

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 7 Chronology April 2013 to March 2014

Measuring Clouds

2 April 2013 | Start of the three-month HOPE campaign. In an area measuring 100 km2 around Forschungszentrum Jülich, swivel-mounted units are using laser light, radio waves, and microwaves to measure the three-dimensional structure of clouds up to an altitude of 10 km. The base station is the cloud observatory JOYCE on the Jülich campus. HOPE is part of the HD(CP)2 project which involves 120 researchers from 16 institutions. It aims to improve our understanding of cloud formation and thus improve weather and climate models.

Energy-Saving Data Storage

23 April 2013 | Novel nanoelectronic components based on resistive memory cells can, in principle, store considerably more data on less space than today’s FLASH devices and hard drives. They also require far less power. Jülich scientists publish their fundamental and practically important findings in the journal Nature Communications. They conclude that a certain type of resistive memory cell must be described as a type of nanobattery and that its circuitry must be modelled accordingly (see “JARA-FIT: Nanoswitches for Tomorrow’s Information Technology”, p. 66).

Molecular Chaperone

14 May 2013 | “Chaperones” are what the experts call substances in the body that assist proteins in adopting their complex spatial structure. How this occurs in detail was a mystery up to now. In Cell, a team including Jülich scientists report on how they analysed a transition state of protein folding in the cavity of the common chaperone GroEL for the first time. Such insights into protein folding are important because scientists have already identified incorrectly folded proteins as a factor in several illnesses.

8 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Oxide Cluster Laboratory Opened

24 May 2013 | The requirements that computer processors and data storage must fulfil are becoming increasingly complex, while simultaneously their energy consumption must not increase excessively. “The Oxide Cluster will enable researchers at Jülich to work on both challenges at the same time,” said Thomas Rachel, Parliamentary State Secretary to the Federal Minister of Education and Research, at the official opening of the laboratory. The Oxide Cluster is the first laboratory to make it possible to investigate sensitive oxide layers for new logic and storage elements during growth and directly after various switching processes.

Setting Course for the Bioeconomy

27 May 2013 | The German federal government and the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) agree two important measures aiming to consolidate research for a sustainable bioeconomy. Firstly, they decide that the field of biotechnology at Jülich’s Institute of Bio- and Geo- sciences will be permanently funded by the Helmholtz Asso- ciation. Secondly, the Bioeconomy Science Center, which is run by Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Aachen University, and the universities of Bonn and Düsseldorf, will receive in excess of € 58 million over the next ten years.

Less Platinum, Cheaper Catalyst

16 June 2013 | Researchers from Jülich and Berlin have developed a catalyst for the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen that only needs one tenth of the amount of platinum usually required. This makes it cheaper and could foster the breakthrough of fuel cells as an environmen-n- tally friendly alternative to combustion engines. In Natureure Materials , the researchers report that the geometric shapehape of the nanometre catalyst particles is essential forr theirtheir performance.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 9 3D Brain Atlas

21 June 2013 | In the high-impact journal Science, neuroscientists from Jülich and Montreal present Big Brain: a three-dimensional virtual atlas that visualizes the complicated structure of the brain on a microscopic scale. It provides insights with a resolution of 20 micrometres, which is about the size of a neuron. The freely accessible atlas will help researchers to learn more about both the healthy and diseased brain (see “Digital 3D Atlases of the Brain”, p. 18).

Crowds Converge for Research

22 June 2013 | How can large-scale events be made even safer? A four-day experiment run by researchers from Jülich, Siegen, and Wuppertal addressing this very issue is successfully completed. In a trade fair hall in Düsseldorf, some 2,000 people moved about in pre-defined areas where paths purposely crossed and bottlenecks were artificially created. The routes taken by each individual pedestrian were recorded using specially developed video technology and important data were generated for analyses and computer simulations.

Drug Production Made Easy

24 June 2013 | Scientists at Jülich publish a new procedure in the journal Angewandte Chemie that enables the efficient and sustainable production of norephedrine and norpseu- doephedrine. Both substances are used as appetite suppres- sors and in drugs for cardiovascular disease. The researchers successfully fabricated them from cheap starting materials in just two steps using the targeted application of enzymes. The process occurs in a single reaction vessel.

Electricity

Power plant Evaluation of Carbon Storage transportation 27 June 2013 | Under the coordination of Forschungs-

Coal zentrum Jülich, a group of scientists publishes a comprehensive evaluation of technologies aiming to capture and

store carbon dioxide (CO2). These technologies are one option of making coal and gas power plants more environmentally friendly. The evaluation concludes that the technologies fare badly in terms of societal acceptance and cost effectiveness. The experts believe that these very points will decide whether they succeed or fail. storage

10 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 How Neurotransmitters are Picked Up External flap open Neurotransmitter External flap closed

9 July 2013 | Neurotransmitters transfer signals between two neurons. After transmission, transport molecules remove the amino acid glutamate and other neurotransmitters from the tiny space between the cells, the synaptic cleft. This prevents the downstream neuron from becoming permanently excited. Jülich scientists report on how they clarified the binding mechanism of a transporter to the glutamate. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, they were able Weak bond Flap closed/strong bond to observe the two-stage process in real time.

10.4 Trillion Synapses Simulated

2 August 2013 | Scientists from Jülich and Japan announce that they have simulated a network comprising 1.73 billion neurons connected randomly to each other via some 10.4 trillion contact points known as synapses. The simulation imitated the activities of the neurons that occur within a second and was also intended to reveal the possibilities and limitations of today’s computer technology: all 82,944 processors of the fourth-fastest supercomputer in the world – K in Kobe, Japan – were needed.

Hormonal Disorder Causes High Blood Pressure

4 August 2013 | Nature Genetics publishes new findings on a form of high blood pressure that is caused by an overproduction of the hormone aldosterone. An international research team including scientists from Jülich verified that mutations of the gene CACNA1D alter the switching behaviour of calci- um channels in the cell membrane, which fully explains the overproduction of aldosterone. This will pave the way for new methods of treating hyperaldosteronism, which affects an es- timated 12 % of all patients with high blood pressure.

Helmholtz Institute Established

20 August 2013 | Renewable energy will play a key role in successfully transforming the energy sector in Germany. In order to address the grand research challenges in this field, Forschungszentrum Jülich, the University of Erlangen-Nürn- berg, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin join forces and found the Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg. The three partners sign a cooperation agreement at an event attended by Federal Research Minister Prof. Johanna Wanka (see p. 41).

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 11 Solvent-Free Paint Remover

26 August 2013 | Paint manufacturer Alfred Clouth Lack- fabrik launches a novel environmentally friendly paint remover on the market that was developed by Jülich scientists in cooperation with the medium-sized enterprise Bernd Schwegmann. The liquid cleans paintbrushes just as well as conventional products but is solvent-free and has no odour. An additive that was optimized in neutron experiments is what makes it possible to remove paint. The total amount of surface-active agents – surfactants – can thus be considerably reduced.

Triplet Qubit Realized

1 September 2013 | In Nature Nanotechnology, scientists report on how they produced a qubit – the information unit in quantum computers – comprising three “quantum dots” for the very first time. Their experiment confirms a pre- diction made back in 2000 by Jülich scientist Prof. David P. DiVincenzo, who was also involved in these experiments. DiVincenzo predicted that triplet qubits would be easier to control than qubits comprised of one or two quantum dots (see “A Vision Becomes Reality: Electrically Controllable Qubits”, p. 32).

Research Minister Visits

18 September 2013 | Distinguished visitor from Ber- lin: Federal Research Minister Prof. Johanna Wanka visits Forschungszentrum Jülich, accompanied by Parliamentary State Secretary Thomas Rachel, to learn about Jülich brain research and Jülich’s supercomputer JUQUEEN, Europe’s fastest supercomputer.

Counting on Neodymium

24 September 2013 | Magnetic molecules are regarded as promising switching elements for future, energy-efficient information processing. Scientists from Jülich and Aachen report in the journal Nature Communications about fabricat- ing a particularly robust molecule that enables the direct electrical readout of magnetic information. This was made possible by using the rare earth metal neodymium as the central building block of the molecule.

12 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Jahresbericht 2013 Open Day

29 September 2013 | More than 20,000 visitors took Forschungszentrum Jülich up on its invitation to experience science hands-on and talk to scientists face-to-face. The focus was on sustainability and Sustainable Campus, with which Forschungszentrum Jülich hopes to position itself permanently as an attractive science location equipped for the future. Following its official opening in the morning, the Helmholtz Nanoelectronic Facility also opened its doors to visitors as one of the most modern nanoelectronic laboratories in Europe (see “Sustainable Campus on Open Day”, p. 26).

Recycling OH Radicals

6 October 2013 | According to their article in Nature Geo- science, Jülich researchers successfully showed that during the degradation of the most important natural hydrocarbon in the atmosphere – isoprene – more hydroxyl (OH) radicals are regenerated than was previously thought. This is important because OH radicals can cleanse the air of pollutants and trace gases. In order to demonstrate this, the scientists recreated the conditions they came across during measurement campaigns in China in the SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber at Jülich.

Nanomagnets on Surfaces

6 October 2013 | Nanomagnets comprising a few atoms are considered candidates for future data storage. They could considerably reduce the size of bits, which magnetically code information and currently require one million atoms. In Nature Physics, Jülich physicists propose affixing nanomagnets to the surface of ferromagnetic materials such as iron or cobalt. Their calculations show that this stabilizes the magnetism of the nanoparticles along a preferred direction.

Keratin Function Demonstrated

28 October 2013 | Scientists from Jülich, Leipzig, and Aachen used mouse embryos to fabricate genetically modified epidermal cells containing no keratin (a group of structural proteins). They then measured the stiffness and inner stability of these cells and compared the characteristics to those of non-modified cells. In this way, they succeeded for the first time in verifying what had been assumed for years: keratins are essential in cells and tissue for withstanding mechanical stress.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 13 Insights into the Protein Factory

3 November 2013 | Ribosomes in biological cells produce proteins – based on blueprints which are coded in DNA. The online edition of Nature Structural & Molecular Biology publishes videos on the processes in these protein factories. The videos, which were produced by a team of researchers from Göttingen, Jülich, and Düsseldorf, comprise high- resolution electron micrographs linked to each other with the aid of computer simulations. They reveal how certain molecules move through the ribosome and what molecular forces are involved.

Keynote Lecture at End-of-Year Ceremony

20 November 2013 | Prof. Dieter Willbold and Jun.-Prof. Birgit Strodel explain to 300 guests from politics, science, and industry how protein molecules work like little machines in the cells of our bodies. Using striking images and anima- tions, they demonstrate what happens when these molecular machines are damaged. The work of the two scientists focuses on Alzheimer’s dementia. Their research findings could pave the way towards new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of this neurodegenerative disease.

New Era of Fusion Research

4 December 2013 | Nuclear fusion is considered an environmentally friendly and practically inexhaustible energy source for the future. After 30 years of advancing international fusion research, the last plasma discharge in Jülich’s large- scale device TEXTOR heralds the end of an era. However, on the way towards continuous operation of a fusion reactor, Jülich know-how continues to be in demand. For example, a team headed by Jülich researcher Prof. Yunfeng Liang used radio waves to confine a plasma for a record 30 seconds in the Chinese fusion experiment EAST.

Nanoparticles and Cells

2 January 2014 | Jülich researchers have used computer simulations to systematically calculate what effect the shape of nanoparticles has on whether these particles are incorporated by a cell or not. The findings are important because nanotransporters are being investigated throughout the world as a way of introducing drugs directly into diseased cells – thus leaving healthy tissue unaffected.

14 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Sharp Images of Cell Structure

16 February 2014 | Conventional 3D cryo-electron microscopy provides scientists with unique insights into the structure of biological samples. Researchers from Jülich and Israel describe an even more advantageous variant of this technique in the journal Nature Methods. It enables intact cells and other aqueous objects to be visualized with high resolution and contrast, even when the samples are thick.

Atmospheric Chemistry Mystery Solved

27 February 2014 | Aerosols in the atmosphere influence cloud formation, the Earth’s radiation balance, and thus the climate. It was unknown until now exactly how these particles form from the volatile organic substances emitted naturally into the air by trees. In cooperation with international partners, Jülich researchers solved the mystery. As they report in Nature, they characterized extremely low- volatile vapours which cause the aerosols to grow to sizes of 50–100 nanometres at which they start to influence the climate (see p. 34).

The Ins and Outs of Memory

2 March 2014 | An international team including Jülich researchers presents its findings in Nature Neuro science on signal transduction in the hippocampus – a brain region involved in learning and memory processes. Here, the membrane protein connexin 30 plays a decisive role in transmitting excitatory stimuli. It influences the mobility of fine extensions of astrocytes, which along with neurons are crucial components of the brain.

The Iridescence of the Bird-of-Paradise

3 March 2014 | Physicists from Jülich and Groningen in the Netherlands have used computers to simulate the complex optical properties of the neck and breast feathers of a spe- cies of bird-of-paradise. As they report, the results of the simulation are in excellent agreement with previously measured light-scattering patterns and reflectance spectra. The researchers can therefore explain exactly how the colours of the feathers are produced by light reflected on nanostructures in the feathers.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 15 16 Highlight

18 Digital 3D Atlases of the Brain 20 How the Brain is Wired 21 “Operating the Computer that Will Simulate the Brain as a Whole” 23 Rules for Reorganization in the Brain

17 Digital 3D Atlases of the Brain Scientists working with Prof. Katrin Amunts are mapping how the human brain is constructed in detail. In 2013, together with Canadian colleagues, they unveiled Big Brain: a digital spatial model of a brain based on more than 7,400 tissue slices. In addition, the Jülich scientists are creating another 3D atlas – JuBrain – that accounts for the individual differences between human brains.

n 1909, Korbinian Brodmann pub- as those on the molecular structure or The brain that the Jülich researchers lished a schematic map of the human the function of specific areas. This used to create ultrathin tissue slices in a cerebral cortex, which he split into development leap is comparable with complex multistage process ten years 43 areas. Using microscopic inves- the transition from maps to today’s ago was from a 65-year-old female body Itigations, he had discovered that the geospatial information systems used donor. However, work on Big Brain only densities and distribution of neurons by freight companies and emergency really started about five years after this differed in these brain areas and he services to plan their routes or by the when the necessary computing power used these differences as the basis for authorities to analyse environmental became available for the next stage his brain map. data. when the tissue slices – a total of The scientists headed by Prof. Katrin 7,404 – were scanned individually. Fol- Amunts and Prof. Karl Zilles – today Unique in the world lowing this, the scientists postedited senior professor in the BRAIN section In 2013, Amunts’ research group pub- around 30 % of all images using special of the Jülich Aachen Research Alliance lished an article together with scientists software, removing tears, creases, and (JARA) – are working on a common from the McConnell Brain Imaging other errors present in the images of project grounded in the Brodmann tradi- Center in Montreal in the high-impact the tissue slices. In the final step, the tion. But from the very beginning, this journal Science on the world’s first supercomputer pieced all of these imag- was about much more than just revising digital 3D atlas: Big Brain. “Thanks to a es together to create the three-dimen- his map. The researchers wanted to very high resolution of 20 micrometres, sional Big Brain. move away from a two-dimensional Big Brain makes the complicated struc- Using this atlas, the scientists can map towards a three-dimensional rep- ture of the brain visible right down to gain new insights into the normal struc- resentation of the brain. In addition, this the level of individual neurons,” says ture of different functional areas of the computer-assisted representation Amunts. Twenty micrometres or brain – for example, of those that are should make it possible to integrate and 20 thousandths of a millimetre is important for controlling movements or spatially assign other digital data, such thinner than the diameter of a hair. for memory. This will help the scientists to better appraise changes in the brains of patients in future.

More than an atlas Big Brain is not just a 3D atlas but also an anatomical brain model. The concept of a model here is twofold. On the one hand, it refers to the everyday concept of a model in the sense of a reproduction, for example, of a ship or an air- Prof. Katrin Amunts is craft – only that Big Brain is a model director at the Institute of on the computer. On the other hand, it Neuroscience and Medicine refers to the concept of a model used at Forschungszentrum Jülich specifically by physicists, computer and head of the C. and O. scientists, and climate researchers: Vogt Institute of Brain for them, a model is a mathematical Research at Düsseldorf description and the basis for computer University Hospital. simulations of natural phenomena or

18 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Creating the tissue slices of the brain demands dexterity and patience: the almost transparent slices are much thinner than the diameter of a hair and they curl up easily or tear at the edges.

processes. In this sense, Big Brain is a In contrast to Big Brain, JuBrain is based cause the resolution of JuBrain is one mathematical model of organizational on image information from ten different millimetre, the most common resolution principles at the level of neurons. “Big brains. In order to make the images of in fMRI. It is thus much lower than that Brain will become a sort of navigation these brains with their different sizes of Big Brain. To date, the Jülich scien- system for the simulation of the brain in and shapes comparable, they are super- tists have reconstructed around 70 % of the Human Brain Project,” says Amunts. imposed on each other, aligned in the the areas in the brain in JuBrain. The Human Brain Project aims to devel- same manner, and their size and shape op a model as a dynamic reproduction adjusted accordingly. The resulting atlas of the “thinking” brain (see p. 21). Ac- indicates, for example, the probability cording to Amunts, “Big Brain will also with which an activity signal measured provide the data required as starting pa- during the examination of a patient’s rameters for simulating the brain.” brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has come from a Ten brains provide information certain area of the brain. However, the The medical scientist and her team are signal cannot be traced back to a cell also working on another 3D brain atlas. layer or even to individual neurons be-

From real brain slices to the virtual BigBrain model

The ultrathin brain slices were scanned individually and the digital images roughly pieced together on computers (left screen). Researchers then postedited the digital images of damaged brain slices using supercomputers and special image processing software. They then combined all of the slices to form the virtual brain model known as Big Brain (right screen).

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 19 How the Brain is Wired Neural fibre tracts connect the areas of the brain and transmit information. A Jülich technique known as 3D-Polarized Light Imaging (3D-PLI) visualizes the fibre tracts much more clearly than any other. In 2013, it was improved even further.

he starting material for the formation together in the form of a tracts using a technique known as diffu- 3D-PLI method comprises ultra- three-dimensional model of the neural sion imaging. This provides images of thin slices of the brain – about fibre tract network. In 2013, the Jülich the living brain, but with a resolution no 3,000 per organ. A team of scientists improved the calculation rules better than around two millimetres. This T scientists headed by Markus Axer at – algorithms – which are used to detect means that scientists cannot say with the Institute of Neuroscience and and process measurement signals. The certainty whether they really have cor- Medicine (INM) examines these slices computer program generates images rectly identified all processes within the using polarized light. These light waves even faster and with a particularly high information network in the brain or only oscillate in the one direction or quality. whether, for example, they have over- shift their direction of oscillation in a The 3D-PLI method clearly distin- seen neural pathways that turn off or predictable manner. When polarized guishes structures of neural fibre tracts cross each other. light hits the neural fibre tracts, it even when they are only a few thou- 3D-PLI images of the neural fibre changes its direction of oscillation. sandths of a millimetre apart from each tracts perfectly complement the 3D The brain researchers measure these other. This high spatial resolution is brain atlases on which Jülich brain changes and subsequently transfer the what makes 3D-PLI so valuable and researchers are also working (see measurement signals of each brain slice unique. In principle, doctors and scien- “Digital 3D Atlases of the Brain”, p. 18). to a computer, which then puts the in- tists could also visualize neural fibre

The step from real to virtual tissue: ultrathin brain slices are scanned separately and then processed on the computer.

