71-22,513

NAPIER, Teddy Lee, 1942- THE IMPACT OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT UPON LOCAL RURAL COMMUNITIES: ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO RAPID CHANGE.

The Ohio State Univer’si'ty, Ph.D., 1971 Sociology, general

University Microfilms, A XEROXCompany , Ann Arbor, Michigan

THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE IMPACT OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT UPON LOCAL

RURAL COMMUNITIES: ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO

RAPID CHANGE

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University

By

Ted';L. Napier, B.A., M.A.

The Ohio State University

1971

Approved by

Adviser Department of Sociology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the agencies and individuals who were essential in making this research possible.

To his adviser, Dr. Kent P. Schwirian, Professor of Sociology, for his advice, constructive criticisms, and interest in the develop­ ment of this research. To Dr. R. F. Sletto, Dr. Robert Roth, and

Dr. Wen Li for their participation in the research and their helpful suggestions.

To Dr. G. Howard Phillips for his untiring efforts through advice and counsel.

To the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center for financial support.

To the United States Corps of Engineers and the Ohio Depart­ ment of Natural Resources for their cooperation in providing infor­ mation essential to this research.

To Dr. David Boyne, Chairman of the Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Department, whose active support facilitated the conduct of the research.

To the many other professionals within the Department of Agri­ cultural Economics and Rural Sociology, and the Department of Sociology who provided helpful counsel.

ii VITA

September 30, 1942 . . . Born— Wayne, West Virginia

1966 B.A., Marshall University, Huntington West Virginia

1967 M.A., Marshall University, Huntington West Virginia

1967-1968 . Associate Director for Research Project, U. S. Labor Department, Charleston, West Virginia

1968-19 70 Teaching Associate, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

Summer of 1970 Research Associate, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, The Ohio State Univei'sity, Columbus, Ohio

September 1, 1970 . . . Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, The Ohio State University', Columbus, Ohio

PUBLICATIONS

Margaret L. Lotspeich and Ted I.. Napier, A Feasibility Study and Program Development of a System of Mobile Community Service Centers in Appalachia, A Final Report to the Office of Manpower Policy, Evalu­ ation and Research, U. S. Department of Labor, January, 1968, pp. 150.

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Sociology

Studies in Urban Ecology. Professor Kent P. Schwirian Studies in Rural Sociology. Professor G. Howard Phillips Studies in Research Methodology. Professor R. F. Sletto iii CONTENTS Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... ii

VITA ...... iii

TABLES ...... vi

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

CHAPTER I THEORY ...... 3 Local Maladjustment to Change ...... 3 Migration and Confrontation Theory ...... 6 Voluntary Migration ...... 7 Summary of Migration Research...... 8 Confrontation Theory ...... 9 Theory of Forced Relocation and Adjustment .... 11 Community Identification and Satisfaction ..... 15 F a m i l i s m ...... 19 Social Stratification ...... 21 Social Mobility ...... 24 Value Orientation ...... 27 Summary ...... 30

II METHODOLOGY...... 33 F a m i l i s m ...... 33 Community Satisfaction ...... 34 Community Identification ...... 34 Value Orientation...... 35 Physical Mobility ...... • • 35 Social Mobility ...... 36 Social Maladjustment 36 Instrument Construction ...... 37 Familism Scale Construction ...... 40 Community Satisfaction Scale Construction ..... 42 Community Identification Scale Construction .... 44 Value Orientation Scale Construction ...... 46 Physical Mobility Scale Construction ...... 48 Social Mobility Scale Construction ...... 50 Social Maladjustment Scale Construction ...... 52 Finished Schedule ...... 54 Index of Status Characteristics...... 55

iv CONTENTS (continued) CHAPTER Page

II METHODOLOGY (continued) Discussion of the Validity of the Measuring Instruments ...... 57 Open-Ended Questions ...... 62 Techniques for Analysis ...... 62 Analysis of V a r i a n c e ...... 63 Analysis of Open-Ended Questions ...... 65 U n i v e r s e ...... 65 Sampling Technique ...... 67 Interviewer Selection and Training ...... 70

III FINDINGS ...... 71 Correlation and Regression Analysis ...... 71 Findings of the Analysis of V a r i a n c e ...... 76 Findings of Analysis of Variance: Community Identification...... 81 Findings of Analysis of Variance: Community Satisfaction...... 83 Findings of Analysis of Variance: Familism .... 87 Analysis of Variance of Socio-Economic Status . . . 87 Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Physical Mobility ...... 91 Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Social M o b i l i t y ...... 92 Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Value Orientation ...... 95 Analysis of Open-Ended Questions ...... 97

IV SUMMARY, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...... 106 Summary of the Hypotheses Testing...... 107 Discussion of Findings ...... Ill Evaluation of Findings ...... 116 Summary ...... 126

APPENDIX I ...... 128

APPENDIX I I ...... 143

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 157

v TABLES Table Page

1 Weighting values for constructed scales ...... 37

2 Weighting values for income...... 55

3 Weighting values for education ...... 56

4 Weighting values for occupation ...... 56

5 Class groupings on socio-economic status ...... 57

6 General characteristics of population ...... 66

7 Socio-economic indicators for selected counties .... 67

8,9 Affected groups compared on the basis of maladjustment 77

10,11 Relocated, Non-relocatcd and base groups compared on the basis of maladjustment ...... 79

12,13 Affected groups compared on the basis of maladjustment controlled for t i m e ...... 81

14,15 Analysis of variance for total sample: community identification and maladjustment ...... 82

16,17 Analysis of variance for individual affected groups: community identification and maladjustment .... 84

18,19 Analysis of variance for total sample: community satisfaction and maladjustment .... 85

20,21 Analysis of variance for individual affected groups: community satisfaction and maladjustment ...... 86

22,23 Analysis of variance for total sample: familism and maladjustment ...... 88

24,25 Analysis of variance for individual affected groups: familism and maladjustment...... 89

26,27 Analysis of variance for total sample: socio­ economic status and maladjustment 90 vi TABLES (continued) Table Page

