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U Flori Srbije: Karakteri Vegetativnog Regiona MASTER

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U Flori Srbije: Karakteri Vegetativnog Regiona MASTER UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU SANJA S. STOJANOVIĆ Varijabilnost morfoloških osobina roda Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) u flori Srbije: karakteri vegetativnog regiona MASTER RAD Niš, 2017. UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Varijabilnost morfoloških osobina roda Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) u flori Srbije: karakteri vegetativnog regiona MASTER RAD Kandidat: Mentor: Sanja S. Stojanović 204 Dr Bojan Zlatković Niš, 2017. UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Variability of morphological characteristics of the genus Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) in flora of Serbia: the characters of the vegetative region MASTER THESIS Candidate: Mentor: Sanja S. Stojanović 204 Dr Bojan Zlatković Niš, 2017. Biografija kandidata Sanja S. Stojanović rođena je u Nišu 06. 03. 1993. godine. Osnovnu školu ,,Vuk Karadžić” završava u Belotincu nakon čega upisuje Srednju medicinsku školu ,,Dr Milenko Hadžić“ (opšti smer) u Nišu. Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Nišu upisuje 2012. godine na Departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju. Osnovne akademske studije završava 2015. godine i iste godine upisuje Master akademske studije, smer Ekologija i zaštita prirode koje u predviđenom roku završava. Tokom master studija postaje član Biološkog društva „Dr Sava Petrović“ iz Niša pod čijim rukovodstvom pohađa i završava kurs sa dodelom sertifikata pod nazivom: „Prepoznavanje najčešćih grupa makrozoobentosa kopnenih voda“ finansiran od strane Rufford Fondation. Tokom studiranja učestvuje kao volonter na festivalima „Nauk nije bauk“ i „Bez muke do nauke“. Zahvalnica Zahvalnost na prvom mestu dugujem svom mentoru dr Bojanu Zlatkoviću koji mi je najpre pružio priliku da učestvujem u ovom istraživanju. Hvala na stručnim sugestijama, savetima, pomoći i izdvojenom vremenu tokom izrade ovog rada. Takođe, najlepše se zahvaljujem i članovima Komisije za ocenu master rada dr Zorici Mitić, na korisnim savetima u izradi rada, i dr Danijeli Nikolić. Najveću zahvalnost dugujem svojoj porodici i prijateljima na pruženoj podršci, motivaciji i ljubavi. Posebno bih se zahvalila rođaku Siniši Joviću na fantastičnim ilustracijama u ovom radu. Veliko hvala! Sažetak U radu je analizirana varijabilnost morfoloških osobina vegetativnog regiona roda Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) na teritoriji Srbije. Na osnovu literaturnih izvora analizirani su kvalitativni i kvantitativni karakteri vegetativnog regiona 21 vrste roda Sedum koje su opisane u flori Srbiji. Za sve odabrane karaktere određeni su parametri deskriptivne statistike u kompjuterskom softveru STATISTICA 8.0. Odstupanje literaturnih podataka od realnih vrednosti osobina analizirano je na primeru vrste Sedum album L. U tu svrhu isti parametri varijabilnosti određeni su na nivou 21 populacije sa teritorije Balkanskog poluostrva. Literaturni podaci su dobijeni iz relevantnih florističkih izvora za Balkansko poluostrvo. Konstatovana je velika varijabilnost morfoloških osobina vegetativnog regiona na nivou celog roda. Ključne reči: rod Sedum L., S. album L., varijabilnost, vegetativni region Abstract The thesis shows the variability of the morphological properties of the vegetative region of the genus Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) in the territory of Serbia. On the basis of literary sources, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the vegetative region of the 21 species of the genus Sedum, which were described in the flora of Serbia, were analyzed. For all selected characters, parameters of descriptive statistics in computer software STATISTICA 8.0 are determined. The deviation of the literature data from the real values of the properties was analyzed in the case of the Sedum album L. type. For this purpose, the same parameters of variability were determined at the level of 21 population from the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. Literature data are obtained from relevant floristic sources for the Balkan Peninsula. The great variability of the morphological properties of the vegetative region at the level of the whole genus was noted. Key words: genus Sedum L., S. album L., variability, vegetative region SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. OPŠTI PODACI.......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Taksonomski položaj roda Sedum L. ................................................................................... 2 2.2. Opšte karakteristike familije Crassulaceae DC. ................................................................... 