20 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 “Operating the Computer that Will Simulate the Brain as a Whole” The Human Brain Project, which is being funded by the EU and its member states to the tune of around € 1 billion, involves scientists from 23 countries. Dr. Boris Orth, head of High Perfor- mance Computing in Neuro- science, explains the role played by the Jülich Super- computing Centre.

What is the vision behind the Human Brain Project? We want to create a virtual brain, to ren- der realistic simulations of the human brain feasible on the supercomputer. Medical scientists and other scientists should be able to explore this virtual brain model interactively in order to gain a better understanding of how the human brain works at all levels – from the molecules, cells, connections, and the areas right up to the organ as a whole. It should put the researchers in a position to perform experiments on the efficiency of drugs, for example, or on learning processes using this virtual brain. And most importantly, it should enable experiments to be conducted that could never be performed on real brains for ethical or practical reasons.

How much supercomputing power is required for this? For the simulation of the brain as a whole, you would need an exascale computer, in other words a computer that can perform one quintillion (1018) arithmetic operations per second. Such a computer will probably be available at

Dr. Boris Orth in the computer room at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 21 the end of this decade. However, a special characteristic of the Human Brain Project is the additional request from scientists for interactivity. This desire to be able to intervene in ongoing simulations places particular demands on working memory, resource management, and visualization. In addition, it affects how the computer is operated.

Why is interactivity so special when it comes to supercomputers considering that today every games console and every PC can be used interactively? A supercomputer with its hundreds and The 3D visualization of the brain shows not only anatomical information but also the thousands of processor cores does not functionalities of individual regions as well as their connections. Another objective is generally allow for interactivity today. interactive intervention in simulations. Usually, several users share the computer, running very different simulations or “jobs” simultaneously. Operating soft- Today, brain simulations are already What does the Jülich Supercomputing ware distributes the computing time being run on supercomputers in Jülich Centre (JSC) hope to achieve in the fairly in such a manner that the machine and elsewhere. Apart from interactivi- Human Brain Project (HBP)? is utilized optimally. The task that this ty, how far are we away from the vi- To begin with, the most pressing objec- “job scheduler” must perform is a bit sion described at the beginning? tive of HBP is not to further neurosci- like what you have to do when you play The group headed by Jülich professor ence. Instead, it aims to build an appro- the classic computer game Tetris: you Markus Diesmann, for example, recently priate European infrastructure for the have to arrange the blocks as they fall set a world record when it simulated a simulation of the human brain that will be so as to create rows with as few gaps as network with a billion simplified neu- available as a tool to science and indus- possible. The width of the blocks is like rons. But this is still several orders of try. This is why the EU is funding the HBP the number of processors used for a magnitude away from the brain as a as a Future and Emerging Technologies particular job and the length of the whole, which contains some 100 billions (FET) Flagship, in other words within a blocks is the time span for which the neurons. funding programme for information and processors are needed. But because it’s communications technologies. JSC will difficult to predict the actual duration of It’s said that not only will brain re- design and operate the computer that a simulation, the scientist doesn’t know search benefit from supercomputer will be used to simulate the brain as a when the job scheduler will automatical- simulations but that supercomputing whole in 2023 or thereabouts. The lead- ly start his job. And most importantly, will also benefit from findings in brain ing role of JSC among supercomputing he can’t intervene in the simulation. research. In what way? centres is reflected in the fact that it is Added computing power is mainly heading the subproject dealing with the Why the desire for interactivity? achieved today using an ever-greater construction of the HBP supercomputer There are situations where it would be number of processors. This goes hand and data infrastructure. Forschungs- interesting to influence the course of a in hand with increasing energy con- zentrum Jülich as a whole also plays a simulation depending on an interim re- sumption. In addition, as the number of prominent role in the HBP: it is not just sult. And it would be nice to be able to processors increases so too does the outstandingly well represented in super- observe what effect an intervention in risk that one of these will fail, which computing but also in neuroscience. the network structure would have on usually causes the program to crash. the functioning of the virtual brain. This The human brain in contrast requires no demands new visualization techniques more than the energy of a weak light that would allow the user to alternate bulb to function. And on top of that, it between different “powers of magnifica- tolerates errors. If we should one day tion”, a bit like a microscope. understand how the real brain works with the aid of the virtual brain, then we may be able to apply these principles to construct computers that are particularly energy-efficient, reliable, and capable of learning.

22 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Rules for Reorganization in the Brain The brain is the most complex organ in a human – and yet much of what goes on in the brain adheres to really simple rules, as was found in the Simulation Laboratory Neuroscience at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC).

hat happens if neurons in nections with their neighbours in order the brain are shut off from to obtain additional stimuli. The neurons the outside world? Using form new branches off their axons (long the visual cortex as an extensions that send electrical signals W example, Jülich neuroscientist Dr. Butz- from one cell to another) and off their Ostendorf and his colleague Arjen van dendrites (shorter projections that re- Ooyen from VU University Amsterdam ceive these signals). At the point where investigated how neurons reorganize these meet, new contact points – syn- themselves when they are deprived of apses – are formed between the cells signals from the eye. The journal PLOS allowing them to receive more electrical Computational Biology reported on their signals again. As soon as the usual ac- results in October 2013. tivity level is reached, synapse forma- “From animal experiments, we know tion is discontinued and a balance is Dr. Markus Butz-Ostendorf studies that damage to the retina leads to reor- re-established. the permanent construction site that is ganization in the visual cortex,” explains When the researchers allowed the the brain. Butz-Ostendorf. “The brain is astonish- dendrites of the simulated neurons to ingly versatile. This provides the basis grow at a lower electrical activity but for learning and for many healing pro- waited until the electrical activity was cesses. But until now, nobody knew the slightly higher to allow the axons to rules governing these processes.” grow, new connections were established The researcher hopes that these Using a network of simulated neu- starting from the edge of the disturbed findings will benefit people with retinal rons on the supercomputer, the re- zone, a bit like how a wound heals from damage in future. “In these patients, searchers succeeded in demonstrating the outside in. “This corresponds to new connections are formed in the that this flexibility is paradoxically based what was observed in animal experi- visual cortex when the cells are stimu- on the tendency of neurons to remain ments,” says Butz-Ostendorf. In his lated electrically,” says Butz-Ostendorf. stable. They strive to maintain their nor- opinion, it is therefore highly likely that “In the past, it was assumed that the mal level of electrical activity. When the rewiring of neurons does indeed more stimulation, the better. But we there is a lack of impulses from the out- function in the same way as in this theo- now know that it comes down to provid- side world, the cells establish new con- retical model. ing the right amount at the right time.”

Before Shortly Long time damage after damage after damage If the retina is damaged in one spot, the Model associated cells in the visual cortex are deprived of input – this is illustrated here by the “hole” in the middle. But bit by bit, new connections are formed with neighbouring neurons. The hole closes from the edge in. The process was the same in the theoretical model (top) as that previously observed in animal experiments (bottom). The different Experiment colours correspond to different areas of the retina which are connected to the brain cells.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 23 24 Knowledge Management

26 Sustainable Campus 29 Our Business: Knowledge 30 Creating Knowledge 50 Imparting Knowledge 56 Sharing Knowledge 67 Using Knowledge

25 25 Sustainable Campus on Open Day Open Day on 29 September attracted more than 20,000 visitors to Forschungszentrum Jülich in the lovely autumn sunshine. They got a taste of research and spoke to the scientists – above all about the key topic of the day, namely sustainability and the sustainable campus.

n a dialogue forum organized by the Sustainable Campus staff unit, experts made it clear that science and society have a responsibility for sustainably shaping the future. The forum was accompanied by an exhibition with over 100 participants: 40 exhibitors, 60 poster presentations, and 10 exhibits showcased information Ifrom the fields of research, people, and work, as well as construction and operations. “Our aim is to The topics ranged from energy research and bioeconomy right up to the changes we must make in our behaviour. turn Forschungs- zentrum Jülich into an attractive and forward-looking place for sustainable research.”

Prof. Achim Bachem, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Forschungszentrum Jülich, on the objectives behind the concept of a sustainable campus

26 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013

“Research opens up huge opportunities – a sustainable bioeconomy needs research for the real world.”

Prof. Ulrich Schurr, Forschungszentrum Jülich, executive managing director of the Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) and coordinator of the European Plant Phenotyping Network (EPPN)

Prof. Ulrich Schurr (right) in discussion with Prof. Karin Holm-Müller at the dialogue forum organized by Sustain- able Campus. The forum was moderated by Dr. Peter “I regard the protection of our natural Burauel, head of the Sustain- environment as an ethical obligation. able Campus staff unit. However, I am also convinced that for purely economic reasons, it is imperative to use natural resources sustainably.” Sustainable Prof. Karin Holm-Müller, Institute for Food and Resource Economics at the University Campus of Bonn and Vice Chair of the German Advisory Council on the Environment

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 27 “We all need to be educated in sustainable development – and there are already good examples in all fields of life – from kinder- gartens to universities or even mayors who have made plans for the sustainable future of their communities.”

Prof. Ute Stoltenberg, Institute of Integrative Studies at Leuphana University Lüneburg and member of the German National Committee for UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme

“The more complex the system, the more dangerous the desire for action and decisions at all costs, and systems analysis without mathematics is like French cuisine with no wine.”

Prof. Jürgen Hake, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Chairman of the Economic Council NRW, Regional Committee for Energy Policy

“Making room in our own lives for new necessities sometimes means shifting our ingrained habits around a bit.”

Prof. Georg Müller-Christ, University of Bremen, Sustainable Management, spokesperson for the working group for sustainability in higher education institutions

28 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013

Our Business: Knowledge

Creating Knowledge Jülich scientists performed outstandingly once again in 2013. In order to make Jülich even more attractive for executive employees, Forschungszentrum Jülich developed new guidelines for joint professorial appointments with universities, aiming particularly to increase the proportion of highly qualified women at Jülich. A tremendous accolade was the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, which the German Research Foundation awarded to Prof. Rainer Waser, director at the Peter Grünberg Institute. With this, the most important Ger- man prize for research went to a Jülich scientist in 2013.

Imparting Knowledge The integrated strategy supporting young talent “juelich_ horizons” established a framework of support for young people in 2013 – from introducing teenagers to research through innovative concepts for vocational training right up to offering excellent conditions for early-career scientists including the opportunity to set up their own research group at an early stage. Summer and spring schools and periods of study in Germany bring young researchers from all over the world to Jülich. Forschungszentrum Jülich fared better than average in 2013 in the call for applications for Helmholtz young investigators groups.

Sharing Knowledge Forschungszentrum Jülich cooperates closely with partners from science and industry both at the national and international level. Many international collaborations were successfully continued in 2013. Examples include those with the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commis- sion (CEA), with Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the USA, and with the Shanghai Institute of Microsystems and Infor- mation Technology (SIMIT). Cooperation with India was expanded, particularly in the fields of energy and environmental science.

Using Knowledge Jülich’s expertise in central fields of research combined with its outstanding infrastructure and know-how in key technologies make Forschungszentrum Jülich a much sought-after partner in industry. Current examples show that Jülich scientists are involved in very application-relevant research: they are working on developing sensors for efficient biocatalysis, enabling the diagnosis of illnesses and diseases using smartphones, finding new ways of introducing genes into cells, and optimizing rubber mixtures for tyres.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 29 Achieving and Publishing New Insights When scientists achieve new insights by means of their research, they share this new knowledge with their colleagues in specialist journals. Scientific publications are therefore an extremely important way of demonstrating the achievements of a scientific institution. In 2013, the number of publications by scientists at Forschungszentrum Jülich continued to grow. Naturally, it’s not just quantity but also quality that counts, as explained in the article on page 31.

Jülich publications in the last five years

In peer-reviewed journals (of which co-authored Books, other PhD theses, Total with researchers from other institutions) publications habilitations 2009 1,720 1,133 (837 = 73.9 %) 526 61 2010 1,834 1,048 (770 = 73.5 %) 686 100 2011 2,115 1,363 (1,013 = 74.3 %) 651 101 2012 2,233 1,452 (1,100 = 75.8 %) 688 93 2013 2,414 1,485 (1,175 = 79.1 %) 825 104

Journals in which Jülich researchers published most frequently (as of 31.12.2013)

Number of publi- Number of publi- Journal Journal cations in 2013 cations in 2013 Physical Review B 65 Journal of Nuclear Materials 27 Applied Physics Letters 45 Journal of Applied Physics 25 Geophysical Research Innovatives Supercomputing in 39 25 Abstracts Deutschland Physical Review Letters 36 PLOS ONE 24 Physical Review D 31 Nature 3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 28 Science 3

30 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 T and JFactor Tell Us What the Impact Factor ever, not every publication is is publication ever, every not or a institution. How- research ascientist of reputation to the contributes journal respected tions. loca- different in users their of ests inter- divergent the of take account also example, for should, Libraries fields. lar onlyjournals makes sense within simi- comparing different, so are example, for andmedical scientists astrophysicists, of habits citation the to. As subscribed for deciding which should journals be criterion is an field important respective their in factor impact highest the have purpose. this for specifically Jfactor the oped at Jülich’s Central Library. They devel- experts bibliometrics tothe according ajob of achievements tific applicant really suitablefor evaluating the scien- not is measure However, this able. larly with a high impact factor are particu- a journal in articles many publish who individuals that assumed often is It publications. yearbyother subsequent the in average on cited are ajournal in articles frequently how tor. indicates It is the principlebehind the impact fac- Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual A publication in a well- awell- in A publication knowing which journals For libraries, viously paidviously to thisThis journal. is the ob- moreattention tists, arecited byjournal other scien- he more frequently articles in a bibliometrics experts in Jülich’s Central Central Jülich’s in experts bibliometrics the reason, this For picture. accurate an institution publishes – gives an in- or ascientist which in journals all of factors impact the of sum –the factor” average. above rate 32 only and average below rate a % had inof the articles factor.2010, In impact highest 68 the % to applies even unequally. aredistributed rates This at all. In the all citation science journals, cited not or cited rarely are that articles many contain also journals factor. Such lished in a with a journal high impact pub- been has it because just important As a result, the “cumulative impact impact “cumulative the aresult, As Nature Nature – thewith journal had a citation acitation had ccp S J(I,R) p p ccp er impact. then their publications have had a great- an applicant achieves morethan 100 %, 100 of value neutral the If %. assigned is benchmark The “benchmark”). (the the scientist or institution has published all publications in the in journals which to paid attention tothe compared is tion impact factor ahas. journal This atten- ed and thus heeded regardless of what scientist or institution arecit- a certain thepublications of individual how often us tells Jfactor The field. the in working byothers used is it today and native thethey J proposed factor as an alter- 2009, In example. for procedures cation appli- in it using against advise Library I I journal (S) , ges R I

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Creating Knowledge A Vision Becomes Reality: Electrically Controllable Qubits In 2000, Prof. David P. DiVincenzo deduced theoretically that qubits – the unit of information in quantum computers – comprising three quantum dots would be easier to control than qubits that only comprise a single quantum dot for example. And he was right, as reported in Nature Nanotechnology in September 2013. In an article, an international research team which also included the Jülich physicist described how a qubit comprising three quantum dots functions in reality.

Prof. David P. DiVincenzo heads subinstitutes at the Peter Grünberg Institute and the Institute for Advanced Simulation at Forschungszentrum Jülich.

32 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Q qubit promising candidates for Particularly and “down” or “zero” and “one”. and “zero” or “down” and “up” forms: two in exists moment netic mag- their electrons the gives that spin functions as thecarrier. information The momentum of the electrons confined reign.angular The rules tum-mechanical quan- and freely move longer no can electrons the that extent asmall to such expand structures The material. ductor semicon- easily from cated particularly fabri- be can dots quantum Such metre). a few (millionths nanometres of a milli- that measure no more thanstructures Spin direction encodes information encodes Spin direction tum computer. quan- apowerful of tospeak able be ly toactual- qubits few too with –but exist already qubits afew comprising tems sys- quantum world, the around ratories labo- In example. for molecules or oms, of at-single light, electrons, particles by over taken be could qubits of role The transferred. be then could general in calculate and multiply toadd, puters to which the logic used by com- normal computers quantum toconstruct used be could liquids and matter solid how process. switching one in ously simultane- numerous operations form per- basically can computers quantum processors, toconventional contrast in each other. means that This property from are actually they apart far how of gether as if they werea unit regardless to- towork qubits allows This ment. In addition, they can exhibit entangle- andneously thus exist in superposition. simulta- “one” and “zero” of states tiple culations. qubits These can mul- contain cal- –toperform short for –qubits bit of quantum It mechanics. uses quantum laws special the on based is contrast in ther “on” or “off”. A quantum computer ei- is that like aswitch –abit “one” or “zero” of avalue have only can Bits tion. use bits as the smallest unit of informa- and supercomputers PCs, smartphones, conventional All atall. if to complete Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual There are many suggestions as to as suggestions many are There s arequantum – dots disk-shaped day’s computers many years years many computers day’s culations that would take to- cal- toperform able be day one will computers uantum Quick read-out of spin orientation read-out Quick dots. quantum neighbouring influence unintentionally other, it can easily also occurthat fields toeach identical physically are dots tum space and is imprecise: quan- because of alot requires process This fields. cepts utilized electricalor magnetic mation. To con- set the former direction, day and which is being refined with a with refined being is which and day to- chips computer of fabrication the for basis the forms that –atechnique phy lithogra- using micrometre square good a measuring asemiconductor of face structureson therent-conducting sur- cur- necessary the constructed They nal or electricalfields magnetic fields. exter- any require not did They voltage. electric but nothing using dots quantum three in spins the of orientation and quickly control and read out the position and tocarefully managed searchers that also included DiVincenzo. The re- USA the and Europe from researchers of byateam proven recently was reality in in such a qubit. That this actually works generated be can states different eight theoretically dot, quantum per spin tron 2011. in professor JARA elec- one With search Alliance appointed a DiVincenzo back in 2000. The Jülich Aachen Re- quantuming three dots from qubits Dav American the why reason the was This The spin direction encodes the infor- the encodes direction spin The id proposed construct- DiVincenzo What aqubit looks like 500 nm 500 (D Nature Nanotechnology for theof realization quantum computing. conceptsdifferent and materials ploring ex- is DiVincenzo Aachen, and Jülich in Togetherfessorship. with his colleagues Pro- Humboldt von Alexander the many: national accolade for in research Ger- inter- prestigious most the awarded was 2010, In University. he Aachen at RWTH vanced Simulation as well as an institute Institute and Institute for Ad- Grünberg heads subinstitutes at Jülich’s Peter tronic devices. elec- of miniaturization tofurther view qubit. position of the sensor used to read out the the indicates dot red large The image). of electrically controlled via contacts (bottom be can which qubit, the represent dots red small as illustrated dots quantum Three layer with an qubit. controllable electrically gallium-arsenide structured Lithographically OI:10.1038/nnano.2013.168) As professor, a JARA DiVincenzo 33

Creating Knowledge How Aerosols that Affect the Climate are Formed Scientists at Jülich working together with international research partners report in the science journal Nature on how they solved an important mystery of atmospheric chemistry. They discovered how volatile organic substances emitted into the air by trees and other plants form aerosols in the atmosphere. Such aerosols impact on cloud formation, the Earth’s radiation balance, and thus the climate.

erosols in the atmosphere re- aerosols exist which are found in much substances can be converted into aero- flect solar radiation or cause greater quantities above densely wood- sols. But how such particles in the at- cloud droplets to form. They ed regions of the Earth than inorganic mosphere grow to dimensions that can are partially composed of in- aerosols. impact on the climate was unclear in the Aorganic materials such as desert sands We know that forests emit large past. that have been blown up and sea salt amounts of volatile organic compounds A team of researchers from Germa- that has risen into the air, as well as of (VOCs). One example is Ͱ-pinene, with ny, Finland, and the USA have now dis- sulfuric acid particles which are formed which every forest visitor is familiar in covered that extremely low-volatile in the air from gaseous sulfur dioxide the form of the typical pine smell. In air, organic compounds (ELVOCs) are re- and water vapour. In addition, organic VOC molecules and other highly reactive sponsible for this growth. And the team

Forests emit volatile organic substances from which aerosols are formed in the atmosphere.

