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A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, 'CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
Vol. LVI.--No. 2�.] MAY 28, [NEW SERlE•. ] ,NEW YORK, 1887. [$3.00 ptr Yw.
NEWARK BAY DRAW BRIDGE. the new one in place in the same way. This plan, track circle eight feet in diameter. Placed concentri The Central Railroad of New Jersey crosses Newark although. economical.and expeditious, was abandoned, cally with its circle is a large gear, meshing with which Bay upon a trestle nearly two miles long. Near the owing to the difficulty that would have arisen had the is a pinion on a vertical shaft carrying at its upper end second gear, in engagement with which is a pinion, eastern end of the trestle is a draw span which; after center pier and abutments been found to be out of a having performed its duty for many years,ahd b�en' level,and a temporary side track and single opening to the shaft of which the crank is applied for operating re-enforced to enable it 'to accommodate hea'vierloads, draw were built. The location of these is clearly of the draw. When opened, this bridge rests parallel is now being replaced by one more in keeping with shown in the accompanying engravings, in which it with the eastern abutment of the permanent draw. modern practice, and better proportioned to carry the will be seen that the side track, carried upon piles, is The new draw, of which we present a side elevation heaviest engines now built. and to provide for any extended sufficiently far from the main line to permit and cross section, will be 217 feet between centers of increase that may take place in the future. The old the erection of the new draw upon its center pier. end piers, and 28 feet center to center of trusses. It will draw was moved by hand, a couple of men turning a The two upper engravings show the small tempor be noticed that the bridge consists practically of twlo crank connected with a simple system of gearing. The ary draw in both its closed and opened positions. This independent spans, having inclined end posts and opening and closing of the bridge was consequently a united by a center panel resting upon the pier. The draw has ,a totaljlength of 97%; feet, and it is so pivoted very slow operation, and sel'iously delayed the traffic that its short arm is 80U and its long arm 67� feet. inner ends of t.hebottom chords abut against the bot of the road. The new draw will be provided with the The differencein the weight of the two 'arins is counter tom member of the center panel, and which is pro most improved machinery, placed in an overhead en balanced by pig iron placed at the extremity of the portioned to resist the compression thus brought upon gine room at the center of the span, and powerful short arm. The draw is composed -bf four girders, it when the free ends of the bridge are unsupported. enough to quickly move the bridge under all circum latticed in pairs and united to form a box six feet deep The inner end of each of the top chords is united to stances. and six feet from center to center of girders. The the top of the center panel by four bars five inches The first proposed method of doing the work was to wide by 1% inch thick. These bars support the weight draw turns upon four wheels 20 inches in diameter, raise the old draw upon floats and remove it, putting arranged at equal distances apart and rolling upon a (Continued on page 340.)
Temporary lfempi.rarYDrawClosed. View of Old Draw, �howjtig SideTuck. Draw Open.
]fEW DRAW BRIDGE OVER lfEWARX BAY 01' THEN. J. CENTRAL R.R.
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. THE PROTECTION OF SHADE TREES AGAINST INSECTS. may be employed, but "London purple," a residue For many years the destructive effect of insects upon from the manufacture of coal tar dyes, is recommended $ritatifi! �mttitan. the shade trees in our city parks and in some parts of as less liable to burn the leaves than either of the the country has been very marked. While an absolute others. It also is easier to suspend in water than is Paris ESTABLISHED 1845. destruction of the tree is rarely brought about, yet green, settling out more slowly therefrom, and owing MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. in many cases it is so completely denuded of foliage to its color, poisoned trees can be distinguished from in the course of a season that it loses all its beauty and those not treated-a matter of some importance. From PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT utility. Of the ordinary trees, the elm is perhaps as one·quarter to three·quarters of a pound is enough for No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. badly attacked as any. Certain species are particularly a barrel (40 gallons) of water. With it should be mixed affected by insects, and it has now become a question three quarts of cheap or damaged flour. This makes O. D. E. BE CH. MUNN. A. A of widespread interest how to deal with them. New the poison adhere, and prevents it from burning .the Haven, famous for its elms, has suffered a great deal. leaves. For young and delicate trees, not over half a TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AllIElnCAN. Various means have been adopted to protect the trees. pound to the barrel of water should be used. If Paris
...... Annular troughs filled with coal One copy, one year, postag-eincluded ...... 83 00 tar or straw ropes green is employed, as much as one pound may be mixed .. . , ...... , 1 :>0 One copy, six months, postage included coated with the same have been placed around the with the barrel of water. Clubs.-one extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied trunks near the lower branches, in order to intercept A good spraying nozzle, several of which are de gratis fur every club of five subscribers at $3.00 each; additional copies at Bame proportionate rate. Posta�e prepaid. the march of the destroyers. Sometimes lime is scat- scribed in Professor Riley's monograph, is mounted Remit by postal or express monel'order. Address tered around the roots, 01' the" trunk is scraped and on a rod and connected by a hose with a pump in
MUNN & CO., 001 Broadw"y, corner of Franklin Street, New York. whitewashed. These remedies have proved of value, 'the barrel. The mixture is constantly agitated, and but are far from complete. pumped up through the nozzle over the leaves the Tile Scientific American SlIPl,lement of Recently the attention of the U. S. Bureau of Ento- trees. On the large scale the water may be carried in Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT is issued weekly. Every number contains octavo pages. uniform in size mology has been called to the condition of the trees in a special watering cart, and may be applied by three SCIENTIFIC AMEIUCAN. 16 SUPPLEMENT, with Terms of subscription for the park and capitol grounds in Washington. This or four men to the trees on each side of a street 01' a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, cents. Sold by allt5.00 newsdealers throughout the country. lU brought forcibly before them the fact that a problem avenue. On the smaller scalA a pail may be used to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPI.EMENT of much importance was to be dealt with, because the carry it about from tree to tree, and one of the well (: ...nbined ltates.-'l'he and will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of seven doZlan. Both trees of other Eastern regions)llanifestly were exposed known hand pumps will answer to distribute it. The papers to one address or differentaddresses as desired. to the same influences that were so destructive to those form of the nozzle and proper stirring of the powder in The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, express money order, or registered letter. in 'Washington. Accordingly, the chief entomologist, the water are the important points in the process. Prof. C. V. Riley, devoted considerable attention to The operator should also remember that he is dealing Addre"s MUNN & CO., 001 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. the causes of the trouble, the natural history of the with a deadly poison, and take every means to keep it Scientific American Export Edition. destructive insects, and to the most effectual way of from his person. A circular disk of leather should The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is" large and splendid peri udical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred dealing with them. The results are embodied in a surround the pole near its top, to intercept any water large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.) 1\1ostof the plates pamphlet issued by the U. S. Department of Agricul- running down it. A calm day should be selected, and andpag-esof the four preoeding weekly issues of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI ture.* In it the subject is treated in an admirable due regard paid to any wind, in order that the spray CAN. with its splendid engravings and valuable information Com mercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements of leadingj (2.) houses. manner, and the pamphlet should be in the library of may not be blown away from the trees, and upon the every one interested in forestry and arboriculture. men applying it. 1.'erms for Export Edition. 15.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of the IF world. Sinllle copies,50 cents. Manufacturers and others who desire Four kinds of insects are accredited with most of the .. , • , .. to secure foreign trade may have large and handsomely displayed an E EN nouncements published in this edition at a very moderate cost. InJury. Their popular names are the elm leaf beetle, PR S T CONDITION OF SHIPPING AND SAILORS. 'l'heSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition has a large gnariLnteed cir the white-marked tussock moth, the bag worm, and the Those who think our ocean freight ought to go in culation in commercial places throughout the world. Address MUNN fall web worm. The importation of the English spar- native ships may find no lack of evidence just now to "CO., Broadway.911 corner of Franklin Street. New York. 361 row it was hoped would lead to the destruction of many prove how undesirable is the deep-sea carrying trade. of the tree insects, but the most injurious insects have A great fleet of ships lies idle at the London and 7 NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MAY 28, 188 . not been attacked by the birds. It is rather to be feared Liverpool docks and along the Clyde; and those afloat that the sparrow in driving away our native birds has engaged only in freighting which, during the past favored the increase of the insects formerly devoured twelvemonth, have brought their owners more than2� Content •• by the latter. per cent are said, on good authority, to be the ex- (Illustrated articlee are marked with an asterisk.) Various methods, as already alluded to, have been ception rather than the rule. Commander Chadwick, " Animal poke" ...... " ...... 389 Inveu",wn wanted ...... •...... 887 suggested for dealing with them. The elm leaf beetle of the navy, in an interesting article recently printed, t ts Items of interest, many. ..•.... 341 ...... � t=��� . ��.. . 842 1.adislas Adolphe Gaitl'e. . ... 340 50 ����.���� �:. �� .. (Oaleruca xanthomelana) may int.ercepted on their says that English ship ild ng fell off per cent in Autographs of the electriC spark*:l45 Liquids, momentum 0...... 339 be b� � Beeswax, s pecitlcgravity 01"... • •. 340 l.lOCk,combination , improved· .. . 3;j6 travels up and down the tree trunk by some adhe- 1884 from the tonnage tumed out in the preceding year, ...... Belllte .. . . ." ... 341 Motor, water •...... 339 ...... Black bees of Tasmania and Mustiness. to prevent . .. RU sive girdle or trough_ Sheets Inay be placed under the and decreased another 50 per cent in 1885. For sev ...... their medicinal honey . . 337 Notes8od queries . . . .. 347 'BoUers,rotary. management of. 311 Our lock Improved· ...... 3.'Ji! branches, and the larvre and adults shaken into them eral years there has been a tendency to build sailing Booksand publications. new•.... Printer's chase. improved"'...... M1 . 3423;� Bridge. draw, Newark Bay•.. il36, S40 Roadroller. steam. improved ... by jarring the branches. The larvre descend the tree vessels, and at the present time it is the construction ...... jack . ... BrOl�ze,an Hcid·proof . . . 339 Rounding for hat brims" ;l36 BJ'Otherhood of Locomotive ShippitlJl and sailors, present trunk when they are fully grown, and, on reach- of such craft which alone suffices to maintain English Firemen .••...•....•....••....•. 3.'17 condition of...... 386 Business and personal...... Sunshine. power of ...... � . ... . 3t7 'relephonediaphragm,vibrations . 3(3 ing the ground, establish themselves near the tree and tonnage above the declining scale. The chances of ...... of ...... 34.� develop into pupre. In the two weeks of larval life be- doing a profitable business in ocean freights are, it �!���g�r�:: ����;:eJl�?�·.:::::...... � . . Correspondence"" . . .. . oH Telephone litigation, patent les- ...... Cow, two.neaded"' . . . . 34-:) sons from the . . . . . , 844 tween the egg and pupa stages, they do their destruc· seems, better among the sailing than the steam Electric spark, autoA'raphsof· ... Telescopes, grea ...,l imit of avail a- .. 316 ...... tive work. This habit suggests one treatment. It is fleet, because, during that part of the year when there Electricity. static. experiments 341 ble power of ...... 344 . . . }4'ertilizerdropper, etc.* "" .... 339 Trees. shade, protection of, ...... to build low boxes around the base of the tree. These is not enough freighting to go around, there is no �'Iuatatiou...... 34! against insects ...... 336 ...... •...... Grant relics. the . . .. . 3.17 Varnish re8ins 340 ...... may be a foot or eighteen inches in height, with their such loss on a sailing vessel when tied up as on a Inventions, engineering . 346 Worms, cotton, myriadsof . 341 ...... Inventions, index of . . 347 Worms. shower of ...... 3<11 bottom edges sunk in the earth and the area within steamer; and even during the best lIIonths the coal Inventiop.s, miscellaneous ...... 346 them cemented. The larvre will accumulate in this bill which a steamer runs up when afloat makes a big
space, and will change into pupre. While thus con- hole in such profits as can be made with the rates TABLE OF CONTENTS OF fined, they can be killed with scalding hot water. that have ruled during recent years. As a palliative ef the evil, much may be done by a It is, however, when we consider the means employed SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT proper selection of trees. Thus the native American in the average freighter to keep down running expenses elm (Ulmus Ame1'icana) is practically free from the and to meet the fierce competition now obtaining that N'o. 696. ravages of the beetle. But the question is one of pres- the carrying trade.-eems least desirable. The ships ent importance, and the trees, as now standing, must are undermanned, the crews underfed, overworked, and k For tile 'Vee Endinc May 28, 188'2'. be dealt with. underpaid. Steam winches are used for hoisting the
10 The web worm is, .perhaps, of equal or greater injury sails of the fore and aft sailing ships, and when they give Price cents. For sale by aU newsdealers. PAGE than the elm leaf beetle. Its webs on the branches of out, both watches llluSt be called. Indeed, it is mual BO'l' NY.-The Relation of Tabasheer to Minerai Substance - r. TheA composition of thi� curious secretion of the bambuo.-AnaJy-•. wild cherry trees are most disagreeably familiar to in stormy weather to keep all hands on deck, because 8es and properties of the material, according to various observers. dwellers on Long Island. But. they are nearly om- there are not enough men in a watch to lllan the -Its appearance under the microscope.-l illustration ...... 9509 nivorous. Over a hundred species of trees and shrubs tacks and sheets, and to work the ship. This constant II. CHEMIS'l'RY.-Apparatus for Drying Inour.-An apparatus for ...... 9502 determinio� the mOisture in tlour.-lillustration ...... attacked by them have been catalogued. They are exposure, with no rest, will break down the best crew, III. EI,ECTRICI'l'Y.-Automatic CommutILtor for Incandescent I.tamps.-Anapparatus for lighting automatically a Dew lamp to re- easily disposed of when nested in their webs by burn- and when, besides this extra call upon their energies, pillceone that has failed.-l illustration ...... 9li04 Definitions and Designations in Electro-Technics.-Mr.. . Jamie. iog. A convenient form of torch has been described by the food served is bad or insufficient, illness invariably son's proposed code of electric symbols-literal and graphic.-4. il- Major Key, agent of the Humane Society of Wash- ensues. We'had a striking illustration of this quite lustrations...... •...... " ...... •. ... 95Q4. 1 . r r ington. recently, when the British merchant ship Albania ar- V r!��tl ��i�II� i�.�ff;'af���r��: !��:p���t:.� 11Ii�!� tr �
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 337
" lime-juicer" and the "tramp" steamer. When an- pressions be cpnfirmed, bowever,the practical question coal; and where ,1hep�uct of the mine ill wet, and other Plimsoll shall appear, and the welfare of sailors at once comes up as to the extent to which commerce water has. to,�e used ,op .the screens toeffect a.sepam be as carefully looked after as the "load line," then can supply UR with the genuine wild honey of Tas- tion of the dirt from the coal,it is the best alld ,most perhaps the fisherman and the"beach comber" will mania,and it is much to be feared that, in case of any economical appliance that can be employed. But the be induced to ship. Until then we are likely to let considerable demand, we shall witness a repetition of greater part of the (loal going to market comes from foreigners carry our ocean freights, for the rather good what took place in connection with the supply of Chian dry mines,wbere it would be a detriment to the quality. reason that they seem willing to carry them cheaper turpentine and, more recently, that of alveloz-the of the coal, and a great expense,to nse water. than we can afford to carry them ourselves. substitution of products more or less adulterated,if not "The waste water from .the jig is also expensive to - 4 • I • wholly factitious. It would be interesting to know to take care of, as in most localities it is no longer allowa- Eucalyptus The Blaek Bees of"Tasmania and their m:edlclnal what particular species of the genus the ble to let it run,with the fine dirt it holds in solution. Honey. gigantic trees found by M. Guilmeth belong. Per- into the nearest creek, as the sediment will carry a long In a recent communication to the Paris Academie de haps the active principles of the tree may yet be distance, and invariably deposits itself where it will Medecine, which is published in the" Progres Medical" m�de available without the intervention of the Apis do the most harm, and entail a heavy suit for dam- 16, for April Dr. Thomas-Caraman, of Forges-Ies-Eaux, nigra melliftca.