2 2.3. Opšte karakteristike roda Sedum L....................................................................................... 3 3. CILJEVI RADA.......................................................................................................................... 6 4. MATERIJAL I METODE .......................................................................................................... 7 5. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA ..................................................................................................... 11 5.1. Analiza varijabilnosti kvantitativnih karaktera vegetativnog regiona ................................ 11 5.1.1. Varijabilnost kvantitativnih karaktera roda Sedum u flori Srbije .................................... 11 5.1.2. Varijabilnost kvantitativnih karaktera vrste S. album ..................................................... 12 5.2. Analiza varijabilnosti kvalitativnih karaktera vegetativnog regiona .................................. 15 5.2.1. Varijabilnost kvalitativnih karaktera roda Sedum u flori Srbije .................................. 15 5.2.2. Varijabilnost kvalitativnih karaktera vrste S. album ................................................... 18 6. ZAKLJUČAK ........................................................................................................................... 21 7. LITERATURA ......................................................................................................................... 23 8. PRILOG .................................................................................................................................... 27 Sanja Stojanović Master rad 1. UVOD Razlike u fenotipu jedinki različitih populacija, bilo životinjskih ili biljnih organizama, ne mogu se uvek shvatiti kao posledica genetičke varijabilnosti. Isti genotip pod različitim uslovima životne sredine može proizvesti različite fenotipove i ta pojava se naziva fenotipska plastičnost (Nikolić, 2013). Fenotipska plastičnost biljaka pokazuje različite morfološke i fiziološke osobine, pa u interakciji sa faktorima sredine menja se i morfologija i fiziologija same biljke (Tucić, 2003). Da bi se utvrdio stepen varijabilnosti, radi se merenje vegetativnih i generativnih karaktera koje se obavlja morfometrijskom analizom pomoću koje se utvrđuje stepen varijabilnosti osobina i ukazuje na postojanje varijabilnosti populacija koje može dovesti do izdvajanja intraspecijskih taksona ili pak novih taksona. Rod Sedum L. (Crassulaceae), upravo predstavlja takson koga odlikuje visoki stepen fenotipske plastičnosti. U Srbiji se sreće 21 vrsta pomenutog roda (Josifović, 1972), klasifikovanih u okviru 14 serija u skladu sa podelom koju je predložio tHart (Hart, 1991): Acria, Aithales, Alba, Alpestria, Cepaea, Dasyphylla, Glauco-rubens, Macrosepala, Magellensia, Rubra, Rupestria, Sedella, Stefco, Subrosea. 1 Sanja Stojanović Master rad 2. OPŠTI PODACI 2.1. Taksonomski položaj roda Sedum L. Rod Sedum L. u filogenetskom smislu ima sledeći položaj (Marhold, 2011): Phylum: Plantae Superdivision: Embryophyta Division: Tracheophyta Subdivision: Spermatophytina Classis: Magnoliopsida Subclassis: Rosidae Superordo: Saxifraganeae Ordo: Saxifragales Familia: Crassulaceae DC. Genus: Sedum L. 2.2. Opšte karakteristike familije Crassulaceae DC. Familija Crassulaceae pripada grupi skrivenosemenica u okviru klase dikotiledonih biljaka (Magnoliopsida). Obuhvata uglavnom sukulentne biljke i broji od 1300-1500 vrsta što je svrstava u red srednje bogatih familija. Familija broji oko 35 rodova koji su rasprostranjeni kako na severnoj, tako i na južnoj hemisferi Zemlje, pri čemu najviše nastanjuju semi-aridna i planinska područja (Hart, 1995). Familija Crassulaceae obuhvata 4 centara diverziteta i to: Meksiko i Jugozapadnu Ameriku, Južnu Afriku, Mediteranski region i Makaroneziju i Jugoistočnu Aziju. U Mediteranskom region uključujući i submediteransko područje, familija Crassulaceae broji oko 177 vrsta. Na nivou taksonomskog bogatstva, u mediteranskom području u Evropi, ali i čitavoj severnoj hemisferi dominira rod Sedum sa 66% vrsta familije Crassulaceae (Hart, 1997). 2 Sanja Stojanović Master rad 2.3. Opšte karakteristike roda Sedum L. Predstavnici roda Sedum, u najvećem broju slučajeva, predstavljaju sukulentne jednogodišnje i višegodišnje zeljaste biljke, ređe polužbunove, sa zadebljalim stabljikama i listovima koji su obično naizmenični ili naspramni, ravni do valjkasti (Gajić, 1972). Rod Sedum obuhvata oko 500 vrsta koje su pretežno rasprostranjene u subtropskim predelima i regionima severne hemisfere sa umerenom klimom. Unutar roda Sedum, značajnost njegovog taksonomskog diverziteta povećana je njegovim širokim rasprostranjenjem koji uključuje veći deo Evrope, i prostire se do Severne Afrike i Bliskog Istoka. Prvu formalnu klasifikaciju taksona unutar roda Sedum, koja
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