34 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 atomic composition of the particles. exact the toderive scientists the ing of the mass of the resulting allow- ions, measurements precise extremely ables en- also APi-TOF-MS tosurfaces. selves them- byattaching detection toavoid ty molecules have therefore no opportuni- The formed. have they after immediately pounds under atmosphericconditions com- tomeasure possible makes it mass spectrometry).time-of-flight This MS (atmospheric interface pressure analysis method:spectrometry APi-TOF- mass efficient particularly and new a used researchers The chamber. glass 1,450 litre aspecial in Jülich zentrum at Forschungs- measurements performed Troposphere. Research Climate and Energy of tute – Dr. Thomas F. Mentel Jülich’s from Insti- climate,”says on thus and scattering, pact on cloudand formation sunlight more reliable assessments of their im- cles, we will in future be able to make in theof formation organic aerosol parti- play atmosphere the in substances ring ofstanding the that role occur- naturally under- improved much toour “Thanks research. climate and atmospheric in knowledge in gap amajor bridged atmosphere. the into sunlight dent clei for cloud inci- or formation reflect nu- condensation as act they at which –asize 100 nanometres toaround grow nano to particles the causes This metres. three than smaller typically are and air which are suspended in theparticles, acid sulfuric on example, for condense, can vapours the emission, After phere. plant emissions escape into the atmos- when rapidly ELVOCs tohow as form t explana- aplausible found scientists The Innovative assay techniques hydrogen. in rich also are and atoms carbon as atoms oxygen many as almost contain which molecules large relatively of posed com- are vapours the team’s results, tothe According techniques. assay ELVOCscharacterized using innovative Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual ion supported by experimental findings findings byexperimental supported ion The findings are based essentially on on essentially based are findings The The findings researchers’ have F. Mentel F. Dr.in atmospheric chemistry: Thomas mystery animportant tosolve Helped to grow. atmosphere on aerosols causing them the in condense which vapours volatile low- extremely detected researchers atJülich, chamber glass thisspecial in and measurements experiments Using Nature rector at IEK-8. Wahner, di- Andreas Prof. says casts,” in climate fore- existing uncertainties models of the atmosphere and reduce Nature research findings we“The published in climatefuture development correctly. predicting for essential tobe formation sions, aerosol and formation, cloud plantcrease in emis- soil temperature, in- the between relationship the of ing volved.” inof partners all international pertise ex- and cooperation the and methods mass-spectrometric state-of-the-art were only made possible thanks to of Helsinki,versity adds: “Our findings Uni- tothe returned since has who Ehn, Dr. author Mikael First Mentel. plains ex- full,” in detected be thus could and withthe ions nitrate cules aggregated organic mole- all low-volatile extremely to the APi-TOF. Under these conditions, ions nitrate produced added artificially we Nature, in on reported we ments ed region of Finland. “For the measure- measurements taken in a densely wood- patterns had been observed in APi-TOF signal identical air. the in Almost rally ed withthe ions nitrate that natu- occur molecules, which had bond- oxygen-rich large, of clusters indicated that spectra signals inidentified the APi-TOF mass had they study, the vapour.ter During wa- and ozone of presence the in air the in converted is bytrees emitted often how OI:10.1038/nature13032) chamb the in performed study apreliminary In signals Telling Experts consider a good understand- Experts Ͱ (D computer toimprove help will -pinene as the substance most most substance the as -pinene er, had the investigated scientists 35

Creating Knowledge Accolades

Prof. Rainer Waser, director of the Peter Grünberg Institute 7 (PGI-7), was awarded the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The award is considered the most important German prize for research. Waser can use the prize money of € 2.5 million for his scientific research as he chooses. “The majority of it will go towards financing personnel because ultimately, it’s the team that defines a scientist’s success,” says Waser, who is not only head of PGI-7 but also of the Institute of Materials in 1 2 Electrical Engineering II at RWTH Aachen University. 1 | Leibniz Prize winner 2013 – Prof. Rainer Waser He conducts research into the physi- 2 | Recipient of the Frontiers of Knowledge Award – Prof. Knut Urban cal and chemical phenomena in electronic materials which could be used in nies such as Intel, HP, Samsung, or of Ulm. The physicists were honoured future information storage systems, nov- Toshiba are exploring the phenomenon for developing a new generation of elec- el logic devices, sensors, or for energy of resistive switching, often in coopera- tron microscopes which enable atomic conversion. He is convinced that a bet- tion with Prof. Waser,” said DFG Presi- structures to be visualized right down to ter fundamental understanding of these dent Prof. Peter Strohschneider in his the picometre range (billionth of a milli- phenomena is essential for the develop- congratulatory speech. “It is therefore metre). ment of new or optimized electronic not improbable that notebooks or USB They developed correction methods components and devices. He purposely flash drives that we buy in a few years for electron optical lenses and computer - combines approaches from physics, will contain the results of research by assisted quantum physics techniques of chemistry, electrical engineering, and Prof. Waser.” (see “JARA-FIT: Nano- image calculation and interpretation. information technology, exploiting de- switches for Tomorrow’s Information This facilitated new insights into the scriptions that apparently have nothing Technology”, p. 66). atomic world and revolutionized materi- to do with each other or are even con- als science. The award was sponsored tradictory in order to gain new insights. Prof. Knut Urban, senior professor at by Spanish banking group Banco Bilbao Decisive impulses have arisen out of Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Vizcaya Argentaria SA and is worth this, particularly for research on resis- Aachen University, was a joint recipient € 400,000. tive switches. In resistive switches, the of the Frontiers of Knowledge Award resistance can be altered permanently with Prof. Maximilian Haider from CEOS and reversibly by electrical signals. “To- GmbH, Heidelberg, and Prof. Harald day, all of the big semiconductor compa- Rose, senior professor at the University

Other accolades

Name Accolade Prof. Tilmann Beck Medal of honour from the Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Institute of Energy and Climate Research Science at AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Poland Cornelius Berger Young Author Award for a publication for the 13th Symposium on Energy Institute of Energy and Climate Research Innovation in Graz, Austria Dr. Stephan Binder Innovation Award from the German BioRegions Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Erwin Schrödinger Prize from Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft Prof. Nicolas Brüggemann and the Helmholtz Association together with four other members of a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences German-Chinese research group

36 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 USA; Prof. Dr. Dani Or, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Prof. Dr. Yuehui Yu, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Each prize winner rec winner prize Each China. Sciences, of Academy Dr. Yu, Chinese Yuehui Prof. Switzerland; Zurich, Or, Dr. ETH Dani Prof. USA; University Maudsley, A. Dr. Andrew Prof. Poland; Kraków, in Technology and Science of University AGH Czyrska-Filemonowicz, dra Four excellent scientists nominated by Jülich Forschungszentrum Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual P Dr. Svenja Caspers, Prof. Simon Eickhoff, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Dr. Bzdok Danilo Prof. Chunlin Jia Prof. Chunlin Research Climate and Energy of Institute P Lehnert, Werner Prof. Dr. Janssen, Holger Research Climate and Energy of Institute HavenithAndreas and Institute ofCentral Electronics Engineering, Dr. Huhn Carolin Jülich Centre Supercomputing Wolfgang Frings Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Prof. Simon Eickhoff Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Jülich Centre Supercomputing Karbach Carsten I Dr. Schendzielorz Georg Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Prof. Syed M. Qaim Peter Institute Grünberg Dr. Vadim Migunov Simulation Research School German for formerly Dr. Zhang Chao Research Climate and Energy of Institute Dr. Plöger Felix Peter Institute formerly Grünberg Dr. Giuseppe Mercurio Nuclear Institute for Simulation Advanced and Meißner G. Ulf Prof. Research Climate and Energy of Institute Dr. Andrei Kulikovsky Peter Institute Grünberg for Dr. Zhang Chao Jülich Anna Westhoff Simulation Sciences nstitute of Bio- and Geosciences and Bio- of nstitute rof. Karl Zilles, and Prof. Katrin Amunts Katrin Prof. and Zilles, rof. Karl rof. Detlef Stolten, and Jen Supra Jen and Stolten, rof. Detlef merly German Research School German merly for Analytics Supercomputing Centre Supercomputing Physics Institute Sciences

Hans Aachen University for his PhDAachen thesis University the Faculty, from Medical Aachen University, andPrize Grünenthal RWTH therapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN), Friedrich Prize Wilhelm RWTH from 2 K (GDCh) Chemists of German Society Group theInterest Special from Prize B Niels Facility Coordinating Neuroinformatics structural How to multi-scale integrate Po (ASME) 2013, 10–14 USA, Eugene, 2013 June and Functional Imaging and the Hans from DGPPN (DGKN) Heimann Prize Y Microscopy Medal Microscopy for his PhD thesis Y Society Physical American the from Award Lectureship Beller of Electrochemistry Society International A Society Hat Excellence Prize ForschungszentrumJülich Excellence from dissertation Medal of of Applied honour Aachen Sciences from University for her master’s Innovation BioRegions Award the from German the Chinese Scholarship Council Scholarship Chinese the from Students Self-Financed Outstanding for Award 2012 Government Chinese oung scientist award from the Heinz Bethge Foundation for Applied Electron Electron Applied for Foundation Bethge Heinz the from award scientist oung oung group within scientist Informatics the awardGerman the from PARS-GI 012 Best Paper Award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Engineers Mechanical of Society American the 012 from Award Paper Best est Paper Award at the on International Conference (ICS) Supercomputing arl Wirtz Prize from the German Nuclear Society (KTG) Society Nuclear German the from Prize Wirtz arl lexander Kuznetsov Prize for Theoretical Electrochemistry from the the from Electrochemistry Theoretical for Prize Kuznetsov lexander ster prize at the workshop on “Imaging the brain at different scales: scales: atdifferent brain the “Imaging on workshop atthe prize ster sujiro of Federation Societies Hashimotofor the International from Medal Heimann Association Prize the for from German Psychiatry, Psycho- -A. Lassen Prize from the German Society for Society Clinical Lassen Prize the from Neurophysiology German -A. of in honour Rajshahi Bangladesh from University received the Helmholtz International Fellow Award in 2013: in Award Prof Fellow International Helmholtz the received for Analytical Chemistry within the Chemistry for Analytical information?” from the International the International from information?” eives . Dr. Aleksan- of Miami, € 20,000. 37

Creating Knowledge Third-Party Funding Almost a third of the research budget in 2013 was acquired as third-party funds supplement- ing Forschungszentrum Jülich’s regular budget. The German federal and state governments, the German Research Foundation (DFG), and commercial companies are investing larger and larger sums in research at Jülich. This reflects their conviction that Jülich will deliver sustained

benefits for society and important innovations Three production systems for algae were compared with for industry. each other at Jülich.

Project funding

Project funding overview 2013*

Thousands of euros The number of projects funded by DFG at Federal government 44,574 Jülich increased in 2013 to 44, incl. • of which in research fields 23,735 Research training groups 3 State government 14,997 • of which in research fields 14,914 DFG priorities 5 DFG 6,879 Collaborative research centres 30 • of which in research fields 6,867 Other national sources 12,609 • of which in research fields 12,179 Total national 79,059 • of which in research fields 57,695 EU 19,459 DFG project funding (thousands of euros) • of which in research fields 16,402 2009 3,297 Sum total 98,518 • of which in research fields 74,097 2010 4,166

Note: 2011 5,472 • Federal government project funding includes € 20,292,000 for the operating costs of ILL. • DFG funding does not include DFG earnings amounting to € 300,000 as these were generated within the framework of private service contracts and therefore do not 2012 6,592 count as operating income of Forschungszentrum Jülich. • In contrast to “Income from subsidies: of which DFG” in the profit and loss statement, DFG project funding includes the share of personnel. 2013 6,879 • The total sum of EU funding (€ 19,459,000) under “Revenues” (p. 76) includes work in progress amounting to a total of € 641,000. * For project funding, see also p. 76.

Project funding from national and international public sources (thousands of euros)

2009* 14,873 124,912 139,785

2010 7, 932 67,414 75,346

2011 20,518 71,239 91,757 International National Total 2012 15,137 71,537 86,674 * In 2009, national project funding was significantly higher because it 2013 19,459 79,059 98,518 included funds for the installation of a petaflop computer.

38 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 There was also a considerable Third-party funding for Jülich’s research field of earth and increase in third-party revenues environment (thousands of euros) in 2013 in the research field of 2010 8,739 earth and environment. 2011 10,295 2012 9,217 KnowledgeCreating 2013 12,039

Exemplary projects in environmental research funded by third parties

Forschungszentrum Jülich, RWTH Data Assimilation for Improved Charac- Aachen University, and the universities terization of Fluxes Across Compart- of Bonn and Düsseldorf – are develop- mental Interfaces – The Neckar river ing and working on research projects on supercomputers | A new DFG re- that will be essential for an integrated search unit is investigating water and bioeconomy. The aim is the resource- energy flows between the groundwater conserving, sustainable production of area, the surface of the Earth, and the foodstuffs, plant biomass, energy, atmosphere in virtual reality. In this way, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materi- the team of scientists from the universi- als on the basis of biological raw materi- ties of Augsburg, Bonn, Hamburg, Han- als, processes, and principles. The fed- nover, and Tübingen as well as from the eral state of NRW has granted the Helmholtz centres in Jülich and Leipzig Manure can be used to produce biogas project € 58 million over a period of aim to understand these processes bet- and fertilizers. ten years to develop the structure and ter and to optimize weather forecasts content of research within BioSc. and flood predictions. Using the Neckar ManureEcoMine – Sustainable use of catchment area as an example, the manure | How the 1.27 billion tonnes of AUFWIND – Kerosene from algae | Al- complex exchange processes that occur manure produced every year in Europe gae, which comprise up to 70 % oil, can over a period of several years will be can be turned into useful products is be used to produce aviation fuel. How simulated on the Jülich supercomputer what Jülich plant researchers are cur- the production of kerosene from bio- JUQUEEN. The German Research Foun- rently investigating together with ten mass can be technologically and eco- dation (DFG) has granted the research European partners in cooperation with nomically optimized is what scientists unit funding of € 2.1 million over three industry. When the manure is ferment- are investigating in the collaborative years. ed, biogas is produced and the “diges- project AUFWIND, which is coordinated tate” left over provides important con- by Forschungszentrum Jülich. At the mo- stituents for fertilizer production like ment, twelve partners from research phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, and and industry are working together in- potassium, as well as other mineral sub- cluding the aeronautic company Airbus stances. The nutrient availability of ferti- Group and the international oil and gas lizer mixes produced from these sub- company OMV. In Jülich, facilities for stances is being tested at Jülich on food cultivating algae manufactured by three and energy crops as well as on orna- companies are being tested and com- mental plants. The EU has granted Ma- pared under real conditions in order to nureEcoMine funding worth € 3.8 mil- ascertain which bioreactors deliver the lion over a period of three years. best results. The German Federal Minis- try of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) has BioSC – Research cluster in NRW for a granted the project, which has a total Empirical data from satellites, rain sustainable bioeconomy | In the NRW volume of € 7.4 million, funding of radar, and other instruments are inte- strategy project BioSC, the four partners € 5.75 million over a period of two and grated into the models calculated by of the Bioeconomy Science Center – a half years. the supercomputer JUQUEEN.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 39 Work at Other Locations

Forschungszentrum Jülich provides the for master’s students and PhD stu- • Project Management Jülich – as a research community with access to dents; largely independent organization- unique instruments and facilities rang- • At the research reactor in Garching al unit of Forschungszentrum Jülich ing from the JUQUEEN supercomputer near Munich through the Jülich Centre GmbH – has branch offices in Jülich, to state-of-the-art tools for nanotech- for Neutron Science (JCNS)*; Berlin, Rostock, and Bonn (see p. 42). nology. • At the Spallation Neutron Source • In Düsseldorf, Technology Transfer Scientists from Jülich operate top- (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laborato- runs the head office of the biotech- class research instruments not only on ry (ORNL), USA; nology cluster BIO.NRW. This office campus but also at several other loca- • At the high-flux reactor at Insti- initiates cooperation between re- tions in Germany and throughout the tut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, search institutions, companies, inves- world. In addition, Jülich is active in sup- France. Forschungszentrum Jülich is tors, and policy makers at regional, porting early-career scientists, and its a joint shareholder of ILL along with national, and international levels. project management organizations have the French Alternative Energies and • The activities of Forschungszentrum several branch offices in Germany. Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), the Jülich in India are coordinated by an Forschungszentrum Jülich is represent- French National Center for Scientific office in New Delhi (see p. 57). ed as follows: Research (CNRS), and the Science and As a member of the Helmholtz Associa- • In Aachen through the German Re- Technology Facilities Council (STFC) tion (HGF), Forschungszentrum Jülich is search School for Simulation Scienc- in the UK. Jülich has a share of 33 %. also represented internationally by their es (GRS) and the Jülich Aachen Re- This guarantees the participation of offices. The HGF has offices in Brussels, search Alliance (JARA; for more on the entire German neutron research Moscow, and Beijing. JARA, see p. 65). GRS GmbH is an in- community in the operation of ILL. dependent subsidiary of Forschungs- • The activities of the Peter Grünberg zentrum Jülich. As a joint institution of Institute in the area of synchrotron ra- Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH diation in Dortmund, Berlin, Trieste Aachen University, each of which has (Italy), and Argonne (USA) are coordi- * JCNS is one of the institutes of Forschungszentrum equal shares, GRS offers programmes nated by the Jülich Synchrotron Radi- Jülich. It operates neutron scattering instruments at the leading national and international neutron sources FRM in computer science and engineering ation Laboratory (JSRL). II, ILL, and SNS as part of a joint strategy.