-N. Y. Med. JOU1·. ages. Enough tanks have therefore to be provided to reported upon a matter which must be regarde.d as • , • , .. allow all the waste water .to thorougJ;lly settle, so that among the most notable of the therapeutic novelties of Brotherhood of" Loeomotlve FIremen. the water and culm can Qe removed separately. Water the day, being nothing less than the discovery of a Some of the lodges of the thirty thousand locomotive itself, or rather the Pure article, is both scarce and sort of honey possessing in a. remarkable degree the firemen held a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York expeusive during a part of each year throughout medicinal properties of the Eucalyptus globulus or o( City, on Sunday afternoon, May 15. Addresses were nearly the whole regi()ll. some species of Eucalyptus. made by Mayor Hewitt, Chas. A. Dana, and others. "And if mine water is used, as is generally the case, It seems that, about three years ago, adistinguished Mr. Chauncey M. Depew, introduced as president of the acid contained in it att,a.cks the iron work of the jig French naturalist, M. Guilmeth, who was traveling in the New York Central, was received with enthusiastic and makes frequent repairs'llecessary. Tasmania, came suddenly upon a grove of gigantic and prolonged applause, renewed again and again. "The principle the jig works on is based on the dif- eucalyptus trees, from 260 to 390 feet high, and with a I He said in substance: ference in specific gravity betwelln coal and slate. The trunk so large at the base that it took forty of his " I have been led to believe that the fireman is the two enter the bottom of the jig together, and by the Kanackas, joining hands,to reach around one of them. most popular of all the employes in the railroad ser- pulsations of a large plunger in an adjoining com High in these lofty trees he discovered what he at first vice. Out of every hJmdred applications I get for po- partment, ;water is forced up through the coal,lifting took to be enormous galls, but which he soon as- sitions,ninety are for ' fire.' If I get off at a way IIta- it, and allo;wing a fresh supply to come in. The coal certai'ned were the dwelling places of swarms of small, tion anywhere, the farmers' boys who want work all ask is forced to the top and runs off with the water, while black, wild bees, of a variety before unknown to him. for never anything else but' fire.' The American boy the slate, owing to its greater specific gravity, passes Dr. Thomas-Caraman proposes for this bee the pro- wants excitement, work. and opportunity to rise; and out through a separate opening in the bottom. visional name of Apis nigra mellifica. Besides being when he sees the train hurrying across the meadow, "Now what is needed., and what I b�pe some mem black and smaller than the ordinary honey bee, this the fireman before .the open door of the furnace, glow- ber of this club will devise, ,\S a dry jtg, in which this wild bee has its languet rather more developed than ing like a demon in the red glare, is to him a type of separation will be effected by the: use of air instead of that of the domestic bee. M. Guilmeth attempted, un- progress. He knows it is exciting, he knows it is hard water. successfully, to domesticate it in Tasmania. He caused work, but isn't afraid of it, and he knows there is pro- .. One of the difficulties encountered in getting up some of thel;ie immense trees to be felled, and secured motion when the time comes and he is worthy of it. such a jig is caused by the care with which coal has to the honey. The largest individual store of honey (Applause.) be handled to prevent its chipping or breaking. It weighed aR much as 11,000 pounds avoirdupois. .. I believe in organizations like yours, and I like cannot be dropped on to iron or wire or to itself with- The honey is described as a thick, homogeneous, your motto, • Protection, charity, industry, and so- out producing an appreciable percenta.ge of waste. somewhat. transparent, sirupy liquid, of a deep orange briety.' The two best anti-poverty medicines in the With the most approved rolls, the loss in rebreaking 10 15 color; having an odor suggestive at once of its con- world are industry and sobl iety,and the two best anti- any size to a smaller one amounts to from to per taining eucalyptus priuciples; very soluble in water, poverty societies in the world are the Brotherhood of cent. in milk, and in wine,but much less soluble in alcohol; Locomotive Engineers and the Brotherhood of Loco- "While the difference in specific gravity between and very difficult of fermentation. Its specific gravity motive Firemen. (Tremendous applause.) They have coal and slate of the same sized pieces is very great, is 1'44, and it rotates the polarized ray 22°. In round already abolished poverty so far as they are con- still trouble would be experienced in any separation by numbers 1,000 parts cont.ain 611 of invert sugar (mostly cerned. an air current with fiat piece!. of both slate and coal, levulose), 2 of ash, 215 of water, and 171 of active " We hear a great deal nowadays about the bloated on which the action of the air would vary according to principles, including eucalyptol, eucalyptene, terpene, capitalists and monopoly. Into the New York Central whether it acted on the edge or the whole side. cymol, and odorous, resinous, and coloring matters. Railroad a few capitalists put their millions, the farm- "The mall who invents �jluccessful dry jig that will' $409 Its taste is described as very pleasant. Administered ers put their few thousands,and the widows their stand the test of actual ,tri� will undoubtedly make to dogs, to the amount of from two ounces and a or $1,000. And this is the • grasping monopoly. ' It is a very handsome thing by it. ' ' half to five ounces a day, its slows the heart's action, a co-operative society for rupning a railroad,and you "Not to be t oo cumbersome,a single jig should not and this effect soon becomes so pronounced as to RUg- and I are its employes. I have come down to talk to have a greater capacity than 500 tons per day; and as gest, in Dr. Thomas,Caraman's words, a struggle be· my fellow employes, and have put on my best Sunday the shipping capacity of the anthracite regionis about 200,000 tween thA pneumogastric nerve and the cardiac gan- clothes. (Laughter.) Now, this road will earn about tons per day, it would take about 400 to sup glia. At the same time the temperature falls about $34,000,000 this year. The' spouter ' hears this, and de- ply the trade. 1° C. The effects last for at least twenty-four hours, claims about its being taken out of the people and put "I shall always be most happy to furnish any in nnd include a slight tendency to sleep, but without into the pockets of the capitalist. But out of it comes formation or give any assistance in my power to any any symptom of toxic depression. As the result of $12,000,000 for wages-you and I get that; $8,000,000 one desiring to work oIithis matter." experiments on himself and on one of his friends, Dr. for taxes, and $10,500,000 for repairs,mostly for labor, _ 4 • , ,," Thomas-Caraman states that,on taking a tablespoon- leaving thing over $3,000,000 for dividends. So some The Grant Belles. fnl of the honey in a little tepid water or milk, after that the bloated capitalist pays out $31,000,000 for labor The Grant relics,which have been for several months a few minutes one perceives a gentle,agreeable warmth and bloats on $3,000,000. None of 'em have burst yet, safely guarded in one of the private rooms of the Na take possession of the whole person. At the end of I beli,eve." (Laughter.) tional Museum, are iiow on public exhibition. Re half an hour, the elimination of the active principles Other addresses were made by Mr. .J . .J. Hannahan, cently, two handsome plush lined cases, ·filled, with by the air passages having begun, the voice becomes the Vice Grand Master, and E. V. Debs, the Gra:ld articles from the collection, were placed in the north clearer and the breath perfumed; the lungs feel more Secretary and Treasurer of the Brotherhood. . i: hall of the museum, n1a.r the main entrance. They elastic, more supple. Having continued the use of the 4 I • I • , contained the presentation swords, gold headed canes, honey for a week, four tablespoonfuls 'daily, the An Invention Wantec't. ;" caskets, medallion8, and many other costly and ele author, who speaks of himself as respectably ileshy, At a recent meeting of the Engineers' Club of Phila- gant articles presented by different people at different found that he could go up two pairs of stairs, two delphia, the secretary presented,fo r Mr. Edwin Lud- times to General Grant. Many of these articles are steps at a time, without stopping to take breath or low, notes on the preparation of anthracite coal. Mr. souvenirs of his 'trip around the world. There is a feeling at all blown. At the sallle time there was Ludlow says: splendid collention of .Japanese coins, one series of slight diuresis with an increase of urea, and the urine "I desire to call the attention of the members of seven pieces, old .Japanese gold coins of huge ize, had a decided odor suggestive of that of the Acacia this club. and especially those who are mechanical en- s be g valued at $5,000. There are also invitation cards, fa1'nesiana (the plant from which the perfume called gineers, and .have the bump of inventiveness well de- in menu cards,and reminders of entertainments given in .. new mown hay" is made). veloped, to one,of the greatest needs now met with in his honor,engrossed ,on gold plates. One' invitation Besidell his observations of the physiological action the preparation of anthracite coal. While engineering card to a masked ball given at San Francisco upon of the honey, the author cites certain trials of it as ability and mechanical skill have done wonders dur- General Grant's arrival at that city, on his return from a medicine. These data lead him to consideitit a valu- ing the last decade toward putting the mining and his famous tour, is engraved on solid gold, and was in able alimllnt, an efficient and palatable substitute for preparation of coal on a scientific basis,making it pos- closed in a silver envelope,with the address engraved cod liver oil; an anticatarrhal; an agent affecting the sible to ship· as high as 2, 600 tons of prepared coal upon it. In the right hand corner is a two cent stamp heart in a manner comparable to the action of digitalis, from one breaker in a single day, still in every breaker, and in the left the usual"If not delivered in ten days but free from the inconvenient properties of that drug; no matter how modern it JIlay be, one will find the return to," etc. The articles shown, besides their his- a ef b rJ'f uge; an an t'IparaSI 't' IC spema. II yappI' lOa ble to t1 Ie chutes,through which the coal passes from the I!Icreens torical interest, are of great intrin'sie value. destruction of the micro-organisms of tubercular and to the loading pockets, lined with boys from twelve to scrofulous neoplasms, the Leptothrix vaginalis, and fourteen years of age, who sit there ten hours a day - I • I .. WE oxyurAs; arid, finally, an antiblennorrhagic, by virtue picking by hand the slate from the coal as it passes never 'can tell, says .t.he American Rail1'oad of Us being more actively eliminated by the uro-genital along. The atmosphere of this screen room is, in many (Jazette, what JlJ'gUlnents wiH have weight with some m i e de Societe tract than either copaiba or sandal oil. It is destined, cases, so laden with fine coal dust that objects cannot tW;m. The latest number of the'Jfe o r s la he thinks, to play a great part in the treatment of be distinguished twenty feet away; and while the dlaIngenieurs Civils gives a long discu�sion of the pro lar�ngeal, bronchial, pulmonary, cardiac, and scrofu- breathing of this coal dust does not seem to have any ject for a metropolitan railroad in Paris, and the most lous affections; in malarial and typhoid fevers; in immediate effect on the boys' health, it undoubtedly serious reason given for an elevated rather than an whooping'cough and influenza; and in renal, vesical, lays the seeds for the bane of the coal region-miner's underground route is that .. the people of London are and vaginal troubles. consumption. Its strikes every thol1ghtful man who very different from those of Paris. In London,for It may be said that Dr. Thomas-Caraman holds up looks. down on from one hundred to twohllOdred boys two-thirds of the year, the climate is gloomy, cold, and to our view a somewhat rose colored picture, but it working in a !'lingle breaker, t hat it is a very crude _d', @wholesolIie; l>ove as as under ground. The ' .• well must be confessed that there is no inherent i�proba- ,expensive way of preparing coal. �reets &i'e al� 801ways muddy. and these reasons, bility in the notion that,an animal organism like that .. Various appliances have, of counei'been designed, wbich make the underground way quite endurable oft�e bee may be able to elaborate the ,medicinal but the only really successful one, as proved by actual there, do not apply to Paris." Another speaker e p�qiciple.8 .of the eucalyptus in greater perfection than experience, has.been thewater iig. This undou btadly reasoned that Parisians "would rather b swallows t�l1pr�.of pharmacy can furnish them. Should his im:- removes the slate with & sm.all percentage of waste of than moles."
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [MAY 28,. 1887.
DD'ROVED OAR IJ[PROVED PRINTER'S CHASE. LOOK. the wheels striking against stop pIns. The�wheels are In this oar lock simplicity and strength are combin The top and bottom pieces of the chase, for attach turned forward against the tension of the springs to ed with lightness, and there is perfect freedom in the ment to a job press, as usual, are provided with raised present their slots to the prongs by means' of spindles handling of the oar, which will not unship in the longitudinal strips formed with slots in which the end!! passing through the front of the casing and having roughest weather. Clamped around the oar is abinged of the side pieces are movably held by staples or clips. turning heads. The forward parts of the wheels are ring, the edges of which have outwardly projecting The end strips, between which and the side pieces the formed with ratchet teeth engaged by pawls pivoted flanges. This ring is fitted to turn within another form is locked, are longitudinally slotted to receive the to the casing, which prevent the teeth from being turned hinged ring having trunnions, by which it is mounted side pieces through them. Both side and end strips are back by the springs. The amount which each wheel in the frame in the boat bracket. These two rings con formed with rows of holes to provide for their respective must be turned to bring it from its original position of stitute a fixture upon the oar, and are made as light as adjustments nearer to or farther from each other. The ;rest into position to release its bolt prong can be deter possible, consistent with the wear and strain brought corner holders, the form of which is clearly shown in mined by the audible click of the spring pawl, or an --- the upper left hand view, serve in connection with the pins passing through them and through the strips to 1 2 lock the strips to their places when adjusted. These holders also serve to couple and guide and keep parallel with each other the side and end strips. The holders have slots through them to receive the side strips, and upper and lower transverse grooves to receiye the slotted end strips, and have holes formed in them to receive the pins. One portion of each holder is cut away, so as not to protrude within the space in which the form is held. It is evident that when the pins are withdrawn, the side and end strips can be adjusted as required ; in this way the chase, which is made of steel 01' iron, can be adjusted to lock up any size or shape of form, from a single line to a square or larger form. This invention has been patented by Mr. Holiver Megorden, of Farmington, New Mexico.
...... IMPROVED OAR COUPLING. The drawhea.d in this car coupler is formed with out wardly extending side ears, as shown in the left hand inverted plan view, the' drawbar being connected BOYCE'S IMPROVED COIl1lINATION LOCK. . with the car body and with its spring in the usual TOMPKINS' IMPROVED OAR LOCK. manner.� The drawhead is also formed with a hooked ordinary index and numbered dial may be employed, if prong extending upward and toward the rear from to bear upon them in rowing. The boat bracket is se desired. the bottom of the link recess, the outer face of the cured to the gunwale, and has a downwardly project In order to again lock the bolt after being released, prong being convex, while its inner face is concave. ing tubular arm, in which the shank of a U"frame is and return the wheels to their original locking position, Back of the link recess is a vertical recess, extending held by a spring pin at its lower end. The bracket is the ratchets are movably arranged with respect to their entirely through the drawhead, a forwardly extending not necessarily a portion of the oar lock, as the shank pawls by mounting their spindles to slide lengthwise, horn being arranged at the rear of the recess. Within of the frame cali be attached to various styles of boats whereby the wheels can be pushed forward to disen the recess is mounted a swinging hook shaped as clearly in a multiplicity of ways. In the upper extremities of gl!oge their ratchets, when they will be immediately re shown in the lower view, and which is connected, by a the frame are journals to receive the trunnions of- the turned to their original position by the tension of link, with a lever arm carried by a sleeve loosely outer ring, one journal being positively inclosed at the the springs. On the spindles being released, the mountE'd upon a crossbar supported by brackets se top and provided with an inner vertical recess facili springs also serve to press back the wheels into engage to cured to the end of the car. The bar is formed with a tate the insertion of the trunnion, and the other being ment with their pawls. The positions of the stop pins bit, and the sleeve has an inside flange or feather, as can varied to change the position of rest of each open and provided with a hinl!:e cap, as shown in the he shown in the small view. Upon each end of the cross wheel and the degree of rotation necessary to present bar is a lever arm or handle. the releasing slot to the bolt prong. The stop lug on The operation of this coupler is I!S follows : A coup each wheel can also be independently adjusted. To ling link inserted in the drawhead recess rides up over further increase the difficulty of solving the combina the convex face of the hook or prong. behind which tion, the spindle of each wheel is provided with a clutch it drops above the lower point of the swinging hook, collar held by a spring in engagement with a similar the parts then being about ill the position shown in collar on the wheel. By drawing the spindle out the lower right hand view. As the link enters the op slightly it is disconnected from the wheel, and can then posite drawhead, its forward end strikes against the be variously adjusted so as to prevent one's noting hook and forces it to the position shown, and drops the motion of the setting wheel by the marks on the down behind the prong. The cars can be uncoupled turnivg head or knob . . by turning the lever arms to raise the hook, which will carry the link above thE' point. of the prong and per ROUNDING lACK FOR HAT BRIMS. mit its withdrawal. The position of the link can be The metal frame is provided with a curved breast regulated by so turning the lever arms as to carry the and formed with a central longitudin�l · passage hook downward, and thereby raise the projecting end JlEGORDEN'S T R of the link ; by turning the arms in the reverse direc IJ[PROVED PRIN E 'S OBAIE. tion, the outer end of the link can be depressed. To sUlall view. A properly arranged spring holds the cap in lock the parts against automatic coupling, the hooks itscl�sed horizontal position. Whl:!nit is desirl!obleto re are held ill an elevated position. The accidental re ceive the oar, is the cap is thrQwn back ��pst 1Jle ltr eS moval of the ,hook prevented by a pin passed sure of tbe spring, or the spring is be4f'_� . u..re, through the dra.whead behind the hook. Should the the cap. lease The oar can be readily"aDd safely ad hook or any part of the operating mechanisl:u break, justed in the frame or o removed therefrom. . This oar the coupling may be br ught · about by means of an lock relieves the ,strain of tQe oar upon the h/Ll;ld at the ordinary coupling pin, which is carried in a proper re ent,rance of the oll-r, and to a great extent upon the cess formed in the head block. As the cars provided lit.roke. It prevep.ts the oar fr9m slipping inboard and with this coupler come together, any undue strain upon .outb()ard; a,nd permits the ready and very easy accom the drawbar spring is obviated by the peculiar form .Plispment of the movement necessary for feathering. of the drawhead, the ears or shoulders of which abut invention : This has been patented .by Mr. AVred H. against the buffer block, and thus relieTe the sprhig Tompkins, of '10 Hancock Street, Brooklyn"N. Y. from any undue strain. ThiR invention has been patented by Mr. Eusebe Lalime, of Malone, N. Y . ••• IlIPROVED CODINATION LOCK. This combination lock is the inven tion of Mr. George R. Boyce, of Orange, N. J. It can be quickly St;lt to any combination desired, 'is easily locked and unlocked, and is very simple in construction. In the casing slides a HILD'S ROUNDING lACK FOR HAT BRIMS. bolt norrul!olly held .. projected by a spring, and retracte4 when released by or way for the knife stock. The frame is furnished a permanent key with spindle and with a wooden backing having a passage corre head. The bolt, in this case, is formed sponding to that in the frame, but somewhat wider, with three prongs and is locked, when so as to expose the edges of the frame, and thus projected, by its prongs striking the form guides for the knife stock. The stock is formed peripheries of three setting wheels. with side grooves to receive the edges of the frame and When retracted, the prongs enter deep with a vertical opening to receive the knife, and also radial slots in the wheels. The peri- with a screw-threaded opening to receive a rod, which pheries of the wheels are normally acts as a set screw to the knife and as an adjusting rod presented to the prongs to lock tbe for moving the stock in the groove to set the knife for bolt by coiled springs which act to turn cutting an y desired width of brim. The rod slides wheels, the position of t. he radial fre�ly in opening \\�, the an in the frame, and is held in the �C\��, Ilots with respect, to the prongs b&ing l desired position by a set screw. The upper surfl!.Ce of ...... LALID'S IMPROVED CAlI. COUPLING. by lugs projecting fr om' r . determined the frame is g aduated to facilitatethe accurate setting
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MAY 28, I887�] 3$9 MOTOR. of the stock; and in order to remove the stock, the the -fertilizer · and carry it to h t e -disch8.Tge opening WATD frame is formed with clearances in the Eldgesat one end formed through the hopper bottOm, so that no more of In this motor, which is the invention of Mr. Antoine
