PREPARATION OF HERITAGE BYE-LAWS FOR THE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED AREAS OF ASI PROTECTED MONUMENTS DWARKADHISH GROUP OF TEMPLES, DWARKA
Submitted to Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Prepared by Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage INTACH- GUJARAT
In association with Urban Management Centre
October 2012
About the Indian National Trust for Art and • Foster collaborations, Memoranda of Cultural Heritage (INTACH) Understanding (MoUs) and partnerships with government and other national and Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural international agencies; and Heritage was set up in 1984 is India’s largest • Generate sponsorships for conservation non-profit membership organization dedicated and educational project to conservation and preservation of India’s natural, cultural, living, tangible and intangible The Gujarat Chapter has been active since a heritage. INTACH has many state chapters few years. Currently since October 2011, and city chapters to carry on with its agenda. It Ms Manvita Baradi architect and urban brings together heritage conservationist planner; has been nominated as Convener of professionals, artists, art and culture Gujarat Chapter and Mr Sanjeev Joshi enthusiast, governments on a single platform. architect and urbanist as Co-convener. More details are available on www.intach.org Its mission is to:
• Sensitize the public about the pluralistic About Urban Management Centre (UMC) cultural legacy of India; • Instil a sense of social responsibility The Urban Management Centre is a not-for- towards preserving our common heritage; profit organization based in Ahmedabad, • Protect and conserve our living, built, and Gujarat, working towards professionalizing natural heritage by undertaking necessary urban management in India and South Asia. actions and measures; UMC provides technical assistance and • Document unprotected buildings of support to Indian state local government archaeological, architectural, historical and associations and implements programs that aesthetic significance; and cultural work towards improvement in cities by resources, as this is the first step towards partnering with city governments. UMC builds formulating conservation plans; and enhances the capacity of city • Develop heritage policy and regulations, governments by providing much-needed and make legal interventions to protect our expertise and ready access to innovations on heritage when necessary; good governance implemented in India and • Provide expertise in the field of abroad. UMC directors received INTACH- conservation, restoration and preservation SATTE award for 2012 for their exemplary of specific works of art; and encourage work in documenting and grading of heritage capacity building by developing skills buildings of Surat. through training programs; • Undertake emergency response measures UMC is a legacy organization of International during natural or manmade disasters, and City/County Management Association (ICMA) support local administration whenever and is working since 1997. It is also known as heritage is threatened; ICMA-South Asia. More details are available on www.umcasia.org
PREPARATION OF HERITAGE BYE-LAWS FOR THE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED AREAS OF ASI PROTECTED MONUMENTS
DWARKADHISH GROUP OF TEMPLES, DWARKA
Submitted to Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Prepared by Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
INTACH GUJARAT
In association with
Urban Management Centre
October 2012
Contact Manvita Baradi; Convener INTACH-GUJARAT 3rd floor; AUDA building, Usmanpura Ahmedabad 380014; Phone/fax: +91 79 27546403; [email protected]
Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 4
Acknowledgements
INTACH Gujarat is thankful to the INTACH Delhi office especially to the Chairman Gen L.K Gupta, Madam C.T Misra, for putting trust in our professional abilities to work on this much needed and challenging job. We are thankful to Mr Divay Gupta, Principal Director Architectural Heritage Division and Ms S. Vijaya, Director Architectural Heritage Division, for their support.
Mr. K.C Nauriyal (Superintending Archaeologist, Vadodara circle, ASI), Mr. Y.S Rawat (Director, State Archaeology Department, Gujarat and Competent Authority of NMA-Gujarat), Mr Suresh Kaka (Conservation Assistant, Dwarka, ASI), Mr Anand D Thakkar (Monument attendant, Dwarka), Mr. D.M. Chavda (Engineering Department, Dwarka Municipality, Dwarka), Mr. R.J Vasavada (Head, Architectural Conservation Department, CEPT University), Mr P.V.K Rameshwar (Head, Urban Design Department, CEPT University) Mr P.K Ghosh (Retired IAS, Chairman of Heritage Conservation Committee, Gujarat), Mr. Paresh Sharma (Chief Town Planner, Gujarat), who gave us time and discussed with us the issues and the relevance and importance of the precinct.
INTACH Gujarat is thankful to the support received from Urban Management Centre in preparing the report and the bye-laws. Since UMC has been working very closely with local governments it was possible to approach officials and other stakeholders in such a short span of time.
The team which worked hard on this project includes Anurag Anthony, Poulomee Ghosh, Akshay Upadhyaya, Krunal Parmar and Meghna Malhotra.
Thanks to Mr Sanjeev Joshi, co-convener of INTACH Gujarat, who provided valuable inputs and participated whole heartedly during the period of the study.
We express our gratitude to the expert committee set up by INTACH Delhi -Prof KT Ravindran, Dr KK Muhammad (Retired ASI RD), Shri P.V. Mahashabdey (Retired Deputy planning commissioner DDA) and Dr Narayani Gupta for providing valuable suggesting during the draft presentations.
Manvita Baradi Team leader And Convener-INTACH GUJARAT October 2012
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 5
Disclaimer
The scope of this report is to present the assessment of the existing situation and suggest model bye- laws for the prohibited and regulated zones of the protected group of monuments. Our conclusions are based upon information drawn from data (including maps) collected from various a) government, non-government and private organisations; b) discussions with experts in the field of history, heritage and archaeology; c) research of the relevant region, and d) our own sector knowledge. No representation or warranty, express or implied, is given by INTACH Gujarat Chapter or any of its respective partners, officers, employees, or agents as to the accuracy or completeness of the information, data & maps or opinions provided to INTACH Gujarat Chapter by third parties.
In the course of our assignment, we were provided with both written and verbal information supplemented by hand drawn sketches, archive maps and digital drawings. Nothing has come to our attention to cause us to believe that the data or maps provided by various sources are not true or not correct. However, no responsibility is assumed for the authenticity and all the information is believed to be reliable, and has not been independently verified by INTACH Gujarat Chapter.
We have neither carried out an audit or due diligence nor a viability assessment of the group of monuments protected by ASI. No investigation of the title of the tangible and intangible assets has been made. No consideration has been given to liens or encumbrances, which exist against the assets. Therefore, matters of a legal nature relating to the title of the assets have not been considered.
Nothing contained herein, to the contrary and in no event shall INTACH Gujarat Chapter be liable for any loss of profit or revenues and any direct, incidental, consequential damages incurred by any user of this document. In case this document is to be made available or disclosed to any third party, this disclaimer along with all the limiting factors must be issued to the concerned party. The fact that INTACH Gujarat Chapter assumes no liability whatsoever, if for the reason any party is led to any loss for acting upon this document, must also be brought to the notice of the concerned party.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 6
Table of Contents
List of Maps ...... 7 List of Figures ...... 8 List of Acronyms ...... 10 1. Introduction ...... 11 1.1. Background of the Project ...... 11 1.2. Objectives of the study ...... 11 1.3. Approach ...... 11 1.4. Methodology ...... 12 2. Introduction to Dwarkadhish Group of Temple and Study Area ...... 15 2.1. Location and Significance ...... 15 2.2. Historical Background ...... 19 2.3. Notification ...... 20 2.4. Development around Dwarkadhish Temple Complex ...... 23 2.5. Mapping of Study Area ...... 26 2.6. Vision for Development of Prohibited and Regulated Zone ...... 27 3. Significance and Assessment of the Monument ...... 28 3.1. Archeological Significance ...... 28 3.2. Architectural Significance ...... 35 3.3. Socio-Cultural Significance ...... 41 4. Assessment of Other Parameters ...... 45 4.1. Natural Features ...... 45 4.2. Land Use ...... 50 4.3. Circulation ...... 58 4.4. Built Form Characteristics ...... 65 4.5. Visual Characteristics ...... 77 4.6. Infrastructure ...... 86 4.7. Administration ...... 89 5. Heritage Bye-laws ...... 90 5.1. Rationale for Redefining the Prohibited and Regulated Areas and Sub Zones ...... 90 5.2. Regulations for Sub Zones ...... 92 5.3. Heritage Bye-laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones ...... 93 5.4. Recommendations for Prohibited and Regulated Zones ...... 117 6. Implementation process ...... 120 6.1. Pre- notification Process ...... 120 6.2. Application Procedure to be followed Post Notification ...... 120 6.3. Exemptions ...... 122 References ...... 124
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List of Maps Map 1 Seven Sacred Cities and Char Dham of India ...... 15 Map 2 Dwarkadhish Temple Complex - Location in the City ...... 17 Map 3 Baroda State from 1850 – 1947 ...... 20 Map 4 Location of ASI protected monument ...... 20 Map 5 ASI Protected Site of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples ...... 21 Map 6 Mapping of Prohibited and Regulated area ...... 26 Map 7 Dwarka Under Water Archeological Remains ...... 31 Map 8: Procession Path ...... 43 Map 9 Contour Map of Study Area ...... 45 Map 10 Area under CRZ ...... 47 Map 11 Existing land use in 2012 as per field visit ...... 51 Map 12 Existing Building Use as per Field Visit...... 52 Map 13 Existing Land Use as Received from Dwarka Municipality...... 56 Map 14 Proposed Land Use in Development Plan of Dwarka ...... 57 Map 15 Circulation around the Study Area of Dwarkadhish Temple Complex ...... 59 Map 17 Approach Roads to the Dwarkadhish Temple Complex ...... 61 Map 18 Pedestrian and Vehicular Access to Dwarkadhish Temple Complex ...... 64 Map 19 Figure Ground ...... 66 Map 20 Existing Building Heights as per Field Visit ...... 67 Map 21 Structures of Heritage Value based on Field Visit ...... 68 Map 22 Location of Secondary Collection Points and Public Toilets as per Field Visit ...... 88 Map 23 Sub Zones ...... 91
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 8
List of Figures Figure 1 Consultation with ASI Officials ...... 13 Figure 2 Location of Okhamandal Taluka ...... 16 Figure 3 Location of Dwarka City ...... 16 Figure 4 Site Context of Dwarkadhish Temple Complex ...... 18 Figure 5 Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 22 Figure 6 Rukmini Temple ...... 22 Figure 7 Entrance Court under Construction (2008-09) ...... 23 Figure 8 Entrance court now in 2012 ...... 23 Figure 9 Development Pattern around Dwarkadhish Temple Complex ...... 24 Figure 10 Development around Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 25 Figure 11 Remains of Temple below Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 28 Figure 12 Site Location of Archeological Findings ...... 29 Figure 13 Schematic Diagram of Layers of Buried Dwarka City ...... 30 Figure 14 Site Plan of Dwarka ...... 32 Figure 15 Dwarka Submerged Ancient Harbor ...... 33 Figure 16 Underwater Remains at Dwarka ...... 34 Figure 17 Camels carts carrying sand from Gomti creek ...... 34 Figure 18 Entrance (Swargadwar) of Dwarkadhish Temple Complex ...... 35 Figure 19 Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 36 Figure 20 View of Dwarkadhish temple from Gomti River ...... 36 Figure 21 Temple Axis ...... 37 Figure 22 Access to Gomti Ghat from Temple Complex Entrance...... 37 Figure 23 Dwarkadhish as seen from Rukmini Temple ...... 38 Figure 24 Dwarkadhish Temple as seen from beyond Regulated Zone ...... 38 Figure 25 Monument Edge ...... 39 Figure 26 Entrance court shared with Shradha Pith ...... 39 Figure 27 Stone Carved Mandapa ...... 40 Figure 28 Arti at Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 41 Figure 29 Pilgrims in the Temple Complex ...... 42 Figure 30 Kaklash Kund ...... 43 Figure 31 Provision of Drinking Water for Cows ...... 43 Figure 32 Gomti River Merging into Arabian Sea ...... 46 Figure 33 Blackening of Stone of Mandapa ...... 46 Figure 34 Building Use in the Front Edge of Temple Complex ...... 53 Figure 35 Market Street ...... 53 Figure 36 Dwarkadhish Temple seen from the Highway ...... 58 Figure 37 Dwarkadhish Temple as seen from one of the Approach Road ...... 60 Figure 38 Views of some roads in the Study Area ...... 62 Figure 39 Views of Squares near the Temple Complex ...... 63 Figure 40 Structures of Heritage Value in the Study Area ...... 69 Figure 41 Roofless structure in front of Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 70 Figure 42 A Roofless structure in the Study Area ...... 70 Figure 43 Kaklash Kund ...... 71 Figure 44 Gateways of Buildings in the Study Area ...... 72 Figure 45 Building Character of Dharamshalas in the Study Area ...... 72 Figure 46 Street Character in Residential Area ...... 73
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 9
Figure 47 Street Character in Residential Area ...... 73 Figure 48 A Residences in the Study Area ...... 74 Figure 49 Temple clad with Ceramic Tiles ...... 74 Figure 50 Newly built Residential buildings ...... 75 Figure 51 New Building Character and Old Buildings Razed to the Ground ...... 75 Figure 52 New Residential Apartments in the Study Area ...... 76 Figure 53 Sections Showing the Huge Scale of the Temple and its Visibility ...... 77 Figure 54 Views of Dwarkadhish Temple from the Study Area (roof top)...... 78 Figure 55 Cell phone Towers Hinder the View to the Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 78 Figure 56 View of Gomti Ghat from the Shikhara of Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 79 Figure 57 Built Fabric of the Study Area as seen from Temple Top ...... 79 Figure 58 Skyline of the Study Area ...... 80 Figure 59 Dwarkadhish Temple Visible among Other Structures in the Study Area ...... 80 Figure 60 Market Street ...... 81 Figure 61 Advertisement of Gujarat Tourism on the Compound Wall of Temple ...... 82 Figure 62 Bank ATM at the Entrance Court of Dwarkadhish Temple ...... 82 Figure 63 Key Map for Simulation-1 ...... 83 Figure 64 Simulation - 1: View of Dwarkadhish Temple from across Gomti River ...... 84 Figure 65 Key Map for Simulation - 2 ...... 84 Figure 66 Simulation - 2: View of Dwarkadhish Temple from the City ...... 85 Figure 67 Public Toilets ...... 86 Figure 68 Secondary Collection Point ...... 87 Figure 69 Gomti Ghat ...... 90 Figure 70 Kaklash Kund ...... 90 Figure 71 Panchkui Island ...... 90 Figure 72 Application procedure followed prior to construction ...... 121 Figure 73 Proposed Application Procedure for Construction Activity ...... 122
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 10
List of Acronyms
ASI Archeological Survey of India
CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone
DP Development Plan
ESR Elevated Service Reservoir
FSI Floor Space Index
GDCR General Development Control Regulations
GTPUDA Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act
GUDM Gujarat Urban development Mission
INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
MoEF Ministry Of Environment and Forests
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
NBC National Building Code
NMA National Monument Authority
ULB Urban Local Body
UMC Urban Management Centre
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 11
1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the Project Archaeological Survey of India (A.S.I) has requested the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) to formulate new bye-laws for 13 important archaeological structures from across the country. INTACH Gujarat chapter has been assigned the task of preparing heritage bye-laws for the Dwarkadhish group of temples and its immediate surroundings. The Urban Management Centre (UMC) has assisted INTACH-Gujarat to conduct the research and formulate bye-laws.