JUQUEEN is the first supercomputer in Europe to achieve a peak performance of over 5 petaflop/s. Jülich’s record-breaking supercomputer can be used by scientists from Germany and all over Europe.

40 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 New Helmholtz Institute for Renewable Production Energy al symposium on electrocatalysis. event – scientific an internation- first its 2014, April In hosted ERN HI institute. the for building research anew for lion and operation for day-to-day provide will Bavaria of State Free the years, five of phase ramp-up the During groups. investigators young two and professorships four finance investments. This budget is intended to and per annumoperation, for personnel, € 5.5 million providing is Bavaria, ern north- 2013 in June institute new the for of beginning atthe go-ahead the gave whose Senate Association, Helmholtz The institute. new atthe work will tists gen technologies. storagechemical using energy hydro- and innovativevoltaics of methods photo- printable exploring on focus will field.” in HI thispooled ERN important is being expertise and non-university insights. I am delighted that university new expect we where topics important particularly two on tofocus decided has Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg holtz Helm- the technologies, storage and said, choosing “By materials research ing on the institute, Johanna Wanka systems.renewable energy Comment- cess for research the development of pro- and materials its FAUgen. exploits hydro- of production the for and gies materials for research solar technolo- of fields the in expertise provide Berlin south campus in Erlangen. stitute’s main office will be on FAU’s in- (HZB). The Berlin Helmholtz-Zentrum (FAU) and Erlangen-Nürnberg of versity inrun closewith cooperation the Uni- JülichForschungszentrum and will be subinstitute ofup as an external set be will ERN ERN). HI (HI Production Energy Renewable for langen-Nürnberg Institute Er-foundation of the Helmholtz 2013gust the marking event atthe Minister Prof. Johanna Wanka on 20 Au- sources,”energy said Federal Research renewable of share the increasing idly sector the and energy transforming rap- key the tosuccessfully holds “Research Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual In the medium term, 40 to50scien- 40 term, medium the In centres in Jülich and Helmholtz The € 5 million 32 mil- € 32 the field of battery research. battery of field the in AachenMünster University and RWTH of with the University will cooperate Institutethe Helmholtz Münster, Jülich In excellent”. “scientifically as experts evaluated by panel an of international Institute, which were another Helmholtz 2013 in plans concrete for plemented Jülich Forschungszentrum im- forward, Er Institute Helmholtz ofthe director founding isthe Wasserscheid Prof. Peter langen-Nürnberg Renewable Energy Production. Energy Renewable langen-Nürnberg In order to drive its energy research research energy its todrive order In 41

Creating Knowledge Project Management Organizations In addition to its own research, Forschungszentrum Jülich is also active in the area of research management: Project Management Jülich (PtJ) and Project Management Organization Energy, Technology, Sustainability (ETN) implement research and innovation funding programmes on behalf of the public authorities.

In 2013, the two project management vant for NRW, which are jointly financed organizations joined forces for a com- by the state of NRW and the European mon cause: as a consortium, they were Regional Development Fund (ERDF). contracted to implement what is re- These markets cover the areas of me- ferred to as the lead market initiative for chanical and plant engineering/produc- North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) for the tion technology, new materials, mobility funding period from 2014 to 2020. As and logistics, information and communi- part of their innovation strategy, the cations technology, the energy and envi- state government of North Rhine-West- ronmental economy, media and creative Project Management Organization Energy, phalia centralized funding initiatives in- industries, health, and the life sciences. Technology, Sustainability (ETN) and Pro- stead of awarding individual contracts As a lead market agency, PtJ and ETN ject Management Jülich (PtJ) were respon- for each initiative. PtJ and ETN came out approve funding and will jointly disburse sible for a large proportion of initiatives on top of the selection procedure. They a planned funding volume of some between 2007 and 2013 within the scope will organize and implement all funding € 930 million on behalf of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia’s innovation initiatives in the eight lead markets rele- government of NRW. strategy.

Project Management Organization Energy, Technology, Sustainability (ETN)

As a project management organization In 2013 working exclusively for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia for more Project Management ETN than 20 years, ETN covers a wide range of topics. For example, it is responsible coordinated more than 900 projects – for projects in the field of renewables as well as in the health sector and for re- 200 projects more than the previous year; gional development. 2013 was a particu- the total budget exceeded € ; of this, the funding sum for larly eventful year for ETN because the 500 million NRW Ziel-2 programme 2007–2013 projects increased to almost € 375 million; (ERDF), which had dominated the fund- the number of employees rose from to . ing scene, was coming to an end and 58 70* numerous research projects had to be * incl. 1 trainee approved before the end of the programme. ETN successfully expanded and consolidated its position as a project management organization for NRW. ETN looks back at a record year:

42 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 * incl. 5 trainees and 4 employees not on Forschungszentrum Jülich’s payroll. Jülich’s Forschungszentrum on not 4employees and 5trainees incl. * Project Management Jülich (PtJ) In 2013In and clusters saw platforms technology as companies, well as regional start-up technology, transfer, technology and marine and shipping research, polar climate change mitigation, and marine and sustainability environment, gies, sciences, energy, materials technolo- life the and bioeconomy of fields the in know-how extensive turnover. Its est with the inorganizations high- Germany management project the of one again In 2013, Project Management Jülich was Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual approved approved Number of employees locations at the different Project Management Jülich 459 5,731 in Jülich, Jülich, in new projects, and managed a total of of atotal managed and projects, new 320 ongoing projects. The number of employees rose rose employees of number The projects. ongoing invested in Berlin, ture (BMVI), as well as on behalf of the Infrastruc- Digital and Transport of and (BMU), Safety Nuclear and Building tion, Conserva- Nature Environment, the for (BMWi), Energy and Affairs Economic of (BMBF), Research and Education of tries Minis- Federal the of behalf on works large contracts. re- successfully and acquired existing In 2013, it was awardedcontracts new itself against the competition. assert PtJ With offices in four locations, PtJ in four PtJ locations, offices With € 1.42 billion 29 in Rostock, and and Rostock, in from 710 16,097 to 9 of funding; 817* in Bonn. in .

2014. in starts 2020, which Horizon gramme Pro- EUFramework the for preparing applicants nology, German it supported tech- marine and shipping and energy, of life sciences,environment, materials, in its national the points contact fields player: with tinued to an be important con- PtJ EUlevel, atthe And research. management of projects within energy with the PtJ re-commissioned BMWi and BMUB level, national Atthe berg. economy projects in Baden-Württem- was charged with managing bio- ple, PtJ the European Commission. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and and Rhine-Westphalia, North temberg, federal states of Bavaria, Baden-Würt- results. ofresearch exploitation tothe up right ject apro- behind idea the from process the actout and ofresearchers role the into and adultscouldslip children stations, Atfive organization. management project ofa work daily the out play could visitors that so funding innovation and research on acircuit up set Jülich Management atProject employees Jülich, zentrum zations. During Open Day at Forschungs- activities ofproject management organi- the about public general bythe known is community, little research the German for isimportant funding project Although At the federal state level, for exam- for level, state federal At the 43

Creating Knowledge Excellent Platforms

The instruments at the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS)

JCNS operates neutron research instru- Use of the JCNS neutron instruments by external ments at leading international neutron researchers in 2013 sources. JCNS is also responsible for Uti- the construction and operation of the Instrument Application Jülich instruments at the Heinz Maier- lization (Neutron sources) Leibnitz research neutron source (Days) (FRM II) in Garching near Munich. These BIODIFF* Diffractometer for large unit cells 159 instruments are also available to exter- Time-of-flight spectrometer with 118 DNS nal scientists. In addition, JCNS oper- diffuse neutron scattering ates instruments at Institut Laue- Single crystal diffractometer on 85 Langevin in Grenoble, France, and HEIDI** hot source at the Spallation Neutron Source in Jülich neutron spin-echo 124 Oak Ridge, USA. J-NSE spectrometer KWS-1 Small-angle scattering facility 1 32 KWS-2 Small-angle scattering facility 2 131 KWS-3 Small-angle scattering facility 3 115 MARIA Magnetic reflectometer 62 Beam time (days) at FRM II allocated by JCNS in 2013 PANDA Cold triple-axis spectrometer 124 POLI** Polarized hot neutron diffractometer 27 Maintenance/ development 104 Backscattering spectrometer with 242 External users: SPHERES 120 rest of the world high energy resolution Training ILL Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble 31 activities 38 401 External users: EU Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Internal SNS 28 Ridge users 625 513 External users: Germany * in cooperation with TU Munich ** operated by RWTH Aachen University

A glimpse into the experimental hall at the research neutron source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) in Garching

44 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Ernst Ruska-Centre (ER-C) The Jülich Supercomputing Centre pro- The supercomputers in the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) Centre Supercomputing Jülich the in supercomputers The A JülichForschungszentrum and RWTH Foundation (DFG). Research German bythe nominated experts of byapanel allocated is time and institutions, industry. Thisresearch touniversities, available made is ER-C TEM) and STEM, (HOLO, PICO, scopes at urement time on the micro- four Titan 50 Around microscopy. meas- the % of electron centre for ultrahigh-resolution national user the first multaneously the level. highest It international is si- tron microscopy and spectroscopy at elec- atomic-resolution for acentre as the commercial sector with access to and institutionsties, in research Germa- Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual vides scientists and engineers working working engineers and scientists vides at Jülich, Forschungszentrum universi- computing capacity oncomputing the capacity most powerful class of supercomputers, enabling enabling supercomputers, of class ful as well as Europe, throughout ny and JUQUEEN

achen University jointly operate ER-C ER-C operate jointly University achen User statistics Coveted computing time – overbooking factor –overbooking time computing Coveted 154 million On JUQUEEN, (note: the JUROPA processors are more powerful than the the than powerful more are processors (note: JUROPA the 3.2 billion were allocated in 2013, in allocated JUROPA on were and processor core hours were assigned assigned were hours core processor JUQUEEN processors). processor core hours hours core processor them to solve highly complex problems problems complex highly tosolve them von Neumann Institute for Computing is using simulation calculations. John The and was the first supercomputer in Eu- in supercomputer first the was and of projects. wasunveiled JUQUEEN supercomputer forresponsible evaluation the scientific of ER-C evcn n aneac 1 3 3 7 150 178 132 132 119 and maintenance Servicing WHAce nvriy18141811138 161 420 297 138 298 164 128 244 users External 243 Aachen University RWTH Jülich Forschungszentrum Allocated measurement time (days) on the electron microscopy instruments instruments microscopy electron (days) the time on measurement Allocated Regional affiliation At the beginning of 2013, of beginning At the Jülich’s of the users of the ER-C electron microscopy instruments in 2013 in instruments microscopy electron ER-C the of users the of NRW the world Rest of 2 JUROPA 18% 20% 3 projects (PRACE Tier-0) in 2013 JUQUEEN – Research fields of ongoing European European ongoing of fields –Research JUQUEEN matter, followed by physical and analytical chemical sciences with 15 with %. sciences chemical analytical and physical by followed of matter, constituents fundamental of field the in projects to comput- the of –52 time Most allocated ing % –was JUQUEEN. on calculated were projects 15 European Tier-0), Europe in (PRACE Computing Advanced for Partnership the of framework the 2013,In within 2014. 2013–April 2013 May 2012–Oct. Nov. and periods the on Based matter physics Condensed of matter constituents Fundamental Mathematics 0820 0021 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008

52 % 2 3242426463 266 294 284 03 2 % 1% 11 zentrum Jülich is currently the best- the currently is Jülich zentrum effi- 5.9 energy ahigh petaflop/s with en the lead in the supercomputing infra- Centre Gauss the in partner equipped ciency. This means that Forschungs- structure of both Germany and Europe. and Germany both of structure of performance apeak toachieve rope for Supercomputing (GCS) and has tak- has and (GCS) Supercomputing for 24% 24% 38% 38% (excl. NRW) Germany Europe

1 % 11

8 % 15 15 % chemical sciences Universe sciences Medicine andlife 1 % and analytical science and informatics Computer

sciences Physical 2013 480 220 156 412 45

Creating Knowledge Relative numbers of users

JUROPA On the supercomputer GRS 2 % 4 % PRACE Tier-1 (DECI) JUQUEEN, calculations were also performed for Forschungs- 44 % the Human Brain Project. 2 % NIC zentrum Jülich international Right: A glimpse into JUQUEEN. Below: Stand- ing in front of the super- 48 % NIC national computer is Prof. Thomas Lippert, director of the

Based on the periods Nov. 2012–Oct. 2013 and May 2013–April 2014. Jülich Supercomputing Centre.

JUQUEEN

Forschungs- 27 % 2 % GRS zentrum Jülich

71 % GCS and PRACE Tier-0

Based on the periods Nov. 2012–Oct. 2013 and May 2013–April 2014.

The Jülich supercomputers are used extensively by users outside Forschungs- zentrum Jülich. Computing time is allocated by independent science committees. GCS: Gauss Centre for Supercomputing (association of the three national supercomputing centres JSC, HLRS, and LRZ) NIC: John von Neumann Institute for Computing (national allocation body, funded by the three Helmholtz centres FZJ, DESY, and GSI) GRS: German Research School for Simulation Sciences PRACE: Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (European HPC infrastructure) DECI: DEISA Extreme Computing Initiative DEISA: Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications (European HPC infrastructure, forerunner of PRACE)

The MRI scanners at the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)

INM focuses on the structure and func- Utilization of the 3 T MRI-PET hybrid scanner tion of the healthy and diseased human In clinical trials for this instrument, patients are examined in collaborative brain. It aims to understand the struc- projects with different external hospitals. tural and functional changes caused by neurological and psychiatric disorders In 2013, a total of 60 patients were examined from the neurosurgical and thus to improve their diagnosis and departments of the university hospitals in Düsseldorf and Cologne as well as from treatment. Scientists work with imaging techniques, such as structural and func- the radiotherapy department of University Hospital RWTH Aachen. In addition, tional magnetic resonance imaging from the department of neurology at University Hospital (MRI) and positron emission tomography 48 patients (PET), as well as with hybrid systems Cologne were examined, as were 8 patients from the department of combining both MRI and PET. nuclear medicine and 3 patients from the department of nuclear medicine at University Hospital Düsseldorf.

46 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Personnel

Excellent employees are essential for out- Jülich has set itself ambitious targets in aiming to improve the reconciliation of standing achievements in research. At- this area. By the end of 2017, it is hoped work and family life are being consoli-

tracting and retaining executive employ- that a woman will be appointed to every dated, optimized, and, where necessary, KnowledgeCreating ees is therefore one of the objectives of third vacant or new scientific position. expanded. Ad hoc teleworking, for exam- Personnel at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Several different funding mechanisms ple, is currently being tested in a pilot In support of this objective, a new are in place to support the scientific and project as another method of making personnel marketing strategy has been central institutes at Jülich in achieving work more flexible. In contrast to tele- developed for Forschungszentrum this self-imposed quota. For example, working, selected tasks that do not re- Jülich, analysing which professions will half of the personnel costs for a new quire employees to be present on cam- have the greatest need for personnel in woman employee are covered by central pus can be performed from home on a future, and new guidelines were devel- funds for the first year if the institute set number of days without an external oped in 2013 for the joint appointment succeeds in appointing an external fe- workplace having to be equipped and of professors with universities. The pri- male candidate as head of a working approved. In addition, Forschungszen- ority of the guidelines is to ensure that group or as a professor in the W2 salary trum Jülich has also expanded the infor- more women are appointed professors. grade. In personnel marketing cam- mation available for families and has set More weight is also attached to a candi- paigns, highly qualified women scien- up a second fully equipped room for par- date’s experience in executive positions tists are approached directly and in- ents who have to bring their children to and their leadership qualities within formed about attractive opportunities at work in emergency situations. such appointment procedures. Forschungszentrum Jülich. Forschungszentrum Jülich attaches In December 2013, Forschungszen- particular significance to promoting trum Jülich was re-certified in the “beru- equal opportunities for women and men. fundfamilie” audit. Existing measures

Forschungszentrum Jülich participates in specialized national and international recruitment fairs. Pictured is Jülich’s stand at the Woman&Work fair in Bonn in 2013.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 47 Proportion of women employees at Forschungszentrum Jülich

Percentage women 40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

00 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Work-life balance – family life and careers can be combined in Women as a percentage of total employees an increasing number of areas at Jülich. Women as a percentage of total senior personnel Women as a percentage of scientific personnel Women as a percentage of salary groups E12 to E15Ü, as well as specialist staff paid according to higher salary groups AT, B, C, and W

Overview personnel as of 31.12.2013 Proportion of young women

Percentage women Number as of Area 40 40 31.12.2013*

Scientific and technical personnel 3,624

of which scientists incl. scientific training 1,924 30 30 • of which PhD students 498 • of which undergraduates and 110 postgraduates 21 • of which scholarship holders 104 20 20 • of which professors (salary grade W)** 47 • of which salary grade W3 47 • of which salary grade W2 10 • of which salary grade W1 10 10 of which technical personnel 1,700

Project management organizations 877 00 Administration incl. Board of Directors 698 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Trainees and students on placement 335 Total percentage young women Total 5,534 Percentage women trainees Percentage young women scientists * only employees with a contract paid by Jülich are counted ** without the members of the Board of Directors

48 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Professorial appointments Professorial with universities Jülich model*/reverse model** tothe according appointed Prof. Katrin Amunts whose Professors model: Jülich ** Reverse appointed are Scientists model: Jülich * in2013appointed according ofnewprofessors Number independent of financing aprofessor of employment secondary incl. 31.12.2013) of (as Total ofprofessors number appointments professorial Joint of P the from Prof. Markus Büscher (PGI-6) Düsseldorf. research at HeinrichHeine University brain for professor as appointment an University of Wuppertal. of Wuppertal. University atthe systems software and hardware appointment as of professor parallel G Dr. Regina Dittmann Ho Chi Minh City. in (VNU) National University Vietnam from professorship ceived an honorary tute Prof. Paolo Carloni Düsseldorf. Heine University atHeinrich lasers high-power with ics phys- hadron experimental for professor reverse model** to theJülichmodel*/ Sup Prof. Dr. Eicker Norbert Aachen University. RWTH neering and Technology Information at Engi- of at Electrical fessor the Faculty Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual eter Grünberg Institute was appointed appointed was Institute Grünberg eter rünberg Institute was appointed pro- appointed was Institute rünberg ment). employ- (secondary Jülich at work also ty universi- their at is employment primary Jülich.Forschungszentrum to university the by seconded taneously of the universities and partner are simul- one with procedure ajoint in professor Neuroscience and Medicine accepted ercomputing Centre accepted an ercomputing Centre of Computational Biophysics, re- Biophysics, of Computational , head of the Insti- the of , head from the Institute Institute the from from the Peter Peter the from from thefrom Jülich Uni Duisburg-Essen Uni Duisburg-Essen RWTH Aachen RWTH Forschungszentrum Jülich Forschungszentrum FH-Aachen S Dr.Prof. Gibbon Paul Dr. Helias Moritz Engineering), China. (Schoolnology of Materials Science and of Science &Huazhong University T ech- Institute was at professor appointed Grünberg Peter the Dr. from Guo Xin atprofessor KU Leuven, Belgium. tal Aachen. tal Hospi- of Nuclear Medicineat University atappointed professor the Department B Dr. Klumpp Erwin at the University of Freiburg. Biology of Faculty atthe professorship Neur tut Prof. Langen Karl-Josef Aachen University. at RWTH Sciences Natural and Science Computer sciences atof theMathematics, Faculty adjunct of professor environmental upercomputing Centre was appointed io- and Geosciences was appointed appointed was Geosciences and io- e of Neuroscience and Medicine was oscience and Medicine declined a 37/8 8 3