28,29 Analysis of variance for total sample: physical mobility and maladjustment ...... 91-92

30,31 Analysis of variance for individual communities: physical mobility and maladjustment ...... 93

32,33 Analysis of variance for total sample: social mobility and maladjustment ...... 94

34,3r> Analysis of variance for individual communities: social mobility and maladjustment . . . 96

36,37 Analysis of variance for total sample: value orientation and maladjustment ...... 97

38,39 Analysis of variance for individual communities: value orientation and maladjustment ...... 98

40-43 Relocation versus treatment ...... 99

44 Relocation versus attitude toward moving ...... 102

45 Elapsed time and attitude toward moving ...... 103

46 Initial shock versus movement: West Virginia ..... 104

47 Initial shock versus movement: Ohio ...... 104

48 Post shock versus movement: West Virginia ...... 104

49 Post shock versus movement: O h i o ...... 105

50 Beech Fork relocated and abandoned facilities ..... 133

51 East Lynn relocated and abandoned facilities ..... 133

52 Alum Creek relocated and abandoned facilities ..... 136

53 Summary statistics for selected projects: conditions of improvement: 1969 ...... 141

54 Progi'ess to date on selected water resource projects, 1969 142 vii INTRODUCTION

The major purposes of the present research are to determine

whether or not individuals within communities directly affected by

water resource development perceive their community as being no longer

satisfactory in meeting their needs and to isolate the variables that

are significant in explaining the adjustment or nonadjustment to the

changes occurring within their community. It will be assumed that

water resource development will continue to expand within rural areas

due to the increasing demand for new sources of water from many

sectors of the society. Since rural areas have low density population,

rural areas are the logical places for the location of water resource

projects. Fewer people will be required to relocate thus minimizing

the disruptive effects for communities subject to dam construction.

Since it will be assumed that water resource development will

continue to be elaborated over time, investigation into the impact of

water resource projects upon local communities would appear essential.

Most contemporary research which is concerned with water resource

development is oriented toward cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit

analysis research basically is directed toward the justification of

the capital expenditures for the projects. The costs of the projects

are compared to the long-run benefits which the region will gain from

the dam construction. Examples of cost-benefit research are studies

conducted by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. While cost- benefit research is essential, little emphasis has been given to the

social implications of the projects upon affected local communities.

The social implications of water resource projects will be analyzed within the present research in terms of individual adjustment to change

occurring within communities subjected to watershed development.

The central focus of the present research will be upon indi­ vidual adjustment in local communities to planned regional change in

the form of water resource development. The results of the research

should indicate the extent to which individuals within affected com­ munities develop positive or negative attitudes toward their changing community and provide insight into the determinants of the attitudes held by the community's members.

Summary

Water resource development may have a positive or a negative effect upon local communities. The positive effects may be conceptu­ alized in terms of economic advancement for the local community or region. The negative effects may be conceptualized in terms of the disruption of the local social system. Both the positive and negative effects will necessitate adjustment by the community members. It will be argued that the individual's attitude toward his community will be reflective of his adjustment to the change. The present research will be designed to evaluate the relative impact of water resource develop­ ment upon local rural communities in terms of individual adjustment or maladjustment to the changing situations. CHAPTER I

THEORY

Reasons for Local Maladjustment to Change

Regional development may be conceptualized in terms of planned economic and social change.^- Planned change implies rational implemen­ tation of change for the expressed purpose of raising the economic and social level of a community or region. It will be argued that water resource development may be considered a form of regional development since such projects, when planned carefully, seek to increase the economic and social potential of the region.

Flood control and expanded water sources may attract industry and new population into the community and region. The long-run benefits of the industrial expansion and the attraction of new popu­ lation into the area imply a need for adjustment by a portion of the existing local community. As the composition of the community changes, new interaction patterns must be developed or existing ones modified.

The water resource projects will probably make the region economically more viable but may have detrimental economic and social effects upon local communities.

^William W. and Loreide Biddle, The Community Development Process (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1965), pp. 281- 284.

3 4

It may be noted from the research conducted by the United

States Army Corps of Engineers that long-run benefits will often

accrue to the region and will eventually benefit the affected local communities. The short-run benefits, however, may not be of sufficient magnitude to offset the difficulties encountered by the affected com­ munities. The assumption that water resource development will have

considerable short-run benefits for the affected communities may not be valid when all variables are considered.

Water resource development may have a beneficial or a detri­ mental effect upon the economic viability of communities. Beneficial

effects could be industrial expansion within the region or the ex­

ploitation of the recreational potential of the newly constructed lake.

The potentially detrimental effects upon the local community could be

the fragmentation of the local social order, the loss of local autonomy 2 and the exposure of the community to conflicting norms. The involve­ ment of the local community with regional projects implies that the

community is subject to "outside" influence. The individuals within

affected communities often must change their established patterns to

accommodate, the outside influence thus necessitating adjustment on the

part of the community members. The exposure to conflicting norms may

lead to the adoption of new norms or necessitate modification of

existing norms. If the normative structure should be changed, the local

group will be required to adjust to the newly formulated normative

system.

o Scott Greer, The Emerging City (New York: The Free Press, 1962), pp. 43-51. 5

The present chapter is devoted to the specification of a theoretical position which attempts to explain adjustment or non­ adjustment to rapid social change resulting from water resource development. For the purposes of this study, adjustment will be de­ fined in terms of general community satisfaction and nonalienation.

Maladjustment may be conceptualized in terms of alienation from the changed social system.

Adjustment is defined as a state in which one modifies his attitudes to accommodate a newly encountered situation. An individual would be considered adjusted to a change within his community when he has modified his attitudes toward the changed situation and has re­ structured his interaction patterns to accommodate the change. The individual would be considered maladjusted if he does not modify his attitudes to accommodate the change. If one becomes alienated from the changed situation and defines the changed situation as no longer meeting his expressed needs then he would be considered nonadjusted or maladjusted. The maladjusted individual is one whose perceived needs are not being satisfied within the changed situation and does not perceive the changed situation as being capable of satisfying his expressed needs. He therefore becomes alienated from the changed situation.

Water resource development will bring about some modifications in affected communities and some individuals within the population will become maladjusted to the changes. The following theoretical position is offered as a possible means of evaluating the impact of rapid social change upon individuals within local rural communities affected by water resource development.

Migration and Confrontation Theory

A frequent result of water resource development is population relocation. Since forced relocation is a form of migration, migration research will be utilized to specify several of the variables signifi­ cant in the adjustment of voluntary migrants to newly encountered social and physical environments. It will be assumed that the variables sig­ nificant in the explanation of the adjustment of forced migrants will be similar to those related to voluntary migrant adjustment. Both voluntary and forced migrant groups must adjust to new situations, therefore, the process of adjustment to change should be similar.

To explain the initial response to social change, reference was made to a theoretical position referred to as "confrontation."

Confrontation theory provides a partial explanation of the initial response to rapid change. Confrontation theory will be linked with migration research for the development of a theory of forced re­ location. Confrontation theory should provide insight into the initial response to social change while migration research should provide understanding of the process of adjustment to the change. A brief discussion of migration research will be presented to indicate the variables important in the adjustment of voluntary migrants to the receiving social system.

3 Alvin Bertrand, "Emerging Rural South: A Region Under Con­ frontation by Mass Society," Rural Sociology, Vol. 31 (December, 1966), pp. 451-452. Voluntary Migration

The reasons for rural to urban migration have been discussed 4 by many researchers such as Kingsley Davis. The magnitude of migration within the American Society has been researched by Bogue and Beale,

Conrad Taeuber,^ and many others. The direction of the migration flows indicate that few rural migrants return to the farm which implies that adjustment does occur.

Studies of migration and resultant adjustment to the receiving social systems indicate that two significant factors for migration and adjustment are: cosmopolitanization of rural populations and inter­ dependency of rural and urban areas.^ Interdependency among component parts implies some, degree of similarity among the groups which would facilitate adjustment. Scott Greer,^ Glenn Fuguitt,^ Lowry Nelson^ and others support the interdependency concept.

Kingsley Davis, "The Urbanization of the Human Population," The City in Newly Developing, Countries: Readings in Urbanism, Gerald Breese, Ed. (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1969), pp. 5-20. 5 Donald J. Bogue and Calvin Beale, "Recent Population Trends in the United States and Their Causes," Our Changing Rural Society: Perspectives and Trends, James H. Copp, Ed. (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1964), pp. 71-126. ^Conrad Taeuber, "Rural Americans and the Rest of Us," Year­ book of Agriculture — 1963 (’Washington, D. C.: Department of Agri­ culture, 1963), pp. 13-18. ^Olaf F. Larson and Everett M. Rogers, "Rural Society in Transition: The American Setting," Our Changing Rural Society, James Copp, Ed. (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1964), pp. 39-67. O Scott Greer, The Emerging City (New York: The Free Press, 1962), pp. 67-106. 9 Glenn Fuguitt, "The City and the Countryside," Rural Soci­ ology, Vol. 28 (September, 1963), pp. 246-261. ■^Lowry Nelson, "Rural Life in a Mass-Industrial Society," Rural Sociology, Vol. 22 (March, 1957), pp. 20-30. 8

Assuming that adjustment does occur for migrants due to inter­

dependency, isolation of the specific variables which facilitate ad­

justment would appear possible. Research indicates that social mobility,^ socio-economic status,^ high aspiration levels,^ satis- 14 faction with facilities, and the presence of family members in 15 receiving communities are important in the adjustment or lack of

adjustment to changed situations.

Summary of Migration Research

Investigation of migration research indicates that the following

variables are significant in the adjustment of migrants.

Socio-Ec.onom i.c Status--Individuals who have high status adjust

more rapidly to new situations.

Physical Mobility— Individuals who are highly mobile adjust more

rapidly to new situations.

Social Mobillty--Individuals who have high social mobility adjust

more rapidly to new situations.

Ronald Freedman and Deborah Freedman, "Farm-Reared Elements in the Nonfarm Population," Rural Sociology, Vol. 21 (March, 1956), pp. 50-61. 12 Larson and Rogers, 'Transition," pp. 39-67. 13 T. Lynn Smith and Paul E. Zopf, Jr., Principles of Inductive Rural Sociology (F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, 1970), pp. 85-86. 14 Wade II. Andrews and J. Ross Eshleman, "The New Community II: Adjustment to Living in the Changing Rural Fringe of a Metropolitan Area," (Research Bulletin No. 995, Wooster, Ohio: Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, November, 1963), pp. 5-10. 15 Jesus Rico-Velasco, "Immigrants from the Appalachian Region to the City of Columbus, Ohio: A Case Study," (unpublished thesis, Columbus: The Ohio State University, 1969), pp. 46-51. Family Relationships— Individuals who have family members in the

receiving community adjust more rapidly to new situations.

Satisfaction with Services— Individuals who are basically satisfied

with the services provided by the receiving community adjust

more rapidly to the new situations.

Confrontation Theory

Rural communities affected by water resource development are

"confronted" with "outside" action to construct water resource projects.

"Confrontation" is a state in which the individual and groups are subjected to change and are pressured to accept the change. The acceptance of the change may require the individual or group to modify his values or his behavioral patterns.^

Change may be initiated internally or externally. Internal change may be rapidly accepted since group members would have a role to play in the determination of the direction of change, but external change may be imposed upon the group. When change is imposed upon the group from outside sources, a state of confrontation is said to exist.

The external change may be perceived as having a detrimental effect upon the group thus alienating a portion of the group subjected to the change.

Confrontation theory states that communities confronted with rapid encompassing change may resist the change initially with rela­ tively slow adaptation and adjustment. Confrontation theory states that adjustment occurs in stages with the initial reaction being social

^Bertrand, "Rural South," p. 450. 10

unrest and dissatisfaction. The initial negative attitude toward the

change will slowly be replaced by acceptance and adjustment to the

change.

Research has demonstrated that significant portions of com­ munities affected by "outside" change do not become alienated. Studies 17 18 by Raymond Payne, Wade Andrews and Ward W. Bauder, and others have

noted that in certain situations the acceptance of externally insti­

gated change does occur without considerable alienation of a large

portion of the community membership. Community change resulting from

industrialization of rural communities or rapid urbanization may not

result in widespread alienation from the change. This is especially

true in certain types of forced change. Extensive relocation of

population is often not required in industrial expansion and often

such development is defined as desirable by the subject group. Water

resource development projects differ considerably because many people

are often required to relocate. The relocation often compounds the need for adjustment to social change occurring within affected

communities.

Raymond Payne, "A Study of Leadership and Perceptions of Change in a Village Confronted with Urbanism," (A paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Association of Southern Agricultural Workers, Jackson, Mississippi, February, 1961). 18 Wade H. Andrews and Ward W. Bauder, "The Effects of Indus­ trialization on a Rural County: Comparison of Social Change in Monroe and Noble Counties of Ohio," (Department Series A. E. 407, Wooster, Ohio: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, May, 1968). 11

Confrontation may result in alienation from the changed com­ munity. Alienation is defined as a state of powerlessness, a break- 19 down in local normative structure and self estrangement. Some

individuals within the affected community may perceive the outside

action as being manipulative in nature and become alienated from the 20 change. Individuals within the affected communities may perceive

the change as a threat to continued satisfaction of their perceived

needs. To specify the proposed relationship of selected variables,

a "theory of forced relocation adjustment" is offered.

A Theory of Forced Relocation and Adjustment

A social system ceases to be functional when it does not meet

21 the social needs of the population and does not fulfill the 22 functional requisites of a social system.

Outside imposed change in one part of the system may have 23 repercussions throughout the system. When the equilibrium is

disrupted, social maladjustment may result and remain operative until

19 Melvin Seeman, "On the Meaning of Alienation," American Sociological Review, Vol. 24 (December, 1959), pp. 783-791. 20 Robert Blauner, Alienation and Freedom (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1964), pp.14-34. O I Earl 11. Bell, Social Foundations of Human Behavior (New York: Harper and.Row Publishers, 1961), pp. 112-114. 22 Robert E. L. Faris, Social Disorganization (New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1955), pp. 3-33. 23 Harry C. Bredemeir and Richard M. Stephenson, The Analysis of Social Systems (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965), p. 178. 12

a new equilibrium is achieved. Under situations of rapid social change, 24 maladjustment has been demonstrated to be operative. Small social

systems, such as rural communities, often achieve a functional

equilibrium. When rural communities are confronted with rapid social

change, the equilibrium is destroyed. The confrontation should

necessitate a period of re-integration of the system and during this

period the community members should exhibit some maladjustment. The

established interaction patterns may no longer be operative and

normative structure may require modification. During the period of

restructuring the community, members may perceive the community as no

longer meeting their expressed needs. If the community is perceived

as no longer meeting the needs of the group, then the individuals

composing the group may become alienated from the community.

The major hypothesis to be tested in this research may be

stated as follows: Residents of communities that are subject to water

resource development action are significantly more alienated from

their community titan residents of communities not affected by water

resource development. The rate of change will be considerably more

accelerated for the disrupted communities which may result in the

alienation of some group members. The negative effects upon the com­ munity may be greater than the positive effects, until the new

equilibrium is reached, due to the unstructuring of a situation.

The impact of water resource development should be greatest

for the relocated groups because such action will destroy to some

24 Paul F. Cressey, "Social Disorganization and Reorganization in Harlan County, Kentucky," American Sociological Review, Vol. 14 (June, 1949), pp. 389-394. 13

extent the patterns of interaction that have been in operation prior

to the disruptive action. The period of social maladjustment will

continue until a new structure is formulated.

The extent of the change will partially determine the dif­

ficulty in the adjustment to the new situation. If the change is

rapid and radically different from the previously existing situation,

the adjustment would be more difficult than a change which is

relatively slow.

The change affecting the communities in the present research has been rapid, encompassing change. Radical changes have been shown 25 to lead to social unrest. The affected communities under investi­ gation due to rapidity of change will exhibit higher maladjustment

than non-affccted communities.

Another hypothesis concerning alienation and dissatisfaction among the affected groups may be stated as follows: Alienation and general dissatisfaction with the changed community will be greater in

the affected communities among the relocated groups than the non­ relocated groups. The hypothesis is based upon the assumption that

the disruptive effects will be greater for the relocated individuals.

Charles M. Barresi and John Lindquist have noted negative attitudes of 26 relocated people in urban renewal programs. These researchers have

^Kingsley Davis, "The Sociology of Parent.-Youth Conflict," in Marvin B. Sussman, Sourcebook in Marriage and the Family (Second Edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1963), pp. 266-274. Charles M. Barresi and John H. Lindquist, "The Urban Com­ munity: Attitudes Toward Neighborhood and Urban Renewal," The Uni­ versity of Akron (A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, California, September, 1969), pp. 9-19. 14

noted that relocated people tended to develop more negative attitudes

toward urban renewal than non-affected groups. An elaboration of the

above mentioned hypothesis may be stated as follows: Alienation and

general dissatisfaction with the community will be greater in non­

relocated affected groups than for the non-affected base groups. The

nonrelocated segment of the affected community will resist major* change

even though they are not directly affected by the forced movement due

to the commitment to the existing community.

The directly affected groups will be slow to accept the change

due to disruptive effects of the change. The subject groups will

exhibit high degrees of maladjustment to the newly reformulated com­ munity. The system was functioning prior to the outside action and meeting at least the minimal needs of the population. The restructured

communities may not be perceived by the population as initially

satisfying the needs of the groups to the extent that the prior com­ munity structure provided these needs. Such conditions are conducive

for the alienation of a portion of the population.

Relocated groups should be more alienated than non-relocated groups because those who are not required to relocate have alternatives

in evaluating the new situation. The non-relocated group may choose

to remain in the community with the belief that the new situation will bring about social and economic benefits to the community or they may decide the restructured community will not be acceptable to them and

leave. 15

Time is very important because restructuring occurs over time.

When new structure begins to evolve in the affected communities, the maladjustment to the disruptive change should begin to decrease.

It is hypothesized that some maladjustment will be long lasting in some segments of the community. Maladjustment should diminish over time but probably will never be completely eradicated.

The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Com­ munities that have had time for restructuring will have populations that are s1gniflean11y less alienated and dissatisfied with their com­ munity than the residents of communities which have not had time for restructuring. Communities that have been disrupted for the longest period of time will have begun the restructuring process and the mal­ adjustment will begin to become less operative.

Community Identification and Satisfaction

Community identification is considered to be an important vari­ able in the resistance of an individual or a group to accept any new changein the community. Community identification refers to the degree to which the community is able to provide the individual or group with the "we" feeling. The "we" means that the individual sees within the community other people who are basically like himself, and is ex­ pressed in a sentiment of attachment to fellow community members. The

"we" signifies a cohesiveness of the group.

The community provides the individual with felt needs to the extent that he believes his community is a reflection of himself to some extent. A perceived threat to the community will be considered 16 a threat to himself. The importance of identification may be seen in 27 the work of Leonard Reisman concerning bureaucracy and the research of Peter Munch and Robert Campbell in the analysis of rural com- . . 28 munitres.

We tend to interact with people who are basically like our­ selves and with people who tend to reflect our own interests. When one encounters a neighborhood which is rather homogeneous we tend to establish close attachment to the group and identify ourselves as members of the particular community. One takes pride in his member­ ship within the community and refers to the other community members

Man internalizes certain concepts among which is "territori­ ality." Territoriality is the delineation of a certain area in which he operates for the satisfaction of his basic material and social needs. Territory is often referred to as the community. Earl Bell notes that people establish territorial groups that may be differenti- 29 ated from each other.

Communities may be differentiated by space such as the early 30 work of Charles Galpin which resulted in the trade area delineation.

While it is true that a community is spatial in nature, it is also interactional because people are involved. Roland L. Warren argues

27 Leonard Reisman, "A Study of Role Conceptions in Bureauc­ racy," Social Forces, XXVII (1949), pp. 309-310. 28 Peter A. Munch and Robert B. Campbell, "Interaction and Collective Identification in a Rural Locality," Rural Sociology, Vol. 28 (1963), pp. 18-34. 29 Bell, Human Behavior, pp. 302-313. 30 Roland L. Warren, The Community in America (Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1963), pp. 22-25. 17

that a community is composed of space, people, shared institutions, 31 values, and interaction. Basically Warren is arguing that a com­

munity is a social system.

While all of these are useful delineations of a community it

would appear that Warren's approach is most useful for this particular

research. If individuals develop affection and identification for the

community, they should become maladjusted if anything threatens to

destroy the existing situation. Research tends to support the position

that individuals become upset when the community is threatened even

when the community is not completely meeting the needs of the people.

Areas that are deteriorated may be defined as satisfying the needs of

the people who live there and "outsiders" may be met with resistance.

Charles Barresi and John Lindquist have noted the attachment to areas 32 threatened with urban renewal.

The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Indi­

viduals who are highly identified with their community will exhibit

greater alienation and dissatisfaction with their changed community

than individuals who are less identified with their community. Part

of the "we" is being attacked by a seemingly uncontrollable force and

the non-affected "we" should become maladjusted as well as the directly

affected "we." The community is being changed and the attachment to

the "we" should yield some antagonism on the part of the community members both relocated and nonrelocated.

31 V/arren, Community in America, pp. 22-51. 32 Barresi and Lindquist, "Urban Community," pp. 1-4. 18

Closely aligned to identification is satisfaction. Satis­

faction refers to the degree to which the individual's needs are being met within the community for specific services. Satisfaction with

services is reflected in the extent to which the community meets the

basic needs of its membership in regard to providing facilities and

services to the population. Andrews and Eshleman have utilized this

approach in the analysis of adjustment to change in the rural fringe 33 of an urban area. These researchers have noted that satisfaction with community services is significant in bringing about adjustment

to newly encountered, situations. • . 34

The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Indi­ viduals that are highly satisfied with the community's services will

exhibit greater dissatisfaction and ali.enation to change than groups

that are not satisfied with the community's services. If the community

is satisfying the needs of the subject group, then it logically

follows that the group will resist any change that tends to upset a

situation which has heretofore been to some extent defined as satis­

fying. It is hypothesized that community identification will be more

important than community satisfaction in the determination of mal­ adjustment. This hypothesis is based upon the belief that rural dwellers will value group interaction above the satisfaction of needs based upon the delivery of services. A person will tolerate some inconvenience in regard to services if the interaction patterns within the community are defined as rewarding.

33 Andrews and Eshleman, "Community II," p. 5. 34 Ibid., pp. 5-11, 36-37. Familism

A variable that has been shown to be significant in voluntary migrant adjustment is familism. It will be argued that it is also

significant in forced migrant adjustment.

The rural dweller emphasizes family relationships. The con­

cept "familism" is operationally defined as a system of interdependent kinship ties among extended family members. Familism is reflected in

frequent and intense interaction among extended family members. The

interaction may be in the form of frequent extended periods of visi­

tation by family members or frequent letter writing or telephone calls.

Familism may be conceptualized in terms of a feeling of concern and

the sentiment of liking for their fellow family members. When patterns of family interaction have been developed a threat to the pattern may be resisted.

Murray A. Straus has demonstrated that intensity and frequency 35 of interaction are significant in the determination for familism.

Straus further notes that urban living, combined with class variables, was associated with lower frequencies of face-to-face interaction.

Intense and frequent contact is the "expected" behavior in rural areas 36 between family members. The family unit develops a "community of 37 fate" which ensures sympathetic understanding and help in times of crisis or conflict. To ensure close contact and frequent interaction,

35 Murray A. Straus, "Social Class and Farm-City Differences in Interaction with Kin in Relation to Societal Modernization," Rural Sociology, Vol. 34 (December, 1969), pp. 476-495. 36Ibid., pp. 476-495. 3^Bell, Human Behavior, pp. 211-215. 20 the family members often are encouraged to establish homes in close proximity to fellow family members thus ensuring frequent interaction and security. Several studies have indicated that rural dwellers are encouraged to "settle" in close proximity to fellow family members. 38 Among these are studies by Rico-Velasco, Harry Schwarzweller and 39 40 James Brown, and Gordon Bultena. Bultena's research noted that both the rural and urban aged had at least one child living nearby 41 and was seen frequently. These research studies tend to indicate that rural dwellers and urban migrants often live close to other family members. Further support is given by T. Lynn Smith and Paul E. 42 Zopf, Jr. when they note that one of the most significant features of the rural family is the settlement of family members in close proximity to each other.

It is assumed that the affected communities will not be sig­ nificantly different from the above mentioned family settlement pattern. Even if family members are not grouped in the area to be relocated, it is argued that many "kin" will reside in the surrounding non-relocated portion of the community. Intimate knowledge of the com­ munities evaluated in the present research provided a basis for making this assumption. In depth conversations with informants provided further validation of the assumption.

38 Rico-Velasco, "Immigrants," pp. 46-56. 39 Harry Schwarzweller and James Brown, "Social Class Origin, Rural-Urban Migration and Economic Life Chances: A Case Study," Rural Sociology, Vol. 32 (March, 1967), pp. 5-19. 40 Gordon Bultena, "Rural-Urban Differences in the Familial Inter­ action of the Aged," Rural Sociology, Vol. 34 (March, 1969), pp. 5-15. 41 Ibid., p. 13. y 2 Smith and Zopf, Inductive Rural Sociology, pp. 300-302. 21

Community residents who have strong familistic ties to those directly affected b y the relocation will become maladjusted. The relocation will disrupt established family patterns of interaction which are highly valued by the community residents. The nonrelocated family groups will b e affected by the relocation of family members due to the community of fate expectations.

The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Indi­ viduals t)tat are h i g h ly familistic will exhibit greater maladjustment to their changed community than individuals which are less familistic.

Removal of family members from their established area will disrupt the security which close proximity offers to the group. To demand relocation i s to demand a relocation of family activities and such action is disruptive to the established system of interaction.

Rather than being a n individual relocation process, removal of family members will entail a relocation of family interaction to recreate the social situation that existed prior to the action taken by the

"outside" group.

Social Stratification

Social stratification refers to the relative ranking within a social system that a n individual or family unit occupies when compared 43 44 with others within t h e same system. Joseph Kahl, Glenn Vernon, and others have n o t e d that social stratification may be measured using such variables as occupation, income and education as indicators.

43Joseph A. Kahl, The American Class Structure (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1961), pp. 41-47. Glenn Vernon, Human Interaction (New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1965), pp. 226-248. 22 45 Joseph Kahl and James Davis have demonstrated that the Index of Status

Characteristics Scale which was developed by W. Lloyd Warner is a valid measure of socio-economic status. These articles lead one to conclude

that the concepts of occupation, education and income provide a basis

for the construct which will be termed socio-economic status.

It is assumed that all groups will be stratified to some extent

and that these rankings are recognizable. "Outside" action may be

perceived as a threat by all persons in the stratification system regardless of the simplicity of the system. Higher classes may see

the new change as a threat to their position within the social system and the change may be resisted. The structure of the classification

system will feel the affects of a change if the structural-functional approach of systematic operation is correct. It is assumed in

structural-functional theory that change in one component part will have repercussions in other component parts.

New people will move into the community and old community members will leave. The social system must fill the vacated positions in the hierarchy and create new positions within the social system to accommodate new membership. The highest ranking classes may exhibit maladjustment to such change because structured situations have been transformed to unstructured ones. If old patterns of interaction are disrupted, then the restructured community may demand restructuring of the status system and people in the higher classes may not retain their high positions.

45Joseph Kahl and James A. Davis, "A Comparison of Indexes of Socio-Economic Status," American Sociological Review, Vol. XX (June, 1955), pp. 317-325. 23

While it is true that the higher socio-economic groups will

become somewhat maladjusted due to a threat to their established

positions the greatest maladjustment should occur in the lower classes.

The logic for such an iirgument is premised upon the adaptability of

lower socio-economic groups to new situations. The lower classes do not have the social skills necessary to adapt quickly to change nor do they have the economic ability to adjust quickly to newly en­

countered situations which may necessitate expenditures of limited resources. The argument is that change will affect all socio-economic groups but is most significant for lower socio-economic groups.

The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Lower

socio-economic classes will exhibit greater maladjustment to their

changed communities than higher socio-economic groups. Lower classes do not have the economic security that higher classes have nor do

they possess the educational and social skills of the higher classes.

Harry K. Schwarzweller and James Brown have observed that rural migrants who adjust rather well to the new social environment are from the upper 46 socio-economic groups. They also note that socio-economic status is a significant variable in making the decision to relocate and in the 47 adjustment to the new community. The argument will be made that outside influence will bring about social maladjustment for all social classes but the maladjustment will be greatest for the lower socio­ economic groups. __ Schwarzweller and Brown, "Class Origin," pp. 12-13. 47Ibid., pp. 8-19. 24

Social Mobility

Closely associated with social class is social mobility. Social mobility refers to the extent to which a person is mobile within the community stratification system. Social mobility is defined as the process through which an individual moves from one class position to 48 another within a particular social system.

Being socially mobile in one system does not guarantee that he will be mobile in another. In situations where communities are sub­ jected to rapid, encompassing change socially mobile people will resist change that could destroy their opportunity to achieve higher socio­ economic position. Lipset and Bendix argue that a stable social structure is associated with social mobility. They further argue that discrepancies can occur between the goal of social mobility and the 49 achievement of the change in social class. This implies that an unstable social system could threaten social mobility for the subject population which applies to all classes.

As previously stated persons in lower socio-economic classes will exhibit higher maladjustment than the high socio-economic positions due to the lack of economic advantages and social skills which the higher positions enjoy. The same logic holds true for social mobility.

It is argued that both socially mobile and socially immobile groups will exhibit maladjustment to change but the socially immobile group is less equipped than the mobile group to adjust to the change. A

48 Seymour M. Lipset and Richard Bendix, Social Mobility in Industrial Society (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959), pp. 1-10. 49Ibid.. pp. 269-287. person who is socially immobile or unequipped for relocation should reflect the reluctance for change in his attitude when he is forced to

relocate. The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Groups

that are socially immobile will exhibit greater alienation from their changed community than socially mobile groups. It would appear that outside action for change would further complicate an already difficult

situation for the immobile group. If the relocated group is economi­ cally poor and socially underpriviledged, forced relocation should make the situation even more difficult for the affected group. It will be argued that persons who are socially immobile will reflect

their situation by becoming more maladjusted than the highly mobile group.

Non-relocated community members will be affected by the dis­ ruptive effects of partial community relocation. The disruption is partially due to the communication and commercial contact with

"outsiders." More outside contact may have a disruptive effect upon the community since the community must reconstruct some of its mode of interaction. Much of the interaction within rural communities is on a person-to-person basis as demonstrated in studies by Beers'^ and

Reiss.The newly developed patterns of interaction may demand im­ personal interaction which is more common in the larger urban systems.

Established patterns of interaction may be partially replaced by more commercial types of behavior.

"^Howard W. Beers, "Rural-Urban Differences: Some Evidence from Public Opinion Polls," Rural Sociology, Vol. 18 (Feb., 1953), pp. 1-11. 51 Albert J. Reiss, "Rural-Urban and Status Differences in Inter­ personal Contacts," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 65 (September, 1959), pp. 182-195. 26

The influences of "outsiders" will have an impact upon the non-relocated group and will bring about some degree of maladjustment.

The extent to which a person or group will become adjusted to the new situation is partially dependent upon the immobility of the person or group. It is argued that in the non-relocated group a person who is highly immobile will be more highly maladjusted than a person who has considerable mobility. The logic for this argument is that a person who is highly mobile may leave the community if the restructured community is not perceived or satisfactory to him. If the individual is socially mobile and economically capable of relocation, he will be better equipped to sustain the move to another area than the immobile individual.

When the affected communities are compared time becomes an important interviewing variable. As previously mentioned under social stratification, the restructuring will undoubtedly begin immediately.

There will be some discrepancies between the initial shock groups and the post shock groups due to time but adjustment to the_new situation should be slower for the highly immobile group than the highly mobile group.

The arguments made for social mobility also apply to physical mobility. Physical mobility may be associated with social mobility since mobility in the class system often necessitates physical mobility.

Physical mobility is defined in terms of willingness to re­ locate from an established area. Physical mobility is considered important because permanency of residence will have an effect upon commitment to the community. Studies by such writers as Kenkel have 27

indicated that owners are less physically mobile than renters. 52 If a

person is physically mobile, he may not have a strong commitment to

the community.

The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Groups

that are physically immobile are significantly more alienated and dis­

satisfied with their changed community than mobile groups. It is

obvious that some people are more mobile than others in their ability

to sustain the costs, both economic and social, of relocation. If a

person is physically mobile, he has the alternative of remaining and

adjusting to the new social situation or removing himself from a

situation he defines as undesirable. Persons who are physically

immobile do not have alternatives of leaving and are forced to accept

the change or at least must tolerate the change. The lack of alterna­

tives due to physical immobility may result in alienation and dis­

satisfaction with the changed community.

Value Orientation

All social systems change over time. The change may be mani­

fested in various ways such as change in group membership, change in

the institutions which compose the system, change in the belief

systems of the populace and so forth. The changes may be either rapid

or relatively slow. The response to change is partially dependent upon the rate of change. If the change is much more rapid than change

occurring in the past, considerable maladjustment may result. The

52 William Kenkel, "The Family Moving Decision Process," Family Mobility in Our Dynamic Society (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1965), pp. 178-193. 28 disruptive effects would be less severe if the anticipated change occurs at the same relative rate as previous change.

One's general commitment to change is reflected in his value orientation. For the stated purposes of this research, value orien­ tation will be defined in terms of traditionalism and modernism. A value orientation may be defined as the shared conviction of a group 53 concerning things they feel to be important to the group.

Traditionalism is the commitment to the status quo. Change may be acceptable if the change, occurs in the established manner and relatively slowly. It is argued that change does take place in traditionalistic social systems but the change must occur in certain defined ways. Radical change which refers to rate of change, is resisted in such social systems especially when the change is initiated by outside agents. The logic for such a statement is that the change has not occurred within established mechanisms or channels for bringing about change. The change is seen as not only threatening the patterns of interaction of the group but also the functionality of the system.

New patterns of interaction for the traditionalist must emerge and the system must develop new mechanisms for bringing about the future change. Adaptation of the system is necessary since the maladjustment which results from the change has demonstrated that the existing system is not capable of bringing about and adjusting to such encompassing change.

It should follow that a person who is traditionalistic in his value orientation would become maladjusted when the mechanisms within

53 Kahl, Class Structure, p. 10. 29 the established system for change are questioned or have been proven to be non-functional. In the event that nonfunctionality is evidenced by change a restructuring of the value system may be required.

Equilibrium theory stater, that when a system is forced out of equilibrium, it will be necessary to bring about restructuring to achieve another equilibrium. It is argued that during the restructuring phase of societal adjustment, the traditionalistic type individual or group may become maladjusted to the change. It is argued that when the change is initiated by outside forces the change often results in 54 maladjustment and alienation from change. The traditionalistic individual will resist rapid change and if his actions are frustrated in the solution of his problems, he often becomes alienated from the resultant change.

Modernism is defined in terms of a commitment to change, since change is perceived as leading to a more viable social system. Viable in this context refers to the effective functioning of the system in satisfying the needs of the community's members. Modernistic indi­ viduals reflect their modernism in their expectations for change.

Such individuals see social, change as a desirable process and will resist change less than the traditionalist. The modernist will accept and even encourage change.

