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Biting Diptera of Medical Importance in Kansas
BITING DIPTERA OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE IN KANSAS WILLIAM WOOi) YOUNG B. S., Kansas Stat* College of Agriculture and Applied Science, 1951 A THBSIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology KANSAS STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE 1958 nrr y<*& DoCU»*^"s TABLE OF CONTESTS Km INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2 Kansas Mosquitoes . 2 Kansas Tabanids 3 Kansas Black Flies 4 Kansas Biting Midges ........ ..... 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7 MOSQUITOES (CULICIDAE, DIPTERA) 9 Family Culicidae 9 Subfamily Culloinae 10 Control of Mosquitoes 65 TABANIDS (TABANIDAE, DIPTERA) 67 Family Tabanidae 67 Subfamily Pangoniinae 70 Subfamily Tabaninae Bl Control of Tabanids 106 BLACK FLIES (SBflJLIIDAE, DIPTERA) 107 Family Simuliidae 107 Genus Cnephia 108 Canus Simulium 109 Control of Black Flies llj BITHO MIDQBS (CERATOPOOQNIDAE, DIPTERA) 114 Family Ceratopogonidae 114 Genus Culiooides 114 Control of Biting Midges 122 SUMMARY 12j ACKSOWLBDOMEHT 125 REFERENCES 126 APPENDICES I33 UJTRODOCTION The oedioal iniportanoe of dipterous inaeots was realized with tha disoovery rhiri rig tha late 1800'a that mosquitoes were capable of transmit- ting malaria to nan. Since that time many diseases, auoh aa yellow fever, dengue, filariasis, varioua forms of enoephalitia, tularemia and anaplaa- ooaia, which affeot man and other apeoies of animals, hare been proved to be tranamitted by certain insects of the order Diptera. Information on the K&naaa Diptera of medical importance is scattered, for the moat part, throughout Tarioua publications. Thie paper is intended to bring together known and new information on the characterization, bio- nomioa, medical importance, distribution in Kansas and the United States, and the oontrol of the Kansas apeoies of medically important inaeeta. -
Coleoptera) (Excluding Anthribidae
A FAUNAL SURVEY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE CURCULIONOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) (EXCLUDING ANTHRIBIDAE, PLATPODINAE. AND SCOLYTINAE) OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS A Thesis TAMI ANNE CARLOW Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 1997 Major Subject; Entomology A FAUNAL SURVEY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE CURCVLIONOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) (EXCLUDING ANTHRIBIDAE, PLATYPODINAE. AND SCOLYTINAE) OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS A Thesis by TAMI ANNE CARLOW Submitted to Texas AgcM University in partial fulltllment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved as to style and content by: Horace R. Burke (Chair of Committee) James B. Woolley ay, Frisbie (Member) (Head of Department) Gilbert L. Schroeter (Member) August 1997 Major Subject: Entomology A Faunal Survey and Zoogeographic Analysis of the Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) (Excluding Anthribidae, Platypodinae, and Scolytinae) of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. (August 1997) Tami Anne Carlow. B.S. , Cornell University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Horace R. Burke An annotated list of the Curculionoidea (Coleoptem) (excluding Anthribidae, Platypodinae, and Scolytinae) is presented for the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas. The list includes species that occur in Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, and Wigacy counties. Each of the 23S species in 97 genera is tteated according to its geographical range. Lower Rio Grande distribution, seasonal activity, plant associations, and biology. The taxonomic atTangement follows O' Brien &, Wibmer (I og2). A table of the species occuning in patxicular areas of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, such as the Boca Chica Beach area, the Sabal Palm Grove Sanctuary, Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, and the Falcon Dam area is included. -
Abundance and Diversity of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods of Pest Management Importance in Commercial Bt and Non-Bt Cotton Fields