I 2/ I 1 2 from the Institute of of Institute the from from the Institute of from HHU-Düsseldorf HHU-Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia North Uni Cologne 7/1 Cologne Uni from the from Jülich from the Insti- Uni Bonn Uni Wuppertal Uni Wuppertal Uni Bochum 5 Bochum Uni

/ 7/3 12/6 12/6 I 1 5 I I 2 1 Uni Münster I P Dr. Müller Martina Aachen University.by RWTH acceleratorprofessor of physics particle appointed was Institute Physics Nuclear

b Dr.-Ing. Morris Riedel ics at the University of Duisburg-Essen. phys- state solid experimental for fessor Universität Berlin. Berlin. Universität atTechnische technology W3) coating of grade (salary professor appointed was t Schmidt M. Sebastian Prof. sity, Iceland. Univer- atReykjavik professor associate S Prof. Dr. Robert Vaßen Dr.Prof. Robert Sciences (CAS). of Academy Chinese the of (SIMIT) gy Microsystem and Technolo- Information atprofessor the Shanghai Institute of visiting appointed was Jülich, zentrum t 2/ ute of Energy and Climate Research Research Climate and Energy of ute he Board of Directors of Forschungs- of Directors of Board he 2 erg Institute was appointed junior pro- junior appointed was Institute erg from the Lehrach rof. Dr. Andreas upercomputing Centre was appointed Uni Stuttgart 1 Stuttgart Uni 1 from the Peter Grün- Peter the from from the from Jülich from the Insti- Uni Regensburg Regensburg Uni Ge , member of of , member rmany 49

Creating Knowledge Visitors from outer space at the Jülich Schools Laboratory JuLab: three astronauts from Russia and the USA came to Forschungszentrum Jülich in July 2013. Cosmonauts Anatoly Ivanishin and Anton Shkaplerov and astronaut Dr. Roger Crouch spoke to around 100 schoolchildren about their experience on the International Space Station (ISS).

Training with Prospects The marks achieved by trainees at Jülich in their final examinations before embarking on their careers were way above average again in 2013, testifying to the consistently high quality of vocational training at For- schungszentrum Jülich. As part of the integrated strategy supporting young talent, “juelich_horizons”, vocational training is being further developed under the title of “juelich_tracks”.

hink outside the box, plan zentrum Jülich are sought after by com- also offering joint vocational training ahead, and be team players – panies in the region as a whole,” says for electronics technicians for devices and your future will always be Heinz Gehlen, director of the Aachen and systems. This testifies to the lead- bright.” This is what Ulrich Ivens, Chamber of Industry and Commerce ing role Jülich plays in establishing inno- Thead of the Vocational Training Cen- (IHK). vative training structures. Forschungs- tre, said to the 31 young people about In 2013, Forschungszentrum Jülich zentrum Jülich cooperates with a total of to begin their professional careers af- took on 112 new trainees in 20 profes- 27 partners when it comes to vocational ter successfully completing their train- sions. Jülich also takes over parts of the training. Jülich is also active internation- ing at Forschungszentrum Jülich in Feb- vocational training from companies in ally in the area of vocational training. ruary 2013. Skilled employees trained the region. For example, Jülich offers around 50 at Jülich are ideally equipped for a suc- In cooperation with neighbouring uni- young people from abroad pre-universi- cessful future. More than two-thirds versities of applied sciences, Forschungs- ty internships every year in cooperation of them achieved top marks in their fi- zentrum Jülich offers dual study pro- with Aachen University of Applied nal examinations; and of the 29 trainees grammes in six subjects combining vo- Sciences. who finished in July, 25 were awarded cational training with university studies. Trainers also have to be taught! For the grades of “good” or “very good”. Six In addition, biological and chemical lab- the first time at the beginning of 2013, of these trainees were fast-tracked be- oratory technicians trained at Jülich can a qualification programme was imple- cause of their outstanding performance. go on to pursue a part-time, fast-track mented for trainers. In a seven-module All of them are among the some 4,500 bachelor’s over four semesters at Hoge- course, the aim was to provide continu- young people who have completed vo- school Zuyd in Heerlen, the Nether- ing professional development for employ- cational training at Jülich since the Vo- lands. Starting in 2013, RWTH Aachen ees in charge of or involved to a greater cational Training Centre was founded. University and Forschungszentrum or lesser extent in vocational training. “Skilled workers trained at Forschungs- Jülich under the umbrella of JARA are

50 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Showing school students just how much fun science can be is the aim of “School Meets Science”. In June 2013, Dr. Wilhelm Schäffer, State Secretary to the NRW Minister of Labour, officially announced the decision to provide the JuLab Schools Laboratory with € 120,000 for the project, in which Forschungszentrum Jülich cooperates with three schools in the region. JuLab supports the schools by providing a box of experiments as well as organizing training for teachers and providing classroom assistance. (left to right) Karl Sobotta, head of JuLab; Johannes-W. Stollenwerk, head of the Anne Frank Compre- hensive School; Dr. Wilhelm Schäffer; Elisabeth Koschorreck, first deputy of the district’s chief administrator; Dietmar Nietan, Member of the German Bundestag; and Prof. Sebas- tian M. Schmidt, member of the Board of Directors.

Places for trainees – new trainees 2013

Laboratory technicians 31 incl. dual study 6 (chemistry 5, physics 1) Electricians 11 - Metalworkers 11 incl. dual study 1 Advertising the first-rate training opportunities Technical product designers 2 - at Forschungszentrum Jülich is the aim of the Vocational Training Centre’s Facebook page. Office staff 15 incl. dual study 2 Imparting Knowledge www.facebook.com/fzjuelich.ausbildung Math. and techn. software developers 27 incl. dual study 27 Other 15 - Total 112 incl. study 36 (32.1 %)

Dual study programmes – an overview

Period between IHK Bachelor’s IHK exam and Duration examination degree bachelor’s degree Bachelor of Scientific Programming + mathematical End of 3rd approx. 3 years after 6 semesters and technical software developer (MATSE), IHK year of training 2 months Chemistry: Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of 4 years after 3 years after 8 semesters 0.5–1 year Engineering + chemical laboratory technician, IHK Bachelor of Physical Engineering + physics laboratory approx. 4 years after 3,5 years after 8 semesters technician, IHK 6 months Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering + industrial approx. 4 years after 2,5 years after 8 semesters mechanic, IHK 1.5 years Bachelor of Electrical Engineering + electronics approx. 4 years after 2,5 years after 8 semesters technician for industrial engineering, IHK 1.5 years Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration + office approx. 3,5 years after 3 years after 7 semesters communications specialist, IHK 6 months Bachelor of Applied Sciences, after IHK examination 2 years part-time as biological laboratory technician beginning after completion of vocational training Bachelor of Applied Sciences, after IHK examination 2 years part-time, as chemical laboratory technician beginning after completion of vocational training

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 51 The Next Generation of Scientists Support for young people is a central concern at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Introducing children and teenagers to research, developing innovative structures for vocational training, and providing early-career scientists with the best possible conditions to foster excellent achievements – these tasks were combined in 2013 in the integrated strategy supporting young people “juelich_horizons”.

The strategic concept of juelich_horizons is based on four cornerstones:

juelich_impulse juelich_tracks juelich_chances juelich_heads targets children and young is aimed at young people offers university students aims to attract excellent people, starting with children during their training and ear- and postgraduates from early-career scientists with in kindergarten and covering ly-career phase (see “Train- Germany and abroad the appealing research condi- all types of schools. A cen- ing with Prospects”, p. 50). opportunity to work in an tions and interesting career tral element here is the excellent research environ- prospects. JuLab Schools Laboratory. ment.

juelich_chances

At Jülich, undergraduates, postgradu- The German Research School for Simu- conduct top research. 25 PhD students ates, and PhD students are given the lation Sciences (GRS) is a legally inde- were supervised by 7 scientists (as of opportunity to work on interesting re- pendent subsidiary of Forschungszen- 31.12.2013) in addition to 54 master’s search projects at an early stage. In trum Jülich and RWTH Aachen students. 17 master’s dissertations and 2013, 895 PhD students were super- University; it offers postgraduates and 6 PhD theses were completed in 2013. vised at Forschungszentrum Jülich. Of PhD students the opportunity to learn GRS produced 22 publications involving these, 310 (35 %) were women and 297 the basics of simulation science and PhD and master’s students. (33 %) came to Jülich from abroad. In graduate schools, Forschungszentrum Jülich works together with universities.

The International Helmholtz Research School BioSoft provides excellent opportunities for PhD theses in fields where biology, chemistry, and physics intersect. 35 PhD students were supervised by 19 scientists (as of 31.12.2013); 6 PhD theses were completed in 2013. BioSoft produced 18 publications involving PhD students.

Almost all PhD students at Jülich working in the field of energy and environment are enrolled in the Helmholtz graduate school HITEC. 155 PhD students were supervised by 39 scientists (incl. external PhD supervisors; as of 31.12.2013). 20 PhD theses were completed in 2013. On course for a master’s degree or PhD – young researchers at the German Research School for Simulation Sciences.

52 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Infection” (GS MOI); Research training group 1033/2: Molecular Targets of Aging Processes and Strategies for the Prevention of Aging; NRW Research School Biostruct; DFG research training training research DFG Biostruct; School Biotechnology. of Research NRW Industrial Aging; of “Molecules Cluster School Prevention Graduate the for Graduate CLIB Manchot Plasmas; Strategies Hot and of (AICES); Study 1203: Dynamics Processes Advanced group Aging for of Targets Institute 1033/2: Molecular Aachen group groups: training training Research MOI); research (GS and schools Infection” graduate following the with together work also Jülich at Scientists Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual lead institution no Bonn Bonn Bonn Dortmund Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Aachen Aachen Aachen Aachen institution Lead Further involvement of Forschungszentrum Jülich in structured PhD training with partner universities PhD training Jülich with partner involvement in of structured Further Forschungszentrum programme ABC/J PhD Geoverbund (IRTG, School) Graduate 32)lation (TR ing, Modelling and Data Assimi- Atmosphere Systems: Monitor- in Soil-Vegetation- Patterns of Physics and Astronomy Graduate School Bonn-Cologne Environment tothe Boundaries across Interactions –Bionics group: training Research Biosciences and Nano- Radiation in with Synchrotron NRW School: Research Research (iBrain) Translational Neuroscience and Research Brain for School Graduate Interdisciplinary seed) (iGRASP group training Research within DFG SFB training graduate regeneration; and damage liver for relevance Communication and systems (iGRAD-Plant) Science Plant for International School Graduate 1166)(GRK BioNoCo – Biocatalysis Biocatalysis (IRTG 1628 SeleCa) and Chemo- in Selectivity functions (GRK 1035) biomolecular and cellular interface-induced of control and –detection Biointerface tion in schizophrenia and autism ship of emotion and social cogni- relation- group: Brain-behavior training research International group training research school/Graduate Cologne, Forschungszentrum Jülich Forschungszentrum Cologne, of Aachen University, University RWTH Jülich,Forschungszentrum DFG Cologne, of University Bonn, of Aachen University, University RWTH Cologne, DFG of of University Bonn, University DFG University, Jülich, Forschungszentrum Aachen RWTH Bonn, of University Siegen, Jülich Forschungszentrum of University of Wuppertal, University Bochum, of University Dortmund, TU Medicine Düsseldorf Environmental for Institute Research Jülich,Forschungszentrum Leibniz Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University JülichForschungszentrum Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Institute of Molecular Physiology Jülich,Forschungszentrum Planck Max Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University (USA), Jülich, Forschungszentrum DFG Lansing East University, State Michigan Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University JülichForschungszentrum Düsseldorf, Heine University Aachen University, Heinrich RWTH zentrum Jülich, Japan Osaka University Aachen University, Forschungs RWTH - of Maastricht University of Liège,zentrum Jülich, University Aachen University, Forschungs- RWTH information More training research group, DFG-funded zentrum Jülich, Philadelphia (USA), DFG Aachen University, Forschungs- RWTH Cooperation/funding de/willkommen http://icg4geo.icg.kfa-juelich. http://tr32new.uni-koeln.de/ uni-bonn.de/index.php?id=10 www.gradschool.physics. bionik-graduate www.bionik.uni-bonn.de/ index.html NRW-Forschungsschulen/ Forschung/Nachwuchs/ www.tu-dortmund.de/uni/ graduiertenschule-ibrain.html dorf.de/exzellenzinitiative/ www.forschung.uni-duessel- http://igrasp.lwdb.de 190586431 projektdetails/index.jsp?id= programme/listen/ www.dfg.de/foerderung/ www.igrad-plant.hhu.de www.bionoco.rwth-aachen.de uzx www.rwth-aachen.de/go/id/ rph www.rwth-aachen.de/go/id/ www.irtg1328.rwth-aachen.de 53

Imparting Knowledge Young scientists Outstanding young scientists honoured from abroad

With the Jülich Excellence Prize, which is Institute. He studied the interaction Undergraduates, postgraduates, and worth € 5,000, Forschungszentrum Jülich between organic molecules and metal PhD students from abroad can gain in- honours its early-career scientists who surfaces in greater detail. ternational experience in a focused re- have proven that they are among the • Dr. Felix Plöger, who analysed trans- search environment at Jülich. In 2013, best in their field internationally and port mechanisms in the atmosphere as part of the China Scholarship Council whose ideas have provided decisive stim- and their effects on the global climate (CSC) programme 33 PhD students and ulus in their respective area of research. at Jülich’s Institute of Energy and Cli- postdocs came to Forschungszentrum A jury of recognized experts comprising mate Research. Plöger examined the Jülich for periods between 6 months and four internal and four external professors vertical transport of air masses in at- 4 years. review and evaluate the PhD theses and mospheric and climate models. The DAAD-RISE internship pro- scientific achievements of candidates • Dr. Chao Zhang, who studied the un- gramme for undergraduates from the during a postdoc phase of one to two derlying principles of proton transport US, Canada, the UK, and southern Eu- years. The winners in 2013 were: on a cell membrane at GRS. These rope funded internships at Jülich for • Dr. Giuseppe Mercurio, who investi- principles play an important role in eight university students. Spring, sum- gated the geometry of molecules us- the processes with which cells gener- mer, and winter schools at Jülich were ing X-rays at Jülich’s Peter Grünberg ate energy. also a resounding success internationally in 2013. More than 300 of the 586 participants came from abroad.

Winners of Forschungszentrum Jülich’s Excellence Prize: (left to right) Giuseppe Mercurio, Felix Plöger, and Chao Zhang.

Spring, summer, and winter schools at Jülich in 2013 (selection)

Number of international Title Number of participants participants Total Of which women Total Of which women Summer School Renewable Energy 17 5 17 5 44th IFF Spring School 277 101 133 38 JSC Visiting Students’ Programme 13 1 5 1 CECAM Tutorial Fast Methods for Long-Range 18 2 9 2 Interactions in Complex Particle Systems CECAM Tutorial Multiscale Modelling Methods for 29 7 16 4 Applications in Materials Science JCNS Laboratory Course Neutron Scattering 2013 57 24 20 11 Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Summer School 30 16 20 9 Joint European Summer School on Fuel Cell, Battery, 41 11 24 6 and Hydrogen Technology JESS 2013 (Athens) 11th Carolus Magnus Summer School on Plasma and 68 10 58 n. d. Fusion Energy Physics JARA-FIT Practical Training Course in Nanoelectronics 36 n. d. n. d. n. d.

54 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 a support programme for young women women young for programme a support TANDEMplus programme was launched – tions). In 2013, round of the the fourth groups be given tenure posi- (permanent mended that the heads of all of these recom- experts The experts. respected evaluated were bygroups internationally 2013, In abroad. investigators young five were headedtwelve by scientists from and group investigators young these Womenprofessorship. headed eight of ajunior had also heads team young the groups;which eleven were Helmholtz of young investigators group at Jülich, 14 of 2014).period: 2013, In 21 were there werein Jülich (beginningfive of funding Of the 19 groups approved for funding, average. than better fared Jülich zentrum vestigators groups in 2013, Forschungs- in- young Helmholtz for applications for In the call opportunities. career superb scientistsfers independence early and of- group investigators ayoung Heading foryoung leaders Support (research Dr. Schwarz Systems), Daniel at Strodel the Institute ofBirgit Complex search group headed by junior professor (re- Canada from Owen toMichael ed three Jülich groups. Funding was grant- Of these, 20 were successful, including 66 centressubmitted applications. holtz gramme is popular. In 2013, 18 Helm- mentor. agement Academy, and guidance a from al development at Man- the Helmholtz asprogramme, is continuing profession- the of part also is abroad Astay years. tothree up of aperiod for annually search. Candidates receive re- of field their in themselves establish to and bythem defined topic research a topursue high-flyers young enables funding of aPhD. Twoyears ter tothree af- career their kick-start potential lent with excel- scientists helps early-career programme postdoc Association’s holtz Helm- The now? –what bag the in PhD juelich_heads Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual It comes as no surprise that the pro- € 100,000 25 10 15 20 from Jülichfrom were selected. scientists women five again once and – AachenJülich University and RWTH scientists by run Forschungszentrum the Institute of Bio- and Geosciences). and Bio- of Institute the at (fieldofNina biogeochemistry Siebers Dr. and Institute), Grünberg Peter at the Kumpf Christian byProf. headed group 0 5 Number of young investigators groups at Jülich 2004–2013 2004 investigators groups, and research groups with other third-party funding. third-party other with groups research and groups, investigators The include figures Jülich’s young investigators young group, Helmholtz 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 B Prof. –that’s acomputer on Chemistry “The atmosphere herereally is terrific.”“The that make research at Jülich so enjoyable: conditions working good the notjust it’s afamily. her, with For science in a career itistocombine difficult how underestimate year-old son thinks that many people still period in Cambridge. The mother of a nine- apostdoc after 2009 in toJülich came who isquite nice,”position says thechemist, having apermanent ofuncertainty, years of Düsseldorf.University “After several 2013. atthe professor junior isalso Strodel December in contract apermanent given be group ofaworking head 40-year-old achievements that they the recommended byher impressed so were of experts cluster.tional Biology Aninternational team Computa- the within group research her with treatments new way the pave towards to aims She ofneurons. death the cause er’s disease and how these molecules ofAlzheim- development the in molecules ofamyloid involvement the calculates She irgit Strodel’s research field in a nutshell. anutshell. in field research Strodel’s irgit 2010 2011 2012 2013 55 0 5 10 15 20 25

Imparting Knowledge Knowledge Worldwide – Activities 2013

France The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and Forschungszentrum Jülich continue their successful cooperation with a new framework agreement. The agreement signed in September 2013 follows on from the first framework agreement in 2007. It expands cooperation to cover new joint fields of research such as renewables and neuroscience as well as continuing existing activities.

