9780521735681 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73568-1 - Journeys to Empire: Enlightenment, Imperialism, and the British Encounter with Tibet, 1774-1904 Gordon T. Stewart Index More information

Index

Alexander, Claud Bogle, George and Bogle’s children, 77 agent of empire, 15, 124–126, 192–194 executor of Bogle’s will, 76 at the foot of Chomolhari, 31 on Marathas, 230 Calcutta library, 15, 54 money-making in Bengal, 109 career in East India Company, 20, 28, Alexander, William 117 painting of Potala imitation at Chengde, children of, 88–89, 91–92 2 clothes and identity, 38–39 Ampthill, Lord compares Bhutan and Tibet, 33–34 on British empire, 188 East–West mutual stereotyping, 37, 261 Anderson, David, 28 education, 17–19 career in India, 81, 85, 87, 90, 207, 238 Enlightenment reading, 14, 219 friendship with Bogle, 95 family background, 15–17 his Indian family, 86, 88–90 loyalty to Warren Hastings, 50–54 his Indian fortune, 82, 85, 109 money-making in Bengal, 113–116, 123 and Warren Hastings, 76, 77 public rituals in Tibet, 35 Austen, Jane relationship with the Pung Cushos, 44, Mansﬁeld Park and empire, 6 67–68 representative Enlightenment ﬁgure, 54, Balfour, Arthur, 188 260 Barker, Thomas Jones venereal infection, 66 “The Secret of England’s Greatness,” views on Bengalis, 194–196, 198 218 views on Bhutan, 30–31, 137 Barwell, Richard views on Christianity, 38–40 on money-making in India, 110 views on East India Company, 119–122, Bayly, Christopher 127–128, 189 on Indian society and East India views on missionaries, 40 Company, 91 views of the Panchen Lama, 35–36 Bennett, Alan views on polyandry, 43–46 corner-of-the-eye perspective, 11 views on sati, 40–43, 219 women and history, 261 views of his Tibet mission, 27, 46–47 Bernbaum, Edwin views on Tibet–India trade, 123–124 on Kalacakra tradition within views on Tibetan agriculture, 32–33 Buddhism, 251 views on Tibetan lamas, 13–14 on Shambala, 248 Bogle, George (father) Bhutan, 13, 29 views on Bengalis, 49, 62 system of government in, 30 views on son’s exploits, 49, 50 trans-Himalayan trade, 202 Bogle, Mary wars with Tibet, 201 and Bogle’s putative Tibetan wife, 69 Bogle, “Bibi” Bogle, Robert alleged Tibetan wife of Bogle, 58 and publication of his brother’s papers, her widowhood in Calcutta, 71 148

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73568-1 - Journeys to Empire: Enlightenment, Imperialism, and the British Encounter with Tibet, 1774-1904 Gordon T. Stewart Index More information

Index 277

Brodrick, St. John Dalrymple, William restrains Curzon, 188 on Indian–British marriages, 59, 73 Buddhism The White Mughals, 5 and imperialism, 259 Das, Sarat Chandra Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de on Chinese imperialism in Tibet, 256 influence on Bogle, 33 De Las Casas, Bartolome Burke, Edmund compared to Edmund Burke, 232 criticizes East India Company, 207 Dorjieff, Agvan on imperialism, 231 and Tibet–Russian relations, 152, 153 Buxar, battle of, 129 Dundas, Henry, 109 Dwight, J. R. Charters, Samuel praises Younghusband as empire- on Anderson’s children, 78 builder, 173 on Bogle and women, 73 on East India Company men, 79 East India Company, 19 on sharing sexual partners, 81, 84 conduct of Servants in Bengal, 121–122 on the skin color of children, 79, 80, 83 death rate of Servants, 108 Chengde economic policies in India, 205–208 and Chinese imperialism, 2 marriage and families in Bengal, 74–84, China 87, 90 and Tibet, 145, 146 military expenditures, 230, 239 Chokyi Nyima (Panchen Lama) networks among Company men, 78 flight to China, 168 policies towards Tibet and China, remembers the 1774 mission, 139 141–143 representatives of meet Younghusband, position in India by 1780, 78 154 Scots in, 109–110 Chomolhari seniority system, 113 as a sacred site, 31 sexual relations of Company men, 60, clothes 96 Bogle and Younghusband compared, Eden, Ashley 152 views of Bhutan 1863, 262 commerce Enlightenment, the and empire, 205 commerce and empire, 202–204 concubinage, 60, 88, 91 definitions of, 186–187 among Bogle’s friends, 73–82 exemplified by Bogle, 191–192 Cooch Behar, 21–22 influence on imperialism, 199–202, 259, Cornwallis, Lord 260 and changing racial attitudes, 60 Scottish, 187 Cotton, Henry evangelical Christianity campaigns against 1904 invasion, 220 complex impact of, 259–260 Crozier, John Beattie and imperialism, 212–216, 259 on race and empire, 210 Curzon, George Francis, Philip categorizes all Asians, 176 and Indian women, 87, 90 claims re-liberating Tibet, 173 and money-making in Bengal, 111 collusion with Younghusband, 154 and the Great Game, 152 Ghosh, Durba justifies 1904 invasion, 151–153 on Orientalism, 228 on wives and concubines, 60, 74, 88, 90, Dalai Lama 228 and 1774 mission, 14, 15, 22, 29, Ghosh, Suresh 132–133 on mixed communities, 59, 60 and 1904 mission, 152, 158, 247, 255 Goldstein, Melvyn, 64 Dalrymple, Alexander on Chinese position in Tibet in the and the Bogle papers, 148 1800s, 151

278 Index

Gosain, Purangir, 29 Imperialism admired by George Bogle, 48 Asian concepts of, 258 messenger between Panchen Lama and British goals in Tibet, 253–254 Bogle, 76, 77 China and Tibet, 254–257 role in 1783 Tibet mission, 146 problems defining British, 188–191, role in trans-Himalayan trade, 47–48 263 Gould, Basil Tibetan, 257–258 and British diplomacy in Tibet in the in world history, 259 1930s, 63 Israel, Jonathan Graham, Thomas definitions of the Enlightenment, 187, on behavior of Company men, 80, 81, 219 83, 85 on male heir for Anderson, 87, 90 Johnson, Samuel on peace with Marathas, 76 and Bogle’s journals, 26, 27 on skin color of children, 81, 84 Jones, William, 217 Grant, Charles commentary on India, 212–218 Kidd, Colin critique on Enlightenment thinkers, 216 nature of the Scottish Enlightenment, views on Hinduism, 203 191 views on Islamic impact in India, Killican, David 221–222 and Assam trade, 206 views on sati, 42 Kipling, Rudyard views on women, 223–224 connection to 1904 mission, 246 Grenada, 194 Grotius, Hugo, 14 Lamb, Alastair on India’s northern borderlands, 9 Hamilton, Alexander Landon, Perceval describes Bogle’s depression, 147 reports on 1904 mission, 241 Hamilton, Lord George Landsdowne, Lord, 188 restrains Curzon, 188 Lobsang Palden Yeshes (Panchen Lama), Hardwicke, Earl of 13, 22–23 links 1774 and 1904 missions in An Explanation of Shambhala, 248–249 parliamentary debate, 139 on Christianity, 36–37, 39 Hastings, Warren conversations with Bogle, 34–38 as an Enlightenment figure, 56–57, 234 incorporates Bogle into writings, journey to Scotland, 232–236 249–250, 252 policies towards Tibet, 24–25, 142, 143 suspicious of East India Company, relationship with Bogle, 26, 27, 55 127 reputation of in Victorian era, 140 views on Bhutanese, 200 revenues and war, 75, 234 views of Indians, 200 visits Daldowie, 233 writes to Warren Hastings, 23–24 Heathcote, Nora Lopez, Donald claims regarding Bogle’s Tibetan European powers and Tibet, 2 marriage, 58, 71 on the Kalacakra Tantra, 248–249 defends Bogle’s Scottishness, 65, 67 Herodotus Macartney, Lord on Greeks and barbarians, 264 mission to China 1793, 144, 146, 229 telling stories about history, 12 McKay, Alex Hilton, James on Asian empires, 258 Lost Horizons and 1904 mission, 245 on the writing of Tibetan history, Holdich, Thomas 240–241 on 1904 mission, 241 Mackenzie, Alexander on gold in Tibet, 253 on education and money-making, Hopkirk, Peter 236–237 on Kipling’s Kim, 246 on Indian civilizations, 204

Index 279

maps Petech, Luciano Bogle declines Tibet map, 135–136 on Tibetan sources for 1774 and 1783 and imperialism, 134 missions, 150–151 Markham, Clements, 25 Pitts, Jennifer edits Bogle’s journals, 62, 148–150 on imperialism, 7, 192, 231 on 1774 mission, 141 Pocock,J.G.A. Marshall, Peter on Enlightenment and empires, 7–8 on East Indian fortunes, 85, 89, 110, Prakash, Gyan 111 debate with William Dalrymple, 88–89, Maxim gun 91–92 use of during 1904 mission, 160, 229 on sex, gender, and empire, 5, 88, 91 May, Henry Pufendorf, Samuel, 14, 22 on the Enlightenment, 186 memory Rangpur British memories of 1774 mission, Bogle as Collector in, 123 160–161, 169 Redfearn, F. Tibetan memories of 1774 mission, 168, defends Warren Hastings, 111 169 on money-making in Bengal, 112 Milner, Alfred Richardson, Hugh compared to Curzon, 189 and Anglo-Tibetan relations, 63–65 Mir Jafar (Nawab of Bengal), 129 career in Tibet, 63 Mir Kasim (Nawab of Bengal), 129 career as a Tibetologist, 63 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat comments on 1774 mission, 166 inﬂuence on Bogle, 33 detective work on Bogle’s wife, Muthu, Sankar 65–71 on Enlightenment and empire, 7 praised by Dalai Lama, 64 Robertson, William, 15, 18, 29 Narayan, Dharendra (the Raja of Cooch inﬂuence on Bogle, 193, 201 Behar), 21, 22 on commerce, 203 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich on European imperialism, 204 exhibition on empire, 6 Rosebery, Earl of Newbolt, Henry doubts linkage between 1774 and 1904 Vitai Lampada, 209 missions, 163

O’Brien, Karen Said, Edward on Edmund Burke and imperialism, inﬂuence on imperial studies, 5 203 Salbai, Treaty of, 75 O’Connor, Frederick Satow, Ernest describes 1903–1904 discussions with on Chinese claims in Tibet, 255–256 Panchen Lama, 155–156 Schell, Orville meets Rudyard Kipling, 246 and Western constructions of Tibet, recalls meetings with Panchen Lama, 240 163–166, 247 Schwartz, Stuart Oranmore and Browne, Lord on Europeans in the Paciﬁc, 56 describes 1904 mission as a fairy-tale, on power and perception, 197 242 Scindia, Mahadji, 75 Scott, John Padma (agent of the Third Panchen Lama) defends East India Company in debate on hunting, 32 Parliament, 110 Panchen Lamas Singh, Chait (the Raja of Benares) role in Tibet, 11, 22–23 relationship with East India Company, Parr, Randall 130–131 role in Tibet 1904, 190–191 representative in Shigatse criticizes EIC, pension 130 allotted to Bogle’s widow, 70, 95 Smith, Adam, 206

280 Index

Snellgrove, David Walia, Shelley on Kalacakra tradition of Buddhism, on Said’s inﬂuence on history-writing, 6 250 Walsh, E. H. C. Spivak, Gayatri on meetings with Bhutanese in 1904, on anonymous women in colonial 158 records, 74 Williamson, Thomas Stewart, Gordon advice to East India Company men, 86, on grand alliance against East India 89, 93 Company, 75 Wilton, E. C. Stewart, John defends Curzon’s policies, 173, 174 address to Royal Society on 1774 women mission, 25 impact of English in India, 226–228 Stewart, Mrs. John incident in Darjeeling, 227 looks after Bogle daughter, 72 options with Company men, 82, 85, 93 Stoler, Ann problems with names, 81, 85 on women in colonial Indonesia, race and marriage in India, 61–62 229 treatment by Company men, 85, 89, 94 Strobel, Margaret Woodcock, George on interracial marriage, 61 on Bogle’s Tibetan wife, 70 Wrong, George M. tea views on British empire, 261 Tibet as a market for, 253 Teltscher, Kate Younghusband, Francis on George Bogle, 10 education, 208–209 on Tibetan women and Bogle, 65, epiphany in Tibet, 244 67 and evangelical Christianity, 210–211 Thubten Gyatso (Thirteenth Dalai Lama) imperial ideology, 189, 210 policies towards China and Britain, invokes memories of 1774 mission, 140 151–152 links 1774 and 1904 missions, 154–157, Tibet 160–163 British newspapers on, 241 military career, 170 enlightenment within, 252 power of the gun, 171 European travelers in, 2 and religious mysticism, 243–245 Western imagination and, 2, 240, 242, views on Asians, 221 245 views on marriage, 225 Tichan views on social class, 226 possible name of Bogle’s Tibetan wife, views of Tibetan lamas, 174–176, 208 71 views on women, 224, 225 Turner, Samuel and 1783 mission to Tibet, 146 Zoffany, Johan describes infant Incarnation, 146 painting of General William Palmer and praises Bogle, 146 Family, 59