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 2007 Abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non-Bt cotton fields J. B. Torres Universidade Federal Rural de Pernarnbuco, [email protected] J. R. Ruberson University of Georgia Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons Torres, J. B. and Ruberson, J. R., "Abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non-Bt cotton fields" (2007). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 762. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/762 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Annals of Applied Biology ISSN 0003-4746 RESEARCH ARTICLE Abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non-Bt cotton fields J.B. Torres1,2 & J.R. Ruberson2 1 Departmento de Agronomia – Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irma˜ os, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 2 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA Keywords Abstract Carabidae; Cicindelinae; Falconia gracilis; genetically modified cotton; Labiduridae; The modified population dynamics of pests targeted by the Cry1Ac toxin in predatory heteropterans; Staphylinidae. -
Continued Eastward Spread of the Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Cyclorhipidion Bodoanum (Reitter, 1913) in Europe and Its Distribution in the World
BioInvasions Records (2021) Volume 10, Issue 1: 65–73 CORRECTED PROOF Rapid Communication Continued eastward spread of the invasive ambrosia beetle Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter, 1913) in Europe and its distribution in the world Tomáš Fiala1,*, Miloš Knížek2 and Jaroslav Holuša1 1Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic 2Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Fiala T, Knížek M, Holuša J (2021) Continued eastward spread of the Abstract invasive ambrosia beetle Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter, 1913) in Europe and its Ambrosia beetles, including Cyclorhipidion bodoanum, are frequently introduced into distribution in the world. BioInvasions new areas through the international trade of wood and wood products. Cyclorhipidion Records 10(1): 65–73, https://doi.org/10. bodoanum is native to eastern Siberia, the Korean Peninsula, Northeast China, 3391/bir.2021.10.1.08 Southeast Asia, and Japan but has been introduced into North America, and Europe. Received: 4 August 2020 In Europe, it was first discovered in 1960 in Alsace, France, from where it has slowly Accepted: 19 October 2020 spread to the north, southeast, and east. In 2020, C. bodoanum was captured in an Published: 5 January 2021 ethanol-baited insect trap in the Bohemian Massif in the western Czech Republic. The locality is covered by a forest of well-spaced oak trees of various ages, a typical Handling editor: Laura Garzoli habitat for this beetle. The capture of C. bodoanum in the Bohemian Massif, which Thematic editor: Angeliki Martinou is geographically isolated from the rest of Central Europe, confirms that the species Copyright: © Fiala et al. -
Patterns of Coevolution Between Ambrosia Beetle Mycangia and the Ceratocystidaceae, with Five New Fungal Genera and Seven New Species
Persoonia 44, 2020: 41–66 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.02 Patterns of coevolution between ambrosia beetle mycangia and the Ceratocystidaceae, with five new fungal genera and seven new species C.G. Mayers1, T.C. Harrington1, H. Masuya2, B.H. Jordal 3, D.L. McNew1, H.-H. Shih4, F. Roets5, G.J. Kietzka5 Key words Abstract Ambrosia beetles farm specialised fungi in sapwood tunnels and use pocket-like organs called my- cangia to carry propagules of the fungal cultivars. Ambrosia fungi selectively grow in mycangia, which is central 14 new taxa to the symbiosis, but the history of coevolution between fungal cultivars and mycangia is poorly understood. The Microascales fungal family Ceratocystidaceae previously included three ambrosial genera (Ambrosiella, Meredithiella, and Phia Scolytinae lophoropsis), each farmed by one of three distantly related tribes of ambrosia beetles with unique and relatively symbiosis large mycangium types. Studies on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of these three genera two new typifications were expanded with the previously unstudied ambrosia fungi associated with a fourth mycangium type, that of the tribe Scolytoplatypodini. Using ITS rDNA barcoding and a concatenated dataset of six loci (28S rDNA, 18S rDNA, tef1-α, tub, mcm7, and rpl1), a comprehensive phylogeny of the family Ceratocystidaceae was developed, including Inodoromyces interjectus gen. & sp. nov., a non-ambrosial species that is closely related to the family. Three minor morphological variants of the pronotal disk mycangium of the Scolytoplatypodini were associated with ambrosia fungi in three respective clades of Ceratocystidaceae: Wolfgangiella gen. -
Factors Affecting Cuticular Hydrocarbon
FACTORS AFFECTING CUTICULAR HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FIELD POPULATIONS OF TABANUS MULARIS STONE (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) IN OKLAHOMA By ROBERT A. MIHALOVICH Bachelor of Arts Washington and Jefferson College Washington, Pennsylvania 1993 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1996 FACTORS AFFECTING CUTICULAR HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FIELD POPULATIONS OF TABANUS MULARIS STONE (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) IN OKLAHOMA Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Russell Wright and the Department of Entomology for.their generous support throughout the course of this project. I also thank Dr. Richard Berberet for serving as a member of my committee. Very special thanks goes to Dr. Jack DiUwith for his invaluable assistance and to Dr. William Warde and the late Dr. W. Scott Fargo for helping me with the statistical analysis. I also express my appreciation to Lisa Cobum and Richard Grantham for all of their valuable time and assistance. A very special word of thanks goes to Sarah McLean for her thoughtfulness, support and data processing ability. Most of all, my deepest appreciation goes to my parents Robert and Barbara and my family and friends who supported me throughout this study. I dedicate this work to the memory of my grandfather Slim, and my uncle Nick who were always an inspiration !o me. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION.................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW. ...... .. .......... .. ...... ... ............... .. 3 Tabanus mularis Complex. ................................. 3 Cuticular Hydrocarbons. -
Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Zootaxa 4722 (6): 540–554 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.6.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4ADBCE90-97D2-4A34-BCDC-5E207D8EDF0D Two new genera of Oriental xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae) ANTHONY I. COGNATO1,3, SARAH M. SMITH1 & ROGER A. BEAVER2 1Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, 288 Farm Lane, room 243, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. 2161/2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand. 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract As part of an ongoing revision of the Southeast Asian fauna two distinct species groups were identified and hypothesized as new genera. These species groups were monophyletic as evidenced by a Bayesian analysis of DNA sequences from four genes for 181 xyleborine taxa augmented by 18 species newly included in this phylogenetic analysis. The species groups and newly discovered species demonstrated unique combinations of diagnostic characters and levels of DNA sequence difference commensurable to other xyleborine taxa. Hence, two new genera and three new species were described: Fraudatrix gen. n., Tricosa gen. n., Tricosa cattienensis sp. n., T. indochinensis sp. n., T. jacula sp. n.. The following new combinations are proposed: Fraudatrix cuneiformis (Schedl, 1958) (Xyleborus) comb. n., Fraudatrix melas (Eggers, 1927) comb. n., F. pileatula (Schedl, 1975) (Xyleborus) comb. n., F. simplex (Browne, 1949), (Cryptoxyleborus) comb. n., Tricosa mangoensis (Schedl, 1942) (Xyleborus) comb. n., T. metacuneola (Eggers, 1940) (Xyleborus) comb. n. -
Bark Beetles and Pinhole Borers Recently Or Newly Introduced to France (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae and Platypodinae)
Zootaxa 4877 (1): 051–074 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3CABEE0D-D1D2-4150-983C-8F8FE2438953 Bark beetles and pinhole borers recently or newly introduced to France (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae and Platypodinae) THOMAS BARNOUIN1*, FABIEN SOLDATI1,7, ALAIN ROQUES2, MASSIMO FACCOLI3, LAWRENCE R. KIRKENDALL4, RAPHAËLLE MOUTTET5, JEAN-BAPTISTE DAUBREE6 & THIERRY NOBLECOURT1,8 1Office national des forêts, Laboratoire national d’entomologie forestière, 2 rue Charles Péguy, 11500 Quillan, France. 7 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9697-3787 8 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-9012 2URZF- Zoologie Forestière, INRAE, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45075, Orléans, France. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-3918 3Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-0516 4Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5006 Bergen, Norway. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-6441 5ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-3364 6Pôle Sud-Est de la Santé des Forêts, DRAAF SRAL PACA, BP 95, 84141 Montfavet cedex, France. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-3984 *Corresponding author: �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1194-3667 Abstract We present an annotated list of 11 Scolytinae and Platypodinae species newly or recently introduced to France. -
A Genus-Level Supertree of Adephaga (Coleoptera) Rolf G
ARTICLE IN PRESS Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 7 (2008) 255–269 www.elsevier.de/ode A genus-level supertree of Adephaga (Coleoptera) Rolf G. Beutela,Ã, Ignacio Riberab, Olaf R.P. Bininda-Emondsa aInstitut fu¨r Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, Germany bMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain Received 14 October 2005; accepted 17 May 2006 Abstract A supertree for Adephaga was reconstructed based on 43 independent source trees – including cladograms based on Hennigian and numerical cladistic analyses of morphological and molecular data – and on a backbone taxonomy. To overcome problems associated with both the size of the group and the comparative paucity of available information, our analysis was made at the genus level (requiring synonymizing taxa at different levels across the trees) and used Safe Taxonomic Reduction to remove especially poorly known species. The final supertree contained 401 genera, making it the most comprehensive phylogenetic estimate yet published for the group. Interrelationships among the families are well resolved. Gyrinidae constitute the basal sister group, Haliplidae appear as the sister taxon of Geadephaga+ Dytiscoidea, Noteridae are the sister group of the remaining Dytiscoidea, Amphizoidae and Aspidytidae are sister groups, and Hygrobiidae forms a clade with Dytiscidae. Resolution within the species-rich Dytiscidae is generally high, but some relations remain unclear. Trachypachidae are the sister group of Carabidae (including Rhysodidae), in contrast to a proposed sister-group relationship between Trachypachidae and Dytiscoidea. Carabidae are only monophyletic with the inclusion of a non-monophyletic Rhysodidae, but resolution within this megadiverse group is generally low. Non-monophyly of Rhysodidae is extremely unlikely from a morphological point of view, and this group remains the greatest enigma in adephagan systematics. -
Zootaxa 1588: 53–62 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (Print Edition) ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (Online Edition)
Zootaxa 1588: 53–62 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) LAWRENCE R. KIRKENDALL1 & FRODE ØDEGAARD2 1Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] 2Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Old-growth tropical forests are widely believed to be immune to the establishment of alien species. Collections from tropical regions throughout the world, however, have established that this generalization does not apply to inbreeding host generalist bark and ambrosia beetles. Scolytine saproxylophages are readily spread by shipping, inbreeders can eas- ily establish new populations, and host generalists readily find new breeding material, apparently regardless of stage of forest succession. Consequently, many inbreeding scolytines are globally distributed and abundant in all forest types, often being among the dominant species in their wood-borer communities. We report the recent introductions to lower Central America of two Old World inbreeding ambrosia beetles: Xylosandrus crassiusculus, which breeds primarily in smaller diameter trunks, small branches, and twigs, and Xyleborinus exiguus, which is apparently not size selective. We also document the establishment of Euwallacea fornicatus in the region, known previously from a single collection in Panama. Xylosandrus crassiusculus and E. fornicatus are notorious agricultural and forestry pests, as are several previ- ously established alien species in the region. Studying the spread of species such as these three new arrivals into millions of years-old faunas could help us to understand if the saproxylic communities of old-growth tropical forests are pecu- liarly vulnerable to invasion. -