USA With Oak Ridge National Labora- tory as a cooperation partner, a Belgium BMBF-funded project on high-temperature and energy ma- With Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven in Bel- terials began last year. PhD stu- gium, a new Helmholtz International Research dents from Jülich’s Institute of Group was set up last year, expanding research Energy and Climate Research are cooperation in the Euregio. The research pro- working with the American part- ject entitled Scalable Kinetic Plasma Simulation ner on six subprojects. The aim Methods headed by Prof. Paul Gibbon (JSC) and of the collaboration is to contrib- Prof. Giovanni Lapenta (Centre for Mathemati- ute significantly to cutting green- cal Plasma Astrophysics, KU Leuven) was grant- house gas emissions and to im- ed an annual budget of around € 50,000 for prove the sustainability of the three years by the Helmholtz Association. The energy supply, primarily in Ger- group is exploring simulation methods on super- many and the USA. computers for use in fusion and solar research.

56 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 China The research fields of superconductivity, bioelectronics, and graphene, as well as quantum materials and devices were on the agenda at the 5th Sino-German Workshop of Cooperation, which took place in October at Jülich. Scientists from the Shanghai Insti- tute of Microsystems and Information Technology (SIMIT) and their colleagues from the Peter Grünberg Institute discussed their recent research findings. In a parallel meeting of the steering committee of the joint laboratory set up by Jülich and SIMIT in 2010, the framework agreement signed in 2007 with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Shanghai Branch was extended by three years until May 2016.

Visiting scientists

2013 Total 995 Number of countries 39

Other 1 % America 3 % 13 %13 % Western Asia 17 % Europe excl. Germany Eastern Europe 5 %

61 %%61 Germany Sharing Knowledge

Jülich@India In 2013, Forschungszentrum Jülich’s India Office focused its activities on the areas of energy and environmental science. Examples include a neurobionics workshop in Pondicherry under the ae- gis of the German House for Research and Innovation New Delhi, the Indo-German Meeting on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climatic Change in March 2013, and two energy workshops in No- vember, which also involved the Indian Ministries of New and Renewable Energy and of Science and Technology. The highly respected agricultural expert Prof. M. S. Swaminathan gave the 7th Jülich Lecture on 28 June 2013 entitled “Feeding 10 Billion with Less”. In March 2014, the Jülich Office moved into new prem- ises in New Delhi. Mr Ashwani Arya and energy expert Prof. Narendra K. Bansal are the office’s two competent contacts.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 57 International Collaborations on Information and the Brain

Impact of top-down influence on visual question is being explored in a Ger- morphic hardware, and simulation tech- processing during free viewing – Un- man-Japanese cooperation. The team nology for supercomputers are com- derstanding sight | The Japanese-Ger- headed by Kenji Morita at the University bined. On the Jülich side, Prof. Sonja man collaborative project analyses the of Tokyo provides expertise in modelling Grün and Prof. Markus Diesmann, both interactions in neural networks in the signal transduction to individual neu- from INM and the Institute for Advanced cerebral cortex under natural condi- rons, while researchers at INM in Jülich Simulation (IAS), are involved. The EU tions. During behavioural experiments, model networks of neurons. The re- has granted the project funding totalling the activities of neurons in the visual search team headed by Prof. Abigail € 9 million for the duration of four years. pathway are measured and analysed Morrison is being funded by BMBF, the with specially developed statistical German Research Foundation (DFG), Postnatal Development of Cortical methods. Prof. Sonja Grün from Jülich’s and JST to the tune of some € 190,000 Receptors and White Matter Tracts in Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine over three years. the Vervet – An atlas of the brain of a (INM) is working on this with scientists long-tailed monkey | The project, in from the universities in Osaka and Kyo- EU BrainScaleS – The brain in space which Jülich scientists from INM work- to. The three-year project is being fund- and time | Scientists from 18 working ing with Prof. Katrin Amunts and Prof. ed by the Federal Ministry of Education groups in ten European countries are Karl Zilles are cooperating with the and Research (BMBF) to the tune of participating in the EU project Brain- Brain Mapping Center at the University € 533,000 as well as by the Japan Sci- ScaleS (Brain-inspired Multiscale Com- of California in Los Angeles, is investi- ence and Technology Agency (JST). putation in Neuromorphic Hybrid Sys- gating the development of the brain in tems), a forerunner of the Human Brain long-tailed monkeys. Histology, receptor Neural understanding of learning – Project (HBP). The project aims to un- autoradiography, polarization light imag- Learning from experience | Is the brain derstand neural processes in their spa- ing (PLI), and magnetic resonance imag- in a position to produce neural signals tial and temporal dimensions. Neurobio- ing are used to collect data and produce to appraise good or bad experiences logical in vivo experiments, modelling a 3D atlas. The National Institutes of and adjust behaviour accordingly? This and theory, the development of neuro- Health (NIH) have granted the project funding worth US$ 1.2 million for the period 2011–2016.

Meta-Analyses in Human Brain Imag- ing – Using databases to gain insights into the brain | Scientists from For- schungszentrum Jülich and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf are cooperating with the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio on modelling the functional map of the human brain. Together, they are developing methods of gaining new insights into the organization of the brain using large databases from functional imaging studies. The lead scientist on the German side is Prof. Simon Eickhoff from INM. The project, which started in 2008 and will run until 2016, has received US$ 600,000 from NIH to date.

58 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Collaborations Whoever shares their knowledge wins in many ways. Forschungszentrum Jülich works with numerous national and international partners from science and industry and it does so to the benefit of all involved. In many projects, Jülich scientists are responsible for the coordination.

National Collaborations

Nationally funded collaborative projects with a funding volume in excess of € 2 million, projects where Jülich is coordinator (grey)

Contract value Title Funded by Jülich Construction of a petaflop computer, federal state funding MIWF € 44,200,000 Construction of a petaflop computer, funding through the Gauss Centre BMBF € 42,423,000 High-Energy Storage Ring (HESR) of the future international Facility for Antiproton BMBF € 38,220,000 and Ion Research (FAIR) German Plant Phenotyping Network (DPPN) BMBF € 18,342,495 BioSC State of NRW € 17,872,137 Expansion of a petaflop computer, federal state funding MIWF € 16,000,000 Development and testing of prototype components for ITER at Forschungszentrum BMBF € 11,659,446 Jülich Contributions of the Helmholtz Association centres and TU Munich to the ESS BMBF € 8,989,980 Design Update Phase Characterization of the local microstructure and spatially resolved composition of structural and functional materials for novel energy conversion and storage BMBF € 6,506,553 systems German Research School for Simulation Sciences (GRS) HGF € 6,200,000 High-temperature electrochemical energy storage systems based on metal-metal BMBF € 4,421,590 oxides for central and decentralized stationary applications (MeMO) HGF Systems Biology Initiative; health network The Human Brain Model: Connecting neuronal structure and function across HGF € 4,348,800 temporal and spatial scales (Network 7; Human Brain)

Algae production and conversion into aviation fuel: cost effectiveness, Sharing Knowledge BMEL € 3,070,952 sustainability, demonstration – AUFWIND Virtual Institute for Topological Insulators HGF € 2,900,000 Molecular Interacting Engineering (MIE) BMBF € 2,588,276 Materials and components for high-energy-density batteries (MEET Hi-EnD) BMBF € 2,516,692 Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Training in Energy and Climate Research (HITEC) HGF € 2,400,000 CROP.SENSe – Competence Networks in Agri-Food Research; subproject: Complex Sensors for Crop Research, Breeding and Inventory Control (PhenoCrops) BMBF € 2,252,739 (Ziel-2 EFRE) IAGOS-D pilot phase BMBF € 2,224,595 Nanostructured Ceramic and Metal-Supported Membranes for Gas Separation in BMWi € 2,029,906 Fossil-Fuelled Power Plants (METPORE II) Extensive light trapping in silicon-based thin-film solar-cell technology (LIST); BMU € 1,956,628 subproject: Optical functional layers and transparent contacts

In 2013, Jülich was involved in 381 nationally funded projects, including 175 with several partners. 29 of these alliances were coordinated by Forschungszentrum Jülich.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 59 ITER will demonstrate the technological feasibility of fusion energy on the power-plant scale.

International EU Collaborations

EU-funded projects involving Jülich in 2013 – funding volume in excess of € 1 million, projects coordinated by Jülich (grey)

Contractual Acronym Project title volume Jülich HBP Human Brain Project € 3,618,200 HPC for FUSION A Dedicated European High-Performance Computer for Fusion Applications (JU-EUROPA-FF) € 3,600,000 ESMI European Soft Matter Infrastructure € 2,774,539 Accelerated Development and Prototyping of Nanotechnology-Based High-Efficiency FASTTRACK € 2,178,251 Thin-Film Silicon Solar Modules IMAGINE Imaging Magnetism in Nanostructures using Electron Holography € 1,984,340 PRACE1IP First Implementation Phase of the European High-Performance Computing Service € 1,715,996 Reconciliation of Essential Process Parameters for an Enhanced Predictability of Arctic RECONCILE € 1,635,728 Stratospheric Ozone Loss and its Climate Interactions EPPN European Plant Phenotyping Network € 1,615,852 POLPBAR Production of Polarized Antiprotons € 1,509,900 PEGASOS Pan-European Gas-Aerosols-Climate Interaction Study € 1,329,993 PRACE-3IP PRACE – Third Implementation Phase € 1,284,042 DEEP-ER Dynamical Exascale Entry Platform – Extended Reach € 1,247,449 GREEN-CC Graded Membranes for Energy-Efficient New-Generation Carbon Capture and Storage Process € 1,178,580 DEEP Dynamical Exascale Entry Platform € 1,108,495 NMI3 Neutron Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative) € 1,078,820 PRACE-2IP Second Implementation Phase of the European High-Performance Computing Service € 1,037,155 CARBOWASTE Treatment and Disposal of Irradiated Graphite and other Carbonaceous Waste € 1,003,757 MAO-ROBOTS Methylaluminoxane (MAO) Activators in the Molecular Polyolefin Factory € 1,001,862

60 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 tovolta ho ics owe P n p r pl e an st Collaborations in e t rgy ora r s FASTTRACK ne ge Energy and G E Germany and abroad METPORE II Cost-effective MEMO Metal-supported silicon thin-film Environment solar modules Metal-metal oxide a ph ceramic mem- sm ysi high-temperature la cs branes for gas P batteries and c separation gy lim ITER er a n te Components for E HITEC the international Helmholtz Graduate fusion experiment ar ph School for Energy cle ysi u cs and Climate N Research POLPBAR Experimental setup aterials te rese M a ar rcompu lim c pe tin with polarized h u g Material C S antiprotons HPC characterization PEGASOS for Fusion for energy converters Pan-European High-performance Gas-Aerosols- lex sy and storage computing for p ste Climate Interac- om m systems fusion research C s tion Study applications ESMI European Soft e rese Matter at ar rcompu lim c pe tin Infrastructure h u g C S DEEP/ RECONCILE DEEP-ER rgy stora Predicting ozone ne ge Dynamical Exascale E depletion in the Entry Platform/ Key MEET Hi-EnD polar strato- Extended Materials and com- sphere Reach Technologies ponents for high- energy-density re tron sea batteries es u rc nt r ear rcompu e h la ch pe tin N P u g S PRACE ESS DPPN Redesigning the 1IP-2IP-3IP German Plant European super- European Spalla- tion Source Phenotyping computing infra- Network lear phys structure uc ic N s HESR oelectron rcompu an ic Storage ring for nt resear pe tin s la ch u g N P S FAIR accelerator VITI facility AUFWIND Petaflop Virtual Institute computer Algae production for Topological and conversion Construction and Insulators into aviation expansion fuel oscien t resea ur ce an rc e s Pl h N Human Brain Model CROP.SENSe Competence net- Helmholtz ation sc t resea ul ien an rc Alliance on c l h work for agricultur- im e P Systems Biology S GRS al and nutrition EPPN research German Research Information School for European Plant Simulation Phenotyping and the Brain Sciences Network

Involvement of Forschungszentrum Jülich in EU programmes within the Seventh Framework Programme

Number of Coordinat- Funding vol- Number of Coordinat- Funding vol- Sharing Knowledge EU programme approved ed by ume Jülich EU programme approved ed by ume Jülich projects Jülich (euros) projects Jülich (euros) Health 7 1 2,190,000 ERA-NET 16 6 4,410,000 Food 16 3,087,000 Joint Techn. 10 4 3,205,000 Information and Initiatives Communications 17 3 10,895,000 EURATOM 14 1 4,000,000 Technologies COST 1 6,000 Nano – Materials 16 3 9,022,000 EU-RUSSIA 1 1 315,500 and Production Science in Society 1 325,000 Energy 15 2 6,750,000 Research for the 1 280,000 Environment 10 2 4,889,000 Benefit of SME Space 4 1,420,000 Regions of 1 72,000 ERC 3 2 4,077,000 Knowledge People 14 4 4,725,000 Transport 1 62,000 Infrastructure 31 7 24,527,555 Total 179 36 84,258,055

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 61 Collaborations with Industry

Number of industrial collaborations 363 325 324 325 334 313 79 294 60 123 103 60 65 228 274 284 76 264 260 222 77 218 190 Total 151 International National

The year 2008 is not shown due to a change of data system. 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Important industrial collaborations of Forschungszentrum Jülich in 2013, projects and industrial partners

Solar cells based on Measurement campaigns Evonik Degussa GmbH printable liquid Si and/or Astrium GmbH – planning, design, Ge compounds performance

IME Metallurgische Assessment and optimiza- High-temperature crack Prozesstechnik und tion of the sustainability Siemens AG propogation tests Metallrecycling of rare earths

Product control and Long-term steam COGEMA V & M Deutschland GmbH qualification oxidation

Computing time on the Federal-Mogul Development of an image BASF SE cluster system JUROPA Nürnberg GmbH analysis system

Technology development Von Ardenne Anlagen- Evaluation of ZnO Lufthansa-Technik AG near-net shape coatings technik GmbH substrates (HEBe)

Oxidation tests on MAN Turbo AG GeoS4 GmbH Pyrolysis measurements samples

Development of an Gasunie Deutschland Ground-radar-supported MTU Aero Engines GmbH oxidation lifetime model GmbH & Co. KG location of tree roots

Research Instruments Aixtron AG XRF measurements Metal-ceramic joints GmbH

62 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Commercial Airliners Serving Atmospheric Research

he atmosphere can be explored this: it utilizes civil airliners to record data set. Today, five IAGOS airliners re- from a distance in two ways. The high-resolution and precise measured cord information on water droplets and first of these is with instruments values over long periods of time. Com- ice particles in clouds, for example, us- on the ground and the other is mercial airlines usually fly in the upper ing instruments that have been refined. Twith satellites. However, particularly for troposphere. “The data we record will help us to im- the atmospheric layer at an altitude of IAGOS was initiated by the Tropo- prove our scientific understanding of between 9 km and 20 km, which reacts sphere subinstitute at Jülich’s Institute atmospheric chemistry and climate most strongly to climate change, remote of Energy and Climate Research (IEK). A change, and thus enable us to make sensing instruments provide insufficient research collaboration comprising 17 more precise predictions on both the data. The instruments cannot clear- European partners, which is jointly coor- global and regional scale,” says IAGOS ly distinguish between the differences dinated by IEK and the CNRS Labora- coordinator Prof. Andreas Wahner, di- that exist at the various altitudes within toire d’Aérologie in Toulouse, supports rector at IEK. the upper troposphere and lower strato- the observation system, which involves sphere – experts speak of poor altitude airlines such as Lufthansa, Air France, Included in BMBF’s roadmap resolution. In addition, these instru- and Iberia. As part of the preceding pro- In 2013, IAGOS was given a boost: fol- ments cannot record small-scale fluctu- ject MOZAIC, devices such as water va- lowing an outstanding evaluation by the

ations, for example of trace gases. The pour and ozone detectors have been German Council of Science and Humani- Sharing Knowledge long-term observation system IAGOS, travelling on long-haul flights free of ties, the Federal Ministry of Education which is short for In-service Aircraft for charge since 1994. These detectors and Research (BMBF) included the ob- a Global Observing System, remedies have helped to create a unique global servation system in its Roadmap for Re- search Infrastructures. The roadmap functions as an aid for policy decisions on long-term research infrastructures – such as extensive experiments, resources, and service facilities for large-scale research – at the national and international level. Inclusion in the roadmap means that BMBF is generally willing to provide long-term funding for important measures. On this basis, those responsible for IAGOS can continue to expand the infrastructure and sustain its opera- Between 2011 and 2014, measuring instruments for climate research were on board tion. 3,246 flights operated by different airliners.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 63 Europe Accelerates Development of Exascale Computer

y 2020, supercomputers that try Platform (DEEP), which commenced oped in DEEP-ER to enable programs to can perform more than a quintil- almost two years ago and is one of the continue running. lion (1018) arithmetic operations European research projects on develop- The partners are developing and con- per second should be a reali- ing future exascale computers. A new structing a new prototype computer to Bty. On the way towards these “exascale” exascale-capable computer architecture test the benefits of the DEEP-ER exten- computers, which would be around a is also being developed in DEEP, which sions for the computer architecture con- hundred times faster than today’s su- will be improved in DEEP-ER using inno- ceived within DEEP. Seven applications percomputers, a series of technical is- vative hardware and network compo- will be run on this computer from differ- sues must first be addressed. Two im- nents combined with new storage tech- ent scientific disciplines: medicine, geo- portant challenges are being tackled by nologies. It is hoped that an efficient physics, radio astronomy, quantum the EU project DEEP – Extended Reach input and output system will enable ap- physics, superconductivity, oil explora- (DEEP-ER): improved protection from plications to run faster and improve tion, and space weather. These disci- hardware failures and the growing gap their scalability. “We want to see pro- plines are representative of the require- between processing speed and fast da- grams access and save data faster. Only ments for simulation-based and ta transfer. Forschungszentrum Jülich when this becomes possible will the ap- data-intensive applications on future is coordinating the project, which was plications benefit from the fast new pro- computer generations. launched in October 2013. It involves 14 cessors,” says project leader Dr. Estela partners from seven EU countries. The Suarez from the Jülich Supercomputing kick-off meeting for scientists was held Centre (JSC). The scientists also want to in Jülich. Around € 6.4 million in funding integrate a mechanism that will aug- has been earmarked for DEEP-ER un- ment the computer’s reliability. Next- til 2016 within the European Union’s 7th generation computers will comprise so Framework Programme for Research. many components that today’s experts predict several hardware failures every Accessing data faster hour. To ensure that the application pro- DEEP-ER supplements the ongoing EU grams do not lose their interim results project entitled Dynamical Exascale En- or any data, simple tools will be devel-

Scientists involved in the European project DEEP-ER met at Jülich in October 2013.