of the passage. Upon the wooden backing is detach- the fertilizer can escape through the opening than is Lucier, of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada., a portion of ably secured a guard plate for supporting the brim, carried to it by the aperture in the plate. To the free the water is used over and .over, with some additions shownby the dotted line in the upper view, being cut. end of the platt! is fastened a cord, which leMs to an from time to time, the parts being so arranged that the of The curved breast is provided with a flexible guard, elbow lever placed so as to be conveniently grasped power produced can be utilized in the running ma. the ends of which are adj usted by screws threaded into and operated by the hand to move the plate to drop chinery. The main inclosing case is formed with an the guard to form a curve of greater or less radiUS, the fertilizer. The plate is drawn back by a spring to upper tank having an inclined bottom, an oppositely according to the size of the hat crown. This guard is again receive the fertilizer. In using the machine, the arranged tank below the upper one, and also having formed with a centra.l lip held to the breast by a screw. land is marked with cross marks, across which the ma- a.ll inclined bottom, and a third tank at the bottom ; This invention has been patented by Mr. Michael chine is drawn at right angles. The plate carried by the latter tank having an outlet for the escape of a 321 Hild, of Diamond Street, Philadelphia, Pa. the upright bar brushes aside the lumps and crowds portion of its water, the rest being returned to the top ••• , • and pushes the soil 1:>efore it, forming a small bank, ANllIAL POKE. while the rear plate pushes the soil before it at the This poke is so arranged that, while the animal is same time and forms a larger bank. As each cross mark . free to graze, it will be impossible for it to move for- is reached, the lever is operated to drop the fertilizer, ward while its head is erect. The straps encircling the which is scattered by falling upon the horizontal bar, neck of the animal are secured to two side blocks, be· and at the sam,e time the machine is raised, causing tween which is pivoted a forwardly and downwardly ex- the front plate to pass over the soil pushed before . it tending rod. In order that the rod may project forward and causing the rear plate to carry forward the upper at a proper angle, a limit pin is arranged in coimection part of the soil pushed by it, cover the fertilizer, with it, so as to rest against forwardly extending- arlllS I and form a hill to receive the tobacco plants. As this latter plate crosses the mark the machine is lowered, bringing the horizontal plate down upon the top of the hill, marking the hill and packing the soil so that it will not fall in and fill the hole formed by the peg before the plant has been inserted. This invention has been patented by Messrs. John C. Coghill and Charles H. Unselt, of Woodville, Ky. +. . ..I. THE KOlllENTUIII OF LIQUIDS. T. O'CONOR SLOANE, PH ..D. A simple experiment, illustrative of the force of a jet of water, is illustrated in the cut ac LUCIER'S WATER 1II0TOR. companying this article. A capillary tube has SCHWALI'S ANIlIAL POKE. a bulb blown upon it at about its center. tank. Olie or more vertical tuba-s extend from the If one end of this tube is immersed in water, lower to above the water level of the top tank, and i n made integral with the blocks. The forward end of and suction is applied to the other end by means each tube is arranged an Archimedean screw. At the the rod is pointed, the point being formed by beveling of the mouth, the most natural thing to expect top of each screw shaft is a bevel gear, meshing with a
or rounding off the lower end from the rear side of the would be the filling of the bulb. But on trying the ex- similar gear on a h orizontal shaft, upon the other end of w i h is another gear a rod. When the device is arranged as show,.n in the en periment it will be found that if any considerable de- h c engaged by gear carried by graving, the animal will be held against any forward gree of suction be employed, the bulbjwill fill very slowly a vertical shaft driven by a water wheel contained in a movement while its head is erect, as the pointed end and by a specitlS of secondary action. The water will case fed by tubes leading from the iower part o f the of the rod would enter the ground ; but when grazing, be drawn up toward the top of the t nbe, and will enter upper tank. The central tan k supplies water to other the head is lowered, and the rod then assumes a more the bulb with considerable force, forming a little jet. wheels arran$ed just above the bottom tank, these nearly horizontal position, thereby raising the point This jet will enter the tube above t he bulb, and will be wheels being connected to d rive a horizontal shaft, from the ground and allowing the beveled portion of drawn npward throngh it, leaving the bulb empty ..-- A from which the power is obtained. Above the C8$ is a ,a.ml;a. lit- supply tank, fed in any suitable manner. In operati _the rod to slide along the ground. The animlll can little air will be drawn up with the W$tel", on, the water from the top s back and turn freely at all times, but cannot uiove tIe of the fluid\vfll iail to e nter the upper tube; These tank will operat-e the wheel forward nor jump fences; two causes apparently, but strictly spflaking only the connected with it, and, through the gearing, will im part a rotary motion to the screws, This invention has been patented by Mr. Francis first one, will grad ually fiB the bulb. which will raise a Schwalm, of Fort Smith, Arkansas. Instead of directly !l.spirating, the apparatus may portion of the water from the bottom to the top tank. e a t en s ...1'" better be arranged as shown in the c ut. The exhaus- Th w ter h flow from the middle tank to the other COOlNED FERTILIZER DROPPER AND HILL tion is produced within a bottle, and this receives the set of wheels, and drives the power shaft. The water FORIIER FOR TOBACCO PLANTS. water delivered -by the tube. The bottle is closed with .then runs into the lower tan k, from which a portion is The object of the invention herewith illustrated is to a tightly fitting ru bber cork. perforated for the passage
providfl combined fertilizer droppers and hill formers of both tubes. Thus arranged, the experimenter can better observe tlle effects of the exhaustion. The appearance of the smooth, cylindrical thread of water as it crosses the bulb is quite interesting. In the bottle also a jet is pro duced, but, owing to the air carried up with
the water composing it, this jet is not so
smooth and regular as the lower one. It will be noticed that the capillary tube is provided with a funnel at one end. This is for the purpose of reversing the experimeqt. The - bottle - is placed . belowt' a.nd 't ne - -soet.i.on', tube drawn up until its lower end is nearly even with the surfa.ce of the-cork. Water may now be poured into the funnel, and suction may be applied. The water forms the thread, just as before. If the supply to the funnel is kept up, the bulb remains empty, or par
tially so, for some time. Its action in gradually filling the bulb by producingexhaustion is due to the fact that the jet forms a trompe, or water air pump, similar to the Geissler mercury pump or the Bunsen water pump. Both of these are COGHILL UNSELT'S COUIDD FERTILIZER DROPPER It: used for producing vacua on a AND HILL FORMER FOR TOBACCO PLANTS. simila.r princi� pIe, air being carried away by a moving for tobacco plants, construct.ed in such a way that the column of water, with which it is mixed.. fertilizer can be dropped at the proper places, covered with soil to form a hill, and the soil packed to form B places for the plants. To the rear end of the beam is An Acid-proof' ro.ze. Tn KODNTUll OF LIQUIDS. attached a vertical standard, just forward of which is Mr. P. Reitz has devised a bronze composition whieh secured the end of an upright bar, upon the forward m is not atta.ckable by acids and a.lkalies. This alloy is dis(\harg�. By eans of gates, the sqpply of water side of the lower end of which is formed a poirit to adapted for -use: in all those cases where recourse is hacl pe.ssing from the upper to tbe middle �n�,or from the cause the end to enter the ' soil readily. To the rear to ebonite, porcelain, and other materials, which, while middle to the lower tank, caD. be regulated. side of the lower end of the bar is attached the forward proof against acids, are ·exposed to wear, and are for .. I "" .. - end of a horizontal bar, whose rear end p asses through the most part very costly. The alloy oonsis_ts of a mix- IN the Boston Me dical and Surgical - JO t£1'ntU of a plate secUred zino, and to the forward side of the standard, and ture of copper, lead, antimony, and oonse- March to, Dr. J. S. Howe calls attention to the has a nut screwed upon it. To the rear side of the quently of materials alr�y employed in the compo- poisonous eifects of the common ox eye daisy (Ohrys lower ju�io\lS part of the upright bar is bolted a plate smaller sition of bl'onzes ; and so it is to the pl'Opor- anthemum lencanthemum, L.) upon certain persons, of than the other, and to the lower end of the stand.'ard is tions the mixture that Mr. Reitz attributes _the new·_ �hiefly th� who sQffer: similarly from the po�nous attached a horizontal plate. To the beam obtained. le PrO and stand- results He melts in a c ruoib ; 16 .pUts fjf -eftects of: .Rl,l.'IB -/,ollJjcodl.6ndr.()n. · . The : sYi)).pt{)J}l1l ard is secured a box or hopper to receiVe 2'34 1'82 of lead, o of the fertilizer, copper, of zinc, and· 1- of &otinlony;} . : duaed are thoIJe�ha t $l'eincluded in.- the· dfl�Pti n which is guided to the center of the lower part of the This- �loy.is worked as usual. It is adapted for u� dermatitis vinenata., and consist In troableeowe - heat • . wher& wanuf&eture of )lopper it rests upon the dropping-plate. In the in the Chemioal products, for"wuhing and itchiag. a.nd the formation .of vesicles, followed- bee end of theplate is formed an apertUre -tQ . NOeiV8 appuaw.-1IA4 vukllu "uai.-� - IfUStut rHU.. - by �delqU$lla.tionof the csuticle.;
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 340 [MAY 28, 1887. -- DRAW BRIDGE. If.EWARK BAY the trees. A 'single piece weighing 6 cwt. has been the slopes of the m�mntains. The natives subject the (Continued fTO m first page.) found on one tree, but necessarily these large masses copal to a rude washing in lixiviated ashes, whereby of the two spans when the bridge is open. The bridge get broken in collection. The value of the dammar the outer crust and its impurities are partly removed. rests - a.nd turns upon cone wheels mounted upon the found in the Sandakan district, North Borneo, is rarely It has, on arrival, to be further cleansed for the trade outer ends of rods radiating from the pivot. The outer over lOs. per cwt. Further to the north much better with extreme care, and without the use of acids, which ends of these rods are placed lower than their inner sorts are found. The dammar mata k.utching (or cat's are very detrimental _to varnishes in causing them to
"nds, so as to bring the upper surfaOQs of the eye), of Palaman, brings £2 per cwt. run " pinholey." wheels horizontal. This construction obviates the Of resins, chiefly dam mars, we import 20,000 {lwt. The flat Angola copal is sometimes called red anime, necessity of making two coned tracks for the wheels from Singapore and 6,000 cwt. from Java. as it somewhat resembles it in appearance and quality. to run between. Concentric with and just outside of Two or three species of dammars are met with in It is principally sent from here to Europe and America. " the wheels is a rack, with which engages a pinion British India, but are of no great commercial value. The rounded water nodules, known as pebble copal," operated by the engine to. turn the draw. The drawis Canarium st1'ictum is known in Malabar under the assume thislform from the abrasion consequent on also provided with suitable gearing, so that it could, if name of the black dammar tree, in contradistinction to their being washed down by the rapid mountain cur necessary, be operated by hand. the Va teria indica, known as the white dammar tree. rents, from the beds of which they are obtained. The bridge was designed and is being erected by the The Sal tree (Shorea 1'obusta) furnishes also a dam The anime of commerce is a resin of great value to Phamix Bridge Company, of PhamixviIle, Pa. mar which dis80lves much more freely and speedily the varnish maker, but it is now largely replaced by in benzole than in spirits of turpentine. This resin copal. The best is obtained from Zanzibar, and is de Varntsh Restos. is usually of a pale, creamy color, nearly opaque. rived originally from Trachylobium Mosambicense. BY P. LUND SI14110NDS. Shorea sericea yields a kind of dammar which closely The finer qualities come from the northern districts of The number of substapces suitable for coarse var resembles the Indian kind. W ande. '1' he imports are never very large, seldom nishes has lately become very numerous in Europe. Hopea odorat'a, of Burmah and Pegu, yields the rock amounting to 3,000 cwt: Of copal, the imports oc Common resin is now purified by a patent process con dammar of commerce, a yellow resin which dissolves casionally reach 20,000 cwt., but the imports from sisting of distillation with superheated steam, by which readily. The trunk of Ho pea Mi ngamwan furnishes a West Africa are only about 7, 000 cwt. Of dammar it is obtained nearly transparent and colorless as glass. white dammar of a superior quality. The resin the imports range from 3,000 to 7,000 cwt., and of Resins suited, however, for the preparation of the finer yielded by Hopea Micrantha in Borneo, Sumatra, and kowrie gum, 70,000 cwt. to 80,000 cwt. annually.-Jour descriptions of varnish are still very limited. All Malacca is not so gooQ, but that obtained from Be nal of the Society of .L11-ts. plants produce, indeed, resins in a greater or less de lam bang is much sought after for the luster .it gives. • I ••• Specific Gravity Beeswax.* gree, but the trees which produce them in sufficient This resin is of a yellowish color, and exudes in large 0.' quantities to be of commercial value are to be found lumps from the trunk and branches. It is soluble in Herr Dieterich has of late examined into the real principally in South Ameriea, India, Africa, and New turpentine or benzole, and forms a clear, limpid var specific gravity of beeswax, the different observers giv Zealand. These belong principally to the pine tribe, nish. ing often widely varying figures. He found that this the IJipteracece (only found in India and the Eastern The Kauri gum of commerce is the produce of Eam was due to the different ways in which the " floating" Archipelago) and the Legumi'nosce. mara Australis, a coniferous tree which occurs only in test in more or less diluted alcohol was conducted. The Of the latter, the Hy mencea seem to be the trees the north island of New Zealand, over a large area. of best dilutions are : 0'960, 0'961, 0'962, 0'964, 0'965, 0'966, from which the resins most nearly akin to the true land which has been exhausted by forests in past ages, 0'967. i p hard, or fossil, c0pals are mostly derived. The copal and is now barren. The turpentine that has exuded There are three ways in which the test s ap lied : from t e i f u d of feet i is c ip ed off, cleaned of Africa and the dammar of New Zealand (known in the dead r es s o n at a depth from 2 1. A p ece of wax h p as much as
- .-. - - -� ------.--. . --.-.------.-.-.--.-._._ ... ��::::;::::�--�--. ..�. ...
NEWARK BAY DRAW BRIDGE-SIDE ELEVATION AND CROSS SECTION OF NEW DRA W BRIDGE.
omme e a c rc as kowrie gum) re the best known and to 3 feet. The export of this fossil resin has been possible from all fragments, and allowed to float. The most esteemed. steadily increasing the last thirty years. In 1855 only specific gravity of the diluted alcohol in which the wax The word varnish covers a very wide field, 1Ul t he 355 tons were shipped, while in 1883, 1884, and 1885 the floats in the middle (neither on the surface nor at the in its fullest sense, can embrace term, all the tbou!!and annual shipments were over 6,000 tons, valued at bottom) is the true specific gravity of the wax. and one prepartions compounded for as many differ- £320,000. 'We received in 1885, 81,000 cwt., valued at 2. A piece of wax is kneaded in order to make it ent purposes. An essential quality of varnish is that it £254,000. This fossil resin is often found in immense homogeneous and exclude all air, and allowed to float. must harden without losing its transparency, it larger than those a as masses, of ny other known resin. 3. Hager's " pead " method. Heat a piece of bees must c ange the colors it intended p v not h is to reser e. Fine blocks were shown in the New Zealand court at wax over a small alcohol flame till a drop of melted It must exclude the action of air, b ecause wood and South Kensington last year, as well as large collections wax is formed, and allow it to fall into strong alcohol, metals are varnished to protect them from rust and of trade samples of n the different commercial varieties. keeping the wax as ear over the surface as possible. decay. It must also be waterproo , else the effect of Copal of Zanzibar. •• f -�l'his, sometimes called Indian Form in this way a dozen pearls," put them on blotting the varnish would not be permanent. And a point anime, has been found to be the produce of Hy mencea paper, and let them dry at ordinary temperature for of rimary importance is that it must possess dura- Mosambicensis, 1'mchylobium Mosambicense. The twenty-four hours (because recently made " pearls " are 7p . pr New uses are constantly being found var South Hymencea bBity. for - American species, courba1'il, also yield too bulky, and therefore give a too low specific gravity); which it embellish w nish, by es the article to hich a good deal of resin. then allow them to float in the diluted alcohol. it i� applied, affording satisfaction to the buyer and The true, or ripe, copal is the product of vast extinct The following figures will show the difference in spe profit to the manufactu:.:er. A few notes on the chief forests overthrown in former ages. The export from cific gravity according to the treatment of the same vl.!-rnish resins may therefore be acceptable'- Zanzibar averages about 1, 000,000 pounds annually. wax : n :East ian the name applied by ar The raw, or true, copal is called chackaze, corrupted __ ...... • • . . • . . . •...... •. ... I d dammar is V - Chi pped piece . . 0'963 sh'm ers u Eammam 01'ientalis, Kneading one minute , . . .••• • • • . . . . • ...... ,. 0'957 ni ak to the :tesi df im- by the Zanzibar merchant to jackass copal Copal, it . poi:ted Kneading live minutes ..•..... •...... •...... 0'003 'chiefly from Singapore, which iii straw colored, may be remarked, is the Mexican generic name for all , Recently made pearls ...... _ ...... _ 0'001 . Uke pale amber, very clear or transparent. It is resins...... cir, : ...... 0'964 Pearls after twenty·four honrs . easity'�nd entirely soluble in benzole, ether, or chloto · Manila copal derives its name from the port from Dieterich finds after several years' experience with form, less rapidly so in turpentine, forming a clear, which it is shipped. There are two varieties, known w very large quantities of beeswax that the specifi� grav nearly colorless varnish, hich dries rapidly on ex- as hard and soft manila ; the hard resembles kowrie in postlre to the air. Dammar comes pri c ity is between 0'963 and 0'966. n ipaily f rom appearance. but is inferiOl' in quality ; the soft is a the Lam pong islands and Sumatra, and the yearly re- pale yellow kind reiiembling daIIl mar...... ceipts may be given at about 32,000 cwt. From Hy mencea cfJtt1'baril the soft resin known in Ladl.las Adolphe GaUre. This resin is produced by many kinds of trees in the commerce as American copal is obtained. The tree ' The well known electrician Ladislas Adolphe State of Perak. The principal are Eammar mata is very extensively diffused over the West Indies, kutehing, Me ranti, E Lant, E. Eegon, and Dafninm' i Gaiffe died on April 9, at the age of fifty-five years. E. . British .Gu ana, Verjezllela, Mexico, and in almost all - The number of new apparatus devised or manu Balk. It is the sap which exudes spontaneously, and the provinces · of Brazil, though some other species of factured by him is very large, and his medical elec being exposed to the air acquires a flintyh atdness, -Hymencea pro ably furnish the resin. It is found in b trical instruments are known throughout the world. from which the epithet batu, or stone; is given, to Illany localities in a semi-fossilstate, arid is obtained bv He was one of the first, if, inde d not the first, to distinguish from the softer resins. e , it The dammar is digging in the vicinity ofthe roots of the tree. Th� recogni e the advantages that . could be rived from found either in arge masses at the foot of trees which l:nasses seem to have the appearance of a s alagmitic z de l t nickel ap[Jlied electrolytically to metals. . yield it, or floating in rivers, drifted to them by the formation arising from exudations from the branches oxidizable What he called "nickelure," and what his imitators floods of the rainy season. The Datives apply it to of the tree dropping in the soil below. . style " nickelage," has become an extensive industry most of the uses to which we put tar, pitch, and resin. (}uibou1'tea copallifera is the princ pal if not the sole, i , Mr. Gaiffe was an able co-worker with IDany emi Most of the family of IJipterocarpece yield als mic, source of the copal resin of Sierra Leone. All the b a nent scientists, and his fertile brain suggested many resinous juices, those of the genus IJipterocarpus the resin exported under the Dame of West African copal Va teria valuable improvements to apparatus intrusted by in wood oils, and of indllrated dammar. The may be looked upon as a fossil resin, produced in ventors to him to be manufactured. He was made natural order abounds in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, times past by trees which, at present, are extinct, or Chevalier of the Legion of Honor at the time of the which the chief sources of the dammar of ommerce exist only a dwarfed postf'rity. a.re c . in of Electricity at Paris, in In -Borneo, ammar generally Exhibition 1881. d i8 found in the ground The Qrigin of the kind of copal known as Angola is below the trees, but may occasionally seen huge at present undetermined. . Considera.ble quantities of be in * From Pharm. Zeitung. Reprinted from the Phannaceutical BetXlI'd, masses, not unlike icicles, hanging from the sides of oop8.l · are washed down durinlr the · rainy season from February 15.
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MAY 28, 1887.] $titufifit �lUtritIU. 34 1 ! Many Items of' Interest. road Company for the promotion of a higher course of Taking the iron trade over the country at large, instruction for the apprentices of the service. Cookery, says the Railway Review, the volume of business has which is included in the course of elementary instruc To Prevent Mustiness. been moderate. Here and there prices have weakened, tion in several foreign countries, has thus far found To the Editor of the ScientificAmer ican : as, for instance, in the inferior grades of pig iron, old no place in the common schools of the United States. In your last issue I find an inquiry how to dispel rails, and, under certain conditions, steel rails. Con the mouldy smell from a room. I find by experience tracts have been placed for steel rails at $38 at mill, Work, says one who is accustomed to it, is the true that there is nothing equal to indirect heating system though in non-competitive territory $40 to $41 is asked philosopher's stone, whether you handle a pick or a to make a room smell pure, either furnace heating or and paid for smaller lots for summer delivery. pen, a wheelbarrow or a set of books, digging, ditch indirect steam heating. The pure dry air it furnishes ing, or editing a newspaper. will make ventilation in every pdrt of the room good. Contracts have been closed for tons of J. A. about 30,000 Steel, foreign rails. Within the past week several thousand The Age of believing in electricity as the future Cairo, Ill. , May 4, 1887. tons of bridge iron have been contracted for. Manu motive power for street cars, sums up the advantages facturers of plate iron are about closing business for of it over horses as follows : 1. Not so much real estate BeIlUe-A Correc&ion by ProC. Bolton. various kinds of iron and steel plates. The actual is required for the station as for the stable ; nor is the To the Editor of the ScienUfic American : market conditions are favorable to strong prices and location or the character of the building so much a Permit me to call your attention to an unfortunate a steady demand. The furnace capacity is increasing, matter of importance and cost with the former as typographical error in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for 2. and for good brands prices are firm. Manufactured with the latter. The annual loss in efficiency of May In the article on bellite (page 303) benzene 14. iron is rather slow, while nails are more active. In say one-fifth of the live stock employed, whereby is unfortunately spelled benzine throughout The ne . quiries have been restricted to the actual requirements twenty animals out of every hundred are sold for a ces�ity of recognizing the difference between benzene in most cases. Consumers are not quite as willing to song, is avoided. 3. The C(IJst of attendance is very (synonym of benzol) and benzine is well known to you, enter into future contracts at this date as they were materially reduced. 4. There is no liability to epizooty, but I hope you will g!ve your readers the benefit of a a few weeks ago. A conservative feeling controls the costly in respect of both Iive stock and traffic. 5. There correction in an early number. trade, while prices are not likely to decline, on account is no likelihood of the motive power " eating its head CARRINGTON BOLTON. H. of the increased cost to manufacturers, and an ad off " during a strike or while idleness is enforced by Trinity College, Hartford. Conn. 6. vance is improbable. any one of a number of causes. The efficiency of the .,0' " horse in extremely hot or cold weather is at its lowest, A Shower of' Worms. though it should be at its highest-which is another During the winter, the frost and rains make sad To the Editor of the Scientific American : and the final point in favor of electricity, if we leave havoc with tin roofs, and in our northern latitude the I suppose the fact that sIllall animals are drawn up speed out of account. tin man is full of repair orders in the spring of the into the clouds, and fall to the ground during storms, year. According to a writer in the American Artisan is very well established. I think the best evidence of Some experiments on the resistance offered by a bank who is a practical roofer, the upright flashings on the this fact that I have ever seen was witnessed by my of snow to a rifle bullet were made recently at Ottawa, north and east sides of the roof are the places most two brothers, with myself, to-day, April 25. As we by Col. White, which were most interesting. It was likely to be affected by the elements. To solder these were walking over a hill in this place where the snow found that the Martini bullets fired into a bank of well broken seams by the piling on process takes much had gone away recently, we came upon a drift by the packed snow were completely spent after traversing a time and solder, the chances being that next year side of a dry ridge of land, that was some four or five distance of not more than four feet. Suider bull ets, they will have to be done over again. rods in length by two in width at the widest place. in hard packed snow mixed with ice, but not hard While crossing it, I noticed little holes melted in the enough to prevent digging into it with a sheet iron snow an inch or two deep, at the bottom of which To solder seams properly, the old solder should be shovel, did not penetrate more than about four feet ; in were angle worms. These were scattered over the drift melted off, the old tin nicely retinned, and strips of tin perfectly dry snow, packed by natural drift, but capa soldered over the old seam. The edges of the strips promiscuously, and the worms had been there appa· ble of being easily crushed in the hand, a bullet pene rently a day or two, as they had melted their way into can be bent slightly in the locker, so they will not trated about four feet, and in loose dl·ifted dry snow the snow an inch or more. From the situation of the spring up while being soldered. less than seven feet, though tired from points only 20 drift, it is not possible that they could have been con· or 30 yards distant. The brick are apt to become veyed there by a stream of water, and it is not proba fire walls sadly out of ble that they would crawl over the snow ten or fifteen repair, and while it may not be the tinner's business A. Birmingham (Conn.) electrician has a new rat feet to the center of the drift, where it was two feet deep, to apply the mortar or cement to their ancient joints, trap, which,· it ilS said, works admirably. He attaches even if they had been in the dry ridge over which the he will be blamed if the water should find its way in a piece of meat to one pole of a dynamo machine, snow drifted. Last Saturday night we were visited under the tin. We therefore suggest that the tin man which can only be reached by the rat by standing on a with a hard shower, which carried off our snow very should inform the owner of the defect, if he is not will plate, which serves as the other pole. Report says that . Cast, and in my opinion deposited the angle worms ing to make the repairs himself no rat has yet got the meat, but many have reached where we found them on the snow. for it, and the inventor is rewarded for his ingenuity DANA J. BUGBEE. with a large collection of dead rats. To make an ink, black at the time of writing, but o r t A r 2.5, 1887. North P mf et, V ., p il which shall disappear after a short time, boil nut galls ...... , in aqua vitro, put Roman vitriol and sal ammoniac to it, Instead of either ordinary inhumation, cremation, or Managemen& of' Bolary Boilers. and when cold dissolve a little gum in it. Writing �mbalming, one Kergovatz proposes to replace tht;Se To the Editor of the �cientific American : done with this ink will vanish in twenty-four hours. methods by g-alvanoplasty. After having covered the it is immersed in a Another rotary boiler explosion makes me hurry to subject with a layer of plumbago, bath. Copper being expensive, zinc may be substituted give you my idea of what may have something to do Every time we, open a SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, says for those who are poor. On the other hand, gold or sil with these frightful mysteries. If I want to boil in a a contemporary, we wonder how many boys are enjoy ver is used for the rich. It has been suggested to pro rotary boiler stock difficult to subdue, or having some ing its bright, attractive pages, filled with matter as long the bath, and thus have our friends transformed thing in it I want to kill, I rely on heat. more than interesting and useful to a bright boy as to his father, into sta,tues of natural size. pressure, and having sixty pounds on generating boiler. for whom it was specially written. I find I can get over 300 degrees in the rotary, without During the early part of these evenings, when the raiRing the pressure in her above thirty-five pounds. There is no tree that is so sure to grow without any This is done by using the water sky is clear, Jupiter can be seen beaming in the eastern in the rotary eight A care as the willow, twig from a branch of the tree sky and VeiltIs blazing in the west. They are the two inches above the center, so that the steam on going stuck into the moifit earth, and the labor is completed. brigh test : oUr stellar luminaries, not often seen to ipto each end will strike into the water, not over it. Of An article in the Ko nig8berger Land und Fo rstwil·th· a a e When the steam strikes over the water, although the gether to su�h dvant g . schaftliche Zeitung recommends the cultivation of wil boiler is revolving one turn in two minutes, it keeps .. le .• low trees, not only froUl an economical and indus- over, and don't heat the revolving mass the same. Too . . . F:xperlments wIth Static Electricity. t r aI pom t 0 fIew, · btal o f or Ic purposes. . i ; u s h ygIe. n. ' , ,--, much water would give pressure with little heat. . Electrician, . They are espeCIally useful where the drmkmg water According to the London the following On t t·s thar bmg 01 t 0 . . . ,e ·ler revoI ve, I open an Inch . t f ' o eres r. B . IS ,ak en rom fountams· or natura1 we1. Is, an d·stl l I m re mt t·m g ex penment s were d·escrib e d b y M oys a t va ve, the s eam d·I I·d e and goes b I t V �, mot o th end s. a recent meeting of the Physical Society : , where there are mo rasses and meadows ; for in the vi- Three and a half hours gI es twenty pounds pressure. ; cinity of willow trees water is always olear and pure. .. If sealing wax or any similal' sticky substance be I close o the valve, s the e IS thr e quar ers f a turn the � � � � Let those·who doubt this fact place Ii. piece of willow melted in a- cup and put upon conductor of an open. The pressure WIll be thIrty-five m eIght hou s . � which has not yet begun to strike, into a bottle of electrical machine, as iIi'one of the old fashioned ex- from start. When rotary IS stopped, steam blown off, It .. periments, it' will begin to throw out threads in an .. . wat er, d an p 1 ace th'IS WI·th ano ther b 0 t tl e con talmn . 'g IS very dIfficult and dangerous, . . haVlng to force the man- ,' . 1· extraordina' way ·, fibers.. are large when the . wa ter on y m a warm room for eig ht d"aJ s ; In the· firs 't ry" t"'eu heads down Ith lever pressure. I. have seen the n W , m� bot b u d hoo ridro otli!'ts'tn l w r resinou mat,te is very hot, ach fiber shoots out . tle will e fo n s ts a c ear ate , � � an«\ e. . have to drop the lever and get away ma hurry, .the bOll- 1 0 as a cylmder with remarkab� s�d; then breaks mto w hTe tli�' qiti0 er 'b ttle WI·n cont· am put' (y' wat er.. ing, foaming mass blowing all over the room;', haye . . r� mg m ti- . I Holland IS covered WIth WIllows, and theIr dam works beads. These inute beads. ca be made to patter 1 e t tlIe b·01 ler t d s han b f an our · e ore ·turnmg down" · t 0:: . . are mad· e s ronger b th e net wor k forme d b y ther·'oots . against a drum head, and mAke a noise upon it like 1 01 t y d·ram, an d st·l l b ·1·mg an d f oammg, s h·owmg' Lh� · e m-· falling rain. The cup containing the melted wax tense heat, my and this is imJ;iression : .When so hot should be inclined from the operator, and from the must be making steam, and itso, would do it very sud- 'rhe Czar of Russia, at his Winter Palace on the banks elootrical machine before the latter is worked, 01· both S denly, and gauges or regulators would' be useless, as l ot the Neva, t. Pet�rsburl!, pos!leSses wtiat is al p'roba- will be coyet'ed with the most invisible sticky web the be i l;>l;f't he largest perma:fient installation of electric light inlets would stopped with boi ing stock. I nevEll· imaginable. A cup of burnt India rubber tubing so could get anything like this heat in arty other way -ever placed in a single bUilding. The palace itself i s 0 treated sends out almost invisi1:>le filaments. Canada than by striking the steam into the W'a.t er, and using illuminated incandescent lamps, while 6 by 12,�0 balsam is the perfection of a Ihaterial for producing the steam in that way. I boil all my'��ock this way; 'p 0werful arcs ligh� up the eront �nd t�e va rio s court , ? sticky threads. When a candle is held near a cup but ten e e f, db16w The mac ln room con tams eIght engmes, ca· I � the pressur mys l and thftikI c�':ll lar
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 342 [MAY 28, 1887.
ATTRACTION PRODUCED BY JETS OF STEAlil OR AIR. The second experiment was communicated to us by the two rear ones. The drum has a universal movement, In a recent number* we described a few of the adapts itself to any unevenness of road re Mr. Leon Couratier, a student at Paris. and readily markable experiments of Mr. Charles Weyher on aerial w h A metallic pen holder, closed at one of its extremities, surface it out straining any part. The boiler is made Am those vortices and revolving spheres. ong that we is taken, and at about half an inch from this closed of extra heavy steel plate, double riveted, with water passed over in silence, there is one which is of a nature end a circular aperture is made. Putting the open ex bottom type of fire box. The axles, countershaft, and to especially interest the friends of ph sics without ap gearing are very heavy. The en ine cylinder is provided y tremity of the pen holder into the mouth, we blow in g paratus, since it can be easily repeated by any with a steam j acket, and the shaft, piston and one, with the aid of a few easily procured ob valve rods are of steel. The reversing gear is jects. It relates to the attraction produced by simple and reliable. The construction of the of a jet of air, steam, or any fluid whatever. To tank is shown in the engraving ; this form the left of Fig. 1 may be seen the nozzle of a tank admits of easy access to the foot board blowpipe, from whence is escaping a jet of and fire door, and leaves a direct communica steam. This ,jet holds captive a small ball of tion with the ash pit. The engine can be cork and a rubber balloon inflated with air, readily disconnected from the propelling gear, which have been placed in it. The nozzle may and can then be used for driving stone breaker be inclined at an angle of 45° with the horizon and other machinery. Thus, when the roller is without the balls falling. If the hand be placed not required on the streets, it can be used as an in front of the balloon, the two spheres will ap ordinary engine. '], he engine is equipped with proach the nozzle and each other. The densest pump, locomotive inspirator, governor, whistle, sphere will be in equilibrium nearest the noz and all other necessary auxiliaries. The boilers are ll covered with wood lagging and Russia zle. a Now for some analogous experiments in phy sheet iron jacket, not shown in the cut. This sics without apparatus. The first one that we type of roller is made in llizes from 10 to 20 ton, shall describe was communicated by Mr. Roy and has many marked improvements which, de Pierrefitte. It can be easily performed with upon examination, will be apparent to those a little application. As sp'herical a pea as pos conversant with the subject. The United sible is selected, and, if dry, is allowed to soak States Commissioners at Washington, D. C., for a while in water, in order to soften it, 80 have just placed an order for a lO-ton roller that a pin can be passed through its center with this company, to be used in the District without splitting it. This done, we take a clay Fig. l.-A CORK BALL AND RUBBER BALLOON SUSPENDED IN A of Columbia. pipe stem, about two inches in length, and place JET OF STEAM. All further information concerning this roller the pea upon one of its extremities in such a- will be furnished by the Foundry and Machine ( way that one of the ends of the pin shall enter the ap such a way as to form a regular jet of air, which makes Department Harrisburg Car Manufacturing Company), erture, and hold the pea in position. Putting the its exit through the orificein the upper part of the cyl of Harrisburg, . Pa. other extremity of the stem between the lips, aud inder. If a small ball made of bread crumbs be placed thwwing the head back into a horizontal position, we in the jet, it will be held in equilibrium, as shown in PACIE'IC STEAM' NAVIGATION.-A line of steamers 3, begiu to blow gently, and at first slowly. The pea is Fig. and will remain thus as long as the flow of air to Japan and China, running in connection with the lifted, and, when we begin to blow with more force and continues. The bal l should be as spherical as possible, Canadian Pacific Railway, will soon be in operation. and its size will vary with the density of the material of which it is composed and with the diameter of the orifice. Analogous experiments may be easily performed in a more perfect mannel' with a fan blower or a gasometer. It is sufficient to produce a regular and rapid flow of - a Natu1·e . air 0]' steam at the extremity of a nozzle. L ...... IMPROVED STEAM ROAD ROLLER. In the self-propelling machine which we herewith . lllustratj),., the material is so is rib ted as to facilitate ' d t u tM tll ning Ol orn ]'s.!,\nd easy managl)mento f machine � rc u� � unde�lill N jnstances, and to give litie drivers the ad hesion necessary to overcome all ordinary obstructions . and grades of street With thit:! end in view, the rear ol eerin wheel are as drivers and the front r ler or st g large in diameter as good design would permit. It is evident that small rolls are apt to work mischief, and that weight on the front drum in excess of its propor tional diameter would have a tendency to push and 2.-A PEA HELD JET O AIR. Fig. Ilf A F crowd the material instead of mounting it. In this Fig. 3.-A BALL HELD Ilf A JET OF AIR. machine, two-thirds of the total weight is transmitted with e ularity, will rise and be held in the jet of air r g , through the rear rolls, this having been found to Three Cunard steamers have been obtained and fitted v ' entirely isolated, and will revol e whenever the pin re produce the best results. '],he face of each roll meas with triple compound engines, guaranteed to attain a ceives a thrust from the air (Fig. 2). ures twenty-four inches. speed of 14 knots per hour. The Parthia will leave Egg shells placed upon a jet of water are held thereon The forward wheel is divided into four sections, so Hong Kong early in May, as the first of the line. in the s&.me way. and the will be a e at Hiogo and Yokohama, that it will tu rn without digging up the road, Stoppages m d width of thi wheel equal to the distance between Japan. * SUPPLEMENT, No. 588, p. 9383. s is
';�1:<\\"'tdtl . . ,--" :"'i:;'. ;���
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MAY 28, 1887.] 343
THE TWO HEADED COW. instance of this fact. In spite of their deformation, they grows shorter whenever a cloud cuts off the heat or the earth in turning moves away from the sun. So it We present a sketch from life of the two headed cow lived in good health to the age of 63. They were mar is' found necessary to leave a little space between every that has been exhibited in this city and elsewhere with ried, and each had several children, who were free from one of the leading circuses. The animal, except as re deformity. It is very rare that true monstrosity is trans rail, wherein it can stretch itself in hot summer days. gards its cranial peculiarity, is of normal appearance. mitted as an hereditary quality. It is also noticed that Were all the rails pushed close together in laying the It is well kept, and has a well developed body. The among animals, monsters predominate in the female sex. track, the first dayof hot sunshine would pull the track to pieces, or render it so uneven that it could not left head, the one nearest the front of the picture, is, • 1.1 " be as regards its external function, inferior to the other. Vibration. oC the Telephone Diaphragm. used. Every iron bridge stretches in the sunlight, and It eats and drinks with the right hand mouth, having M. E. Mercadier has recently contributed the results would tear itself to pieces were it not carefully adjusted full command of its jaw. The jaw of the other head of some additional experiments on this subject to the for this expansion in the sun, and given a chance to has hardly any power of motion, as it is�embedded in ilcademie des Sciences of Paris. He distinguishes two freely move on its foundations whenever the warm the neck. It has three good eyes, and but for an acci classes of vibrations in the plate. One is molecular, in fingers of the sunshine are laid upon it. Brooklyn dent, when the vehicle containing it was upset by an dependent of the form or dimensions of the diaphragm, bridge is in four distinct pieces, with plenty of room elephant, would possess four. The same occurrence and 'reproductive of all sounds. This he calls pantele between to move, and it does move every day. In broke one of its central horns. Although the left head phonic vibration. The other class of vibrations, affect warm sunshine it is longer by several inches than on a is comparatively passive, yet under certain circum the mass of the plate taken as a whole, depending on cold night. The cables of the bridge are continuous, stances, as when the animal is eating, the mouth be its form, elasticity, and structure. This vibration cor but the expansion caused by heat lengthens the cables, longing to that head emits saliva. Although it cannot responds to the normal note of the plate and to its and they let the bridge sink two or three feet in the eat, this mouth can " water," as the epicures say. In harmonics. The latter class is injurious as regards middle. Even a passing cloud, hiding the sun for a few the center of the forehead of the right head is a deep the action of the telephone. The experimenter ar moments, will cause the entire bridge to rise in the depression that does not appear in the left head. This ran�ed a telephone diaphragm so that it was held by middle by cooling and contracting the cables. I have would seem to indicate a deficiency in development of three points of its circumference corresponding to the personally measured_the movement of Brooklyn bridge
THE TWO HEADED COW.
the brain on that side. But naturally all speculation nodal lines of the first harmonic of a circular disk. on a hot summer's day, between bdght sunshine and on the inner structure cannot well pass the limits of The instrument with this modificationin reproducing the shade caused by clouds, and have seen that it conjecture until a post mortem examination can be musical sounds produced only this particular note with moved over one inch in le8s than two hours. In build had. The bony front in the region of the bases of the any degree of strength, and the telephone was mono ing the great bronze Liberty in New York harbor, the horns is continuous apparently for both sides. telephonic in action. But when the diaphragm was same thing had to be guarded against, and provision is . For about one hundred years the subject of animal prevented from actiug thus, by damping either with made to allow the whole vast figureto move under the and human monstrosities has been systematically the fingers or by placing the ear directly against its expansion caused by the heat of the sun. The move studied. Goethe remarked that " it is in her monsters surface, the molecular or pantelephonic vibration pre ment, owing to the irregular surface of the statue, is not that nature reveals to us her secrets." The elder dominated, and all sounds were heard, including the visible, as in the Brooklyn bridge, yet it is there. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, the contempo rary of Hauy the first harmonic. The paper describing these experi Even Bunker Hill monument, which is built wholly of great mineralogist, and of Cuvier, whom indeed he an- ments was presented at t·he seance of April 4, 1887. stone, is distorted out of shape every day by the sun, tedated in the acquisition of renown, formed an ela- though the movement cannot be proved except by cer .. 1'1 ... bOrate classification of these abnormal growths. He tain experiments made for that purpose. What will Po",er ot Suu.bllle. g�v �:" fhe science R . name, "teratology." His work, finally become of our stellar stove no man can positive "·lIiet6ire des Anomalies," etc., was published in Public Op inion condenses from the Chau,tau,qu,an an ly say. Yet, judging from what we know already, it is Paris, 1832-36. It is in three octavo volumes. He en- interesting article by Charles Barnard, in which he quite possible that it is burning out. When its fires deavors to bring the varieties of monsters into a sort shows that the great star which we call the sun is finally die down, the end of our planet is at hand, and of Linnean classification, using the divisions of classes, literally t.he stove that keeps the whole world warm. all life here will slowly, or suddenly perhaps, become orders, tribes, families, and genera. · Thus this cow In conclusion, he gives the following facts, most of extinct by freezing, and our planet will meet its end as would come within his second class, and,in the second which are known to the readers of the SCIENTIFIC a dead star swinging through the awful cold of the order, the parasitaires, of that class. AMERICAN, but are none the less curious and interest- stellar spaces. People of fervid imagination have
Except for 'its cranial peculiarities, this cow would ing to the general reader. thought the world would come to an end in a gener�l probably be found perfectly organized ; other mon- Heat expands and cold contracts, and everything conflagration. It is much more.JikelY our stellar stove sters having repeatedly proved free from other than warmed by the sun expands under its gentle heat. will go out, and the world will calmly freeze up. Of the local deformities or weaknesses. Among human Every rail on all our railroads expands and grows per the two methods of ending earthly history, the latter the . monsters, famous Siaw.eae twins may be clted·aaan ceptibly longer in brlsht -.sWlihiDe, and coDt'raota and wllr be evidently the more comfortable.
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 344 [MAY 28, 1887.
Limit oC Available Power In Great Tele.cope •• est offering within the gift of so great and costly an Supreme Conrt decision invalidating the Bell patent of BY G. D. HISCOX. instrnment. 1876. l.' hese changes will cause a fundamental change According to accredited formulre, the minimum dia In {,,8lestial photography this difficulty is avoided, not only in the system of granting patents, but al so in meter of the optic pencil at its emergence from the eye and this may account for the late photographic dis the administration of the patent law, and will be a piece of a telescope is equal to the diameter of the ob coveries of" faint objects by some of the large tele vital improvement. Other subordinate changes for the ject glass divided by the magnifying power '; and by scopes in France and England, the forty-eight inch better will follow, as a matter of course-almost auto inversion, the magnifying power eqnals the diameter refiectors of the Paris Observatory, and of Mr. Com matic changes. of the object glass divided by the diameter of the emer mon in England, being now used for this purpose. ,. ••t .. gent pencil. The photographic plate utilizes the whole light of the Tight v. Slack Car Coupler.. As it is often desirable to observe nebulre and clus largest emergent pencil, and with the quick process The main results of the tests made on the Chicago, ters, as well as search for faint comets, under very low will no doubt realize large and satisfactory results in Burlington Quincy with trains of slack and tight powers, for the purpose of obtaining a larger and more the near future. & couplers show that though the use of tight couplings brilliant field, and for bringing out the fainter com The method of overcoming this opti�al defect in the does not altogether abolish shocks, the bumps are far panions of double stars, the fact · becomes importan t low powers of great telescopes is worthy of our best less severe than with the slack couplings. The slido that in great telescopes an observer may only obtain efforts, and its remedy may lie within the scope of meter was lUoved as follows with different styles of the value of two-thirds, one-half, or even one· third of mechanical optics ; although in a slight correspond couplers : the total light-grasping power of the telescope. This enc� with Professor Young on this subject, he casts Average Movement of Coupler. failure comes from the disparity in the size of the pupil some grave doubts on the possibility of its accom slack. sUdometer. Ames . . .. 1 ·7 in. In, 10 in...... 5 to of the eye and the emergent pencil of light from low plishment, or the of its geometrical con , .....0'5 dodge ability Janney ...... in. 34 in. to 8� in. power eye pieces. siderations. I do not think that theoretical geometry Perry . . in...... 2'1 8 in. to 14 In. . . The eye aperture in different individuals varies from is at fault for this suggestion, for it has always been . Potter ...... , ...... 3'1 in . 11 in. to 18 in. • . in. to 11 in. one-eighth inch to one-fourth i nch in diameter nnder found to swing into line in the face of mechanical ...... O'S in. 5 the same light intensities ; and the pupil of a single in facts ; not that geometry is at fault or untrue, but that The shocks were obtained in making emergency dividual may vary in diameter from one'eighth inch to the human mind has not always recognized the geo stops with trains of twenty·seven cars, including dy one-fourth inch with varying light intensities. Hence metrical bearing until after the discovery of the me namometer and way car. In each ease the five cars there must be a larger personal equation to account for chanical relation of its factors. next the engine were fitted with the Westinghouse the discrepancies in the recognition of faint objects in Some experiments upon the realization of the full brake and Janney coupler. The remaining twenty large telescopes. light of wide·angled object glasses of short focus, as freight cars were fitted with the coupler under trial. By the rule, a telescope of twelve inches aperture will used for comet seekers, seem to point to a solution, A consolidation was used, and the stops were at speeds 22 have an emergent pencil, with a power of tOO, equal to which at a later time I may bring before the Society. varying from to 44 miles an hour. Half the stops 0'12 f e American were made on a level, and half on a down grade of 53 of an inch or one·eighth inch in diameter; with a -Read be o1' the .Ast1·onomicaZ Society, 50 10, 1887. power of it will equal one·fourth inch. Ja nua1'y feet per mile. In these tests all the cars were empty. An eighteen inch aperture with power of 100 has a In the ' following tests half the cars were empty and pencil 0'18 inch, or about 3-16 of an inch in diameter. Patent Le ••on. Cr olD the '.l' elephone Litigation. hal f loaded, but the other conditions were similar : A power of 150 gives a one-eighth inch pencil, so that In a letter to the American Enqineer, Mr. John Movement of Coupler. Slack. sUdometer. with the Chicago telescope a power of 100 is the lowest McClary Perkins writes as follows : Perry . . _ ...... ' . 2'1 in. 5 In. to in. 50 ...... 8 possible, while a power of would shut out more than The discussions which have been going on before the , ...... 0'5 1� in. to 7\4 in. Janney ...... in. one·half the light from any ordinary pupil. But here people of the United States and befot:e certain federal The resnlts are on the whole in favor of the close the trouble only begins. A power of 100 with a field of courts during the past few years, regarding tIieso·called coupler, . but show that with emergency stops shocks half a degree, or possihly more, is a good working Bell telephone patent of March 7, 1876, are now all are 'not yet wholly abolished. power for searching, and for bringing out the con closed, and five appealed cases are noW' .under consider A series of tests were made to further demonstrate figuration of nebulre by contrast with a dark back ation by the United States Supreme Court, and the whether as many cars could be started on a heavy ground. decision of this court may now be expected on any day. grade with close couplers as with links. A train of 51 With the twenty three inch Princeton telescope a There is no possibility of a doubt even as to what the - empty cars was made up, and out of this, with 15 feet power of 100 produces a pencil 0'23 inch, or nearly one decision of the Supreme Court will be as ' far t.heBell as of link slack, the engine succeeded in starting 46 cars. patent of 1876 is concerned. It will be wholly wiped fourth inch in diameter, about the largest that can be The slack was then blocked out by placing iron compassed by eyes with large pupils, when the tele out so far as the telephone is concerned. There are so wedges between the drawbars, and the same number scope is directed upon faint objects. The lowest power many conclusive reasons for this opinion that it is of cars were started, apparently with less trouble, in use with this telescope is 158, with an emer.g!:'nt puerile to discuss . the matter. Of course. very much fully substantiating the results of former tests. Link pencil of 0'15 of an inch, or about equal to the dia .!'oqlJ},lent, thought, and discussion will follow. The slack apparently is of po advantage ·whatever over meter of the ordinary pupil in daylight. Here the hi tOry of this so-called Bell teiephone patent has been s the spring compression in starting trains. equation of the eye comes in as a factor determining so very remarkable );}le courts that it is probable in It may be remarked that the violence of the shocks what one person can see and another cannot. that there will be no it4 ' discussion as to the pressing i � cannot be altogether gauged by the relative movement In the Washington twenty· six inch equatorial the need of some change in ,the p/l.tent law,and probably also of the slidometer. The blow with loose couplers was lowest power in use is giving an emergent pencil of some radical change in ,�nstitution of the federal 155, the sharp and distinct, while that with close con piers was 0'17 of an inch in diameter. This is too large for many courts, which alone have jurisdiction of patent suits. cushioned.-�ilroad Gazette. to compass, and it is only with the pupil of Professor The system of preliminary examination in the Patent Harkness, which is 0'22 of an inch in diameter when Office is atte�ded with so many evils and so little good Pluatatlon. looking at a distant light, that assurance is had that that the first.thing proposed will probably be a return
the whole power of the telescope is made available to the system of granting patents as it existed in this Fluatation is the name applied by Messrs. Faure, 100 1836_ with this magnification. With a power of the country before Then a patent was granted to Kessler & Co. to their process of hardening building pencil would be increased to 0'26 of an inch, placing whomsoever �ked for it-as it always has been in Eng- stones through the application of hydrofiuosilicates. itR full power beyond the scope of the human eye. land-and the burden of proving the validity of his pa- The operation is very simple, and can be performed So with such a telescope 155 Is the lowest ·power tent before .the courts devolved upon the inventor. whenever desired, either upon the stone before it is available for the delicate work of studying the fainter But this will be no hardsh�p, nor will the burden of put in place, or after the building or other structure is wisps and minute stars of the nebulre. proving the validity of his patent before the courts be I completed. The surface of the stone is covered to the The thirty-six inch telescope of the Lick Observa any greater than it now is. desired degree with a solution of the fiuate by means tory will be somewhat crippled by this difficulty, un At present a patent has no real value until �t has of a brush, sponge, or hand pump. Another appli less some new form of eye piece is made to overcome been su�tained by some federal court in a bona fide in- cati()D ,�8 made the next day, and a third one the 100 0'36 it, for with a power of the pencil will be fring-ement su,it. It w1ll have only the same" result by da.f a�.: '48 a' general thing, it requires three ap inch, or nearly three·eighths of an inch · in dilimeter, a Tetum to'tbf�nt8'ystem as it existed � ,tbis coun· pIi ' '''AI�hough each time the stone absorbs making it impossible to nse the leviathan for all that try before 1886, iind as it now exists in England and the less. """,�hardening takes place at once, and upon it is worth with low powers. A power of 200 with a rest of the world. All chance for fraud, corruption, I the third ' application becomes perfect. . There are pencil 0'18 of an inch in diameter will be the lowest favoritism, incompetency, and many other evils in the several sol uble fiuates, and each of them has its own that will give the full value of its light-grasping power Patent Office will then be cut off. It will only be an I peculiar properties, although all of them harden lime to an ordinary pupil ; the measurement of the latter illustration of the good old Democratic doctrine that I stone. One darkens the color of the stone, another I ranging from 0'12 to 0'20 of an inch in diameter when the simplest government, that which has the least ma- whitens it, another preserves the original color, and in a normal condition. Now, 200 is an unsatisfactory chinery and consequent friction, is always the best gov- others again color the stone indelibly. The coloring power with which to view a nebula and compre- ernment. fiuates most employed are those of iron, which give a . hend its beauty and delicacy. As the outcome of the lessons which will be learned ' brown tint, and those of chromium and copper, which When we rise to the sphere of the great refiectors, we from these relnarkable telephone trials in the federal I give two greens of different shades. Fluatation is ap meet an insuperable stumbling block. A forty.eight courts during the past s'even or eight years, the second i, plied to old structures as well as to new ones, and it is - inch reflector cannot use 8e.onomically a power of less probable conclusion wlU be that the tenure of 'judicial the true means of preserving the edifices that have l 250; than while the great seventy-two inch refiector officeby federal judges should be changed �o a term of I been bequeathed to us by our fathers, and which our of Lord Rosse is restricted with a power lower than years instead of for life, as it is now fixed by the Consti- I climate is daily tending to destroy. 350, which produces a pencil of 0'20 of an inch dia· tution. Of course this will require an amendment to After the stone has once been fiuated, it becomes so meter; the utmost capacity of the average eye ; so the Constitution. But that will require but a short hard that it can be treated like marbles and porphyries. that but few persons can compass the light-giving time if the people are ripe for such a change in the ten- U pon applying the colored fiuates along with a sub power of this great telescope even with this power, nre of federal judicial office. It is now partly published ! sequent polishing, very remarkable decorative effects whIch is far too great for nebula work. With a power and known by the American people in regard to what are obtained, inasmuch as the intimat.e structure of 500 0'14 of the pencil, of> an inch, just comes wi thin painful and well groqqded ' suspicions exist as to the , the stone is brought to light, and as the nodules, the light-grasping power of the average eye. doubtfnl manner In whibh the two first and prinCiPal '! veins, al1<1. fossils are d�ineated in different tin�:., : :; With such an unwieldy instrument and great mag decisions were obtained here in . Boston in favor of the After the stone has been fiuatated it can be ed.sily nification, it is no wonder that stars are unsteady and validity of the Bell patent of 1876. This should per· rendered. impermeable, and, as it is not attackable by seeing unsatisfactory, ' as has been often asserted; nor manently settle the matter that no federal judge should ordinary liquids, it may .be used for making tables,
is it a wonder that the great refiector has done so little ever again hold a life office, and be so far removed from ' sinks, baths, and reservoirs for a host of liquids, such 200 work, when a power of produces an emergent the people as to be practically irresponsihle to the I as wine, oils, alcohol, molasses, etc. pencil of 0'36 of an inch in diameter; and with such people. In other words, to use the words of the Massa- i Fluatation is applied in the same wily to cements, a power only one-fifth the light-giving power of th at chusetts Bill of Rights, this should be a government of mortars, stuccoes, etc" provided they are more or less monster telescope can be utilized. The part thus shut laws and not of men. calcareous, It renders the alkalies of cements insolu- . out would naturally be the marginal cone, which gives These two changes are very impOrtant and radical ble, and thus, after a washing with water to remove the shar-pest deflnition by producing the smallest star ones. But I think that these will be the final concln- I the excess of fiuate, permits' of a coating of paint disk; leaving for the observer's �rllotitleation the poor- people-all gem" applied.-Lci ' .dOWl of the A.merioa,n the o\1tQO�eof tlw . (hmie Oi'Oil. . _
© 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MAY 28, 1887.J
AUTOGRAPHS OF THE ELECTRIC p.J Fig. 5. Fig. S. Fig. 4. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. :rip. -8, � 6, 6, &lid 7.-AUTOGBADI "m.acHIO-W � 'I:MIK.'· ... , ...... auJrO&imD c.'Y . .. ··m.MUIO ,J)'ISonlGE ' DJ VACVlJJl io:iBa..' © 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. -Itita·tift, J.mtritau. [MAY 28, 1887. ENGINEERING IlfVENTION8. A toy has been pa.tentedby Mr. Samuel covers novel features of construction and combinations This invention covers a millstone with a dress formed of parts to allow easy operation of the plunger, and in with a series of straight furrows extending from the A steam boiler has been patented by Pinnell, of Brooklyn, N. Y. The invention covers a suring a folding of the balable material at the rear end Hr. George Kingsley, of Leavenworth, Kansas. This novel construction and combination of parts constitut eye outward to within a short distance of the periphery, of the baling box feed opening, providing aiso for auto invention covers improvements on a former patented ing a toy railway, in which the wheeled flgure is guided the remainder of the face being formed with short in matic adjustment of the press case walls to accommo clined furrows arranged in concentric circles, whereby invention of the same inventor, the boiler having an in its path by a radially projecting arm loosely pivoted date varying conditions of the material being baled the seed will meet with continued interruptions in its outer and iuuer shell with flatteued crown piece and at its inner end to the center of the track bed, and op and a variable feed of it to the press. drop tube� communicating with t.he water space and erated by a handle on the under side at the center. passage to the discharge spout, the mill being also adapted for grinding corn. descendfng into the fire space of the inner shell, with A loop insulator has been patented by A hedge fence has been patented by varions other novel features. Mr. Hezekiah Taylor, of Shadwell, Va. The invention Mr. Horace Van Sands, of New York City. The coup A clock winding mechauism has been covers a ling piece of t.he insulator, together with the guard and patented by Mr. Abe Robinson, of Brooklyn, N. Y. A piston for steam engines has been m"thod of using: wire and bracing, in connec overlapping shield, are made entirely of non-conducting The invention consists of a wind wheel operating patented by Messrs. William Dixon, of Sheffield, York tion with one or more rows of canes traiued in the re a material, so that the adjacent edges of the shield and train of gear wheels connected with a sprocket wheel, County, and Samuel Thompson, of Trent, Stallord qnired direction, so that the brace wires are connected gnard can brought into close proximity to prevent a weight being hung by a pulley on an endless chain County, Eug. It has packing rings iu a peripheral to forni a chain extending between anchor points, and be ent ....nce of moisture, without danger of the electric passing over the sprocket wheel, with a device for lock· groove, a reversely heveled ring behind and bearing the fence making can be easily and expeditiously ef current leaping from one to the other. ing the wind wheel automatically, the clock beiug against the packing rings, with spring-pressed blocks fected. wound automatically by the wind wheel, and the run behind the beveled ring, and other novel features. thus A folding stool has been patented by An instrnment for treating piles has niug of'the clock mechanism not being disturbed when providiug for the automatic expansion of the packing Mr. Hiram F. Henry, of Gowanda, N. Y. The inside been patented by Mr. Sylvenus B. Payne, of Ridgeville, the weight is wound up. rings to compensate for wear. legs are pivoted to the outside legs; and the thickness Ind. It is a tapered cylindrical hollow bulb, with per forations in its sides, combined with a stem which has ••• of the top and of the inside legs · together does not A knapsack has been patented by lIISCELLAlfEOUS IlfVENTIONS. exceed that of the outside legs, whereby the stool will a cylindrical base piece to rest upon the exterior of the Henry C. Merriam, of U. S. Army. The invention body when the instrument is in position, the instrument covers Improvements on former patented inventions. to A belt buckle has been patented by fold within the space occupied by the latter, making a lIat stool with flrm top, which can be folded in very being calculated to facilitate the application of oint improve and simplify the form of pack, and render the Mr. Louis Sanders, of New York City. It is of that small space. ments, Jiq uids, etc. equipment adjustable to all sizes and forms of men, class known as ladies' belt buckles, and is of simple the knapsack having side braces held by straps, an ad construction, readily and quickly adjusted, and capable A buggy seat has been patented by A game carrier has been patented by justable hip strap carrying sockets in which the of attachment to any belt haviug eyelets. Mr. George G. Harris, of Martinsville, Ohio. The in Mr. Peter Cunningham, of Brightwater, Ark. It is side braces are stepped, shoulder straps connected to vention consists in a series of springs on a frame made of webbing, canvas, or thin leather, or other light A process of dyeing has been patented the forward ends of the hip strap and to the pack, with adapted to the buggy seat, a frame heing attached to narrow fabric, and adapted to be worn across the by Mr. Thomas Holliday, of Huddersfleld, York Couuty, other novel features. and supported by the springs, a spring-supporting back shoulder, suspended from a belt or carried in the hand, Eng. This invention covers the dyeing of wool and frame hinged to the seat back, with a perforated cover making a light carrier for small game or fish, the cou A baling press has been patented by other flbers· by alternately treating them with chrome, ing for the seat bottom and back, affording ventilating struction being such that when not in use it cau be com Messrs. William R. and Newton J. Green, of Kingston. Iron, copper, or lead salts to form mordants, and with apertures. pactly folded and placed in the pocket. Texas. The frame and case have aligned baling cham the nitroso compounds derived from the naphthols. bers at opposite ends, a follower with two head block· A self-closing faucet has been patent A book holder has been patented by An illuminated floral piece has been working in them and a shaft journaled between then ed by Mr. Eugene Homan, of New York City. It is Mr. Theodor Hansen, of Brooklyn, N. Y. It is made patented by Ruth E. Wilson, of Brooklyn, N. Y. This with two ropes connected at one eud to the shaft and al for wash basins and similar uses, and the inventlOn with a base, two posts supported thereby, aud adapted invention consists in providing a floral piece with a their other ends to the opposite head blocks, giving 1\ covers a novel construction and combination of parts in to support the opposite sides of an open book, one post reflector in keeping with the design, with jets of light double purchase, with other novel features, the press a fancet desigued to be closed automatically by the being fixed to the base aud the other to a slide movable Introduced before the rellector, in such way that air being designed for baling hay, straw, cotton, and similar pressure of the water, the valve requiring no packing, on the base, with other novel features, making a holder chambers intervene betwe�n the flame and the flowers. material. not depending on springs or screws for its action, and which can be quickly adjusted for holding a large or A pedal cover for organs has been pa the parts being readily accessible for repairs. small or a thick or thin book for readiug or reference. tented by Mr. James S. Foley, of Chicago, Ill. It is a A metallic joint for felt and other Au improvement in overalls has been hinged folding cover adapted to close the case opening roollng has been patented by Mr. Joseph D. Brown, Jr. , patented by Adolph Bookman, of Brooklyn, N. Y. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN over the. pedals, and has a novel mechanism connecting Mr. of Camden, N. J. The metal strips are so shaped They have an elastic waistband, and reversible and ad the pedal cover with the key board cover, whereby both and applied that the nails pass through t.hem and justable elastic shoulder straps, the front part of the Will be opened simultaneously. BUILDING EDITION. through the roollng material at the joints between the garment being cut in one length with front fly, the A breeching for harness has been pa sheets and prepared folds in the body of the sheets, the braces havmg buckle and short buckle straps, and only tented by Mr. Edwin S. Carpenter, of Corinth, Vt. It nails and strip being covered by the roofing material to needing one strapplug for the desired length, while the MA NUMBER. is held high upon the buttocks, at or above the portions conceal them and protect both from the weather. garment may be used in hot weather, or at the option of Y the owner, with a single strap around the neck. that have alternate backward movemeuts in the loco A machine for cutting off the soiled motion of the horse, the breeching being held in such butts of grain stalks has been patented by Mr. Lothar A cotton or hay press has been pa position by attachment to the crupper by a short strap. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Becker, of Galveston, Texas. A slotted and recessed tented by Messrs. AJlexander and Frank T. McGowen, A label cabinet has been patented by table has parallel endless bundle-carrying chains work of Houston, Texas. The head of the screw shaft is 1. Plate in Colors of a Country House, in perspec tive, enlarged and improved at moderate ex r Uriah D. Mihills, of Fond du Lac, Wis. The iu bolted to the followe", which works in a vertical press M . ing in the slots, in connection with a circular saw, for pense, with floor plans. also sheet of details, vention covers a curved label receptacle carried by arms taking 011 the bottoms of grain stalks which have be box, by meaus of a rotary worm wheel, whose elongated specifications, bills of estimate, etc. hub is threaded internally corresponding to the screw, pivoted in a suitable cabinet, combined with a lever for come coated or spattered with soil so much as to in 2. Plate in Colors of a Dwelling at Orange, N. J., tilting the receptacle and projecting it from the cabiuet, terfere with ordinary threshiug and separating. making a·combined worm wheel and nut, which sustains with plans, sheet of details, description, etc. the cabinet being divided Into compartmeuts and its the weight of screw and follower and the load imposed 3. The Queen of England's Cottage at Cannes, A sawing machine has been patented with half page engraving. top inclined at an angle of about thirty-lIve degrees. on the latter in the act of pressing. by Mr. Alexi. F. Gillet, of Burlington Junction, Mo. 4. A Twenty-five Hundred Dollar Cottage. Page folding seat has been patented by A knife cleaning machine has been engraving, showing perspective, and floor A lt is especially adapted for cross cutting sticks of plans. ·Mr. mysses L. Collins, of Sparta, III. ' It Is for attach timber into stove wood, and may be operated by hand patented by Messrs. Thomas S. Evans and Frankl in New Apartment House in Brooklyn, with per melit to any vertical standard, wall, or stationary device, or power, its constrnction being such that two cuts are R. Jackes, of Winnipeg, :M nitoba,.. Canada. It consists 5. spective view and floor plans. and more especially for use in connection with church in concentrically arranged cylinders having an anuular made through the stick at once, the operator doiug the 6. A Two Thousand Dollar Houset . with three- pews, or with plain standards secured to the 1I00ring of sawing by turning a crank, when it is worked by hand, space between, to whose opposite surfaces are affixed a 9.uarter page engravings, incluaing perspec a hall or other auditorium, for which the inveution pro much easier and quicker than with saw and buck. series of spirally arranged cleaners, the lower series the tl ve and floor plans. vides various novel combinations of parts. reverse of the upper, adapted to revolve in an outer 7. An Eastlake Cottage, with elevation and floor A haud operating attachment for sew cylindrical casing, the knife blades remaining station plan. kitchen cabinet has been patented Birmingham, A ing machines has been patented by Lois Waite McClung, ary while the cylinders are revolved. 8. The New Law Courts page engrav example by Mr. Orren Bates, of 'Wetmore, Kansas. This inven of Pueblo, Col. Combined with an adjustable support ing-a splendid of recent architec ture. tion coo,:ers article of kitchen furniture that is simple A photographic camera has been pa an ing bar arranged for attachmeut to the frame or the Design for Local Offices. Half page engraving. in construction, but which can be readily adjusted for machine a lever is pivotally connected, with a link con tented by Messrs. Robert D. Gray and Henry E. fltam 9. Double Cottage of Moderate Cost, two pages dillerent purposes, a clothes drier, an ordinary table, mers, of New York City. It is a light-tight box with 10. A as nected to the inner end of the lever and with the vitman of engravings, with elevations, floor plans: a table for working dough upon, and various other of the machine, the arrangement being such as not to an adjustable lens tube and a support for holding the and partial specifications. paper in a curved position while the picture is being uses. interfere with the ordinary foot driving mechanism. 11. A Thirty-five Hundred Dollar Cottage, with tsken, to compensate for the spherical aberration of the elevation and floor plans. carpet fastener has been patented machine for making perforated glass A A lens, there being also rollers for holding and feeding 12. New Hotel at Mentone, page engraving, show by Mr. Thomas M_ Worley, of New York City. It W. has been patented by Me""rs. Leon and Adrien Appert, the paper and a graduated stop for stopping when ing perspective and plans. a plate formed with· upwardly and forwardly ex A 18 of Paris, France. In combination with a bed plate for desired, with other novel features. 13. Dwel�g of Moderate Cost, page engraving, tending spurs and a retaining shank and socket, easily receiving fluid or seroi-fluid glass is a pressure plate or perspectIve and floor plans. A toy water motor has been patented n attachable to the body of the carpet, so that all wrink roller, with a number of conical or tapered projections 14. Desig for a Seaside Cottage, perspective view by Mr. Frank E. Buddington, of Chicago, III. Two and plans. ling and fulling of the carpet between the fasteners or prominences ou the bed plate or on the pressure . small reservoirs are so connected upon a plate that A Church costing a picturesque may be avoided. plate or roller, for forming glass plate with perforations 15. Country $5,000, when one Is filled, and the de�ice placed in a vertical design in perspective, with floor plan. as desired. A A clasp for pocket books and similar position, water will 1I0w therefrom upon paddles of 16. A Church in Stone, to cost from $20,000 np. ' n tile elegant design, with plans. articles has been patented by Mr. Louis B. Prahar, of A harness has been patented by Mr. a wheel between the two reservoirs, turning the wheel Levi Walker, of Delhi, Ontario, Canada. inven 17. Shop Fronts in Birmingham, a suggestive and Brooklyn, N. Y. The hinge piece or eye Is formed as This and then collectingIn the other reservoir, after which elegant design. part of the blank that forms the plate of the clasp, thus tion relates to improvements in double harness when the device reversed, and the former lower reser IIllly be 18. The Ponce de Leon Hotel, at St. Augustinel the draught evener is suspended" back improving the hinge in durability and strength, and from «mlinary voir be made to turn the'wheel. Fla. An elegant and unique specimen or avoiding the expense and labor of soldering a separate pads and carried beneath the bodieS of the horses, there A pin attachment for brooches, etc. , architecture ; two engravings. M d hinge piece to the plate. being conuected to the center of the main evener a 19. o e of Raising and Repairing the old U. S. has been patented by Mr. Otis G. Fisher, of Owosso, Court House at Boston, with three engravings. short evener adapted to be connected ends by . sf Its . Mich. The pin Is formed with a locking plate or bead A grate has been patented by Mr. short traces to the inner hame of each horse. 20. The Arch of Triumph at Karlsrnhe. Designed Fred C. Peslin, of Van Dyne, Wis. This invention held in a cavity formed by the pin attachmeut, the pin by Prof. Gotz. Half page engraving. relates to the grates of coking chambers, and is An apparatus for disinfecting sewage portion being passed through an orillce made in the at 21. Design for a Monument and Mausoleum to has been patented by Mr. James J. Powers, of Brooklyn, tachment, so that the haud takes the place of the joint Gen. G;rant, by George Matthias ; half page designed to facilitate the dumping of the coke from the engravmg. coking chamber into the main combuMtion chamber, N. Y. This invention covers a tank or receptacle sup pin or rivet o�dinarily used, and the attachment oper %2. Miscellaneous Contents : Heating by Hot Water, providing therefor a novel construction, combination, plied with sulphuric acid or other chemical, to be dis ates to facilitate the withdrawal of the pin from the iIIustrated.-Architectural Wood Turning, and arrangement of parts. charged into a generator holding a suitable salt to give garment, and also its insertion. ilIustrated.-Ruling and Section Lining, iIIus trated.-Iron Ceilings, with illustrations.-Rose 011 a disinfecting or precipitating gas, to be discharged has been patented by A razor has been patented by Mr. A hose coupling covered Porches, with engraving. -Tin Roofing, into the sewage by proper connections with diatribnt- Messrs. William H. Albee and William H. Pettys, of with an engraving.-Planing Mill Construc Peter Wahl, of North Vernon, Ind. It has a relatively tion, with diagrams.-Reservoir ing pipes. New York City. The coupling sectiou has a tubular with Auto broad back, a shank of reduced thickness, a concave matic Valve, engraving.-How to make Good A watch chain attachment has been projection with a series of longitudinal wedge· shaped biade having between its back and its edge a swell or Roads.-How to make a Cold Room for Eggs, patented by Mr. Frederick W. Brueckner, of Jersey countersinks, so that when the end of the hose is re ew.--New way of building Concrete Walls rib for strengthening the thin blade, and rounded ends, under Water.-How to remove Paint.-Em City, N. J. It consists of a light ornamental body ceived and clamped thereon the rubber of the hose will and Is designed to wear uniformly, maintain its shape, bossed Wood, how made.-Knotting, and Its adapted for attachment to the vest outside the pocket, be crowded into the depressions, and an increased strain Uses.--Strength of Plaster of Paris.-Water and keep a sharp edge. the device to be made in form to represent animals, on the joint will compress the rubber to tighten the Back Explosions. - Stone Filters. - Experi ments in Drying Woods.--8hrinking of Sea gate has been patented by Mr. birds, or any suitable design, and obviate the neces- joint. A to soned Timber.-CementBuilding s.-TheAcro Thomas J. Gross, of Maple, Mo. Its construction is sity of passing the chain. through or connecting with a An apparatus for making and trans- polls of AtheIll' -Ar'litectural Excellence. snow and Artificial Rubie...-Gelatine Moulds for repro such that It is not liable to be blocked by ice, button hole. ferring pig metal has been patented by Messrs. John R. ducing Carvings.-Paper Roofs.-Floors and It may opened and closed from either Bide by while be A girth buckle for saddles has been and Leroy A. Sell, of Johnstown, Pa. The invention Ceilings, Aucient and Modern, by C. Powell means of handles 8S one would naturally walk, ride, or patented by Mr. Peter Pelley, of Boise City, Idaho covers a means, in connection with the making of pig Karr. - Built-up Doors. - Staining Wood. J. Shelter Belts and Hedge Screens.-Building drive, being accomplished simnltaneously with the ap 'rer. This invention covers ..double buckle, consisting iron, of transferring the mould or chill carrier and its Constructions under Water.-How ish or departure from the gate. to Fin pioachto of two independent ones, WIth means' f or detachably moulds, chills, or troughs bodily to a point adjacent In Natural Wood.-Best Arrangllment of bustle has been patented by Mr. secnril'g them together, being specially adapted for to a track, and then dnmping the mould or carrier to Plumbing.-Bursting of Lead Pipes.-Costs of A Different Kinds of buckling the double girths of Spanish saddles, while cause the hardened pig metal to fan into a car on the Walls.-Imitation Stone. George Eckles, of Eyota, Minn. In and outer spiral How to Grain Walnut. either can be used separately for a single in the track. spring coils are connected by clips, and have braces or girth The Scientific American Architects and Builders stays and horizontal springs, all dependent from the usulllmanner. A bunk for railway cars has been pa- Edition is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. Single opi cllnts. Forty large quarto pages, equal waistband, in snch manner as to be thoroughly elastic A baling press has been patented by tented by Cornelia Wood, of Sibley, Iowa. is an c es, 25 C. It to about two hundred ordinary book pages; form and easily adjustable to meet the requirements of the Mr. William B. Bradsby, of Greenville, III. It is of the attachment tobe used 8S a substitute for a crib or cradle ing, practically, a large and splendid MAGAZINE OF ARCHITECTURE, wearer. class of presses known as " continuous balers, " and in passenger railway cars, consisting of a crane with richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and flne engravings, iIIustrat adapted especially take straw directiy from a thrash- hollow vertical journaled in bearings attached to with Wrapping paper forms the subject to poat mg the most interesting examples of Modern of ing machine and bfj.Ie it, preaeing the bales to proper the side of the car, carrying a bunk in such way that a Architectural Construction and allied subjects. patent Issued to William H. H. Childs, of Brook a Mr. The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Conve density with econolDY 9f time la]x>r, aVOiding the swinging motion will be given thereto by the car, but lyn, The invention consists in cementing to BDd nience of this work have won for it the LARGEST N. Y. necessity of stucking othe ll!8 handlingthe straw, so when use· occupy the place of the gether two or more thicknesses of paper with a paste in or m that not in it will CIRCULATION of any Architectural publication in and providing a novel methQd of tying out the bales. usual baggage rack. the world. Sold by newsdealers. Is iucorporated naphthaline or camphor, thus all which , making a wrapping calculated to keep away motha from A baling press has also been patented A cotton seed mill has been patented MUNN & CO., PUBLISHERS woolen cloths, fura,and artlol.. of .nolt dOlOrip$ltlll. 111 iIIr. �.. &riel. of QUiaq, Dl. 'I'm.UOIl IaV8ll Ill' Ilr. liiilamoD K8LeMl, 01 X!neral liipl'll!lll, -.i. 0.- 801 Bruadwq, New Yen-&. © 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MAY ' 28, ,887,] . . . . bow, ihe oonduQting brake,J. A. .Nlliobter...... 862,'173 OW BOOKS AIm PUBLIOATIOlfS. (0) C. H. F. aslts . Car •• _,S ta Carm echanism. cable, T. I Johnson ...... H IGNING OF IRON power of , heat in me ls eom with that ofgu. T E DES ORDINARY pares Car motol', street; J. P. S)I&I'u...... '/95 HGHWAY A. Glass.ls a poor condncto,r ofheat fer transmi lllion. cltargtfor In sertihn under Dollar B GE S. B . s l J irby. Jr . ... The 0fUI I RID TAL heat than l nd Car eat ock. . K ; ...... this head is • rt m s more g ass u er Waddell. John Wiley Sons,oJ. New Iron transmits thi y ti e Cars,b,u ok for rallway. C. C. Wood...... __ a inaertihn .. alJqut eight wordB a &Y ' . . linefor each to line. the sameconditions. a u mi way betweeu . . Ad?Jerli1emmit8 must York. Brass is bo t d Cars. cuspidor for raHway. T. Straker...... -..or. be recri'Oed at publicatinn qJJice g H.lleck� 3IIt;IIIl Iro and eopper, copper bein eighty times better a Thu1'8day morni1l(l to appearin nea:t u as Cars, grain door faatener for railway. J. aa aa i88ue The object of this work is mainly to reduce the labor aat,8IIO early . couductor than glass. man...... " ...... of designing b ridges. thus facilitating the work of en. (6) Would Cars, holder for address cards or Isbel& uponrail- • ' eers, and to present the matter ith sufficient de. asks : the dynamo . __ In the new " Trautwine's " the articles are systematl' gIn w J, J. P. way, Kell Oll'g a'Penrose ...... ;.·.;.:...... min ti of plans and data for estimating ost described in S UPl'L1I T 61 produce the me amonnt ue ...... _m· cally arranged, .o that an article may often be f onnd tail and u re c Jo:N 1 ss Carpet stretcher. W. Sexa r ...... ::- . . without the aid of the new and very full ln(\ex. to form a compendium of information of high value to of current Ifthe layers of wire on the lleld magnets were Carpet .tretcher. G. P. Woodworth...... 362.a63 W. county commissioners and others who have the reo wound In parallel circuit? A. With t he presentarma· Carriagebow .pring rest. S. Colemanet ....al.: ' .. 818 "How to Keep Boilers Clean. " Send l'��r' address sponslbility of erecting public bridges. The plates in ture. no. 2. What would be necesssry towi nd Carrier. See Dental disk carrier. Game carrier. for free 88 page book. Jas. C. Hotchld•• , � Liberty St., size wire Case. Se e case. Cell . • book are remarkably full and complete;· showing the armature for platingr A. 4rlll&ture No. lleld e t case N y the 14. Alphab ; Cigarette case. Show case. Watoh case. and naming everymember 'Of bridges of the' Pratt and mwtDet No. 14. or with two No. 16 wires wound parallel. Wanted-20 or 25 horse power upright engine. Must . Casting ' plumbers' traps. ap)l&l'atus for. C. lD. hipple systems, which constitnte ninety per cent of At be ln aood order. Write. giving dimensions and p rice. W (7) J. C. P. writes : the bottom of HellS ...... : ...... 3IIII.fIN all American iron highway bridges ; and the tahles ive . " W�" Matteawan. N. y. lt e m o lII8t edition (N . the s l. Cell case, C. Bow ...... of y ur o 18) re i the fo E. er .. aa.nl not only exact sizes of all the parts. but also the most Centerboard llttlng for boats, E. H. Barney...... 811'.1.'101 Pump Catechism tells practically how to set uP. ad· lowing statement: .. The oliter terminal of the coil is $1.00. economic dintensions of panels and trusses. etc. Chain and lever power. O. H. Smith ...... ';6'1l just. run any pump In market. Practical Pub. Co., connectedpag with oileof the screws, and .the inner termi- Students in bridge engineering will likewise llnd in Chalu attachment. watch. F. W. Brueckner ...... _,TIS Room S. 5 Dey St .• New York. nal of the same coil is eonnected with the screw in the this volume a valuahle as.istant, as the author bas long If Chain elevator. endless. C. Chase ...... 368.5U Patent for Sale.-Only improvement ever made in next har in order in the commutstor cylinder." been prominent as a teacher of civil engineering, and hal C. Talt ...... throu h W · · · plated knives. M. A. Morehou.e. Wevertown. N. Y. this was done, how is circuit made g the Cchec�.';: baggage.' C; ..M Dri · ..n�er ...... · ; · . . ; ...... ;· ...... explains his subject with great clearness. the ;. .... !':!:! . • . of . Haven. 211 Mnlberry St Newark, N. J. armature r A The inner end one coil is connected Check hook, harnes•• P. Penner...... 362_ lI'ifUIHodela . AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY PSY- with the outer end of the adjacent coil at the screw of Chili mould. J. W. Selgh ...... 8Il:I,M6 To t-Part of large store, 43 Dey St., New York. Le eHOLOGY. By S. V. Clevenger. Jan· of the commuta tor bar. so that the circuit is from one Chopper. See Cotton chopper. . McClurg •• ...... Ststionary and Boat Engines. Boilers. best made, !len, & CO Chicago. coil to the commntator tar. then back to the outer Chum. A. HMlSly ...... ; 88:I,liOi . 362,MS cheapest price. Addres. Washburn Engine Co .• Medina. thro gh Chum. J. N. Schwalen ...... This book Is a "discussion of the evolution and re- end of the next coil. then u this coil to the next Ohio. . Churn motor. G. W. Thom.on ...... 811'.1.'lW . commutator bar; thns back to the next coli In order and . lations of the mind and body of man and animal .. Cigarette case. F. S; Klnney ...... 88:1,8&5 For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, the cl-"-'>uecu CII'CUI't of the arma- It is the work of a physician. with the object of elab- so on. thos completing Clocks circuit controller for self windlnlf C H M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co .• 138 Jackson St., ted � , : : 86I;IlOO ���= � orating. as far as possible, a mental science reconci!. ture. This point is clearly sta In the article referred PO d ...... : ...... ; , . ing the observations of anatomists, psychologists. and to. Clo.et. See Earth closet. . . Ifan Invention has not been patented in the United p thologists. for the more intelli treatment of in Clutch. friction, I. G. Hooper ...... 382,83'l' a gent · (8) . F. F. asks the formula. for the for more be p d In • D Clutch. friction...... States than one 'lear. It may still atente anity Besl y s o ersonal investl'gatl'o • J. Kirk...... 382,886 s 'des ear f p n the pap edoes sold on th of uly. The ex l - Canad... Co.t for Canadian patent, Various other er torp 4 J A. p o Coal screen heater.F. L. Shallenberger ...... t40. author has been a diligent student of Darwin and Her· rc _.1'118 foreign patents may aI.o be obtained. For Instructions sive material is fulminate of me ury. Coal .cuttle. W. Freudenberg ...... 811'.1.818 SCIENTU'IC hert Spencer of Huxley and Tyndall. and endeavors address Munn & Co.. AMERICAN patent . Cock, cylinder. H. R. Whomes ...... ll82,8Ol lIIIency. 381 Broadway. New York. to throw such light upon his subject as . the results of CoCk gange. Shaw & Toole ...... 88:1,646 th�ir reasoning and eXl"'riments suggest. TO . IlfVElfT01Ul. ColI'ee and tea pot attachment, G. S. spring...... S6U60 For . Sale-Machine shop plant, in operation. Best _,8'18 ea rn * * Any of the above may be pu ed C01l'ee pot. J. K. Cummings ...... tools. Address ChM. W. Griggs, 176 D rbo . Chicago. books rchas An el © 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. {MAY 28, 1887. ••• . . " . ..· . ; ...· ...... _ ...... 862.867 �u pressnre regulator andcnt.otf, A. Knrikel. 362,89& PliperbOr, A. C; Jordan ...... ; .... lJ8·a,G83 Snspenderll. V. B. aU.Il ...... : •.•••.•...... 7 Qu trap cover. N. Schwab ...... 362.6'2 Paper biJr.cS,'H. 8tnith ...... : ...... 362.675· Swina,J. Rigby ...... , ...... 362, 86 Gate, : ••. 362.703 ...... P.·S. Basnett...... jack. W. H. Baynard, Jr ...... Switch. See Railway .wltch. pegging 362,889 • • • and • - . T. • Generator See Steam j(enerator Pencil sharpener point protector. O. L. Swltcbes. signals. etc Interlocking appamtns for, Inside Palre, each laMmon ---- fl1."Iicent. 00 a line. .•...••.•: •••••••••• ••••••• ...... o...... : ...... 362,889 Back Palre, encb insertion R lille. Gin brake. S. L. CarIKinter 362,491 Schrader ...... 362.669 F. B. Guerber ...... ; : above are charges per agate IIne-ab nt a ...... 362.678 The shows o eight GlaSs. See M&Ilnlfylng glass. PIlIl. fQuntain, J. Bl ir ...... 362,709 Syringes. vaive for. B. F. Sntton ...... words l'er line. Thi. notice the width of tile.line, ...... GIas!- machine for mRklng perforated, L. &;A. P."' .... roughening. C. S. Freer: ...... 362,685 Table: See Erten.ion· table. · Folding table. and i t In agate type. Engravings may head adver ..•• ...... •.••.•..•••..••...... tisement" 8t the same rate per agate line, by measure... Appert ::. 362.698 Photographic camera, T. H. Blair ...... Game table. 362,599 ment, 8S the letter pres8. Advertisements must be .....• ...... as Glove fastening, C. W. Stnart , ...... 362,563 Photographic camer" ahutter, W. E. Robert... .. 862,66;1 Table. G. W. 2.Iel.... ler ...... : ...... 862,91 5. 362.916 received at,publication omce early as Thursday morn Glne and chiorine from salte.I fish skins. mRklng, Photographic developing cabinet. C. R. Quigley.. 362.782 Tank. See Heatlrig tank. . . ing to app�1LI' in next issue...... • .••...... 362,903 . . 7 4 J. R. Pringle ... Photographic t.lme shutter. E. Kuhn ...... 362.518 Target, lIylng. C. C. Hebbard ...... 362. 4 A. Grader and pnrlfler; II. C. McKeen ... : ...... 1162.766 Pianos, music raCk. for upright, C. James ...... 362.512 Telephone exchange swltcheJi.te.t1n .... appa1'8tua Grain binders, knotting mechanism for. J. F. Ap- Picker. See Fruit picker. for. J. J. O.COnnell...... : ...... 862,652 ...... "' .....•...... •. . . CO'S pleby 362.811 Piles. instrument tor treating, S. P. Payne ...... ·362.778 Tellurian. G. W. Benedlct..� ...... ; ...... 3ti:l,671 362 753 . F...... SEBA!��&c!Aa!! Grain binders,:twine holder and cntter for, C. Pin. See Jewelry pin. Safety pin. Thill coupling. W. H. Loomis ...... 362,696 ...... q . . 362,599 Adams ...... Pipe. See Stand pipe. ' Thimble, &A. Wella ...... , ...... 362.848 • ...... 8 ...... i!62.768 Grain drill, I.upton & Starry ...... Pipe wrench .I. Courtleyow ...... 362, 19 Ticket holder. M. Martin ...... : ...... 362.551 Grain drill, A. J. Martin. : ... : . : . . .. ; . 362,757 Plaiting machine. J. Stiely . Tie. See Grape vine tie. ltallway tie. . Dr ls. J...... 362.846 LATm:SDriIl Presses, Chucks, ���e�il 362.896. Grate, combined gas and coal burning, C. H. Mil- Planing and matching macbine. B. Mahatfey .. Tile work. D. O. Loy ...... Dogs.and maChinists'an ama ...... •...... 362,648 ...... d ler. Planing machines. chip breaker for wood. W. H. Tooth holder. artlOclal. J. W. Whlt.e ...... 362.800 teursfoutfits. Latheson trial...... 362.�99 ...... ;,(;2,619 Grate, shaking. S. D. Earl...... Gray ...... Torch. J. L. B. Sibley ...... �. 362,!MX> Catalclgues mailedl ; ...... olln ...... 362,00'/ . . 165 ����� �� Gunpowder, manufacture of. Nordenfelt & Meur- Planter, seed, C. H. Clark ...... 'l'Oy. pneumatic. J. Chadwick ...... 362.006 W. I'd St.. ( �(�. ..� �...... : ...... 362,899 ling ...... Planters, check row attachment for corn. J. Ken- Trap. See Animal trap. Guns, portable parapet mounting for. T. Norden- nedy...... il62.515 Traveling bag. I. Heller ...... 362,681 ORNAMENTAL DESIGN. PRINCI- ...... 362,oaJ LewiS The . felt .... . ' ...... 362,900 Plow. C. Billups ...... 862.598 'l'readle attaehment, J. S. Robinson ...... ples andof practice of.-By F. Day. .econd of . . . . a series lectures on this sUbject discussing the lines ...... 362.750 Plow. R. W. ·Whitehurst ...... Hair .pring adjuster, A. L. Keller ...... 362.912 Trestling or scaifo ldlng, G. W. Zeigler 862,9U upon which ornament can be dlstrl buted.. Wltb 5 illus ...... 2,�94 CIENT FIC AMERICAN SUPPLE. Haiter. C. Covert ...... 36 Plows and cultivators. hoeing and covering at- Trough. See Eaves trough. trations. Contained In S J. MENT, 10 I ...... 362 4 IIanger. See Shaft hanger. tachment for. J. R. Hi&"gin...... 362,627 Trousers "Stretcher, R. Crommer ...... , 95 No. IiS9. Price cents. To be had at this omce and from all new.dealers...... Harness. L. Walker ...... 362.686 Pocket attachment. safety, Williams & Jndson ... . 362,913 Truck and rnnning gear of railway cars, B. T...... 362, Harne•• strap. I. Bergman ...... 362.708 Pot. See Colfee pot. White ...... 563 ...... 362,868 Harrow. sulky, W. Richards ...... 36-l ,794 Power. See Chain and level power. Trunk. G. I. Ap Roberts ...... 761 Harrow tooth and false point. adju.tablc .prlng. Power. frictional gear for transmission of. W. R. Type setting machine. A. Lagerman...... 862, ...... , !3 A. . J. H. Higgins ...... 362.626 Ravens ...... 362 7 Type writers. word counter for, E. Barker .... 362,696 .. 362.511 narvester, broom corn, Huckleberry & Reese.- . . Press. See Baling press. Umbrella and parasol runner•• retainer for, E. L...... •...... Harvester, cotton, J. Rawle .... : 362,588 Propelling wheel for ve.sels. D. G. Haskins .. .. 1162.508 Glenn 362.838 ...... i!62.821 ...... Hllr.vester cutting apparatus. J. Crlsb .. .. . ·Propul.ion. marlne. W. P. Thornburgh ...... 862,556 Valve. C. Jenkin ...... 362.630 S INKI NG S A F - E ...... J...... ;162.651 MINE H 'f S. D Protector. See Pantaloons protector. Valve. J. P. Neary ...... o Harvesting machine. Giles ...... ·362.887 . t nk n ...... 362 b67 Pul1ey, G. Campbell...... 362.569 Valve, balanced slide. M. R. Moore ...... a IIay elevator track. T. C. Belding ...... 862.525 r�'!!';l�:;'y : �I;�;eg Ci��ENT�� �:'e�AMERICANi1�. �l{l:'� SUPPLEMENT:���:� In"". Contained In S IF C Heater. See Coal screen heater. Feed water Pul1"ys to differect sized shafts, device for ra- Valves in tanks. device for controlling the opera- Price 10 I I omce and ...... 862.767 ...... 362.76£, 362 765 NO. Ii:J'1.. cents. To be had at this heater. Hot air and &team beater. movably attaching. W. A. McNair tion of. T. McHugh ...... from aU newsdealers. Hoe. J. W. Calef ...... SIl'J,876 Pump. chain. T. Wortman ...... 362.695 Vat. See Sizing vat...... 362.528 J...... Hol.tlng bucket. G. E. Newell ...... Pump. double·actIng. K. Van Pelt ...... 362.681 Vegetable cutter. R. W. Cash ...... SIi2,670 , ...... 362.489 ...... Hoi.tlng machine. T. A. Byler Pump. steam. J. Mayher ...... ; ...� ..4 ...... 362.7R2 Vehicle. two-wheeled. A. P. Fergu.on ...... 862.738 ...... Holder. See Book holder. Label holder. Paper Punch. check. J. C. Lowdon ...... 362.755 Vehicle. two-wheeled. R. W. Mayhew ...... 362,642 H. .. .. • . . , ...... 362. 777 bag . holder. Ticket holder. Tooth holder. Punching machine, cheek, H. Norrington . . S82.586 Vehicle. two-wheeled J. G. Parsons ...... 788 Vi.e holder. Rail .plice, H. F. Cox ...... 362.722. 362,723 Vehicles. .pring seat tor. Savarla '" Beauchemin .. 862...... Hook. See Blick band hook. Check hook.. WhIf- Railway cable roads,pu1ley box tor curve pulleys Vent, J. Suydam ...... 362.5M ...... - ...... ALCOHOL, SWEET POTATO. AN fletree hook. of. T. L. Johnson ...... �635 Vine tie. metailicgra pe, Z. C. Pheatt ...... 362.656 ...... J...... account 01 a new industry recently established at the IIoop machine cutter head. J. Hewit:, . ,., ...362.625 : Raih,a1' rail jOints. fastening for, W. L. Van Har- . Vise holder. saw. A. J. Tyler ...... 86:1.910 of ...... Azores-that of the distillation alcohol from raw .• .. . . . 362.581 SCIENTIFlO AMERICAN Horse detacher� W� S. Downer . .. IIngen ...... 362.861 Voltaicbattery. A. F. W. Partz ...... sweet potatoes. Contained In : ..: ...... � 362,881 UPPLEMENT. . S No. 1i'12. Price 10 cents. To be had at Horse Power equalizer, Moliarch...... 362.585. Railway station indicator, Roberge& Timmons .. 862.662 Vnlcanlzingrnbber belts, pacll:lna. etc� Raa8ett '" i:w. : this omce and from all newsdealers. Hor.eshoes, . hoof protector attachment tor. W • Railway .witch and signal apparatu., F. S. Steven.on ...... : .. 362,697 ...... 580 Arnlng ...... , : ...... , ...... 862,�79 Guerber ...... 362. Wagons. Ice shoe for. J. C. Mathlles...... , ...... 362.6H ...... _ ...... 362.534 • ...... 362,578 t Ho.e carriage. H. J.·Perry ...... ; Railway switch;automatLc .G. S. Elliott .. . .. Wash boiler. L. D. Lewis ...... 362,521 . . . . N.Y: Mr:.��r:::� bepot, Hose coupling. Albee & Pettys ...... &2.697 Railway .wltches. device for operating street. H. Washing machine. B. R. Hand ...... 362.740 Bridge Store No.N. 16. Y...... 362.838 ...... 362.770 ...... 362.561 Hot air and steam heater. C. D. Howard .. .. . P. Millington ...... Washing machfne, W. W. Welsell Frankfort Street, ...... 362.712 Hot air and steam heater. J. F. Pease...... 362.779 Railway switches, device for operating street. H. Watcb case. E. K. Boyd ...... �m .BAHD.·MMHIHERY ...... ; .802 •...... D. ' ...... 362 MASONRY FOR N Hub. vehicle wheel. I Conklin ...... 362,493 WhIpple .. Watch case centers. manufacture ot rings tor. F. ASPHALT ENGI E ...... 362.615 of Hub. wheel. O. B. Baimister...... : ...... 362,701 Railway wi: do K. Clark:. ... . ; ... ; ..:' ...... i!62.608 Ecaubert ...... Beds.-By L. Malo. Description the author'. systeID ...... bituminous masonry beds,J Hub. wbeel. . . combined .Ieeper and chair for. J. Watch regulators. screw clamp pin for. W. of .o deaden the vibrations Hall & Bailey ...... 362,506 Railways. produced by steam engine.. '"Ith 5 figures. Contained ...... � . .362.786. .7 7 ...... _ ...... 362.559 SCIENTIFlO AMERlOAN SUPPLEMENT, No. �mpres��d and printed .surfaces, apparatus for Rlley ...... 862 8 Weiand ...... In liSI...... 362,� for . 10 To .. . T. Water closet basin. H. C. Weeden ...... I'rlce cents. be had at this omce and from ail producing. T. G. & H. Daw ...... Railways. traction mech8.nism cable, L. 362.tiOO • • ...... newsdealers Indicator. See Railway .tation Indicator. John.on...... 362.634 Water clo.et water supply apparatus, T. McHugh 862.S97 . 362.719 Insulating the terminals of .heathed electrical Reel tor dlsplayin .... and mea.urlng dry good•• C. Water gauge glass tubes. floattor. L. Campbell.. AMMONIA SULPHATE.-A PAPER ...... 362.8"12 ...... reed conductors. D. Brook...... W. Campbell et aI ...... , ...... 362.(90 WeaTer's comb and hook, combined. S,·BaII. 362.700 s . of, ...... 862.682 . for reduction Insulator. loop. H. Van Sands ...... Refrigerator. Weitz & Klassert .. ; .. : ...... 362,690 , Wheat. lIr.t break machine the rKs'r:� ��o�:::'�}o:�aii"n 'l!':�r��feSCIENTIFIC':,7 AMER,::::��ICAN�;��p�am; Fare ...... 3 figures. Contained In Sup �ron. apparatus for the manufacture of galvanized,· Register. See regl.ter. J.!Jessen...... i!62.582 10 this Pro- PLl!MF.NT, No.)�66. Price cents. To be had at ...... Fifth W. B. Spear ...... 362.906. Regulator. IilQe .Electrlc machine regulator. Wheel. See Bicycle wheeL wheel. omce and froID ail newsdeaiers. ,Jack. See Pegging jack. Pres8� at!>r. , �liq flte� .. . pin...... • .•"�· ...... 574 ,Jewelry H. Fletcher ...... 862,73'1 Rei.V llllI!rirtjl}'.'�.,�.. (inndfor artlOciai, G. R. Williams 882.594 hand...... Outline trM.fer tool. F. W. Davenport .. .., ... 362.m Stove grate. adjUstable. H. W. ·Bodeman ...... 362.919 • ...... • . . . .. • ... o . .. . n obtained Overs/hi. A Bookman . . 362,710 Stove, open lire, E, Brown... : ..: ...... 362.717 Canadian Patentll may ow be by the J...... ; .. 362.725 inventi named tore- . Paint, phosphorescent. H. Thorp . ... . 362.800 Stove, vapor; Z. Davis..... : ..;. ".' ,., ..... Inventon tor any:o.t:the on. in the .... 362, ...... :Pantaioonliprot eetor. Lehmann & Rabenstein 519 Stove. vapor, B. Rein ...... 862.660 1I0inl! list. provided they are simple. at a cost of f40 ilPi*fttns •• �; for wulna. Sherck '" Batlg, Jr ·S62M7 Strap. See Harness strap. eaoh. IfqompHceted tJle ClIlst wlll he alittle mol'&. . For ...... See full Kmm �. ·l'ajNjrlN'IUMII4er. G. W. TIaoIler ...... __ Supporter. Detn supporter. inlltruetiona. '8d © 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MAY 28, 1887.] li"""d.. U, _-. ao..r, l'186. o..-aw.".,...... 1118L VVLoJl1WITB BaBRY Wll•• ••• BAIRD'S BOOKS Made SOLID ofthe OeIebrIltCld FOR WltLLINGTON IIILL ...... Y. PRACTICAL MEN' TO ALL ATA GU PRACTIOAL SUP.lfIOR OTHE.t. Our and enlarged C B OF AND ScIENTIFnew IC W A ATALOGUB to thl! BOOKS, 96 page., 8vo, C Thoueane of �1ICt1UerItestifY Itobeilll! snoilifr. 011' EA AND TH STEAM ENGINE,MECHAN- Dal'able. BOOKSON ST B .a'. IDD8t and Bealdalellt EmenWlleel made ��� a ;� :� � t R.Vm& �:mT or :DR.T. BRID�!��tGE BUlb���'LDING o. :STRENorGTH� 011' �MATERIAIl:g��::�g�:LS, RAII� M �t:·�gfc�G��gl'S�I�J��� ====ICUT8 COOL and FRI.. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.-AN IN- -===:::; S RG A SAFE WHEEL.- teresting review. by Mr. R. Duncan, of the progress �1��BOOKS,�:� a LIST�� 011'�J'N OK on ELECTRO_M'ETALLU Y, ETC., A, Bo011' RELATING TO. ELECTRI tbat has been made in this brancb of science during CA.'l'AWGUB BoOKS T C CAL st:mNCE. ON METAL IN the last lIfty years. Contained In SC EK J'I AMElI1- List of LEADING BOOKS M OW YOU BELTING A PAOIING CO., CAN UPP ENT 1i89. r 10 I lNG, METALLURGY, MIN Yt ASSAYING, CBEMI SoleMaD S Il , No. PrIce cents. To be CAL AL S S ERALOG NG CALICO.. afactvere. at tbls ollice and from all newsdealers. AN , etc., List of Books on D E . d had R TI Y I Y LI N A U P G. WEAVING. COTTON AND WOO E M �1�..r'f�f�Jn�t.�h�� aC:::::lt�. e- WarehOI,lSel I IS Park Row, New York. AC'rURE,L,.. N and other Catalogues, tbe whole coverinN g- MASSACHUSETTS 11'evelf branch of Scien�e applied the LE topa ri; ofArts, .em fr•• a"l1 and[ree o f 1J08taDeto """in afll// the world who Encyclo- Diamond Book free' WillJumWi. 1MB Gddreu. pedia Drills and CAREY BAIRD of �5C. for Charitable lechanic Association. ']00 E gra Lightning mailing it. INDUSTRIHENRYAL I'uBLISHERS. BOOKSELLERS&. CO.,TE RS n v &; IMPOR ings of Hydraulic American 810 The Sixteenth of this old asso Walnnt St., Pblladelphia, Pa. W ELL' WELL Well WorD, Y ciation be heldExhibi In theirtion spacious building S, Machines. J.urwa, IlL s will TOO L Muafaetured by The Somersworth iIadtIDe tJo., in Boston, in September, October, and vember of the present year. Inventors, MeNo HISTORY OF THE ELECTRICAL �o� ��d�.4.R.:JD,g���l�h�! .4.1I;'t�. . cbanics, and Manufacturers are cordially in in the OlIIce.-By KIntner. AnART Inter B. �. � WU. S. Patent E C. J.L L Street, vited to contribute. Inquiries promptly aod esting of the growth science In this CHICAGO. hl� s of eleetrleal 154 Lake fully answered. Send for circular and blank ap The Tethno�hemic,lDrO,;ov �:JjJ.A.:J:>Y_ netei�t BooR: ,,� 01th�0�<;ft m:c:.0�= Write for Circulars. plicationsto �=:{llnScn:"TIBKl AI(EB1C�N PrIce Box 2468. noston, Mass. 10 cents. To be had at Stl'PPthis LBJoI olliceJIINT and No.from 344,. all news dealers. CHLORINA nON GOLD ORES.-A The Tec1uio--Chemh icalR Receipt Book. OI!' I�;��nr, �'!l' ,:gst J�:��t·b��:�.f.,"Je !':: Edward Thompson� SOlicitor ��ro:in�� I� g�d �'3g�ie::: c'::�:R�a� La�:":��f t r· SCIENTIl'ICAMEI UCAN h he c • of Eleetncal Pateots. " Beekman ed Gold�l lnlng Contalned" t��tf!WifoIn ��� � �':!�J.:e��'A°\':fl.; .:l�a., s� JJdil� ���ft�Plr= �g� ELECTRICAL SUPPLEIlENT, Co. li41i. 10 Street,N. Y. Write for testimonials and Instructions. No. Price cents. To be had.. t German of Drs. Winckler, Elsner, Heintze, Mierzinski, this olliceand from all newsdealers• •lacob.en ... Koller, and Heinzerling. with additions by William Brannt, Graduate of the Royal .Agricultural FGGt-Power (', ollege ofT. Eldena, Prussia, and William H. 'Vahl Ph. CompleteB.rnes' outfitsfor ActualMaehlne".. Worksnop CLARK'S NOISELESS RUBBER WHEELS D. (Heid.), Secretary of the 1franklin Institute, phil .... Business. Read whata customer says : delphia, author ot .. Galvanoplastic Manipulation.... Il No more Splintered ,,'Ioors. clt Cat lustratedby 78 engravings, in one volume, over500 pages, c�::.:'!��r���r �� 4YI:.�g:�ta VOLNEY W. MASON " CO., Different Style.. alogue Free. , ni not see how it be produced at sucbef.; gc;��;ra��ti�2mC�t��� Me ::n ll;�;:�a f��c��: can FRICTION PULLEYS CLUTCHES ELEVATORS fl (�EO. P. Cl,AItK, low cost. The velocipede foot-power 2. frC$ of pOstage and Box L. Wllld80l' 1,ock8. Cr. let�� �cloth, gilt. Price $ to ""11 address in i e a t. s I It. I. the W01'ld.- '. }�; :'�fio�� �: Jd�r ��'fi't i�:? !.� PltOVIDENCE, little tired as I'l l had been walking ELECTRIC CONVEYORS.-DESCRIP- u�.#rl'�������� Wf��· GENESIS OF THE ELEMENTS.-':A tlon of two Ingenioussystems for the electric carriage the WorIa .whowIU /liB W:: :,t-;�t t 'h� R;� review of Mr. Crooke'stheory of the subject. With one of small packages. Illustrated with 13 engravings. Clon- to_om�afll//pari; of J:.J:/I- :J:.:��'W�I;�&;S t:� � SCIEN'!'III'IO 464. �. ' Co. Address 1999MamSt., Rockford. Ill. illustration. Contained In Al\lERIOAN Sup- Price 10 cents. To be had at this olliceand fl'om CAREY BAIRD &. CO., 9 To be hadat this all newsd ealers. MaNRY COMMON AND POISONOUS. !=.�� gg;"li�1 ne:;a:I���ts. lDdastrial Publishers, Bookaellers, •• d Importers, -ACOLORS, 810 tableshowing the composition of some of the pig Walnut 8t .. Pbiladelphla.. aP .. U. S ••4.. ments In common use, witb a clllJsifle&tionof the latter based uponpoisonous properties. ContQ.\ned io ScIEN AIlEUlC4N S'l1PPLEIl ""T. 346. TUNNEL FOR FOOT PASSENGERS IN TI1I'IC No. PrIce 10 DEAFNESS RELIEVED Stockholm.-Deserlptionof adllllcult piece of tunneling. cents. Tobe had at thiso mce and from all newadeale ..... AT SMALL EXPENSK In Wbleh thefreezl lll!method was applied with success. With 7 figures. Contained In SCII © 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. "lICbvedisemenfs. w 13 l'a"e, inaertloD � a IiDe. e c c t"Mide each - cents le OriIilLTHE STANDARn-���\�;::. : P�1Ip ��l h rTi B . - ..- . lack- e h in_J'lion AMlBItAI - a line. J&T,BLDPBOIB� �. Pace nc -- Bl.00 . CALLED :; ='Z The above cbarge" per about eight packing JBNKINS PACKING agate Ime- Accept nO as· lIDless 95 MILK ST BOSTON, MASS. wordsper line. a re1.'bis notice shows the widtb of line, stamped Trade . -:-____ _ and Is set in agate type. Engravings may headthe adver wltbour" Mark." . ,J. ... Street, N. Y. tisements at the same rate per aga e line. by measur.... as the letter press. dve tise ents This Company owns the Letters Patent II¥'nt, A rt m mnst be .. {T1 receivedat pnblication office R8 early asThursday morn JEIIII! BROS. l�M ��De.. ::::".t. � Ing to appear in next sue. _. St., ClIIleap. granted to Alexander GrahamBell, March is , 7th, 1876, No. 174,460 January 30th !..P�H :"'O ":O==��P�H ��P=::===8= O=====H====::"------=---"--':"--':-"'-'::"'- , and -T I T I P TKNT ON Q RA I C R N F MAC NERY 1877, No. 186,787. PERMANENT IIROMIDa PAPER . JACKBT "ETTLES, all e l° or Porcelain lb. known w tt.':, h �PlaIn LIned. Te.ted to 100 The transmission of Speech by all To Business Men. lt ! pressure. Send for Lists. � r: f� �. ��O;nt�:fenth lr��;g or The value of t e as an adver from� the nal�= neg ative, are jusr t l f HAND, BURR " forms h SCIENTIFIC AMERJ:CAN illustrations(ri f macblnery, andbeinJl' approacbedh by CO of·Electric Speaking Telephones in- tising medium cannot be overestimated. Its circulation onl.I. 4 and Market tit., b tbe finest steel� engravings, which theyresemble. Wltb 61 616 Pbiladelphla. Pa. Machine, we re enabled fringes the right secured to this Company e h' our new Antomatic Printing a ::'o':';,Ml�':."rftt:�rles,and is readin all the� l':.'kt:I�\ principal! libraries e";���r and J��,W£re ing to make thesebeautiful prints at a pricethat will allow ad he ED b the above patents, and renders e�h rooms of the world. A business inan wants something be THE GREAT AQU UCT OFon NEW y a t lfof�: �8e'l,'::���M��. :i:w.�:�.!.��t. York Clty.-Lengtby and acc nt the more thaD to see his advertisement in prin ed news �iatr�i:. � very complete 01 individual user of telephones not furnish- i from originaln tives size. Send for greet aqueduct now beingbullt tileCity of New York, paper. He wants c rculation. This he has when he ega to aJl1: tel'lllll. .wJ advertises the SCIE And do not '1' he sible for such In TI I Eastman Dry Plate �1!!'�S��� SU�llE B O:J' 6st��g: ��: ed by it or its licensees respon let the advertisin!! N agentF CInlluence AMlCRICAN. you to substitute Y:":!!�:;.N. . C I T, some other paper for the wben Y 33Sand 3tm. Price Wcents ea.oh. TO be had atthls unlawful use, and all the consequences hst S('IENTIFIC AMERICAN, officeand newsdealers. selecting a of publications in WD tcn yuu decide It is (rom all for your interest to advertise... This is frequentLy done. forand mOllt RELI. thereof, and liable· to suit thE'refor. for the reason taRt tne agent gets a Jarger eommiS8ion swiftrnnntng. from the papers baving a smuJl Circulation than is allow ed on tbe S N J. Sebleren 1. Clo. CIE TIFIC AMERI(,AN. Ferry St., New York. .,, ' see top of column of this page, or ad- St., PhUa. , JllJHh\L Al � rates fir.t 416 rch I )�BARRElj1AI.'�lfjtRY. -THE- A St., B s n. 86 Federal o to :!" / A 0�EvIALI ' MUNN & CO., l'ubll8h.. r 8, - e �Ch�j J�',-ENWOO[;&or " 361 Brondway, N w York. h !,..f I.JHt.. .::. tLc f-J l' Setcuttlc J,.m.UiClll lu!ldlqldtl tOIt, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ARCHI ROSE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, THE TECTS' AND BUILDERS' EDITION issued TERREWell e dowed, HAUTE, well INDeqnippe. I A dScho% departmenf Eng/neering.ts is T� MAlur�TUnB11, PATEmEI n le of MecIa- monthly. $2.00 a year. Single copies, 20 a ������t�n8b� ':..�l:'i�.:=�� ECLIPSE THE :�l:'For Catalogue,b�!t�\;.'1 cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal THED ete inations OFof its ALGOL, Distance andWITH Dime ons ddre.s T. O. �NDENHALL, Pre •• latest rm nsi , a to u abo t two hundred ordinary book -By Royal B. Hili. An Interesting account, of recent studiesof the variationsin Intensity of the \ltarAle:ol, �n ��lru�T�nl. pages; forming, practically, a large and with a discussion of its orbit and that of Its satellite. Bstbnates will be given contraCt.. made the THE ARC ELECTRIC LIGHT.-A RE- How a cardboard model of the phenomena of Its eollpse and by cent addressbefore ht e New York Electric Llabt Asso Household Sewing Machine for the nfactoreof ciation by Daft, i g briefreView i splendid Magazine of Architecture, may be made. IrUh 8 fignres. Contslned In Co., Dian Leo g vin a of tIleh sto AMERICAN SUPPL_ENT. ScIENTIFIC of electric IIchtlDg, sbo n what it has hry No. PrIce cen s. To w g accomplis ed richly adorned with elegant plates 3/iS. 10 t machinists' .tools of any descrlpilon. manufacture, the past, and what i Its future pOsSibilities. in colma, be had at this officeand from all Win in are newsdea1eia. under patentedspecialties. and with fine engravings ; illustrating contract t ro�g�cal Exhibition.�r.;��':e� by ara�i-sMr. Kel��W!'3 iIngworth� Hedges.�t: ?::r..r.. �y�With �� interesting modem We are also preparedto do Japanning and Plating In 4 the most examples of BAIREL, KEI, cuts. Both of these are contslnedin large or small orders. Oorrespondencesolicited. Ad- ","pers o. Price SCiENTIJrIC Architectural Construction and allied Hogshead, AKERICAN SUPPLEHENT, N 313. Wcents.To be had at this ofilceand from all newsde&lera. AND dress SUbjects, STAVEM ACHINERY. A special feature is the presentation in varieties manu Over 60 · Household Sewing Machine Co., factored by , each number of a. variety of the latest E. '" B. Holmes, Providence, R. I. and best plans for private residences, city Tn.. Boop Dril'iDg. BUFFA LO, N;V. EPPS s and country, including those of very THE · INVENTION OF MACHINES. CRATEFUL-COMFORTINe. A PAPER BY R. FUGE modera.te cost as well as the more expen ARMAdescribingTURE tbe usualS.- method of winding armatures. !.f;¥g�fle�,;::fl�:��,:'�!��p��:r::i�t��� With 7 figures. Contsinedin SCIENTIFIC macblnes, sbowlng what steps have already been sive. Drawings in perspective and in No 339. PrIce cents. ToAMERICAN be at and roNTU'IC . 10 had taken In · this dIreCtion. Oonta:1ned In Set this8UPPoffice LlCMENT,and from newsdealers. SOPF lllIlENT No. color are given, together with full . Plans, all .. PrIce 10 cents. AMbeERICAN had at officeand ·Mll.newsdealers. To this froman Specifications, Costs, Bills of Estimate, COCOAand Sheets of Details. Architects, Builders, and Owners will find this work valuable in furnishing __ _ _ Mention paP9 _- . _- _. _- ___ thIs ._r_. _-- fresJi and �useful suggestions. AU who contemplatebuilding or improvinghomes .COMPRESSEDNorman AIR FOR 'I'RAMWAYS.comparative _-"\&:e perbY self",di sCUSSing the erecting strueture8 have : a·mo't�v�;r-!:�"Por or of any kind, SU'PP:���LEMIINT���\g&=: Jr:. �re,:� before them this work an almos ·TJ1I'IC AllEltICAN · . No. · .. Price 10 in t end- cents_ To be office 643newsdealer s. hs4 at tbis and from all 1eM series of the late8t and best e:camplt8 from which to make selections, thus savirig time and money. Ma.ny other subjects, including Sewer age, Piping, Lighting, . Warming, Venti lating, Decorating, Laying Out of Grounds, etc. , are illustrated. An ex tensive . Compendium of Manufacturers' FIBB ANDWATEJ\- PRoo:l' Announcements is also given, in which . STlCAKBUILDING �T,BOILllB l!'mlt-PROOF P�, PACIUJ!(GS, the most and approved Building OoVEBINGS, mo. reliable descriptive PriceLIst free by IialPpIes.and mail. Materials, Goods, Machines, Tools, and � W. 10ltNS!.I'F'G CO., SnWDEN LANE, N. Y '. Appliances are described and illustrated, with addresses of the makers, etc. The fullness, richness, cheapness, and convenience of this work have won for it the Largest Circulationof a.ny Arehi 'M:CI 'tee'tural publication irithe world. Sold ��:!� byall neWsdealers. MUNN & CO., PubHshers, 361 Broadway, New York. 80LD JlBDAL, PARIS, 1878. �AKER'S Building Plans and Specifications. .fa81Warranted absolutelyCOCOR. put'8 io C_, from which theex_ of In connect n. with the publication of I IN EDITION SCIENTIFICl 011has.been removed. It hasthree the BU LD G of the IUM_tfae Hrength of CocoalIlixed IAM1CR1[CA.N, Messrs. Co. furnish With Starch, Arrowroot.. 0 8II aar, MUDD & and thereforeis fIarmore econoQli Plans and Specifications for Buildings of eal, ",IIfln(l Ie" tAGn !J'U·eetd a every kind. including Public ·· Buildings, de · nourishing, cup. . It is 1iclous, strengthening, Churches, Sohools, Stores, Dwellings, adaptedeas111 fodigested. r and admlraJlly Invallds as Carriage Houses, Barns, etc. In this for persons health. as !n work they are assisted able and ex -IoIIWIi. Q l'JWhere. by SOldbJ � perienced architects. ,. BAKER • CO., DorolIcstef, lass. Those who contemplate building, or who wish to alter, improve, extend, or add to existing buildings, whether wings, a New·&atalogU8tfValuable Papers porches, bay windows, or attio :roOfu;s � are in contained 8cl.NTU1OAx.WeAN SUPPLlDIBKT, _t invited to communieat.e with t1i6 UDder me of c/aM'geto any address. MUNN .& co .. 881 Broadway,N Y signed, Our work extends to all parts of the country. Estimates. plans, and drawings promptly prepared. Terms r.iiao,oat,let1lrD)8. blet sent free of charge, on application, con- moderate. Address A pam n & l Bell- Oontained. &mfttive (J0Wf'ff,0'I'. ::,� li.e.!\ ':ft���f��n:"�"c"e�:�� 'Lt;:b :f:.?��A'ktrg: HU a p , BaJafl ..""".,e. B4gh8pBB liN & CO., �':1tt �:c� �'M':.u:'o�nt��g�:n�t:: oed But tz.. = ._ .,- . Ofler. tent., etc. . . 8tGUorWI.. .. BcoAomt/. 361 Broadway, New York. a Synops,s of Foreign also send, Pa We wjraing of charat,coot and Laws.s ho . method of,_g �ti patentstent· In all the principalthe countriesof the world. GoI4 ••J -Jbpoaitloll, 1884. D.I11NN & CO., Solicitor. of Pa'entll. Broadway, New York. PRlNTIBCl IlVKR. 361 P· .. 8cienti1lc Aloet1eilJl" .. i.B.prlnted��B . and Stl'ellt, THE OJ!TICBS.-No. 6211 II'U Jl' ""J�.!tE JmBUJOllNBO'l( It�OO.'SINK. TeIUhand.J.,om. Pa T BRANCH !F!: CO." >, •• and 4'lRolle opp, oUIoBlIlldi llll. _ 7th Streeir ,!�1It D, •• . *dSta Phi1&., st., Duane St., N. Y. © 1887 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.