1.2. Objectives of the study ▪ To evaluate current state of the prohibited and regulated areas (referred to as study area) through an analysis of key issues. ▪ To prepare draft Bye-laws for prohibited and regulated areas.
1.3. Approach The approach followed in this study is understanding and assessing the existing situation of the prohibited and regulated zones for the Dwarkadhish group of temples. The assessment is done in three levels: i. Protected zone, ii. Public areas (including infrastructure) in prohibited and regulated zone iii. Private areas in prohibited and regulated zone
The assessment for protected zone is conducted considering following parameters: ▪ Historic Significance ▪ Architectural Significance ▪ Archaeological Significance ▪ Socio-cultural significance
To assessment for public areas (including infrastructure) in prohibited and regulated zone is carried out considering the following parameters:
▪ Natural Features and Infrastructure ▪ Land use ▪ Public Access Areas ▪ Circulation ▪ Land Ownership ▪ Amenities ▪ Community Structure
The assessment of private areas in prohibited and regulated zone is done considering the following parameters:
• Open Built Relationship • Architecture and built form • Visual character
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 12
1.4. Methodology
1.4.1. Methodology followed for conducting study
The study and the preparation of bye-laws involved data collection, mapping of the study area, reconnaissance survey, meeting with experts and consultation with stake holders.
Mapping The monument was digitized from the ASI drawings of protected area. The building foot prints were mapped from the satellite images. The Water bodies, plot boundaries and roads were digitized from the maps received from Dwarka Municipality. All this was verified during the field visits.
Data collection Data for the study was collected from various authorities and sources. Maps and drawings of protected area were acquired from ASI. Future proposals of Development plan and development control regulation was received from Dwarka municipality. Various other documents and books were referred to better understanding.
Survey
Perception Study Visits were made to the Dwarkadhish group of temples and it’s surrounding to understand the monument and other issues. Some visits were assisted with local officials who are involved with the monument. The visits were done on different days and at different times of the day to capture the usage pattern and variations because of festivals and prayer timings.
Reconnaissance survey Photographic documentation of the monument and the study area was done. Land use, building height, location of amenities, infrastructure and circulation pattern were mapped.
Meetings and consultations Meetings with various experts and officials were conducted for the better understanding of the study area. Consultations with concerned persons and experts were done to get their valuable suggestions and recommendations in the study. The following is the list of persons who were consulted:
Ms Manvita Baradi (Hon Team Leader and Convener INTACH Gujarat Chapter; Architect- Urban Planner)
Mr. Sanjeev Joshi (State Co-convener, INTACH Gujarat Chapter- Architect Urbanist) Discussions and suggestions on draft bye-laws
Mr. K.C Nauriyal (Superintending Archaeologist, Vadodara circle, A.S.I) Provided suggestions on the study and formulation of bye-laws.
Mr. Y.S Rawat (Director, State Archaeology Department, Gujarat and Competent Authority of NMA-Gujarat) He explained the archeological laws and Acts and guided in the process of formulating bye-laws.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 13
Mr. P.K Ghosh (Retired IAS, Chairman of Heritage Conservation Committee, Gujarat) Provided suggestions on the study and formulation of bye-laws.
Mr. Suresh Kaka (Conservation Assistant, Dwarka, ASI) He explained about the ASI’s role in protecting the monument and emphasised on the management issues relating to the temple were discussed.
Mr.Anand D Thakkar (Monument attendant, Dwarkadhish group of temples, Dwarka) He accompanied the team for the site visit. The monument and its functioning were discussed.
Mr. D.M. Chavda (Engineering Department, Dwarka Municipality, Dwarka) He shared data available with the municipality. He also explained the history of Dwarka city.
Mr. R.J Vasavada (Head, Architectural Conservation Department, CEPT University) Discussions were done with him to understand the monuments and their significance. The management issues of monuments were discussed. He guided conducting the study.
Mr. P.V.K Rameshwar (Head, Urban Design Department, CEPT University, Ahmedabad) He shared details of his involvement in the construction works and other proposals in Dwarka. The management issues in execution of development work were also discussed.
Mr. Saswat Bandopadhyay (Faculty of Planning and Public Policy, CEPT University, Ahmedabad) He explained the implications of coastal regulations on the study area.
Visuals of consultations
Figure 1 Consultation with ASI Officials
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 14
1.4.2. Methodology for Preparation of Heritage Bye-Laws
Step 1: Outlining study objectives Step 2: Understanding legal and regulatory framework Step 3: Mapping of protected, prohibited and regulated areas Step 4: Assessment of monument and study area Step 5: Outlining issues and concerns and establishing guiding principles Step 6: Defining limitations and constraints Step 7: Consultations with stake holders Step 8: Preparation of draft bye-laws
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 15
2. Introduction to Dwarkadhish Group of Temple and Study Area
2.1. Location and Significance
Dwarka is the headquarters of Okhamandal Taluka, in the extreme west of the Saurashtra peninsula on the Arabian Sea. Dwarka is a C class Municipality with a population of 38,787 as per provisional population figures of Census 2011. It has witnessed a decadal growth of 15.3 % over the last year. The Municipal area is 42.7 sq. km of which the inhabited area is only 5.2 sq. km.
The city is divided into 9 election wards and the Dwarkadhish temple falls in Ward no. 7. This ward with a density ranging between 370-450 persons / hectare has the highest density in the inhabited area. Based on property tax information of the city, about 18% of all the properties in the town are commercial in nature.
It is one of the seven sacred cities of India as well as one of the four dhams set up by Adi Shankaracharya, a 9th Century AD saint, reformer and philosopher. The temple complex is thus of high religious importance and receives many pilgrims (Government of Gujarat, 1970).
It is due to this significance, that the city sees a tourist inflow of almost 16-17 lakhs per year.
Map 1 Seven Sacred Cities and Char Dham of India
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 16
Figure 2 Location of Okhamandal Taluka
Figure 3 Location of Dwarka City
The legendary city of Dwarka is believed to have been established by Lord Sri Krishna after he left Mathura. Dwaraka is believed to have been submerged in the sea. Although, the location of actual Dwarka of Krishna is not known, the current Dwarka city is one of the cities which are believed to be the actual site.
The island of Bet-Dwarka is located 30 km away from the current Dwarka city near Okha.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 17
Originally the Dwarkadhish temple dedicated to Lord Krishna is believed to be built by Vajranabh, the great grandson of Lord Krishna. The existing temple is a 15th / 16th century structure constructed by Gupta Raja, 1400 years ago (Government of Gujarat, 1970). The temple complex is located on the northern bank of river Gomti into which the temple Ghats open. The complex comprises of nine other shrines enclosed by a compound wall.
Site Context
Map 2 Dwarkadhish Temple Complex - Location in the City
The temple complex of Dwarkadhish is in the oldest part of Dwarka city. It has two entrances, one in the north (called ‘Mokshadwar’) and the other from south (called ‘Swargadwar’). To the immediate north is the access road which extends into temple market. To the east is the adjoining Shradha Pith established by Shankaracharya. To the west are private residential properties. The river Gomti flows to the south of the temple. Thus, the Ghats become an important feature of the site housing many other temples and hosting many ceremonies. The path from the temple complex to the Ghat is lined with other temples, kunds and temple shops. Some of the temples lining Gomti Ghat are of heritage importance. At the end of the Ghat is the Samudranarayan temple on the estuary, an iconic imagery of Gomti Ghat. On the other bank of the Gomti lies the Panchkui site where there are five wells of fresh water thereby making it a holy place. This island can only be reached by boat.
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Figure 4 Site Context of Dwarkadhish Temple Complex
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2.2. Historical Background Dwarkadhish Temple complex has a vast and rich history, some of which is believed to relate to Lord Krishna’s city of Dwarka. The chronology of events that could be traced is explained below. 1400 B.C. Vajranabha (relative of Kishna) constructed an umbrella type monument in the memory of his forefathers in East of Harimandir, which remains from merging into the sea.(based on hypothesis from Harivansh granth and current temple construction) 800 A.D. Shreemad Adyaguru Shankaracharya renovated the Dwarkadhish temple and established the shrine of Adyashakti at fourth floor. 885 A.D. Shree Nrushinhaashrma (Who defected the Brihaspat guru in the debut of scriptures at Patan) The head of the Shreemad Jagatguru Shankaracharya pith renovated the temple.
1162 A.D. The king of Udaipur Rana Bhimsinhaji Offered 7000 beegha land to Guggali Pujari on Sunday at Bank of river Gomati. (According to the documents of Brahmin Family). It is assumed that they would have renovated the temple. 1241 A.D. When Mohammad shah attacked on Dwarka and broke the temple, Five Brahmin males fought with them and lost their lives and become martyr. Their shrines are near to the temple. 1504 A.D. Vikram era Shree Vallabhacharayajee established the idol of Dwarkadhish at Ladva village, which was worshipped by Rukamini. At that time the idol supposed to be hidden in the step well called Savitrivav to protect them from the Muslim aggression. So when he saw the temple without idol he kept it there. 1730 A.D. Shree Prakashanandjee had convinced Lakha Thakar to do yagya and renovated the temple. In addition to this Vagher king decreased the tax by ½ from Brahmins. 1861 A.D. Maharaja Khanderao renovated the temple and Britishers repaired the summit of temple, which was broken during the fight with Vagher. 1903 A.D. Maharaja Gaekwad arranged to keep the golden pitcher on the summit of temple & Shankaracharya renovated the temple in 1958. 1960 A.D. Since 1960 Indian Government takes care of it and renovates it gradually. 1965 A.D. Pakistan navy attacked to destroy the temples but failed
(Pushkarbhai Gokani, 1973)
The territory of Okhamandal of which Dwarka is the headquarter was handed over in 1817 by the British to the Gaekwad. This remained in their possession till the merger of the erstwhile Baroda State in 1949 and was finally included in Jamnagar district in 1959 (Government of Gujarat, 1970).The disjointed teritory of the Gaekwad from 1850 to 1947 is indicated in the map below.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 20
Map 3 Baroda State from 1850 – 1947 (Joshi, 1992)
2.3. Notification
The Dwarkadhish temple complex was notified as a monument of national importance on 24th May, 1964 under the ‘Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains act, 1958’. The monuments protected at Dwarka under Vadodara circle, Gujarat include: 1) Dwarkadhish Group of temples with its outer compounds 2) Kshatrapa Inscriptions 3) Rukmini Temple ( Archeological Survey of India, 2011)
Map 4 Location of ASI protected monument
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Map 5 ASI Protected Site of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples
Dwarkadhish Group of Temples: The sanctum of this temple is formed by the JagatMandir, or NijaMandir .The temple complex contains nine subsidiary shrines enclosed by a compound wall. The Dwarkadhish temple has a garbhagriha, antarala, mandapa and ardhamandapa (Archeological Survey of India). The Jagatmandir is approximately of height 257 feet. The idol of Lord Krishna is from 1567 AD (Pushkarbhai Gokani, 1973).