64 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 C entists andentists computer work scientists JARA-HPC and JARA-BRAIN – neurosci- (SLNS) ence between – acooperation In research. the Neurosci- SimLab nary (SimLabs) topics address in interdiscipli- disciplines. Simulation laboratories availablecomputers for many scientific allel JARA-HPC tion on the composition of cosmic rays. informa- in resulted (ISS) Station Space onAMS the experiment International with the forsearch aid antimatter of the ture measurements. high-precision The fu- for 2013 in ings important are which find- new in resulted Jülich in celerator ac- COSY atthe Experiments asymmetry. the explain could which deuterons and electric dipole moment (EDM) of protons project JEDI aimsthe topermanent verify new The physics. in Model Standard the by explained be cannot which universe the in antimatter and matter between focus onscientists the asymmetry i JARA-BRAIN (Translational Brain • JARA-BRAIN sections: the in research scientists Aachen, and ucation is unique in Germany. In Jülich strong partners from research and ed- two between ofThis form collaboration 2012. in began which Initiative the of round second the within forward ing InitiativeExcellence in 2007 and is mov- JARA-FAME (Forces and Matter Matter and (Forces • JARA-FAME (High-Performance • JARA-HPC (Fundamentals of Future • JARA-FIT Energy (Sustainable • JARA-ENERGY JARA-FAME Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual Jülich Aachen Research Alliance Research Aachen Jülich n nuclear and particle physics. The The physics. particle and n nuclear Med Ex C Infor Res omputing) computing on high-performance computing on high-performance periments) earch) icine) mation Technology) back to the first round of the the of round first tothe back dates Aachen University RWTH JülichForschungszentrum and between cooperation lose makes the know-how for par- for know-how makes the focuses on basic research research basic on focuses ogy and to develop it further going be- going further it todevelop and ogy l JARA-FIT tion of entire cell clusters. interac- tothe up right level molecular the and genetics from awhole, as brain human the of simulation adetailed duce topro- future the of a supercomputer p. see 21). touse is HBP the of aim The (HBP; Project Brain Human the in entists ment of JARA-BRAIN and JARA-HPCsci- involve- the is here Atriumph brain. man the JARA-BRAIN work. began also Physics and Chemistry in 2013, the for SimLab Initio Ab Methods In forautumnbrain supercomputers. together to optimize simulations of the imits of today’s semiconductor technol- semiconductor today’s of imits structure and functioning structure of the hu- aims to explore the physical physical the toexplore aims from Budget approx. Initiative Excellence the from Funds The number of joint publications in 2013 in publications joint was of number The time of datacollection (May 2014). total total of In 2013, JARA members produced a a produced 2013, In members JARA The number rose The of appointments joint professorial JARA finances concentrates on exploring Investment Investment totalling 11 1,276 in 2006 to Forschungszentrum Jülich. Forschungszentrum projects at Aachen RWTH University and and interesting identify partners world helps throughout theCentre scientists with E.ONoperation Research Energy co- in developed database The search. re- Jülichtrum within of the energy field and Forschungszen- Aachen University competences of institutes at RWTH research the of overview comprehensive line JARA-ENERGY example. for technology a novel revolutionize display material as graphene see could properties usual around funding worth EU granted been has EUFETsthe which of one as Flagship Graphene the in ing this from section are partak- Scientists yond prevailing the limits. currently peer-reviewed publications. peer-reviewed € €

45 13.6 million Energy Landscape database with a Landscape Energy 500 million 500 € 60 million 60 (as of 31.12.2013). of (as 724 provides access to an on- toan access provides at the atthe 1 billion. Its un- Its €1billion. 65 65

Sharing Knowledge JARA-FIT: Nanoswitches for Tomorrow’s Information Technology In the German Research Foundation’s (DFG) Collaborative Research Centre SFB 917, scientists from the JARA-FIT section (Fundamentals of Future Information Technology) are developing and testing nanoelectronic devices made of special materials that could make computers and smartphones even more powerful and energy-efficient in the near future.

n recent decades, we have come to The miniaturization of devices, how- namely chalcogenides. These are com- expect that smaller and smaller com- ever, is limited because interfering de- pounds in which one of the components puter chips can process and store fects eventually become uncontrollable. is oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium. more and more information. Up to This is why scientists from JARA-FIT are In these chalcogenides, the phenome- Inow, the IT sector has succeeded in de- adopting an almost paradoxical strategy non of resistive switching occurs: resis- veloping processes for the industrial in the DFG collaborative research cen- tive storage and logic elements based fabrication of downsized device struc- tre: they want to utilize the defects on nanometre defects allow the electri- tures. Minimizing flaws or defects in the measuring no more than a few nano- cal resistance to be switched rapidly material, which cause deviations from metres as functional units or basically back and forth between a high and a the ideal structure of the device, is one as devices. The researchers are concen- low value or even between several val- of the most important tasks here. trating on a specific class of materials, ues. Their energy consumption is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of devices used today. “We want to thoroughly investigate three related mechanisms of resistive switching and develop strategies to reli- ably control switching processes,” says Prof. Rainer Waser, director of PGI-7 at the Peter Grünberg Institute in Jülich (see “Accolades”, p. 36). He is the vice-spokesperson of SFB 917, which began in mid-2011: Resistively Switching Chalcogenides for Future Electronics – Structure, Kinetics, and Device Scalabil- ity. A noteworthy finding in 2013 was the discovery that a certain type resistive switch must be described as a small electrochemical cell and thus as a type of nanobattery and that the principles of circuit engineering must be applied to modelling this cell.

In this laboratory worth € 3.7 million, JARA researchers fabricate and assess material layers for resistive switches.

66 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 2012 16,892 2011 16,159 2009 15,377 2008 16,276 2007 15,625 2006 17,710 2005 17,054 2004 13,301 2003 abroad) and Germany in 8,705 Patents 2013 2010 14,793

To hr S ms motn ate onr) country) partner important (most USA Share Share Licences Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual in Industry and Society and Industry in new patent applications and numerous licensing agreements to this. testify are literally their worth weight in gold and both benefit and industry society. Asteady flow of to fundamenta providesanswers Jülich research Know-How Jülich (e. g. abroad) claiming the right of priority within one year of filing the the filing of year one within priority of right the claiming (e. abroad) g. applications subsequent file to them allows which priority, of aright obtains applicant the application, apatent filing By *

review. under period the in filed applications first of sum the includes here applications priority of number The application. original (Patents, patent applicationsmodels and utility Total number of protective rights in 2013 Number of licences in 2013

17,559 oa hr oeg foreign Total share of which expiring expiring which of of which new new which of SMEs SMEs tal

104 30 69 11 3 5

2013 in rights protective of Total number granted Total patents

l questions. It also yields innovations that that innovations yields also It questions. l 2013Patents *

Revenues from licensing and know-how agreements in agreements 2013 Revenues licensing from and know-how incl. technologies for which a patent apatent which for technologies incl. Priority applications Germany Germany applications Priority was granted for the first time time first the for granted was of which priority applications of which priority Patent applications Germany Germany applications Patent Patent applications abroad Patents granted Germany Germany granted Patents Patents granted abroad abroad granted Patents (incl. utility models) models) utility (incl. €

1.001 million 17,559 36 85 50 98 42 13 41 1

Using Knowledge Research for Practical Applications New Routes into the Cell

With a novel approach for introducing At the Institute of Complex Systems, “When we developed the technique substances into living cells, the start- the team of three developed an alterna- in 2010, we had not yet thought about up project “Beniag” headed by Jülich tive: to infiltrate the cell, the Jülich sci- marketing it ourselves,” says Hoffmann. researchers Dr. Bernd Hoffmann, Dr. entists utilized liposomes – tiny bubbles “We were basic researchers and contin- Agnes Csiszár, and Nils Hersch have comprising molecules with a lipophilic uously optimized the method.” When the carved themselves a niche in a highly and hydrophilic end. In addition, the potential of the technology became competitive market. In many biotechno- Jülich researchers incorporated special clear, however, Forschungszentrum logical laboratories, scientists are at- molecules into the liposomal membrane. Jülich filed patent applications. After tempting to smuggle substances into These molecules ensure that the tiny all, the technique makes it possible to animal cells – whether it’s genes, mark- bubbles can easily attach themselves to smuggle any desired molecule into cells er dyes, or molecules that could, for ex- cell membranes and fuse with them. An in a highly efficient manner without ample, prevent the growth of cancer electrostatic effect is what causes this. damaging the cells. The three research- cells. And there are many established What these fusogen substances are ers subsequently took part in the re- procedures for this. “But all of these made of remains a mystery – “a trade gional competition for entrepreneurs methods have significant disadvantag- secret,” says Hoffmann with a smile. The AC2, and made it to the final round at es,” says Bernd Hoffmann. He explains researchers incorporate whatever is to the beginning of 2013. In December that they are either not very effective, be smuggled into the cell using one of 2013, they took the plunge and set up reaching only a small portion of the two techniques: either they incorporate their own company as a “GmbH” (limit- cells, or that a large proportion of the the substance into the liposomal mem- ed company). The new company Beniag cells perish. brane – allowing it to fuse with the cell rented rooms from Forschungszentrum membrane and become part of it – or Jülich, met with professional marketing they pack the goods to be smuggled in- specialists, and began production. “We side the liposome so that they land in received great support from Technology the intracellular fluid, the cytosol. Transfer,” says Hoffmann. Customers in the biotechnology and medical sector appear to be satisfied with Beniag products, and Hoffmann hopes that many of those who try out the new technique will soon become regular customers.

Products made by Beniag are used to label animal cells. Almost any desired molecules (shown in different colours) can be smuggled into the cell membrane and the inner cell in a highly efficient manner.

68 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Developing Tyre Material on the Computer

veloped apparatus in cooperation with a tyre manufacturer. The values measured substantiated Persson’s theory. The most important finding from theory and practical measurements: “Below a slip velocity of about one centimetre per second, tyre grip is primarily deter- Using this equipment to mined by the actual contact area. At determine rubber friction, higher velocities, in contrast, the visco- the results of computer elasticity and thus a material property simulations can be of the rubber dominates,” says Lorenz. verified. When the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is actuated, which in the initial Developing tyres used to involve count- its calculations, Persson’s computer pro- braking phase causes the wheels to ro- less experiments with hundreds of rub- gram only requires data on the rough- tate around 10 % slower than the speed ber mixtures. The research findings of ness of the road as well as the elasticity at which the car is travelling, the tyres Jülich scientists Dr. Bo Persson and Dr. and temperature behaviour of the rubber first grip the road with the least slip be- Boris Lorenz will make it possible for mixture. fore they begin to glide at a velocity of tyre manufacturers to identify the per- In 2013, the Jülich researchers pub- up to one metre per second and their fect material for the desired tyre char- lished the results of measurements they viscoelasticity becomes the decisive acteristics on the computer in future. performed with their own specially de- factor. Big tyre manufacturers began to show an interest in the work of the two scientists following the introduction of an EU regulation: tyres must bear a label enabling consumers to identify at a glance the tyres’ wet grip, fuel efficiency, and external rolling noise. “Tyre manufacturers are therefore investing more effort in optimizing their products with respect to these criteria – the key to this is being able to calculate the static friction of rubber from basic data,” says mechanical engineer Lorenz. Years ago, Persson proposed a theory about how big the actual contact area is between tyres and the road. His credo: to calculate the actual contact area, the roughness of each of the surfaces must be taken into account on numerous length scales – from a thousandth of a millimetre to a centimetre. Later, Pers- son expanded his theory and produced a computer model that calculates the static friction in dependence on factors such Dr. Boris Lorenz as “slip”. Braking causes the tyre to turn and Dr. Bo Persson slightly slower than would correspond to are working together to the speed of the vehicle. The tyre there- facilitate the development

fore glides across the road surface, and of tyres without the need for Using Knowledge this gliding part is referred to as slip. For complex experiments.

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 69 Glowing Bacteria Light the Way Towards a New Company

Two scientists, one business idea: Stephan Binder and Georg Schendzielorz (right) from the Institute of Bio- and Geo- sciences are among the winners of the GO-Bio competition for business spin- offs. On the “flower plates” (large image), the bacteria are cultivated and analysed.

Microorganisms are the workhorses in research team that developed a method netic addition causes the cells that pro- industrial biotechnology. They produce known as high-throughput screening duce the desired substance to glow or base chemicals, active ingredients for and recombineering (HTSR), which “fluoresce”. The more productive they drugs, foodstuffs, and other important makes it possible to identify and sepa- are, the more they fluoresce. A device substances from renewable raw materi- rate particularly productive bacteria used to analyse blood continuously als. Biotechnological production pro- much faster than was previously possi- flushes individual microorganisms – cesses are a climate-smart, re- ble. The two scientists used this method 50,000 bacteria per second – past a source-conserving alternative to the as a basis for a business concept which laser beam that separates the brightest chemical conversion of crude oil and proved so compelling that it has re- cells onto a microtitre plate. Here, each other fossil sources. ceived € 260,000 from the Helmholtz selected bacterium multiplies and is However, the processes will only be- Association within the Helmholtz Enter- then examined further. The Jülich bio- come economically competitive if the prises programme since the end of technologists have already demonstrat- microorganisms perform their work effi- 2013. Since then, they have also com- ed how well the technique works when ciently. “Depending on the substance to peted successfully in the GO-Bio com- developing bacterial strains for the pro- be produced, increasing the productivity petition for business spin-offs run by duction of amino acids, which are re- of bacteria by a mere one or two per- the Federal Ministry of Education and quired for applications such as drip cent would increase the annual turnover Research (BMBF) and were awarded an solutions for the seriously ill or as fod- of a manufacturer by millions of euros,” additional € 2.6 million to develop their der supplements. says Dr. Georg Schendzielorz, biotech- technology to market maturity and set nologist at Jülich. In developing such up their own company. “The interest high-performance bacterial strains, indi- from industry is indeed already over- vidual bacteria must be separated from whelming; we’ve spoken to companies millions of other, genetically different such as Bayer, Evonik, and BASF,” says variants – a time-consuming process Stephan Binder. referred to in the jargon as screening. The HTSR technique is based on a Schendzielorz and his colleague Dr. simple trick. A circular DNA molecule is Stephan Binder are members of a Jülich inserted into each bacterium. This ge-

70 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 made of electricallyconducting inks. (millionthsmetres of a millimetre) are nano- afew only measure which of parts individual the sensors, tem). The sys- immune the serve that (proteins ies (the antigens)its surface with antibod- on molecules specific of reaction the on the pathogenThe identify sensors based asmartphone. with spot the on directly out read be can signals These signals. tiny that sensors electronic transmit optical analysis. blood Instead, it utilizes an require not does contrast in check causes of symptoms such as fever. LIVE- other out rule can way, this doctors In parasites that cause malaria. single-cell the for microscope the under sample ablood analyse today, doctors malaria Jülich.Forschungszentrum from funds and Fund tion to€600,000 up ceive from the Valida- re- will team project The experts. nal based on exter- from recommendations 2013 October in was funding LIVEcheck togrant decision The investment. vate and pri- research public well as between and their commercialas applications, findings bridge scientific gaps between Validation Helmholtz The Fund aims to check its fundingValidation from Fund. hasLIVE- Association granted Helmholtz The toreach. difficult are that structure areas with an inadequate medical infra- in developingbeneficial countries and in particularly prove could it and check technique isThis diagnostic called LIVE- required. wherever cheaply and quickly malaria and other infectious diseases for blood totest tool diagnostic new ed by Alexey Yakushenko is developing a A Jülich team from head- of researchers Smartphones Using Infections Diagnosing Annual Report 2013 |Forschungszentrum Jülich Report Annual To determine whether a patient has has apatient whether To determine using asmartphone using LIVEcheck project: diagnosing malaria ofthe aim ofthe illustration An course andcourse adapt treatment accordingly. its tocheck also but infection of type the todetermine only not used be could printable nanosensors es. Furthermore, combinations to diagnoseother diseas- antigen-antibody be used with modified also could LIVEcheck tomalaria. limited strictly not is sensors of use bly. The considera- costs production cut would Thismated printing process. industrial auto- an using nanosensors the duce The Jülich researchers aim topro- aim researchers Jülich The 71

Using Knowledge 72 Appendix

74 Finances 78 Bodies and Committees 80 Organization Chart 82 Contact Information 83 Publication Details

73 Finances Investments in science and research secure our future. Financing from public funds makes it possible for Jülich to conduct the independent preliminary research that is essential to ensure sustainable development. In addition to this, Forschungszentrum Jülich also generates income from licences with its industrially oriented research.

Balance sheet Subsidies from the German federal government and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia make up by far the largest part of Forschungszentrum Jülich’s income. In addition, Jülich receives third-party funding from industry, project funding from federal and state governments, and research funds from the European Union.

Balance sheet 2013 (millions of euros)

Assets 2013 2012 A. Fixed assets 526.4 510.4 I. Intangible assets 3.2 3.4 II. Tangible assets 523.0 506.8 III. Financial assets 0.2 0.2 B. Current assets 939.0 852.8 I. Inventories 38.2 39.9 II. Accounts receivable and other assets 20.8 30.9 III. Government equity to balance the books 862.2 760.6 IV. Cash on hand and on deposit with Deutsche Bundesbank, deposits with credit institutions, cheques 17.8 21.4 C. Accruals and deferrals 18.7 13.6 Total assets 1,484.1 1,376.8

Liabilities 2013 2012 A. Equity capital 0.5 0.5 B. Special items for subsidies 591.5 585.9 I. for fixed assets 525.8 509.9 II. for current assets 65.7 76.0 C. Provisions 831.0 725.5 I. Decommissioning and disposal of nuclear installations 491.7 432.2 II. Pensions and miscellaneous 61.9 61.6 III. Provisions for taxation 277.4 231.7 D. Accounts payable 59.7 63.8 E. Accruals and deferrals 1.4 1.1 Total liabilities 1,484.1 1,376.8

Profit and loss account The profit and loss account compares the income and expenses of Forschungszentrum Jülich. The difference normally corresponds to the company profit or loss. In the case of Forschungszentrum Jülich, the partners are obliged to balance the books. Like institutional funding, any extra revenues required count as additional subsidies. The profit and loss statement is therefore always balanced. Forschungszentrum Jülich generates significant revenue through project management activities, a large number of research and development projects, and the provision of research facilities. Other operating income consists mainly of income from the provisions put aside for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities.