Swarth, C. Et Al. the 2007 Jug Bay Bioblitz Reliort. 2008
2007 Jug Bay BioBlitz Report Christopher Swarth, Lindsay Hollister, Elaine Friebele, Karyn Molines and Susan Matthews Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary December 2008 Introduction A BioBlitz is a 24-hour field survey and inventory of organisms in a well-defined area such as a park or other natural area. The objective of this intensive survey is to generate a catalog or list of all species that are identified or collected during the brief survey period. The first BioBlitz in the United States was conducted in 1996 in Washington, DC. Today dozens of BioBlitzes are held annually in the United States (see Wikipedia Encyclopedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioBlitz. A BioBlitz increases local knowledge of biodiversity and involves local naturalists and the public in coordinated fieldwork and observation. The surveys raise the awareness among the general public about the natural world and the importance of biodiversity. The species distribution and occurrence information that is obtained from a BioBlitz also provides resource managers with a deeper understanding of the natural lands under their management, thus enabling improved habitat stewardship. The 2007 Jug Bay BioBlitz took place at the Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary over a 24-hour period, from 12:00 (noon) on 15 September to 12:00 on 16 September. We organized this event in order to take advantage of the growing interest in biodiversity by the public and to tap in to the community of active, highly skilled naturalists in the Washington DC/Baltimore area. For this first-time effort we concentrated the field surveys on groups of organisms for which local biogeographical information was poor or incomplete (for example, ants, ground bees, spiders and zooplankton), rather than on the groups for which our knowledge on distribution was relatively thorough such as birds and herps. -
Life History and Habits of Grasshopper Mice, Genus Onychomys
112 8 2 5 : ~lli 2.8 11"12.~ I~ 11 1 . 11111 . 1.0 1.0 I.ii "= Ii,g I~ I Ii,g I~ 2.2 ~ 36 I.:.l L:: 1 L:: W iii - Wi E ~ E ~ 1.1 I.:."' ...... 1.1 I.:."' ...... 8 -- 111111 - 111111.8 111111.25 11111 1.4 11111 1.6 111111.25 11111 1.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART N?.TIONAL BUReAU or SlANDARDS·i96.l A N~T;ONAL BUR[AU Of ST.AI';DARDS·l96J·A l;;,~o ":l ~..).;'" I H TECHNICAL BULLETIN N,.,.145 November, 1929 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.·C. LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF GRASS HOPPER MICE, GENUS ONYCHOMYS By VERNON BAILEY, Senior Biologist, DWi8ion of BioZogica~ Inve8tigationa; and CHARLES C. SI;ERRY, A8sistant Biologist, DivisiOl~ of FoolJJ Hab#s Research; BUl'ep.u of Bi{)logical Survey 1 CONTENTS Pago Page Part 1. General account , _______________ .____ 1 Introductlon_ __ _________________________ 1 Part 2.chomys' Laboratory _____________________________ studies oHhe food ofOuy- _ 15 Analysis of stomach contents ___________ _ History of the genus Onychomy;____ 3 Orthoptera_________________________ _ 15 Species and subspecies of Onrchomys.. 3 Coleoptera_________________________ _ 15 General characters_______________________ <1 15 Onvchom1/8lrucoga8ter group_________ 4 16 Onvchomvs torridus group______ .____ 5 ~f~~~~il:i~::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 Reptilia____________________________ _ 16 Miscellaueous animal food _________ _ ~~i~~~=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: g Vegetable food _____________________ _ 16 Variation____________________________ 6 17 General babits___________________________ 6 List of items of animal origin identi- Studies of Onychomys in capti"ity__ 6 fied in laboratory examination of the foou of Onychomys____________ 17 i5r~~':f;I~~ii=:::::::=:::::::::::::=::: ~ List of items of vegetable foou identi- Senses__ ~--------___________________ 8 fied in laboratory examination of Sanitatlon___________________________ 9 the food of Onychomys____________ 18 [~~:~~chs~~~~s:..=:::::::::::::::::::::: Ig Conclusionstions_ __ ________________________ from laboratory investiga _______ 19 l.