Rukmini Temple: This temple is dedicated to the wife of Krishna, Rukmini. According to the legend, she has been cursed by a rushi(saint) to be away from her husband and hence the temple dedicated to her is outside the city of Dwarka and 2 km away from Dwarkadhish temple complex. As per archeological findings, the temple is believed to have been built around 1200 BC. It comprises of garbhagriha of size 12 by 12 feet, agud mandapa and a shringar chowki. Its Shikhara rises to a height of 32 feet.
Kshatrapa Inscriptions: These are the inscriptions in original Brahmilipi. It was found in 1874 AD in a village called Mulvasar village, about 12 km away from Dwarka city, while digging a lake. This is currently kept in the public library building of Dwarka (Pushkarbhai Gokani, 1973).
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Figure 5 Dwarkadhish Temple
Figure 6 Rukmini Temple
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2.4. Development around Dwarkadhish Temple Complex This section talks about the recent construction development around the Dwarkadhish temple complex. In the entrance court of the temple complex (which is shared with Shradha Pith), some structures housing the shoe keep area, library, administration, washrooms etc. have been constructed. The mamlatdar office and police station which were here before were moved out to make space for public amenities. In order to maintain the visibility of the temple, the mound site on which the temple complex is situated was dug for the new construction. The whole project was executed with due permission of ASI in 2008-09. It was designed by a team from CEPT University with half funding from the Temple Samiti and half by the Reliance Industries (Rameshwar, 2012).
l Figure 7 Entrance Court under Construction (2008-09)
Figure 8 Entrance court now in 2012
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 24
The Reliance road connecting the National Highway 51 with the main gate of the temple complex (Swargadwar) along Gomti River has also been constructed by Reliance Industries. This access now helps visitors to reach the temple complex directly without entering the city, thereby reducing the vehicular pressure and congestion issues in the city.
A parking area is being developed along this road now on the south east of the temple. Other facilities like kiosks, colonnades, steps leading to river and toilets are also being constructed.
The public space along the sea shore near the Samudranarayan temple, to the west of Dwarkadhish temple is similarly being developed. Wave breaking tetra pods have been placed and colonnades and kiosks are being planned.
A No-Objection-Certificate (NOC) has been acquired by state government from ASI for construction of a suspended pedestrian Bridge called the Sudama Bridge linking the Gomti Ghat and Panchkui Island (Pathan, 2008). However, no onsite implementation has started.
Further, to assess the development pattern over the years, an analysis from satellite images of Dwarka of different years has been undertaken. The changes in the development as seen are indicated in the maps below:
Figure 9 Development Pattern around Dwarkadhish Temple Complex
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The clearance of entrance court and construction of public amenities are important additions for tourists and for congregations. The low height of the structure provides views of the beautiful Shikhara from the chowk which was previously hidden. However, other developments in the absence of proper guidelines possess a threat to preserving the character of the space. Hence future development needs to be guided and regulated.
Figure 10 Development around Dwarkadhish Temple
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2.5. Mapping of Study Area The study area of Dwarkadhish Temple which is in the central part of the city encompasses the Gomti Ghat, other temples along the Ghat, open space along the coast and Gomti River, built residential buildings around it and the market. The study area is densely built.
The total area covered in the Dwarkadhish Temple complex study area (protected, prohibited and regulated) is 0.37 square km of which 0.004 square km forms the protected area, 0.06 square km is prohibited area and the rest 0.31 square km is regulated area.
Map 6 Mapping of Prohibited and Regulated area
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The regulations applicable to the study area as per Ancient Monument and Archeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Bill, 2010 are explained here.
Ancient Monument and Archeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Bill, 2010
Prohibited and Regulated Areas
No person other than archeological officer shall carry out any construction in any prohibited area. Other than, any person, who owns any building or structure, which existed in a prohibited area before 16th day of June, 1992, or, which had been subsequently constructed with the approval of the Director General and desires to carry out any repair or renovation of such building or structure, may make an application to the competent authority for carrying out such repair or renovation, s the case may be;
Any person, who owns or possesses any building or structure or land in any regulated area, and desires to carry out construction or re-construction or repair or renovation of such building or structure on such lad, as the case may be, may make an application to the competent authority for carrying out construction or re-construction or repair or renovation, as the case may be.
In case where the Central Government or Director General, as the case may by, is satisfied that (a) it is necessary or expedient for carrying out such public work or any project essential to the public or (b) such other work or project, in its opinion, shall not have any substantial adverse impact on the preservation, safety, security of, or, access to , the monument or its immediate surrounding, it or he in exceptional cases and having regards to public interest, by order and for reasons to be recorded in writing, permit, such public work or project essential to the public or other constructions to be carried out. In a prohibited area;
No permission (referred to above section) including carrying out any public work or project essential to the public or other constructions, shall be granted on and after the date on which the Ancient Monument and Archeological Sites and remains (Amendment and Validation) Bill, 2010 receives the assent of the president (Ministry of Law and Justice, 2010).
2.6. Vision for Development of Prohibited and Regulated Zone
Regulate the development of the prohibited and regulated areas to preserve the historic and architectural value of the monument.
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3. Significance and Assessment of the Monument
The archeological, architectural and socio-cultural values of Dwarkadhish temple contribute to its monumentality. These characters are significant in determining the typology of the monument and how they can be protected.
3.1. Archeological Significance Dwarka city has significant inland as well as marine archeological remains. Research and excavation in and around Dwarka has revealed many layers of history.
Inland Archeological remains Excavations undertaken up to a depth of 40 feet below the level of the present town have revealed various layers of structural remains intercepted with layers of sand, silt, etc. lime- stone blocks were found used in house floors and walls. Fragments of pottery were also discovered indicating that Dwarka was inhabited before the Christian era, probably on an island formed by the waters of the Gomti River surrounding the present site of Dwarka (Government of Gujarat, 1970).
Figure 11 Remains of Temple below Dwarkadhish Temple (S.R.Rao, 1999)
The existing Dwarka city is believed to be the 7th habitated city on that site. Remains of other six cities have been found. Excavations in front of the temple complex have confirmed this. Remains were found right from the depth of 3 feet.
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Figure 12 Site Location of Archeological Findings
The findings from the six layers of buried Dwarka are as follows:
Layer of Findings Estimated year of Excavated civilization City 7 Existing 15/ 16th Century AD 6 Foundation of a structure, remains of many sea 1850 AD shells. Speculated to be a shell shop. 5 Stone foundation of a house, beautiful articles 500 AD to 600 AD made of ivory and clay toys 4 Foundation of a house, red and black utensils, 300 AD to 500 AD colored glass bangles, glazed porcelain utensils (speculated to be of Iranian origin) 3 Pinnacle of Shikhara of a Krishna temple (also - mentioned in document of Harivansh granth) 2 House foundation, clay utensils, and glossy red 50 BC to 300 AD clay utensils. Stone pitchers used for storing liquor (Roman origin). 1 Dwarka engulfed by sea Before 50 BC
Table 1 Layers of Buried Dwarka (Pushkarbhai Gokani, 1973)
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Figure 13 Schematic Diagram of Layers of Buried Dwarka City (Pushkarbhai Gokani, 1973)
This study reveals the presence of archeological remains in the study area. The depths to which remains can be found is however not clear as there are many layers. Rampant construction in the study area would prove to be a challenge to future archeological excavations if made. This necessitates strict regulations and monitoring of any construction work.
Marine Archeological Remains
Dwarka was the first site in India where marine archaeological exploration commenced and investigations continued for almost two decades. It brought to light a large number of stone structures, which are semicircular, rectangular and square in shape in water depth ranging from inter tidal zone to 6 m. These findings suggest that Dwarka was one of the busiest port towns on the west coast of India. Several semi-circular and rectangular blocks were found along with stone anchors (A.s. Gaur, 2005).
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Map 7 Dwarka under Water Archeological Remains (A.s. Gaur, 2005)
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Figure 14 Site Plan of Dwarka (S.R.Rao, 1999)
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Figure 15 Dwarka Submerged Ancient Harbor (S.R.Rao, 1999)
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Figure 16 Underwater Remains at Dwarka (S.R.Rao, 1999)
The marine archeological findings are located close to the study area. Hence any efforts for reclamation of sea, sand dredging and discharge of solid and liquid waste into the sea pose a threat to these. At present, sand from Gomti River is used for construction and there is rampant dredging activities going on. The marine archeological remains need to be protected and regulations have to be laid for the same.
Figure 17 Camels carts carrying sand from Gomti creek
Assessment of Archeological Assets
Issue Action Despite presence of Archeological Regulation for any excavation works including remains excavation is rampant. infrastructure. Coastal mining and land • Regulation on costal mining reclamation being done. • Regulating land reclamation Discharge or solid waste and • Regulation on discharge of solid and untreated liquid waste into the sea. liquid waste in the sea.
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3.2. Architectural Significance
This temple of Dwarkadhish is ornate, exquisite, majestic and one of the most imposing structures of Hindu architecture in Gujarat. Eighty-four feet long multicolored flag decorated with the symbols of the sun and moon waves from the temple dome(dwarkadish- temple.html, 2012).
The temple when measured on the plan is 27.35 by 21.3 m. The mandapa of the temple made up of 60 pillars is open on all sides and rises to five storeys. The temple has a high conical shikhara. The pyramidal roof of the mandapa is adorned with a series of tiny bell shaped domes. The exterior façade and the shikhara of the temple are profusely carved as compared to the interiors of the temple which are plain.
The temple complex has two main gates for entrance. The one on the southern side is known as “Swargadwar” and is accessible by 56 steps from Gomti River. The northern gate is known as ‘Mokshadwar’. This entrance leads to the main market (Archeological Survey of India).
Figure 18 Entrance (Swargadwar) of Dwarkadhish Temple Complex
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Figure 19 Dwarkadhish Temple
Axis of temple complex
Figure 20 View of Dwarkadhish temple from Gomti River
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Figure 21 Temple Axis
The axis of the Temple complex is perpendicular to the Gomti river. The flight of 56 steps lead to the river. The shrines comprising of mandapa and garbhagriha are aranged perpendicular to the axis of the complex, parallel to the direction of Gomti river. The idol thus faces west, towards the Arabian Sea.
Figure 22 Access to Gomti Ghat from Temple Complex Entrance
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The original path followed to enter the temple wast to first take a dip in Gomti River, then climb the 56 steps, enter through Swargadwar, worship in the temple and exit through Mokshdwar. However, over the period of time, this route has been reversed. Private properties align along the southern axis of entrance which leads to the Gomti Ghats. Thus the Ghats are not directly approachable as many structures comprising of small shrines, shops and residences run along the stretch of Gomti Ghat.
Built character of temple complex
The Dwarkadhish temple with its five storied mandapa and 50m high shikhara is a dominant structure than can be easily spotted from far distances. It is the tallest structuture in the study area and the entire Dwarka city. The Rukmini temple and the Dwarkadhish temple are visually linked.
Figure 23 Dwarkadhish as seen from Rukmini Temple
Figure 24 Dwarkadhish Temple as seen from beyond Regulated Zone
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The monument edge is not clear as many properties and structures abut on the sides of the complex. Inside the temple complex, the shrines are imposing over the court around it. The wall around the temple complex cut off the outside view.
Figure 25 Monument Edge
Figure 26 Entrance court shared with Shradha Pith
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Architectural Elements
The Dwarkadhish temple has a typical Hindu temple plan form as well as built form. It has a sanctum, vestibule and a rectangular hall with porches on three sides. The whole structure is made of sandstone. The shikharas, columns and all the structural elements are intricately carved. The pinnacle of the shikhara depicting kalash (pot) is replicated in many of the other temples of Dwarka. Externally the body of the temple and the spire are profusely carved from base to pinnacle, but internally they are characterized by excessive plainness and simplicity of style. The shrine is elaborately ornamented (Government of Gujarat, 1970).
Figure 27 Stone Carved Mandapa
The gigantic built character of the monument, the axis of the temple complex and articulation of building elements are features that make the monument special and architecturally significant. These features can be preserved and enhanced only by regulating the surrounding areas so that the axis is maintained of visibility of monument is increased.
Assessment of Architectural Features
Issue Action
Dwarkadhish temple is the tallest structure in Visibility of the temple at least from the the city. Because of the dense built up area access roads to be maintained. (comprising of G+1 and G+2 structures) around the temple, it is not visible from the ground level from inside the city. Axis link of temple complex entrance and Maintenance of the existing access Gomti Ghat disturbed because of structures aligning the Ghat. The electric poles with suspended wires block Provision for underground laying of electric the vision. Tall mobile towers are a hindrance lines. to the skyline of the study area. Location control of mobile towers. Other than the entrance, the monument edge Protection of the monument edge. is not visible or accessible from other sides because of common wall with the monument’s compound wall.
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3.3. Socio-Cultural Significance
Being the seat of the great Lord Krishna, the temple and the city as such holds a great value to the Hindu religion. The temple sees 16 to 17 lakh visitors every year (MacDonald, 2003). In the case of Dwarka, the city witnesses a high flow of tourists on more than 215 days per year. This shows that there is high signifcance of this temple for tourists throughoput the year and that appropriate amenities for tourists should be planned so as to maintain the sanctity of the temple complex.
During festivals, there are more than 45,000 visitors per day. This adds to the existing starin of municipal infrastructure.
The temple is open to devoties from 6:30 am to 1:00 pm and from 5:pm to 9:30 pm everyday. During this time various rituals like uthhapan, arti, sringar, bhog, darshan etc take place (Dwarkadhish.org, 2008). In the temple complex people can be observed singing devotional songs in groups, dancing the traditional garba, chanting,distributing prasad etc. The rituals of the temple are very closely linked with the Gomti Ghat.
Figure 28 Arti at Dwarkadhish Temple
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Figure 29 Pilgrims in the Temple Complex
On days of importance like Janmastami (birth day of Lord Krishna), Tulsi-Vivaha, Jal Yatra, Rath Yatra,Jiladan Utsav etc, according to the tradition, the idol is decorated with flowers and fruits, special pujas are performed and a procession is taken to the Rukmini temple or to the kund (pond).
Vendors selling temple articles like small idols, flowers, conk shells, beads etc. line along the approach road. Most of the economy of the city is based on tourism activity because of the high influx of visitors.
Other places of tourist interest in and around Dwarka are Geeta mandir, Badkeshwar mandir, Ganpata mandir, Samudranarayan mandir and Nageshwar mahadev mandir and other temples. Other than these, the site of Bet-Dwarka, the old lighthouse, sunset point are some other tourist attractions.
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Map 8: Procession Path Figure 30 Kaklash Kund
Most of the residents in the surrounding area of the temple complex are Brahmins. The pujaris of the temple also belong to this community. Being a city of Lord Krishna (who was a gopalak), cow is considered holy. Provisions for drinking water and offering food for cows are commonly seen around the city.
Figure 31 Provision of Drinking Water for Cows
The temple is of religious importance and hence the spiritual integrity has to be maintained. It is a live monument receiving numerous pilgrims. Providing for amenities for tourists and pilgrims is critical for the maintenance and smooth functioning of the temple complex as well as the study area. On festival days, crowds have to be regulated in order to avoid excessive congestion of the study area.
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Assessment of Socio-Cultural Significance
Issue Action
Monument receives numerous pilgrims Regulation for parking, public toilets, and visitors. Existing facilities and drinking water facilities, security room etc. infrastructure is strained. Crowd management and regulations especially on festival days.
Procession path and terminal getting Kunds to be protected and path to be damaged. regulated.
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4. Assessment of Other Parameters
The study area has also been assessed in dimensions of land use, circulation pattern, built characteristics, infrastructure and natural features, administrative setup etc.
4.1. Natural Features The entire region of Dwarka has a rock bed of calcareous sandstone. It is this stone that is used for construction of the Dwarkadhish temple complex (Pushkarbhai Gokani, 1973). This stone like said before is still used for construction in the upcoming buildings.
Dwarkadhish temple complex is built on a mound which slops down towards the Gomti River and the sea. The contours of the study area are indicated in the map below.
Map 9 Contour Map of Study Area
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As the Dwarkadhish temple is located near the Arabian Sea and along a coastal river, the natural features are crucial for the preservation of the monument. A large portion of the study area is the Gomti River which is influenced by the tidal waves from the sea and the island of Panchkui formed between the Gomti River and the sea. The entire site thus is liable to natural disasters.
Figure 32 Gomti River Merging into Arabian Sea
Being a coastal area a lot of land around Dwarka is waste land because of salination. Sea waves also erode or decay the sandstone with which the temple is built, causing blackening in some parts.
Figure 33 Blackening of Stone of Mandapa
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The ‘Coastal Zone Regulations’ is applicable in most of the study area. As per ‘Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, Ministry Of Environment and Forests – 2011’, areas or structures of archaeological importance and heritage sites are declared as CRZ -I. Hence the Dwarkadhish temple complex falls under CRZ -I. The rest of the built study area to the north of Gomti River falls under CRZ-II, the Gomti River itself and the sea till 12 nautical miles from land fall under CRZ-III and the island to the south of Gomti River falls under CRZ IV. These zones are indicated in the following map.
Map 10 Area under CRZ
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According to the notification, demolition and reconstruction of (i) buildings of archaeological and historical importance, (ii) heritage buildings; and buildings under public use which means buildings such as for the purposes of worship, education, medical care and cultural activities require permission from MoEF. Moreover, reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local communities including fishers in accordance with local town and country planning regulations is permissible. Generating power from renewable resources is also permissible. Although land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater is prohibited, it is relaxed for laying of storm water drains and construction of ancillary structures. Construction activities in CRZ-I and dressing or altering the sand dunes, hills, natural feature etc are also prohibited. The entire list of prohibited and permissible activities is given in the notification. ‘Coastal Zone Management Authority’ of states is the regulating authority. For the management and preservation of coasts, ‘Coastal Zone management Plan’ is prepared under this notification (Ministry of Environment and Forests, 2011).
The provisions under each zone as per the ‘2011 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification’ is discussed here.
CRZ-I No new construction is allowed; Except: • Projects relating to Department of Atomic Energy; • Pipelines, conveying systems including transmission lines; • Facilities that are essential for activities permissible under CRZ-I; • Installation of weather radar for monitoring of cyclones movement and prediction by Indian Meteorological Department; • Construction of Trans harbour
Areas between LTL and HTL which are not ecologically sensitive, necessary safety measures will be incorporated while permitting the following, namely:-
• Exploration and extraction of natural gas; • Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter, community toilets, bridges, roads, jetties, water supply, drainage, sewerage which are required for traditional inhabitants living within the biosphere reserves after obtaining approval from concerned CZMA. • Necessary safety measure shall be incorporated while permitting such developmental activities in the area falling in the hazard zone; • Salt harvesting by solar evaporation of seawater; • Desalination plants; • Storage of non-hazardous cargo such as edible oil, fertilizers and food grain within notified ports; • Construction of trans harbour sea links, roads on stilts or pillars without affecting the tidal flow of water.
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CRZ-II Construction is permitted in case: • Buildings permitted only on the landward side of the existing road, or on the landward side of existing authorized structures subject to the existing local town and country planning regulations. • No permission for construction of buildings shall be given on landward side of any new roads which are constructed on the seaward side of an existing road: • Reconstruction of authorized building to be without change in present use; • Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified appended to this notification and facilities for degasification of liquefied Natural Gas subject to the conditions. • Desalination plants and associated facilities • Storage of non-hazardous cargo • Facilities for generating power by non-conventional power sources
CRZ-III • Area upto 200 m from HTL on the landward side in case of seafront and 100mts along tidal influenced water bodies or width of the creek whichever is less is to be earmarked as “No Development Zone (NDZ)” • The NDZ shall not be applicable in such area falling within any notified port limits • No construction shall be permitted within NDZ except for repairs or reconstruction of existing authorized structure and traditional community.
Following activities may be permitted in NDZ : ▪ Agriculture, horticulture, gardens, pasture, parks, play field, and forestry; ▪ Projects relating to Department of Atomic Energy; ▪ Mining of rare minerals; ▪ Salt manufacture from seawater; ▪ Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified ▪ Facilities for generating power by non conventional energy sources; ▪ Foreshore facilities for desalination plants and associated facilities; ▪ Weather radars; ▪ Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter, community toilets, bridges, roads, provision of facilities for water supply, drainage, sewerage, crematoria, cemeteries and electric sub-station which are required for the local inhabitants may be permitted on a case to case basis by CZMA; ▪ Construction of units or auxiliary thereto for domestic sewage, treatment and disposal with the prior approval of the concerned Pollution Control Board or Committee; ▪ Facilities required for local fishing
For area between 200mts to 500mts:
All above mentioned are allowed plus: Development of vacant plot in designated areas for construction of hotels or beach resorts for tourists or visitors subject to the conditions as specified in the guidelines.
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Construction or reconstruction of dwelling units so long it is within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as existing fishing villages and goathans. Building permission for such construction or reconstruction will be subject to local town and country planning rules with overall height of construction not exceeding 9 m with two floors (ground plus one floor).
CRZ IV
The following are not allowed in this zone:
(a) No untreated sewage, effluents, ballast water, ship washes, fly ash or solid waste from all activities including from aquaculture operations shall be let off or dumped. A comprehensive plan for treatment of sewage generating from the coastal towns and cities shall be formulated within a period of one year in consultation with stakeholders including traditional coastal communities, traditional fisherfolk and implemented; (b) Pollution from oil and gas exploration and drilling, mining, boat house and shipping; (c) There shall be no restriction on the traditional fishing and allied activities undertaken by local communities.
As most of the area fall under CRZ, the activities and construction are already controlled. Care has to be taken to ensure that the heritage bye-laws are not contradictory to the CRZ regulations.
4.2. Land Use
The land use has been assessed on the basis of existing land use, building use, activity pattern and proposed land use in development plan. The existing land use was marked during the reconnaissance survey conducted by the research team.
4.2.1. Existing Land Use and Building Use
The study area primarily is made up of residential blocks with mixed commercial use along the streets. This indicates the trend of commercialization in response to the large number of visitors that the temple receives. Parts of these areas are traditional markets with residences above and behind the building. Many other small temples and shrines are present near the Dwarkadhish temple and along the Gomti Ghat.
Because of high religious tourism activity the study area has many dharamshalas and hotels especially in the area between the sea and the temple.
The only open space in the city is the sea edge comprising of Gomti Ghat, stretch along the river being developed as parking, and the stretch along the sea near Samudranarayan temple being developed as public space. These are the only areas of recreation in the study area.
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Map 11 Existing land use in 2012 as per field visit
The mixed use market character is less towards the south east. This portion has maximum number of Dhramshalas.
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Map 12 Existing Building Use as per Field Visit
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Figure 34 Building Use in the Front Edge of Temple Complex
Figure 35 Market Street
Religious use, mixed commercial use and residential use is most prevalent in the study area. This shows the influence of Dwarkadhish temple complex in our precinct. The mixed commercial use has come up as response to the high tourist inflow in the study area.
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Activity Pattern
Activity Spatial Response/ Public Domain Religious Activity Dwarka is considered to be holy city of Many other small shrines and temples are Lord Krishna. present.
Being a place of pilgrim, the area receives Tourist facilities like parking, vehicles for hire, huge number of visitors. lodging hotels, toilets etc. are prevalent in the area. Holy dip in the waters of Gomti River is Gomti Ghats comprising of steps are taken before or after going into the temple. constructed for this purpose.
Commercial activity Owing to high tourism shops selling temple All the main streets in the study area are articles have come up near the temple commercialized with small shops. complex.
The economy of the area is driven by Numerous hotels and dharamshalas to house tourism. the tourists.
Residential Activity As per history, the land near the temple The internal portions of the area are dominated was gifted to the Brahmins who conducted by residential units. puja in the temple. The community still resides here and is involved in the functioning of the temple.
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Many old residences are present in the area with typical character of enclosing a courtyard. The newer residential structures are insensitive to the existing built character. Recreational activity Being densely built there is not much The Gomti Ghat is used as recreational space recreational space for the tourists as well by the tourists. as locals inside the city. The Sea edge to the west of the temple complex is also being developed as recreational space.
According to the existing land use from the draft development plan as provided by the Dwarka municipality, the land use around the temple complex is shown residential with commercial use only along the streets. Huge portion of the municipality area is waste land. This includes the island of Panchkui opposite to the Gomti Ghats and the further extent of Gomti Ghats that are now being developed.
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Map 13 Existing Land Use as Received from Dwarka Municipality
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4.2.2. Proposed Land Use as per Proposed Development Plan
The proposed development plan – 2018 of Dwarka has been prepared by the Town Planning and Valuation Department, Govt. of Gujarat. In the development plan the shops adjoining the residential lanes in the study area have been changed to residential. This would lead to loss of traditional mixed use market character that exists now. The Panchkui site and other waste land are shown to be reserved for open recreational spaces (Dwarka Municipality, 2012).
Map 14 Proposed Land Use in Development Plan of Dwarka
As per the land use study, sensitive development of open space is important as it has religious value and is the only open recreational space for the local residents. Mixed commercial use on all streets shows the trend of commercialization because of tourism activity. However, upcoming dharamshalas and hotels would have very different requirements from the existing residential fabric. This would create strain on the existing municipal infrastructure and parking etc.
4.2.3. Assessment of Land Use Issue Action Lack of open space. Open spaces being Guidelines for sensitive development of developed as parking and recreational area. open spaces. No mixed use along the street in development Ground realities to be considered for plan which is unrealistic. drafting bye-laws. Haphazard growth as there was no Now it is submitted development guidelines. No reservations in land use for utilities like Recommendations for infrastructure electric transformers, MSW container bins etc provisions. resulting into usage of roads for the purpose. Mushrooming of hotels, guesthouse and Provision for parking, solid waste dharamshalas adding to the strain on existing management and other infrastructure. municipal infrastructure.
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4.3. Circulation
Circulation pattern of the area has also been studied to determine the quality of approach to the monument.
The circulation pattern in the study area has been discussed with respect to linkage of monument through roads, circulation in the study area, approach roads and pedestrian- vehicular movement.
4.3.1. Circulation in the Study Area
National Highway (NH51) is the main access road to Dwarka and runs from inside the city though away from the regulated area. The city bus stand is also located on this road. Five roads from different locations on the highway lead to the Monument.
Figure 36 Dwarkadhish Temple seen from the Highway
The Circulation pattern is indicated in the following map.
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Map 15 Circulation around the Study Area of Dwarkadhish Temple Complex
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4.3.2. Approach Road to the Monument
The main approach roads to the Dwarkadhish Temple complex come from the north and the east. Most of these roads are not wide enough for heavy vehicles like busses. Hence the roads leading to the temple complex in the prohibited area are dominantly pedestrian. There are two dedicated parking lots, one for the temple complex and one for the sea edge near Samudranarayan temple. But there is lack of parking space in the rest of the study area because of which there is on-street parking by local residents and tourists staying overnight. This tremendously reduces the road width and adds to the congestion on streets.
The new road that links the monument with national highway from south east side is an attempt to get the visitors directly to the temple complex without entering the city. This would lead to lesser traffic in the study area.
The Dwarkadhish Temple is seen from a far distance because of its massive scale. It is clearly the most dominant structure in the city.
Figure 37 Dwarkadhish Temple as seen from one of the Approach Road
The main approach roads are indicated in the following map.
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Map 16 Approach Roads to the Dwarkadhish Temple Complex
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Figure 38 Views of some roads in the Study Area
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Figure 39 Views of Squares near the Temple Complex
The approach roads near the temple complex are narrow and littered due to high number of visitors. No open drains are observed in the study area. Electricity transformers are erected along the road. Cable wires run along the road.
The monument in spite of its height is not visible from the immediate surrounding and approach road because of the narrow width of the road.
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4.3.3. Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement in the study Area
The narrow width of the immediate access road of the monument and the high pedestrian movement make the road completely inaccessible for vehicles. The residential lanes are also very narrow where vehicles cannot go. The vehicular and pedestrian roads are indicated in the map below.
Map 17 Pedestrian and Vehicular Access to Dwarkadhish Temple Complex
Because of the high tourism activity and relatively smaller size of the city, even the roads indicated as vehicular see a lot of pedestrian movement.
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4.3.4. Assessment of Circulation
Issue Action
Auto stands and on-street parking on narrow Dedicated auto stand in the prohibited area. roads further reduces the carriage way.
4.4. Built Form Characteristics
The architecture and built characteristics of the surrounding of a monument determine the built quality. The built characteristics have been studied in terms of open-built relationship, building height, heritage value, architectural elements and visual quality.
4.4.1. Open Built Relationship
There are approximately 1500 building units in the study area.Open space is approximately 2.6% of the study area (excluding the river and the island and the roads). Roads cover 8.8% of the area (excluding the river and the island from the total area). The rest 88.6 % area is covered by buildings. The gross FSI that is consumed is 0.7 in the study area (excluding the river and island from the total area).
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Map 18 Figure Ground
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4.4.2. Building Height The Dwarkadhish Temple is the tallest structure in the study area. There is high variation of building heights among other buildings in the study area. Most of the structures are G+1 and above. The maximum height of the building in the study area is G+4 (12 to 15 m).
Map 19 Existing Building Heights as per Field Visit
Newer structures that are coming up are of more than G+3 floors. If this trend continues, it will affect the visibility of the temple and also strain the municipal infrastructure.
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4.4.3. Built Characteristics Many of the structures in the study area belong to a pre-independence era from the times of Gaekwad rule. They still have the typical architectural style having enclosed courtyard, arched gateway, and underground rain water harvesting tank. Structures of heritage value are indicated in the map.
Map 20 Structures of Heritage Value based on Field Visit
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Figure 40 Structures of Heritage Value in the Study Area
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Most of these heritage structures are in a dilapidated state because of lack of maintenance and renovation. Roofs of many structures have collapsed.
Figure 41 Roofless structure in front of Dwarkadhish Temple
Figure 42 A Roofless structure in the Study Area
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A kund outside the regulated area called the Kaklash Kund is linked through rituals with the Dwarkadhish Temple. The kund is not under protection and is cladded with stone. The original carvings can be seen in parts which are left out of claddings.
Figure 43 Kaklash Kund
This kund having architectural and cultural importance needs to be protected and revived.
The street elevation is dominated with long horizontal buildings having arched gateways on the ground floor. They are a typical character of the Dharamshalas in the study area.
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Figure 44 Gateways of Buildings in the Study Area
Figure 45 Building Character of Dharamshalas in the Study Area
The streets in the residential areas are narrow and shaded with overhangs of balconies overlooking the streets. The entrances of the buildings are directly from the road without any margin. Seating spaces (otlas) are provided on both sides of building entrance.
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Figure 46 Street Character in Residential Area
Figure 47 Street Character in Residential Area
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Figure 48 A Residences in the Study Area
Character of New Development
The newly built structures however do not follow any such language and are an example of uncontrolled growth. Small shrines are clad with ceramic tiles. The upcoming hotels and dharamshalas buildings are not sensitively designed to suite the context.
Figure 49 Temple clad with Ceramic Tiles
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Figure 50 Newly built Residential buildings
Figure 51 New Building Character and Old Buildings Razed to the Ground
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Figure 52 New Residential Apartments in the Study Area
4.4.4. Assessment of Building Characteristics
Issue Action
Buildings with heritage value in the study Guidelines for heritage listing and area not listed. renovation.
Dense built fabric with insufficient open Regulation on ground coverage. space.
Newly built tall buildings barring the view of Building height regulations. the temple.
Projections and installations on roof leading Regulation of roof projections like dish TV, to incoherent skyline. water tank etc.
Insensitive façade treatment and building Façade control regulations elements. • Roof • Parapet wall • Balcony and projections design • Colour • Building height • Building material
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4.5. Visual Characteristics
The visual characteristics have been analyzed in terms of visibility of monument, skyline and visual quality.
4.5.1. Visibility of monument
The temple is visible from the roof tops of buildings in the study area. It is not visible from the street because of the narrow roads. Tall mobile towers hinder the view of the temple.
Figure 53 Sections Showing the Huge Scale of the Temple and its Visibility
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Figure 54 Views of Dwarkadhish Temple from the Study Area (roof top)
Figure 55 Cell phone Towers Hinder the View to the Dwarkadhish Temple
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Figure 56 View of Gomti Ghat from the Shikhara of Dwarkadhish Temple
Figure 57 Built Fabric of the Study Area as seen from Temple Top
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4.5.2. Skyline Temple shikharas and flags dominate the skyline. The topograpgy of the area also plays a role in forming the skyline characteristics giving it the slope. Cell phone towers and water tanks are also dominant above the general height of the built forms. The varient roof character is also evident in the skyline.
Figure 58 Skyline of the Study Area
Figure 59 Dwarkadhish Temple Visible among Other Structures in the Study Area
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4.5.3. Visual Quality
Hoardings, signage, festival decorations, temporary sheds projecting on streets, electric wires and cable etc. along with the building façade and characteristics govern the visual quality of the study area.
Being a city of religious character, the temple and the whole city has elaborate decorations during festivals. This includes lighting, hanging toran across streets etc. After the festival is over some of the decorations like toran hinder the visual character and add to the visual clutter.
Figure 60 Market Street
Hoardings projecting above the roof tops disturb the skyline. The location and placement of hoardings are crucial for visual quality.
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Figure 61 Advertisement of Gujarat Tourism on the Compound Wall of Temple
Figure 62 Bank ATM at the Entrance Court of Dwarkadhish Temple
As the temple is of great height it has good visibility from far away. Because of the dense fabric in the study area, the temple is not visible from the ground. The skyline is dominated by the temple flags and shikharas of the many temples. Improper location and design of hoardings also hamper the visual character.
4.5.4. Simulations for understanding the visual impact of development
In order to understand the impact of uncontrolled development or with no-intervention scenario, it is best to formulate 3 dimensional/ photographic simulations. Also, based on the visualized impact, effectiveness of corrective actions can also be assessed using photographic simulations as a tool.
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These simulations have been done in three stages:
Stage 1 The current situation (no-intervention scenario) Stage 2 High Rise building construction around the monument (based on prevalent development trend in the surroundings) Stage 3 Height of building controlled and painted white (as a corrective measure/ proposed intervention to unify the study area and retain the focus on the temple)
Two key view/ skylines have been simulated to understand the impacts in the above stages.
Simulation 1: View of temple from across the river
The view shows the impact of development on the visibility of Dwarkadhish Temple from across the Gomti River.
Figure 63 Key Map for Simulation-1
Because of the enormous height of Dwarkadhish Temple and the topography, the Shikhara of the temple and the mandapa can be seen from far away distance. In the current view, the temple is the most dominant feature of the skyline and is the focus of the view. Structures of varied character at close proximity of the temple hamper this focal character.
If high rise buildings and other structures come up in the surrounding of the temple complex then the continuum of the skyline will be lost. The visibility of the temple will be gravely affected as the all structures will block the view. Portions from where the temple would be visible, it will not have the visual focus in the presence of tall structures in the surroundings.
Hence, the building heights need to be restricted to a certain level to maintain the visibility of the monument.
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Figure 64 Simulation - 1: View of Dwarkadhish Temple from across Gomti River
Colour coding of buildings in the study area would unify the prohibited and regulated areas. This would also enhance the visual focus of the stone Shikhara of Dwarkadhish Temple and other structures of heritage and architectural prominence.
Simulation – 2: View of Dwarkadhish temple from the City
This simulation shows the impact of development on the visibility of the temple from the city.
Figure 65 Key Map for Simulation - 2
The prevailing building height in the city is 9 to 12 m which is far less than that of the Dwarkadhish Temple. As visible now, the temple is three times the height of the surrounding buildings and hence is dominant over the entire city.
This dominance of the temple would be lost if high rise buildings come up in the surroundings of the temple complex. The visibility of the temple from the city will also be hampered.
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Figure 66 Simulation - 2: View of Dwarkadhish Temple from the City
To maintain the dominance of the temple over the city, the building heights need to be restricted. Other infrastructure facilities like mobile towers etc which hinder the visual quality of the temple also need to be controlled.
Unifying the area with colour code would enhance the visual prominence of the temple in the city.
4.5.5. Assessment of Visual Quality
Issue Action
Projections on streets reduce road width. Regulation on allowable projections. Temporary constructions encroaching Guidelines for temporary structures. road and open spaces. Improper location, size and design of Guidelines for proper hoarding design and hoardings. location. Cable and electric wires along the road. Provision for laying underground infrastructure. Cell phone towers are visual hindrance. No cell phone towers in the prohibited area.
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4.6. Infrastructure
Infrastructure plays a key role in defining the character of the place. Water supply, sanitation, sewerage, solid waste management, electric supply and other amenities are crucial.
Water Supply
The city of Dwarka receives piped water supply provided by the municipality. Dwarka has a reservation of 3.07 MLD of water from Sani Dam. The alternate source of water from Narmada is under implementation. There are two ESRs from where water is distributed in the city. Both are located outside the study area.
There are 15 bore wells in the city of which one is in our study area. However, the water from the bore is not fit for drinking.
Sewerage and Sanitation
There is no underground sewerage network in the city. Currently the buildings have soak pits or septic tanks. The sludge is emptied by municipality and dumped at a site away from the city but close to Rukmini temple. The budget for laying underground sewer lines is approved by GUDM. The preparation of plans is under process.
There are six public toilets in the study area. However their maintenance is poor. There is only 70 % toilet coverage in the city of Dwarka.
Figure 67 Public Toilets
Solid Waste Management
The solid waste generated in the study area is approximately 7 tonnes per day. The solid waste generated on a festival day is much more than a general day. There is door to door collection of solid waste provided by municipality. Five secondary collection points are provided in the study area which is collected on a daily basis.
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Figure 68 Secondary Collection Point
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Map 21 Location of Secondary Collection Points and Public Toilets as per Field Visit
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4.7. Administration
Shree Dwarkadhish Mandir is a registered trust, registered under Bombay Public Trust, wide registration no. A-31, Jamnagar. The sole trusty of this trust as of now is the government of Gujarat. It is administered under general administration department, Govt. of Gujarat, Gandhinagar. The Government has setup a committee to look after the daily affairs, rituals and seva pooja, in addition to developmental task for the Jagat Mandir and its surroundings (dwarkadhish.org, 2008). District Collector of Jamnagar becomes the president of the Samiti and a special class II officer of the cadre of Mamlatdar becomes administrator. Additionally there are representatives of public, Shankrachary, pujari families and representative from local civic body appointed by the Government. Shri Parimalbhai Nathwani, executive from Reliance Petroleum Limited is the vice president of the Samiti. Generally, the duration of the Samiti is for three years.
The Charity Commissioner, Devasthan Samiti, and the Pujari shares the revenue generated as Bhet from the Golakh in proposition of 2:15:83 (dwarkadhish.org, 2008).
Other institutions involved are the Gujarat Tourism Department and the Coastal Zone Management Authority.
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5. Heritage Bye-laws
5.1. Rationale for Redefining the Prohibited and Regulated Areas and Sub Zones
The exact delineation of the prohibited and regulated zone should be done through a total station survey and photographic documentation.
In most of the study area the coastal regulations and the local GDCR would apply along with the heritage bye-laws.
Further, sub-zones are identified for areas with special features. These subzones are indicated in the subsequent map. The reasons behind identifying the sub zones are listed in the following table. S. No. Sub Zone Reason for Sub Zone Visuals 1 Gomti Historic and cultural value Ghats
Figure 69 Gomti Ghat 2 Kaklash Archeological, cultural and Kund heritage value
Figure 70 Kaklash Kund 3 Panchkui Unique natural feature Island (fresh water springs), Religious importance
Figure 71 Panchkui Island
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Additional regulations and recommendations are given for the sub-zones.
Map 22 Sub Zones
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5.2. Regulations for Sub Zones
5.2.1. Sub Zone 1: Gomti Ghat
Regulations of CRZ II would apply to this sub zone. As the subzone is on the water front side of the existing road, no construction would be permitted.
Repair and renovation of the existing structures should be in accordance with the heritage bye-laws of prohibited area.
No new commercial/ residential / industrial activities would be permitted in this zone.
Recommendations to ASI
Detail documentation of structures/ buildings existing along the ghats like the Smudranarayan temple which has historic and architectural value should be done and brought under protection.
Recommendations for ULB
The zone should be reserved for recreational/ public activities.
Special guidelines should be formed for this zone in Heritage Management Plan to be prepared. In its absence, the development should be sensitive to the historic, architectural, archeological and religious characteristics.
The applicable costal regulations should be incorporated in the GDCR.
5.2.2. Sub Zone 2: Kaklash Kund
This zone does not fall under coastal regulation and is out-side the regulated area.
Recommendations for ASI
Heritage bye-laws for prohibited area should apply to the plots adjoining the Kaklash Kund.
Detail documentation of the Kund and temple complex adjoining the Kund should be done and brought under protection. Its historic and cultural significance should also be documented.
It is advised that the recent changes made to the Kund like cladding and painting should be removed and the original Kund should be restored.
Recommendations for ULB
It is advised that heritage listing and documentation of buildings of the heritage importance should be done.
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5.2.3. Sub Zone 3: Panchkui Island
Regulations of CRZ III apply to this zone. In addition, the island is reserved for recreational activities in the draft development plan. The constructions required for recreational activities should adhere to the heritage bye-laws. No construction for commercial activities like hotels or other institutions would be permitted.
Recommendations to ULB
The development of the island should be in accordance with the landscape and other guidelines to be provided in the Heritage Management Plan. In its absence, the development should be sensitive to the sanctity of the place.
5.3. Heritage Bye-laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones
The heritage bye-laws and recommendations for the prohibited and the regulated areas are provided in this section.
According to the zones delineated, bye-laws for each zone have been categorized as follows:
• Individual building level elements • Building level utilities • Public areas, infrastructure and other general elements
Bye-laws have been drafted for category I and II into three types of development activity namely: • New construction of buildings • Expansions/ modifications of existing buildings • Repair/ renovation of existing buildings
These categories are defined in the following table.
Term Definition Construction Means any erection of a structure or a building, horizontally, but does not include any re-construction, repair and renovation of an existing structure or building, or construction, maintenance and cleansing of drains and drainage works and of public latrines, urinals and similar conveniences, or, the construction and maintenance of works meant for providing supply of water for public, or the construction and maintenance , extension, management for supply and distribution of electricity to the public or provision for similar facilities for public New Means erection of a structure from scratch/beginning where no existing Construction of building envelope occupies the site; construction shall including erection of Buildings at least plinth, walls and roof. Expansion/ Means expanding or modifying an existing structure by modifying the outer modification of envelope of the building without removing any independent existing existing structure completely to re-erect a different building envelope. building
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Term Definition Repair/ Means retaining the outer building envelope completely and making renovation of changes in the interior layout only. This may also include addition or existing removal (partial or full) of internal partition walls, roof sections, projections, building materials, colour, fittings, etc. within the same building envelope.
For each parameter the bye-laws are divided into following levels:
• Heritage bye-laws for protected area : individual buildings and public areas • Heritage bye-laws for protected area : individual buildings and public areas
The fourteen parameters as per the second schedule of ‘Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains (Framing of Heritage Bye-laws and other functions of the Competent Authority) Rules, 2011’ are:
1) Architectural, Historic and Archaeological Value of Monument 2) Sensitivity of the Monument (Development Pressure) 3) Visibility from the Protected Monument or Area and Visibility from Regulated Area 4) Land-use 5) Archaeological Heritage Remains other than Protected Monument 6) Cultural Landscape 7) Natural Landscape 8) Usage of Open Space and Constructions 9) Traditional, Historical and Cultural Activities 10) Skyline as Visible from the Monument and from Regulated Areas 11) Vernacular Architecture 12) Development Plan as Available from Local Authorities 13) Building Related Parameters 14) Visitor Facilities, Amenities
The bye-law category to which the particular parameter is applicable is indicated in the extreme left column.
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5.3.1 Heritage Bye-laws for Prohibited Zone for Individual Buildings and Utilities Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Building Level Elements Amalgamation/ sub- Clause-13.6 Allowed only Allowed subject Allowed subject to Amalgamation to be regulated to avoid 2, 4,12 division of plots for to a maximum a maximum size of high traffic generating large buildings Permission from amalgamation size of 250 sqm 250 sqm for such as cinema theatres, shopping Development for creation/ for construction. construction. No malls, vehicle service stations, etc. Authority expansion of No restriction for restriction for However, bye-laws shall allow creation parks/ amalgamation for amalgamation for of large parks, gardens, playground gardens. Sub- creation/ creation/ and other open spaces for public use divisions expansion of expansion of with no restrictions on the maximum allowed as parks/ gardens. parks/ gardens. size of the amalgamated plot. per GDCR. Sub-divisions Sub-divisions allowed as per allowed as per GDCR. GDCR. Balconies, Clause-12.7.2 Not As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 overhangs, chajjas applicable Balconies not permitted where road width is less than 7.5m, width/projection is vary from 0.75 to 1.2 m for 7.5m to 12 m wide road
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Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Basement/ cellar Clause-12.7.6 Not allowed Not allowed As per GDCR Being a summer palace hosting the 1,13 Basement not rulers for around 3 to 4 months a year, permitted in it is believed that a large convoy was 1.00m margin housed in and around the complex. from all side plot Hence, there are possibilities of of and below archaeological remains in the vicinity road /street .Not of the protected zone and excavation more than 50% may be detrimental to any future of area of ground archaeological expeditions floor Bathroom/ toilet Clause-18 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR Basic services such as water, 13 At least one of sanitation, electricity, etc. should be the wall not less provided in a manner which is than 1 m and sensitive to heritage precincts. minimum area is not less than 1.8 m in case of combine toilet and bathroom. Building colour - White, off- White, off-white White, off-white Unified colour for the study area. 3, 13 white For buildings and structures of heritage importance (notification to be done by ULB) original colours as documented in historic/ archeological documents or colours of natural material used in original construction such as stone, mud lime and other types shall be allowed. Built-up area Clause-12.7.7 Not As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 Maximum up to applicable 80% of the area of plot.
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Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Building material Tested as per Brick, plaster, Brick, plaster, Brick, plaster, Aluminum claddings, glass, metal & 3, 13 (walls) national building stone, lime stone, lime stone, lime similar finishing on the exterior of the code building in the recent past is destroying the original character of the study area. Traditional materials have been popularly used in this part of the city in the past and shall be retained. Chimney (kitchen) - Not Blend with Blend with building Many restaurants/ eateries are coming 3, 10, 13 applicable building facade facade up in the study area including the use of coal and wood leading to smoke and possible damage to the monument. Chimneys need to be provided in a sensitive manner so as not to disturb the character of the study area. Compound wall, Clause 17.1 Opaque Opaque Opaque Traditionally, houses had otlas or 3, 13 gate and railing Road side: compound compound wall compound wall verandahs as interactive spaces which Compound wall wall allowed allowed upto 1.2 allowed upto 1.2 are now being replaced by opaque shall not upto 1.2 m m from ground m from ground boundary walls. Visual perforation of exceeding 1.5 m. from ground the boundary wall is required to in height from improve interaction between the street the crown of the and the houses. road On the other side : The maximum height Shall be 1.8mts. Gate must open inside of the plot
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Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Courtyard - Not 10% additional 10% additional Typical house form of the region 11, 13 applicable FSI for open to FSI for open to included a private courtyard which over sky courtyard sky courtyard from the years is diminishing. In order to from ground ground upwards of revive the courtyard house typology, upwards of at at least 3m by 3m incentive by additional FSI can be least 3m by 3m size provided. size
Verandah - Not An otla of An otla of Traditionally, houses had otlas or 3, 11, 13 applicable minimum width of minimum width of verandahs as interactive spaces and 1.2 m within the 1.2 m within the should be encouraged to improve interaction between the street and the plot shall be plot shall be houses. provided for plot provided for plot sizes of more sizes of more than than 100 sq m. 100 sq m.
Fenestration design Clause-12.7.3 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 13 Window shutter must open inside of room Foundation In accordance Not allowed Not allowed As per GDCR 13 with national building code
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 99
Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two margin/ setback Clause- As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 13 12.5,12.6 Setback from road side: Vary from 0.75m for up to 4.50 m for wide road 3m to18m or more wide road Margin: Vary from 1.50 to 2.00m for 12m or more wide road FSI Clause-12.7.4 Not Shall be frozen at Shall be frozen at Average FSI consumption is 1.3 while 2, 13 Maximum applicable. 1.8 or FSI already 1.8 or FSI already permissible is 2.5, leaving 1.5 FSI permissible FSI Only consumed at the consumed at the unconsumed, potentially leading to is up to 2.50. construction time of time of notification new construction, reconstruction and allowed is for notification of of these bye-laws expansion of existing structures. If basic services these bye-laws. allowed, the unconsumed FSI could including Expansion add to the commercial pressure in the water, allowed only for prohibited zone. sanitation, basic services electricity, including water etc. or for supply, sanitation, security etc. cabin/ guard room.
Garage (Private) Clause -18 Not As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 Minimum 12 sq applicable m and minimum height is 2 m
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 100
Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Height of building Clause 12.7.1 Maximum 3 m As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 10, 13 Max. permissible for basic height is up to services and 13m. security cabin. Minimum size of Clause-12.3 Not As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 dwelling unit Minimum is 18 applicable sqm Parapet wall Clause -12.7.1 Not As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 10, 13 Maximum up to applicable 2.4 m Parking Clause-21 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 In case of residential development parking area is up to 15% of FSI. In case of commercial development parking area is up to 20% of FSI. Plinth Clause-17 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 Minimum plinth for basic height of 0.45m services. from ground level.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 101
Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Projections in Clause-12.7.2 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 13 margins/ setbacks Min. height of for basic projection from services. road level is 3.6 m. No permission given on the road which have lesser width than 7.5 m. Vary from 0.75 to 1.2 m for road width from 7.5 to 12m or more. Rain water Clause- 23.2 Not As per GDCR As per GDCR Allowed for delivering basic services 13 harvesting (tank, Provided in applicable such as water, sanitation, electricity, pits, etc.) building which etc. and to encourage rain water have 80 sq m harvesting. plinth area or more. Ramp Clause-22.7.1 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR Mandatory compliance with 'Persons 13 A ramp shall with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, have slope of not Protection of Rights and Full more than Participation) Act, 1995'. 1:12,Minimum width is 1.8m Roof design/ type - Not Roof design Roof design 3, 10, 13 applicable should permit should permit effectual drainage effectual drainage of the rain water of the rain water there from by there from by means of rain means of rain water pipes. water pipes.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 102
Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Roof projections Clause -12.7.1 To be painted To be painted To be painted Allowed for delivering basic services 3, 10, 13 (water tanks) Maximum height white/ off- white/ off-white. white/ off-white. such as water, sanitation, electricity, of water storage white. etc. but in a manner which is sensitive tank is 2.4 m to heritage precincts. Roof projections Clause -12.7.1 Not Allowed upto Allowed upto Access to terraces shall be allowed. 3, 10, 13 (staircase well/ Maximum height applicable maximum area of maximum area of mumties) of stair cabin is 4 sqm (non 4 sqm (non 2.4 m habitable) habitable) Roof projections (lift Clause -12.7.1 Not Allowed upto 3m Allowed upto 3m To enable lift provisions, lift-machine 3, 10, 13 machine room) Maximum height applicable from the top of from the top of the rooms shall be allowed. of lift machine the building building room is 2.4 m Septic Tank/ Soak- - Allowed Allowed within Allowed within Allowed for delivering basic services 1, 13 away pit within property as per property as per such as water, sanitation, electricity, property as national building national building etc. per national code code building code Underground water - Allowed Allowed within Allowed within Allowed for delivering basic services 1, 13 storage tank (tanka) within property as per property as per such as water, sanitation, electricity, property as national building national building etc. and to encourage rain water per national code code harvesting. building code
Building Level Utilities Air conditioning In accordance Not Allowed Allowed 13 with National applicable Building Code. Automatic fire In accordance Not As per national As per national 13 sprinkler system with National applicable building bode building code Building Code. Diesel Generator Set Not As per national As per national 13 applicable building code building code
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 103
Parameter/ As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable Elements GDCR(2008)of construction modification of renovation of Parameter of Dwarka of buildings existing building existing building Schedule Two Dish antenna Allowed on Allowed on Allowed on Dish antennas shall not cause visual 3, 10, 13 terraces/ terraces/ roofs at terraces/ roofs at a hindrance in the skyline of the study roofs at a a height below height below the area. height below the top of the top of the parapet. the top of the parapet. For For sloping/ other parapet. For sloping/ other roofs, dish sloping/ other roofs, dish antennas shall be roofs, dish antennas shall be placed below the antennas placed below the topmost part of the shall be topmost part of parapet. placed below the parapet. the topmost part of the parapet. Earthing for lightning In accordance Not As per national As per national Essential for safety of the occupants. 13 with national applicable building code building code building code. Electric shaft In accordance Not As per national As per national Allowed for delivering basic services 13 with national applicable building code building code such as water, sanitation, electricity, building code. etc. However for new construction such as security cabin/ guard room/ toilet, electric cables shall be provided without a dedicated shaft. Fire safety equipment In accordance Not As per national As per national Essential for safety of the occupants. 13 & systems with national applicable building code building code building code.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 104
5.3.2 Heritage Bye-laws for Prohibited Zone for Public Areas, Infrastructure and Other General Elements Parameter/ Element Bye-Law Rationale Applicable Parameter of Schedule Two Hoardings (advertisement Not allowed Not allowed to preserve visual quality of the monument. 14 boards) Signage As per GDCR (Clause 30) 14 Bore well (Public and Private) Not allowed There are possibilities of archaeological remains and bore well 1, 14 digging may be detrimental for the same. Culverts Allowed 14 Electric transformer Not allowed Not allowed as they might hinder the visibility of the monument. 3, 14 Erection of temporary kiosk/ Allowed with permission Due to large scale social, cultural and religious activities, 6, 9, 14 pandal temporary kiosks are essential and hence shall be allowed. Excavation (public facilities) Allowed with permission Allowed for delivering basic services such as water, sanitation, 1, 14 electricity, etc. Fire hydrants in public places Allowed with permission Essential for safety of the public. 14 Footpath Allowed with permission Basic need for mobility and crucial for safety of the public. 2, 14 Fuel stations and service Not allowed Fuels stations and service stations generate large volume of 2, 14 stations traffic and hence should not be allowed. Gas pipeline Allowed with permission only Allowed for delivering basic services such as water, sanitation, 14 for distribution network. electricity, etc. HT line Not allowed HT Lines can be re-aligned to avoid passing through the study 3, 14 area. HT lines are undesirable visually. Landscape As per Heritage Management 14 Plan (to be prepared) LT line Only underground with Allowed for delivering basic services such as water, sanitation, 3, 14 permission electricity, etc. Mining, quarrying and kiln Not allowed Mining, quarrying and kilns generate large volume of traffic and 1, 14 may be detrimental to environmentally sensitive areas and may damage archaeological remains in the region. Mobile network tower Not allowed Mobile network towers are undesirable visually in the study area 3, 10, 14 and the existing ones shall be relocated. Public Parking Surface parking allowed as Underground parking structure would involve excavation 2, 14 per Heritage Management potentially harmful for archaeological remains in the study area. Plan (to be prepared) New multi-storied parking structures shall not be allowed as that would involve construction activity.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 105
Parameter/ Element Bye-Law Rationale Applicable Parameter of Schedule Two Public toilet Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such as water, sanitation, 14 electricity, etc. Secondary Collection Point Not allowed Door to door MSW collection shall be implemented as soon as 14 (MSW) possible and need for secondary collection points shall be removed. Space for vending Allowed as per Heritage For provision of facilities for residents and visitors to the area, a 6, 9, 14 Management Plan (to be heritage management plan shall be prepared with provisions for prepared) vending, street furniture, parking, toilets, lighting, information display, interpretation centres, etc.
Street furniture Allowed as per Heritage For provision of facilities for residents and visitors to the area, a 14 Management Plan (to be heritage management plan shall be prepared with provisions for prepared) vending, street furniture, parking, toilets, lighting, information display, interpretation centres, etc. Street light Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such as water, sanitation, 14 electricity, etc. Telecom/ Cable TV line Allowed underground Allowed for delivering basic services such as water, sanitation, 3, 14 electricity, etc.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 106
5.3.3. Heritage Bye-laws for Regulated Zone for Individual Buildings and Utilities Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Building Level Elements Amalgamation/ sub- Clause-13.6 Allowed Allowed Allowed Amalgamation to be regulated to avoid high 2, 4,12 division of plots Permission from subject to a subject to a subject to a traffic generating large buildings such as Development maximum maximum maximum cinema theatres, shopping malls, vehicle Authority size of 250 sq size of 250 sq size of 250 sq service stations, etc. However, bye-laws m for m for m for shall allow creation of large parks, gardens, construction. construction. construction. playground and other open spaces for No restriction No restriction No restriction public use with no restrictions on the for for for maximum size of the amalgamated plot. amalgamation amalgamation amalgamation for creation/ for creation/ for creation/ expansion of expansion of expansion of parks/ parks/ parks/ gardens. Sub- gardens. Sub- gardens. Sub- divisions divisions divisions allowed as allowed as allowed as per GDCR. per GDCR. per GDCR. Balconies, overhangs, Clause-12.7.2 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 chajjas Balconies not permitted where road width is less than 7.5m, width/projection is vary from 0.75 to 1.2 m for 7.5m to 12 m wide road
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 107
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Basement/ cellar Clause-12.7.6 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 1,13 Basement not permitted in 1.00m margin from all side plot of and below road /street .Not more than 50% of area of ground floor Bathroom/ toilet Clause-18 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR Basic services such as water, sanitation, 13 At least one of electricity, etc. should be provided in a the wall not less manner which is sensitive to heritage than 1 m and precincts. minimum area is not less than 1.8 m in case of combine toilet and bathroom. Building colour - White, off- White, off- White, off- 3, 13 white white white For buildings and structures of heritage importance (notification to be done by ULB) original colours as documented in historic/ archeological documents or colours of natural material used in original construction such as stone, mud lime and other types shall be allowed. Built-up area Clause-12.7.7 Not As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 Maximum up to applicable 80% of the area of plot.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 108
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Building material Tested as per Brick, plaster, Brick, plaster, Brick, plaster, Aluminum claddings, glass, metal & similar 3, 13 (walls) NBC-national stone, lime stone, lime stone, lime finishing on the exterior of the building in the building code recent past is destroying the original character of the study area. Traditional materials have been popularly used in this part of the city in the past and shall be retained.
Chimney (kitchen) As per national Blend with Blend with Blend with Many restaurants/ eateries are coming up in 3, 10, 13 building code building building building the study area including the use of coal and facade facade facade wood leading to smoke and possible damage to the monument. Chimneys need to be provided in a sensitive manner so as not to disturb the character of the study area.
Compound wall, gate Clause 17.1 Opaque Opaque Opaque Traditionally, houses had otlas or verandahs 3, 13 and railing compound compound compound as interactive spaces which are now being Road side: wall allowed wall allowed wall allowed replaced by opaque boundary walls. Visual Compound wall upto 1.2 m upto 1.2 m upto 1.2 m perforation of the boundary wall is required shall not from ground; from ground; from ground; to improve interaction between the street exceeding 1.5 grill/ railing grill/ railing grill/ railing and the houses. m. in height upto 1 m upto 1 m upto 1 m from the crown height from height from height from of the road the top of the the top of the the top of the On the other compound compound compound side : The wall wall wall maximum height Shall be 1.8mts. Gate must open inside of the plot
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 109
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Courtyard 10% 10% 10% Typical house form of the region included a 11, 13 additional FSI additional FSI additional FSI private courtyard which over the years is for open to for open to for open to diminishing. In order to revive the courtyard sky courtyard sky courtyard sky courtyard house typology, incentive by addition FSI from ground from ground from ground can be provided. upwards of upwards of upwards of atleast 3m by atleast 3m by atleast 3m by 3m size 3m size 3m size
Verandah - An otla of An otla of An otla of Traditionally, houses had otlas or verandahs 3, 11, 13 minimum minimum minimum as interactive spaces and should be width of 1.2 m width of 1.2 m width of 1.2 m encouraged to improve interaction between the street and the houses. within the plot within the plot within the plot shall be shall be shall be provided for provided for provided for plot sizes of plot sizes of plot sizes of more than more than more than 100 sq m. 100 sq m. 100 sq m.
Fenestration design Clause-12.7.3 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 13 Window shutter must open inside of room Foundation In accordance As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 with national building code
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 110
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Margin/ setback Clause-12.5, As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 13 12.6
Setback from road side: Vary from 0.75m for up to 4.50 m for wide road 3m to18m or more wide road Margin: Vary from 1.50 to 2.00m for 12m or more wide road FSI Clause -12.7.4 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR Average FSI consumption is approximately 2, 13 Maximum 0.8 while permissible is 2.5, leaving about 2 permissible FSI FSI unconsumed. There is no pressing is up to 2.50 need to reduce or freeze the FSI. Garage (Private) Clause-18 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 Minimum 12 sq m and minimum height is 2 m Height of building Clause-12.7.1 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 10, 13 Max. permissible height is up to 13m Minimum size of Clause-12.3 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 dwelling unit Minimum is 18 sq m
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 111
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Parapet wall Clause-12.7.1 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 10, 13 Maximum up to 2.4 m Parking Clause-21 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 In case of residential development parking area is up to 15% of FSI. In case of commercial development parking area is up to 20% of FSI. Plinth Clause-17 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 13 Minimum plinth height of 0.45m from ground level.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 112
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Projections in Clause-12.7.2 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR 3, 13 margins/ setbacks Min. height of projection from road level is 3.6 m. No permission given on the roads which have lesser width than 7.5 m. Vary from 0.75 to 1.2 m for road width from 7.5 to 12m or more Rain water harvesting Clause-23.2 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR Allowed for delivering basic services such 13 (tank, pits, etc.) Provided in as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. and to building which encourage rain water harvesting. have 80 sq m plinth area or more. Ramp Clause-22.7.1 As per GDCR As per GDCR As per GDCR Mandatory compliance with 'Persons with 13 A ramp shall Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection have slope of of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995'. not more than 1:12,Minimum width is 1.8m
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 113
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Roof design/ type - Roof design Roof design Roof design 3, 10, 13 should permit should permit should permit effectual effectual effectual drainage of drainage of drainage of the rain water the rain water the rain water there from by there from by there from by means of rain means of rain means of rain water pipes. water pipes. water pipes.
Roof projections Clause-12.7.1 To be painted To be painted To be painted Allowed for delivering basic services such 3, 10, 13 (water tanks) Maximum white/ off- white/ off- white/ off- as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. but in a height of water white. white. white. manner which is sensitive to heritage storage tank is precincts. 2.4 m Roof projections Clause-12.7.1 Allowed upto Allowed upto Allowed upto Access to terraces shall be allowed. 3, 10, 13 (staircase well) Maximum 3m from the 3m from the 3m from the height of stair top of the top of the top of the cabin is 2.4 m building building building Roof projections (lift Clause-12.7.1 Allowed upto Allowed upto Allowed upto To enable lift provisions, lift-machine rooms 3, 10, 13 machine room) Maximum 3m from the 3m from the 3m from the shall be allowed. height of lift top of the top of the top of the machine room building building building is 2.4 m Septic Tank/ Soak- Allowed Allowed Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such 1, 13 away pit within within within as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. property as property as property as per national per national per national building code building code building code Underground water Allowed Allowed Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such 1, 13 storage tank (tanka) within within within as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. and to property as property as property as encourage rain water harvesting. per national per national per national building code building code building code
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 114
Parameter/ Element As per New Expansion/ Repair/ Rationale Applicable GDCR(2008) of construction modification renovation Parameter of Dwarka of buildings of existing of existing Schedule Two building building Building Level Utilities Air conditioning In accordance Allowed Allowed Allowed 13 with National Building Code. Automatic fire In accordance As per as per As per as per As per as per 13 sprinkler system with National National National National Building Code. Building Code Building Code Building Code Diesel Generator Set As per as per As per as per As per as per 13 National National National Building Code Building Code Building Code Dish antenna Allowed on Allowed on Allowed on Dish antennas shall not cause visual 3, 10, 13 terraces/ terraces/ terraces/ hindrance in the skyline of the study area. roofs at a roofs at a roofs at a height below height below height below the top of the the top of the the top of the parapet. For parapet. For parapet. For sloping/ other sloping/ other sloping/ other roofs, dish roofs, dish roofs, dish antennas antennas antennas shall be shall be shall be placed below placed below placed below the topmost the topmost the topmost part of the part of the part of the parapet. parapet. parapet. Earthing for lightning In accordance As per as per As per as per As per as per Essential for safety of the occupants. 13 with National National National National Building Code. Building Code Building Code Building Code Electric shaft In accordance As per as per As per as per As per as per Allowed for delivering basic services such 13 with National National National National as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. Building Code. Building Code Building Code Building Code Fire safety equipment In accordance As per as per As per as per As per as per Essential for safety of the occupants. 13 & systems with National National National National Building Code. Building Code Building Code Building Code
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 115
5.3.4. Heritage Bye-laws for Regulated Zone for Public Areas, Infrastructure and Other General Elements Parameter/ Element Bye-Law Rationale Applicable Parameter of Schedule Two Hoardings (advertisement Not allowed Not allowed to preserve visual quality of the 14 boards) monument. Signage As per GDCR 14 (clause 30) Bore well Allowed 1, 14 Culverts Allowed 14 Electric transformer Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such as 3, 14 water, sanitation, electricity, etc. Erection of temporary kiosk/ Allowed with Due to large scale social, cultural and 6, 9, 14 pandal permission religious activities, temporary kiosks are essential and hence shall be allowed. Excavation (public facilities) Allowed with Allowed for delivering basic services such as 1, 14 permission water, sanitation, electricity, etc. Fire hydrants in public places Allowed with Essential for safety of the public. 14 permission Footpath Allowed with Basic need for mobility and crucial for safety 2, 14 permission of the public. Fuel stations and service As per GDCR Fuels stations and service stations generate 2, 14 stations large volume of traffic and hence should not be allowed. Gas pipeline Allowed with Allowed for delivering basic services such as 14 permission only for water, sanitation, electricity, etc. distribution network HT line Not allowed HT Lines can be re-aligned to avoid passing 3, 14 through the study area. HT lines are undesirable visually. Landscape As per GDCR 14 LT line Only underground Allowed for delivering basic services such as 3, 14 with permission water, sanitation, electricity, etc. Mining, quarrying and kiln Not allowed Mining, quarrying and kilns generate large 1, 14 volume of traffic and may be detrimental to environmentally sensitive areas.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 116
Parameter/ Element Bye-Law Rationale Applicable Parameter of Schedule Two Mobile network tower Not allowed Mobile network towers are undesirable 3, 10, 14 visually in the study area and the existing ones shall be relocated. Public Parking Allowed 2, 14 Public toilet Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such as 14 water, sanitation, electricity, etc. Secondary Collection Point Not allowed Door to door MSW collection shall be 14 (MSW) implemented as soon as possible and need for secondary collection points shall be removed. Space for vending Allowed as per For provision of facilities for residents and 6, 9, 14 Heritage visitors to the area, a heritage management Management Plan plan shall be prepared with provisions for (to be prepared) vending, street furniture, parking, toilets, lighting, information display, interpretation centres, etc. Street furniture Allowed as per For provision of facilities for residents and 14 Heritage visitors to the area, a heritage management Management Plan plan shall be prepared with provisions for (to be prepared) vending, street furniture, parking, toilets, lighting, information display, interpretation centres, etc. Street light Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such as 14 water, sanitation, electricity, etc. Telecom/ Cable TV line Allowed Allowed for delivering basic services such as 3, 14 underground water, sanitation, electricity, etc.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 117
5.4. Recommendations for Prohibited and Regulated Zones
The recommendations for ASI and ULB are given in this section for archeological assets and heritage value, land-use, circulation, cultural landscape and natural landscape.
5.4.1. Recommendation for Archeological Assets and Heritage Value
Recommendations for ASI
• Presence of marine archaeological reserves has been established at the mouth of the Gomti River. Hence, in order to preserve the same o It is suggested that studies be undertaken to identify potential sites for underground and marine archaeological excavations. Based on this identification, bye-laws can be amended to protect these sites and enable archaeological expeditions. • It is also suggested that studies be undertaken to regulate land reclamation to minimize its impact on marine archaeological remains. Currently land reclamation is being done along the coast of Dwarka city. • Coastal mining has been observed and it is recommended to prohibit it to preserve the archaeologically sensitive waterfront in and around the city. • Dwarka city boasts of rich architectural heritage and distinct architectural styles. Currently, only Dwarkadhish Group of Temples and Rukmani Temple is listed by ASI. A detailed documentation and listing of buildings with architectural/ cultural/ historic prominence be undertaken and duly notified as protected. • In the vicinity of the complex, many buildings of architectural/ cultural/ historical relevance have been observed which are not protected. It is recommended that detailed documentation and listing of such buildings be undertaken and duly notified as protected.
Recommendations for ULB
• Religious as well as architectural significance of the Gomti Ghats, public squares and ceremonial streets has been established. It is recommended that urban design schemes be prepared to conserve the same. • It is recommended that Heritage Management Plan be prepared for making provisions such as parking, public toilets, drinking water, changing rooms, bathing facilities, etc. • It is also recommended that a Site Management Plan (on appropriate guidelines prepared by ASI, UNESCO or other relevant institutions) be prepared for the temple complex. • Any solid waste disposal and untreated liquid discharge shall be strictly controlled in the sea and/or Gomti River. • It is advised that appropriate action be taken against encroachments around the unprotected monuments. • It is advised to do appropriate landscaping around the unprotected monument to be done as per heritage management plan (to be prepared).
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 118
5.4.2. Recommendation for Land-use
Recommendations for ULB
• It is advised that appropriate provisions be made in the Development Plan to ensure adequate open space, space for utilities such as electric transformers, etc. • It is also suggested that the mixed use character of market be retained in the development plan. • Likewise, preparation of detailed plans for provision of municipal services including solid waste management, street lighting, footpaths, etc. is recommended. • Provisions in the development plan should be made for the mixed use character.
5.4.3. Recommendations for Circulation
Recommendations for ULB • Development of auto/ taxi stands is suggested in and around the study area. • It is advised that pedestrian facilities such as footpaths be provided as per the proposed Heritage Management Plan and Site Management Plan. • A detailed study is also recommended or traffic management plan including perennial/ seasonal/ timed pedestrianisation of internal streets.
5.4.4. Recommendations for Cultural Landscape
Recommendations for ASI
• Installations of decorations like lightings and hoardings need to be monitored to preserve the monument from damage the monument. • Imposition of fine for vandalism should be implemented.
Recommendations for ULB
• Decorations should comply with the decoration guidelines to be provided in the heritage management plan. • Crowd control as per heritage management plan should be undertaken
5.4.5. Recommendations for Natural Landscape
Recommendations for ASI The regulations for sub zone 1 (Gomti Ghat) and zone 3 (Panchkui island) should be followed.
Recommendations to ULB
• Disaster Management Plan shall be prepared for the city with due consideration towards guidelines by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, Coastal Regulation Zone Rules and other applicable guidelines.
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 119
• It is recommended that a detailed landscape/ greening plan be prepared for environmental improvements in the city. • Coastal regulations should be followed for the development of water front. • The water front development should by in accordance with the guidelines to be provided in the Heritage Management Plan that is to be prepared.
The discharge of untreated sewage, solid waste dumping etc in the sea or river should not be allowed
INTACH GUJARAT Heritage Bye-Laws for Prohibited and Regulated Zones of Dwarkadhish Group of Temples, Dwarka, Gujarat 120
6. Implementation process
6.1. Pre- notification Process
It is recommended that the following steps should be followed for notification:
• Complete Documentation of existing situation of all buildings and open spaces, vegetation, water bodies should be done (including photographic, historic and spatial documentation). • Ground delineation of the prohibited and regulated zones as recommended in this report through total station survey, tallying land records and ground verification. • Legal vetting of bye-laws, its notification and positioning it in the statute – Development Control Regulations. • Notification, public consultation and dissemination of the heritage bye-laws to the owners/ occupants of notified properties.
6.2. Application Procedure to be followed Post Notification
Current Application Procedure for Permission from ASI
• Application for grant of permission to competent authority • Competent Authority within 15 days of receipt of application shall forward the same to NMA for intimation of impact of such construction having regard to the heritage bye-laws. • NMA within two months from the date of receipt of application, intimate the competent authority impact of construction. • The competent authority shall, within one month of the receipt of intimation from NMA shall grant the permission or refuse the same as recommended by NMA. • In case of refusal, after giving opportunity to the concerned person, competent authority should intimate in written to the applicant, central government and the authority within three months from the date of receipt of the application. • During the construction, if the competent authority finds the work having adverse impact on the preservation of monument, it may refer the same to NMA and if so recommended, would withdraw he permission. • All permission granted shall be exhibited on the website of Central Government or Director-General. (Ministry of Law and Justice, 2010)
Current Application Procedure for Permission for Construction Activity
For building construction activity a citizen has to acquire NOC/ clearance from all applicable departments/ authorities like ASI, fire authority, airport authority, NA form collector office etc. Along with these NOC certificates, citizen has to apply to the municipality who might consult with urban development authority for final NOC. This NOC certificate from municipality has to be produced to the water supply board, electricity board and others for connection to basic services. The overall application procedure that is followed is explained in the following chart.
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Figure 72 Application procedure followed prior to construction
After completion of construction, a similar procedure is followed to acquire occupancy certificate where the completed structure is checked by representative from different authorities including Municipality.
Proposed Application Procedure
To facilitate better compliance by citizens and authorities an application procedure is proposed. Instead of a citizen acquiring NOC from multiple agencies, the same can be facilitated by the urban local body (Municipality). Once an application is received by the ULB from a citizen for any construction activity, the ULB should check with the various requirements/ regulations/ bye-laws and forward to the respective authorities if required. Hence, the ULB would become the competent authority for all the other authorities like ASI, fire authority etc. As this procedure would by simpler for the citizens, it would lead to better conformity with various regulations. The proposed application procedure is explained in the following diagram.
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Figure 73 Proposed Application Procedure for Construction Activity
6.3. Exemptions
The following works shall follow the heritage bye-laws but are exempted from application procedure for the same in the prohibited and regulated zones. However, other applicable rules, laws, bye-laws, etc. such as for CRZ, forests, defense, civil aviation and likewise, would be applicable and due application procedure for the same shall be undertaken.
Internal o Repair/ renovation/ replacement of internal walls, flooring, ceiling including painting o Repair/ renovation/ replacement of internal doors and windows
External o Repair of external doors and windows (replacement in case of heritage listed structure would require permission) o Repair/ renovation of part of roof without changing its form o External painting of building which are not listed as heritage in accordance with heritage bye-laws
Connections & installations o New electric connection or repair of existing connection o New water supply connection or repair of existing connection o Sewerage connection or repair of existing connection o Roof installation of antenna/ direct-to-home (DTH) antennas adhering to heritage bye- laws o Excavation for soak pit/ septic tank in accordance with heritage bye-laws
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Others o Construction/ renovation of compound wall in accordance with heritage bye-laws o Repair of existing roads, footpaths etc o Repair of existing infrastructure
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References
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A.s. Gaur, S. S. (2005). Ancient Dwarka: Study Based on Recent Underwater Archeological Investigations. Migration and Diffusion Volume 6, issue no 21 , pp. 56-77.
Archeological Survey of India. (n.d.). The Dwarkadhish Temple. Dwarka, Gujarat, India: ASI.
Dwarka Municipality. (2012, July). Dwarka data collection. Dwarka, Gujarat, India. dwarkadhish.org. (2008). Administration . Retrieved July 24, 2012, from www.dwarkadhish.org: http://www.dwarkadhish.org/renovation-maitainance-fund.aspx
Dwarkadhish.org. (2008). important-celebrations.aspx. Retrieved July 26, 2012, from www.dwarkadhish.org: http://www.dwarkadhish.org/important-celebrations.aspx dwarkadish-temple.html. (2012). Retrieved July 25, 2012, from http://www.indianmirror.com: http://www.indianmirror.com/temples/dwarkadish-temple.html
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Joshi, S. (1992). 1860-1940 Baroda - Urban Transformation & Renewal- A City's attempt at Revitalization. Thesis . Ahmedabad, gujarat, India: CEPT.
MacDonald, D. M. (2003). Development of Sustainable Tourism in Gujarat. New Delhi: GOI, Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
Ministry of Environment and Forests. (2011, January 6). Coastal Zone Regulation. Gazette of India.
Ministry of Law and Justice. (2010, March 30). Ancient Monument Archeological Site and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010. New Delhi, India: Gazette of India.
Pathan, B. (2008, october 24). Suspension bridge to Dwarka gets ASI nod. Gandhinagar, Gijarat, India: Expressindia.
Pushkarbhai Gokani, S. D. (1973). Dwarka Sarvasangrah. Gujarat Itihas Parishad XI conference. Dwarka: Gujarat Itihas Parishad Swagat Samiti.
Rameshwar, P. K. (2012, August 17). Discussion on Dwarkadhich temple complex and suroundings. Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
S.R.Rao. (1999). The Lost City of Dvaraka. New Delhi, Gujarat, India: Aditya Prakashan.
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