74 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Proﬁt and loss account 2013 (thousands of euros)

2013 2012 Income from subsidies 562,612 513,534 Other subsidies 465,171 427,829 from federal government 417,279 377,142 from state government 47,892 50,687 Third-party project funding 97,441 85,705 from federal government 44,574 44,949 from state government 14,997 8,640 from DFG 6,444 6,592 from others 12,609 11,356 from EU 18,817 14,168 Revenues and other income 181,558 116,179 Revenues from research, development, and use of research facilities 11,556 9,623 Revenues from licensing and know-how agreements 1,001 1,118 Revenues from project management organizations 75,688 57,843 Revenues from infrastructure services and the sale of materials 9,551 8,409 Revenues from the disposal of fixed assets 610 487 Increase or reduction in the inventory of work in progress and services -2,352 2,314 (of which EU € 641,000; prev. year € 968,000) Other own work capitalized 793 602 Other operating income 21,456 31,645 Other interest and similar income 63,255 4,138 Allocations to special items for subsidies -66,220 -98,082 Transferred subsidies -44,235 -45,057 Income from subsidies, revenues, and other income available to 633,715 486,574 cover expenses Personnel costs 291,159 272,285 Operating costs 54,815 49,190 Material costs 28,056 23,728 Costs for energy and water 19,692 20,099 Costs for external research and development 7,067 5,363 Other costs 273,562 155,104 Other interest and similar costs 11,694 9,995 Taxes on income and earnings 2,485 Non-recurring expenses 0.0 0.0 Depreciation on fixed assets 0.0 0.0 Depreciation on fixed assets 58,990 54,463 Income from liquidation of special items for subsidies -58,990 -54,463 Total expenditure 633,715 486,574 Result of normal business activity/Annual result 0.0 0.0

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 75 Revenues 2013 without changes in provisions (thousands of euros) Research fields Total Earth and Structure Key Tech- Research Other Area Environ- Health Energy Total of Matter nologies fields revenue ment

EU funding 794 2,209 561 8,260 4,578 16,402 3,057 19,459 National project funding 1,645 7,225 870 15,725 25,363 50,828 21,352 72,180 (excl. DFG) incl. transferred subsidies 20 52 18 1,187 953 2,230 20,292 22,522 DFG funding 430 1,489 120 1,825 3,003 6,867 12 6,879 Subtotal 2,869 10,923 1,551 25,810 32,944 74,097 24,421 98,518 project funding Contracts, abroad 601 513 41 907 263 2,325 227 2,552 Contracts, Germany 2,670 603 584 4,523 1,829 10,209 10,860 21,069 Project management 75,689 75,689 Subtotal 6,140 12,039 2,176 31,240 35,036 86,631 111,197 197,828 third-party funding Subsidies from federal 419,504 and state governments incl. dismantling projects 57,404 Total 617,332

National project funding excl. DFG (thousands of euros) Total 72,180 • from federal government 44,574 • from state government 14,997 • from other sources (in Germany) 12,609 incl. • tr ansferred subsidies 22,522 • national project funding excl. DFG adjusted for transferred subsidies 49,658

The lack of agreement between the figures in the profit and loss statement and the overview of revenues from third-party project funding from the EU and federal and state governments as national funding agencies can be explained as follows: The total sum of EU funding (€ 19,459,000) under revenues includes work in progress totalling € 641,000 for all areas. When this work in progress is subtracted from the total, we get the figure (€ 18,818,000) that appears in the profit and loss statement under “Third-party project funding: from EU”. The total national project funding from the federal and state governments and other sources (in Germany, not including DFG funding) amounts to € 72,180,000. In the profit and loss statement, the total comprises the itemized figures from the federal government, state government, and others (also see table “National project funding excl. DFG”). In contrast to “Income from subsidies: of which DFG” in the profit and loss statement, DFG project funding includes the share of personnel.

76 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Revenues 2013

Third-party funding € 197.8 million | 32.0 % 68.0 % | € 419.5 million Subsidies from federal and state governments without changes in provisions, of which dismantling projects: € 57.4 million

In 2013, Forschungszentrum Jülich’s third-party funding to- changes in provisions) amounting to € 465.2 million to cover talled € 197.8 million, representing an increase of € 25.6 mil- expenses (i. e. for day-to-day operation) and to finance fixed lion compared to 2012 (€ 172.2 million). Most of this third- assets (i. e. for investments). Without the changes in provi- party income resulted from research and development sions, subsidies from the federal and state governments activities for industry, the acquisition of funding from Germany amount to € 419.5 million. In the table on p. 76 and in the and abroad, plus project management on behalf of the Federal diagram, this figure is referred to as “Subsidies from federal Republic of Germany and the federal state of North Rhine- and state governments”. These subsidies include € 57.4 mil- Westphalia. In 2013, Forschungszentrum Jülich also received lion for dismantling projects. subsidies from the federal and state governments (including

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 77 Bodies and Committees

Forschungszentrum Jülich was established on 11 December The Board of Directors conducts Forschungszentrum 1956 by the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. On 5 De- Jülich’s business pursuant to the Articles of Association. It cember 1967, it was converted into a GmbH (limited company) reports to the Supervisory Board. with the Federal Republic of Germany and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia assuming the role of shareholders. Councils The task of Forschungszentrum Jülich is The Scientific and Technical Council (WTR) and the Scientific • to pursue scientific and technical research and development Advisory Council (WB) are committees of Forschungszentrum at the interface between mankind, the environment, and Jülich. WTR advises the Partners’ Meeting, the Supervisory technology, Board and the management board on all issues associated • to undertake or participate in further national and interna- with the strategic orientation of Forschungszentrum Jülich and tional tasks in the field of basic and application-oriented on all scientific and technical issues of general importance. research, especially precautionary research, The Scientific Advisory Council advises Forschungszentrum • to cooperate with science and industry in these fields of Jülich on all scientific and technical issues of general impor- research and to communicate know-how to society as part tance. This includes Jülich’s strategy and the planning of re- of technology transfer. search and development activities, promoting the optimal use of research facilities, and issues related to collaborations with Bodies universities and other research institutions. The Partners’ Meeting is the principal decision-making body The Scientific Advisory Council comprises members who of Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH. are not employees of Forschungszentrum Jülich. The chairman The Supervisory Board as a body supervises the lawful- of the Scientific Advisory Council is a member of the Supervi- ness, expedience, and economic efficiency of the manage- sory Board. ment board. It makes decisions on important research-related and financial issues of the company.

Partners’ Meeting Prof. Dr. Ulrike Beisiegel MinDirig. Prof. Dr. Diethard Mager University of Göttingen Federal Ministry of Economics and The Partners’ Meeting is chaired by Technology the German federal government, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Berens represented by the Federal Ministry University of Münster Prof. Dr. Uwe Pietrzyk of Education and Research. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of MinDirig. Berthold Goeke Neuroscience and Medicine Supervisory Board Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Dr. Heike Riel MinDir. IBM Research – Zürich Dr. Karl Eugen Huthmacher (Chairman) State Secretary Peter Knitsch Federal Ministry of Education and Ministry of Climate Protection, MinDirig. Dr. Beatrix Vierkorn-Rudolph Research Environment, Agriculture, Nature and Federal Ministry of Education and Consumer Protection of the State of Research State Secretary North Rhine-Westphalia Helmut Dockter (Vice-Chairman) Ministry of Innovation, Science and Dr. Arnd Jürgen Kuhn www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/AboutUs/ Research of the State of North Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of organizational_structure/CompanyBod- Rhine-Westphalia Bio- and Geosciences ies/SupervisoryBoard/_node.html

Dr.-Ing. Manfred Bayerlein Entrepreneur

78 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Management Board Scientific Advisory Council* (Board of Directors) Prof. Dr. Heike Riel IBM, Switzerland Prof. Dr. Achim Bachem (Chairman) (as of 1 July 2014: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolf- Prof. Barbara Chapman gang Marquardt) University of Houston, USA

Karsten Beneke (Vice-Chairman) Dr. Frank-Detlef Drake RWE AG, Germany Prof. Dr. Sebastian M. Schmidt (Member of the Board of Directors) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Knoll AIT, Austria Prof. Dr. Harald Bolt (Member of the Board of Directors) Prof. Dr. Toni M. Kutchan Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/AboutUs/ USA organizational_structure/CompanyBod- ies/BoardOfDirectors/_node.html Prof. Dr. Karen Maex University of Amsterdam, Netherlands

Prof. Dr. Eva Pebay-Peyroula ANR, France Scientific and Technical Prof. Dr. Thomas Roser Council* Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA

Prof. Dr. Hans Ströher (Chairman) Prof. Dr. Elke Scheer Nuclear Physics Institute University of Konstanz, Germany

Prof. Dr. Rudolf Merkel (Vice-Chairman) Prof. Dr. Horst Simon Institute of Complex Systems Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA Prof. Dr. Markus Büscher (Vice-Chairman) Prof. Dr. Metin Tolan Peter Grünberg Institute TU Dortmund University, Germany www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/AboutUs/ Dr. Peter Nagler organizational_structure/committees/ Evonik AG, Germany ScientificAndTechnicalCouncil/_node. html www.fz-juelich.de/portal/EN/AboutUs/ organizational_structure/committees/ scientific-advisory-council/_node.html

* in accordance with Articles of Association

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 79 Organization Chart Partners’ Meeting Partners: Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research; North Rhine-Westphalia, represented by the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Research

Supervisory Board Chairman MinDir. Dr. K. E. Huthmacher

Board of Directors Board of Directors Science; External Relations Prof. A. Bachem Scientific Division I Prof. S. M. Schmidt (Chairman of the Board of Directors) (Member of the Board of Directors)

Information and Communications Management Institute of Complex Systems A. Bernhardt Prof. J. K. G. Dhont, Prof. C. Fahlke, Prof. J. Fitter (acting), Prof. G. Gompper, Prof. R. Merkel, Prof. A. Offenhäusser, Prof. D. Richter, Prof. D. Willbold Corporate Development Dr. N. Drewes Nuclear Physics Institute Corporate Communications Prof. A. Lehrach (acting), Prof. U.-G. Meißner, Dr. A. Rother Prof. J. Ritman, Prof. H. Ströher

Staff Units Institute for Advanced Simulation Ofﬁce of the Board of Directors and International Affairs Prof. S. Blügel, Prof. P. Carloni, Prof. M. Diesmann, Dr. T. Voß Prof. D. DiVincenzo, Prof. G. Gompper, Prof. Th. Lippert, Prof. U.-G. Meißner Sustainable Campus Dr. P. Burauel Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Prof. K. Amunts, Prof. A. Bauer (acting), Prof. P. Carloni, Prof. H. H. Coenen, Prof. M. Diesmann, Prof. G. R. Fink, Prof. N. J. Shah, Prof. D. Sturma, Prof. P. Tass

Jülich Centre for Neutron Science Prof. D. Richter, Prof. T. Brückel

Peter Grünberg Institute Prof. S. Blügel, Prof. Th. Brückel, Prof. D. DiVincenzo, Prof. R. E. Dunin-Borkowski, Prof. D. A. Grützmacher, Prof. A. Offenhäusser, Prof. C. M. Schneider, Prof. S. Tautz, Prof. R. Waser

IT Services F. Bläsen

As of: 1 June 2014

80 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Scientiﬁc Advisory Council Scientiﬁc and Technical Council Chairman Dr. H. Riel Chairman Prof. H. Ströher

Board of Directors Board of Directors Scientiﬁc Division II Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Bolt Infrastructure K. Beneke (Member of the Board of Directors) (Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors)

Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Personnel Prof. W. Amelung, Prof. M. Bott, Prof. K.-E. Jaeger, Dr. M. Ertinger Prof. J. Pietruszka, Prof. U. Schurr, Prof. B. Usadel, Prof. H. Vereecken, Prof. W. Wiechert Finance and Controlling R. Kellermann Institute of Energy and Climate Research Prof. H.-J. Allelein, Prof. D. Bosbach, Prof. R.-A. Eichel, Purchasing and Materials Prof. O. Guillon, Prof. J.-Fr. Hake, Prof. A. Kiendler-Scharr, R.-D. Heitz Prof. Ch. Linsmeier, Prof. U. Rau, Prof. M. Riese, Prof. U. Samm, Prof. L. Singheiser, Prof. D. Stolten, Prof. B. Thomauske, Prof. A. Wahner, Prof. P. Wasserscheid Law and Patents Ch. Naumann Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics Dr. S. Küppers, Dr. G. Natour, Dr. S. van Waasen Organization and Planning A. Emondts

Technology Transfer Dr. R. Raue

Central Library Dr. B. Mittermaier

Technical Infrastructure Dr. G. Damm

Nuclear Services Dr. G. Damm/R. Printz

Project Management Organizations Safety and Radiation Protection B. Heuel-Fabianek Project Management Jülich Dr. Ch. Stienen Building and Property Management M. Franken Project Management Organization Energy, Technology, Sustainability Planning and Building Services Dr. B. Steingrobe J. Kuchenbecker

Staff unit

Auditing A. Kamps

Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 81 Contact Information

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How to Find Us Hamburg Hannover 44 By car NL Berlin NL 52 Düsseldorf Coming from either Aachen or Düsseldorf on the A 44 motor- Cologne Dresden Mönchen- gladbach 3 B Frankfurt way, take the “Jülich-West” exit. At the first roundabout, turn 57 Munich left towards Jülich, and at the second roundabout (“Westring”), F 46 turn right towards Düren (B 56). After about 5 km, turn left onto 44 61 Jülich East the L 253 and follow the signs for “Forschungszentrum”. 4 Cologne Jülich West

Jülich Coming from Cologne (Köln) on the A 4 motorway, leave the Düren/Jülich

motorway at the Düren exit and turn right towards Jülich (B 56). Düren Aachen After approx. 10 km, turn right and continue until you reach Bonn

Forschungszentrum Jülich. 61 B 1 Using navigation systems Enter your destination or street name as “Wilhelm-Joh- nen-Strasse”. From there, it is only a few hundred metres to By public transport the main entrance of Forschungszentrum Jülich – simply fol- Take the train from Aachen or Cologne (Köln) to Düren train low the signs. Forschungszentrum Jülich itself is not part of station. From there, take the local train (“Rurtalbahn”) to the the network of public roads and is therefore not recognized by “Forschungszentrum” stop. The main entrance is about a navigation systems. 15-minute walk from this stop.

82 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Publication Details Published by: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | 52425 Jülich, Germany | Tel: +49 2461 61-4661 | Fax: +49 2461 61-4666 | Internet: www. fz-juelich.de Editors: Dr. Wiebke Rögener, Annette Stettien, Dr. Anne Rother (responsible under German Press Law) Authors: Dr. Frank Frick, Das Forschungszentrum Jülich auf einen Blick Dr. Wiebke Rögener, Translation: Language Services, Forschungszentrum Jülich Graphics and Layout: SeitenPlan GmbH Corporate Publishing Printed by: Schloemer Gruppe GmbH Photos: Bernd Struckmeyer (1, 4, 10 bottom left, 16-17, 24-25, 77), FZ Jülich/Ralf Eisenbach (10 top left.), Nataliia Melnychuk/Shutterstock.com (10 bottom right), Riken (11 top left), wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com (11 bottom right), Juho Aalto/ Das Forschungszentrum Jülich betreibt Gründung Vorstand University of Helsinki (15 top left), CLIPAREA Custom media/Shutterstock.com (15 bottom right), Justin Marshall (15 bottom left), Boris Shevchuk/ Shutterstock.com (19 bottom monitor/PC), PLoS Computational Biology (23 bottom), FZ Jülich/Ludwig Kroefer (26 bottom, 28 bottom), FZ Jülich/ interdisziplinäre Spitzenforschung und 11. Dezember 1956 Prof. Dr. Achim Bachem Kurt Steinhausen (28 top and middle), Rob Wilson/Shutterstock.com (30 top), Vitaly Korovin/Shutterstock.com (31 bottom), FZ Jülich/Nature stellt sich drängenden Fragen der Gegen- Gesellschafter (Vorsitzender) Nanotechnology (33), Paul Aniszewski/Shutterstock.com (34), Knut Urban private (36 right), hjschneider/Shutterstock.com (39 left), Kurt Fuchs/ wart. Mit seinen Kompetenzen in der Ma- Bundesrepublik Deutschland (90 Prozent) Karsten Beneke www.fuchs-foto.de (41), Istockphoto.de (42), Project Management Jülich (43), W. Schürmann/TU Munich (44), SeitenPlan GmbH (49), German terialforschung und Simulation und seiner Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (10 Prozent) (Stellvertretender Vorsitzender) Research School for Simulation Sciences (52), Composing vladgrin/Fotolia and adimas/Fotolia (58), ITER Organization (60), McCarthy’s Pho- Expertise in der Physik, der Nano- und In- Stammkapital 520.000 Euro Prof. Dr. Sebastian M. Schmidt toWorks/Shutterstock.com (63 top), IAGOS (63 bottom), DEEP-ER (64), beniag GmbH/FZ Jülich (68), RAJ CREATIONZS/Shutterstock.com (71 malaria pathogen), Denys Prykhodov/Shutterstock.com (71 mobile), all other images: Forschungszentrum Jülich. formationstechnologie sowie den Biowis- Erlöse (Mitglied des Vorstands) senschaften und der Hirnforschung ent- 617 Millionen Euro Prof. Dr. Harald Bolt Excerpts from this publication may be reproduced without special permission provided that Forschungszentrum Jülich is referred to in any publication. A reference copy is requested. All other rights reserved. wickelt es die Grundlagen für zukünftige Fläche (Mitglied des Vorstands) As of: July 2014 Schlüsseltechnologien. Damit leistet das 2,2 Quadratkilometer Forschungszentrum Beiträge zur Lösung Aufsichtsrat großer gesellschaftlicher Herausforderun- Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter Ministerialdirektor gen in den Bereichen Energie und Umwelt Gesamt 5.534 Dr. Karl Eugen Huthmacher In August 2010, Forschungszentrum Jülich became sowie Information und Gehirn. Darin enthalten: (Vorsitzender) certified as part of the “audit berufundfamilie” initiative. Das Forschungszentrum Jülich geht Wissenschaftler 1.924 Jülich has thus committed itself to continuously neue Wege in strategischen Partnerschaf- (davon Doktoranden 498) Wissenschaftlicher Beirat defining and implementing measures for improving ten mit Hochschulen, Forschungseinrich- Technisches Personal 1.700 Dr. Heike Riel, Schweiz (Vorsitz) the reconciliation of work and family life. tungen und der Industrie im In- und Aus- Auszubildende & Praktikanten 335 land. Mit mehr als 5.000 Mitarbeiterinnen (Stichtag 31.12.2013) Wissenschaftlich-Technischer Rat und Mitarbeitern gehört es als Mitglied Prof. Dr. Hans Ströher (Vorsitz) der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft zu den gro- Gastwissenschaftler ßen interdisziplinären Forschungszentren 995 aus 39 Ländern Europas.

2 Forschungszentrum Jülich | Annual Report 2013 Annual Report 2013 | Forschungszentrum Jülich 83 Member of: