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Airway Adventures of Airtraq: Use of Airtraq Optical Laryngoscope with Adaptor in Infants with Obstructive Hydrocephalus Posted for Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy

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Airway Adventures of Airtraq: Use of Airtraq Optical Laryngoscope with Adaptor in Infants with Obstructive Hydrocephalus Posted for Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Published online: 2020-03-14 THIEME 126 CaseUse of Report Airtraq Optical Laryngoscope with Adaptor in Hydrocepahlic Infants Undergoing ETV Ali et al. Airway Adventures of Airtraq: Use of Airtraq Optical Laryngoscope with Adaptor in Infants with Obstructive Hydrocephalus Posted for Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Shahna Ali1 Hassan Rashid1, Obaid A. Siddiqui1 Manazir Athar1 1Department of Anaesthesiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Address for correspondence Obaid A. Siddiqui, MD, Department and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, of Anaesthesiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh India Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India (e-mail: [email protected]). J Neuroanaesthesiol Crit Care 2021;8:126–129. Abstract The pediatric airway is a challenge for the anesthetist due to difficulty in adequate assessment, scarcity of management algorithms, lack of precise knowledge regarding incidence, as well as limitations of the various devices, instruments, and video laryngo- scopes. We present a case series of infants with obstructive hydrocephalus with antic- Keywords ipated difficult intubation posted for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in whom ► Airtraq the airway was successfully secured using Airtraq optical laryngoscope with adaptor. ► endoscopic third Although this device has not been widely studied in pediatrics age group, there are ventriculostomy different sizes available for use among children. The ease of use, short learning curve, ► obstructive low cost, single use, and successful approach to difficult airway have made it to being hydrocephalus the main rescue technique when the initial approach has failed. Introduction has been made freely available on Google play (for Android) and Application Store (for iPhone). It works along with a Hydrocephalus makes airway management challenging specially designed adaptor (A-308) for smartphone man- mainly due to the increased circumference of head, difficulty ufactured by Prodol Meditec Limited, Zhuhai, Guangdong, in positioning for intubation, and other associated congenital China. Airtraq is distributed through the worldwide AIR- anomalies. The probability of hypothermia along with rise in TRAQ distributors’ network (Prodol Meditec SA; Las Arenas, intracranial tension (ICT) may lead to herniation, respiratory Spain; ►Fig. 1). and cardiac arrest, and possibly death during management of We report a series of eleven infants with obstructive 1 hydrocephalic infants. hydrocephalus posted for endoscopic third ventriculostomy These days, a variety of video laryngoscopes are available (ETV) who were successfully intubated using Airtraq with for managing anticipated difficult airway, but experience and smartphone adaptor. familiarity with the device used are certainly more import- ant than the actual device itself. There are scarce case series available on the use of pedi- Case Series atric Airtraq in hydrocephalic infants. The pediatric Airtraq After obtaining written informed consent, 11 infants under optical laryngoscope is an airway device, which facilitates 1 year of age, who presented with obstructive hydrocepha- tracheal intubation in infants having both normal, as well lus and were scheduled for ETV, were selected for this case as difficult airways. An application (Airtraq mobile by series. Data regarding age, sex, congenital anomalies, and Airtraq) that allows live picturing of the intubation process any neurological deficit were noted. Published online DOI https://doi.org/ © 2020. Indian Society of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care. March 14, 2020 10.1055/s-0040-1701800 This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative ISSN 2348-0548. Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India Use of Airtraq Optical Laryngoscope with Adaptor in Hydrocepahlic Infants Undergoing ETV Ali et al. 127 Pediatric Airway Score (COPUR; ►Fig. 2). This scale rates chin size, interdental opening, previous intubation or OSA, uvula visualization, and estimated range of motion of neck on a four-point scale. Scores above 10 predict difficult intubation. A standardized protocol for anesthesia was maintained for all cases. Airtraq intubation was achieved by an experienced and skilled anesthesiologist (>50 uses). All children were kept nil per mouth as per standard guidelines. They were premedicated with atropine 0.02 mg/kg intravenously (IV), dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg IV, and fentanyl 2 µg/kg IV in the OT, and standard monitoring including pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram (ECG), noninvasive blood pressure recording, and temperature mon- itoring were established. The infants were positioned with a shoulder roll, the head (occiput) was laid on a thin head ring while the body allowed to rest on the stack, so as to align the glabela horizontally with the chin, the external auditory meatus (EAM) with suprasternal notch (SN), and neck wide open. Preoxygenation was adequately provided with 100% oxygen through a face mask, followed by anesthetic induction with inhalation of 8% sevoflurane in 50% nitrous oxide (N2O) and 50% oxygen (O2), the inspired concentration was reduced to 4% when pupils diverged. Centralization of pupils and absence of hemodynamic response to jaw thrust were deemed to con- firm adequate depth of anesthesia for intubation. None of the infants received muscle relaxants prior to intubation. An infant Airtraq laryngoscope (size zero) with adaptor was introduced midline into the oral cavity over the tongue base and the tip placed in the vallecula. Trachea was intu- bated with age appropriate uncuffed endotracheal tube in the first attempt after centralizing the vocal cord in the proximal view finder, which required slight adaptation of Airtraq and Fig. 1 Airtraq mounted on universal adaptor for smartphone. wrist movements pulling the Airtraq back and up (►Fig. 3). Correct positioning of endotracheal tube was confirmed by A thorough preoperative evaluation was done including the capnography and chest auscultation bilaterally. Anesthesia possibility of other congenital and genetic anomalies, and neu- was maintained with 1 to 2% sevoflurane and 60% N2O in O2. rologic deficits, as well as any signs of raised intracranial pressure We used Airtraq with adaptor in difficult airway cases, (frontal bossing, dilated scalp veins, and cranial nerve palsies). following the same recommendations as applied for direct Routine laboratory results were obtained along with CT scan. laryngoscopy, implying that no more than two attempts were None of the infants had any associated congenital anomalies. made with the same device. Maneuvering techniques such Demographic and airway assessment records are as the use of introducers or intubation guides at the time of depicted in ►Table 1. The Mallampati grading was difficult insertion2,3 and external laryngeal manipulations were used to assess, and airway assessment was done by Colorado according to Fremantle’s score (►Fig. 2).4 Table 1 Demographic and airway assessment data Case Age (mo) ASA status Weight (kg) COPUR score Freemantle score view Fremantle score ease Expert satisfaction 1 08 I 6.2 6 F 1 1 2 11 II 9 9 F 1 1 3 12 I 11 8 F 1 1 4 09 I 5.3 9 F 1 1 5 07 II 8 9 F 1 2 6 08 II 13 12 P 2 2 7 09 I 10 8 F 1 1 8 11 II 8.2 10 F 1 1 9 12 II 8 7 F 1 1 10 09 I 9 10 P 2 1 11 10 II 8.2 12 P 2 1 Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anaesthesiologists; COPUR, Colorado pediatric airway score; F, full view; P, partial view. Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care Vol. 8 No. 2/2021 © 2020. Indian Society of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care. 128 Use of Airtraq Optical Laryngoscope with Adaptor in Hydrocepahlic Infants Undergoing ETV Ali et al. Expert satisfaction about device adaptor was rated rang- Discussion ing from 1 to 4 (1 = better than without adaptor and useful; 2 = normal, not different than without adaptor; 3 = worst; Congenital hydrocephalus is commonly associated with and 4 = extremely worst/worse and inutile). Arnold–Chiari, myelomeningocele or Dandy–Walker malforma- tions, arachnoid cysts, and vascular malformations. Acquired Fig. 2 Freemantle scores in pediatric population.9 CT, Cormack Lehane; POGO, percentage of glottis opening; TT, tracheal tube. Fig. 3 View of Airtraq with adaptor video laryngoscope. Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care Vol. 8 No. 2/2021 © 2020. Indian Society of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care. Use of Airtraq Optical Laryngoscope with Adaptor in Hydrocepahlic Infants Undergoing ETV Ali et al. 129 hydrocephalus may be a consequence of infection, intraventric- Conclusion ular hemorrhage, trauma, and tumors.5 Anesthetic management for patients with obstructive The successful execution of anticipated difficult intubation hydrocephalus posted for ETV poses specific challenges; air- largely depends on adequate preoperative evaluation, assess- way management in small patients with large heads along ment, planning, preparation, and finally execution. with anatomical and physiological differences, maintaining This case series highlights the utility of Airtraq with adequate cerebral perfusion, and preventing rise in ICT during smartphone adaptor in infants with hydrocephalus
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