Rapid and encompassing change is acceptable to the modernist due to the expectation that change will bring about an increase in the viability of the community thus improving the individual's or the group's situation. The modernistic individual or group reflects a

54 Bertrand, "Rural South," pp. 445-457. 30

future oriented belief in change and the action of outside groups for

change will be seen as beneficial to the community.

The hypothesis for testing may be stated as follows: Groups

that are highly traditionalistic will exhibit greater alienation and dissatis faction with their changed community than groups that are less

tradit.iona 1 istic. Individuals or groups which are modernistic will

tend to have lower degrees of maladjustment than individuals or groups which are traditionalistic. The change is not generally seen by the modernistic individual as a disruptive agent. If it is viewed as dis­ ruptive then it will be seen as bringing about change in the desired direction and therefore not resisted.

Summary

The following is a summary of the hypotheses to be subjected

to testing. The following hypotheses were derived from confrontation

theory. They are. concerned with the impact of forced relocation and

its relation to time. The propositions are:

1. Resldents of communitics that are subject to water resource developmental action are significantly more alienated and dissatisfied with their community than residents of communities not affected by water resource development.

2• A lienation and dissatisfaction with the community will be greater in the affected communities among the relocated groups than the non-relocated groups.

3. Alienation and dissatisfaction with the community will be greater in non-relocated affected groups than in the lion-affected base groups. 31

4. Communities that have had time for restructuring will«&ave ».

populations that are significantly less alienated and less dissatisfied

with their community than the residents of communities which have not

had time, for restructuring.

The remaining hypotheses for testing were derived from

migration theory. The hypotheses for testing are:

5. Individuals who are highly identified with their community will

exhibit greater alienation and dissatisfaction with their changed com-

mun 1 ty than individuals who are less identi.fi ed with their community.

6 . Individuals who are highly satisfied with the community's

services w i11 exhibit greater dissatisfaction and alienation to change

than groups tliat are not satisfied with the community's services.

7. ConuTninity ideii! iflcation will be more important than community

satisfacti.on in the explanation of maladjustment to change resulting

_f rom water resource development.

8 . Individuals that are highly familistic will exhibit greater

malad justmcnt to their changed community than groups that are less

familistic.

9. Lower socio-economic classes will exhibit greater alienation

from their changed community than higher socio-economic classes.

10. Individuals that are socially immobile will exhibit greater

alienation and dissatisfaction with their changed community than

socially mobile individuals.

11. Individuals that are physically immobile are significantly more

alienated and dissatisfied with their changed community than physically

mobile individuals. 32

12. Individuals that are highly traditionalistic will exhibit greater alienation and dissatisfaction with their changed community than individuals who are highly modernistic. CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

The independent variables utilized in this research were:

familism, community satisfaction, community identification, value orientation, physical mobility, social mobility, and socio-economic

status. The dependent variable was denoted as social maladjustment.

Presented below is an operationalization of the variables used in

the present research.

Familism

The basic components of familism were frequency and intensity of interaction. These two basic concepts formed the indicators of the operationalization of familism.

Frequency of interaction is related to the number of times a person desires to interact with his family.. "Family" refers to both

the nuclear and extended family units. The frequency of interaction

should indicate the emphasis a person places upon family interaction.

Intensity of interaction was defined in terms of the type of

interaction which occurs between and among family members. Inter­ action may be "personal" or it may be "impersonal". The concept of

intensity would encompass "community of fate" which means that the

success or failure of a fellow family member would or should be

shared by all.

33 34

Community Satisfaction

The operationalization of community satisfaction was centered

around satisfaction with services and facilities in the community.

Satisfaction x'efcrs to the extent to which the existing services and

facilities are perceived as meeting the. needs of the individual and

group.

Several specific services were selected for measurement pur­

poses. The specific services were: church and medical services, and

school systems. General, questions were asked concerning services

which were not specified. The non-specific questions were most sig­

nificant. The logic for inclusion of general questions was to provide

the subject with the opportunity to express their attitudes toward

services in general.

Community Idcnti fi.cati.on

Community identification was defined as the "we" feeling among

community members. To measure this variable emphasis was placed upon

integrative mechanisms within the community. It was reasoned that the

extent to which a person believes himself to be an integrated member of

the community will be reflective of his identification with the group.

Selected indicators of integration were: mutual trust among the group members, pride in the community, cooperative spirit among group members,

and a sentiment of liking for fellow community members. These indi­

cators should provide a measure of the group integration and solidarity

that is defined as the "we" feeling. Value Orientation

Value orientation of traditionalism-modernism was operational­

ized in terms of commitment to change. Value orientation was con­

ceptualized in terms of traditionalism and modernism. The traditional­

ist is one who resists rapid, encompassing change while the modernist

is one who accepts change.

To measure value orientation emphasis was placed upon com­ mitment to change. This variable was measured in terms of rapidity

of change and perceived need for change. The perceived need for change

refers to the desire for more change.

Physlca1. Mobility

Physical mobility was defined in terms of the willingness of

the individual to relocate his place of residence. The operational­

ization of this variable incorporated the willingness to move but

emphasis was also placed upon distance of the move. It is argued that

a person may be willing to move intra-community but not inter-community.

If a person is willing to move intra-community but not inter-community,

then he is not considered to be physically mobile.

Emphasis was placed upon how a person would react to moving to a new community because negative feelings about such movement would

indicate a reluctance to move. In this situation the individual or group would be defined as immobile.

The operationalization of physical mobility may be summarized as follows: willingness to relocate inter-community, and willingness to move considerable distances. 36

Social Mobility

- Social mobility was defined in terms of vertical mobility with­

in the stratification system of the subject communities. To measure

this variable considerable emphasis was placed upon occupational

change over time, occupational aspirations and educational aspirations.

These indicators should provide insight into how a person conceptual­

izes his opportunity for advancement within the stratification system.

Intergenerational change in aspirations should indicate whether or not

the individual is potentially socially mobile. Expectations of ad­

vancement were also used to determine social mobility.

Social M a 1 ad j u s tin en t.

Social maladjustment was operationalized using two basic com­

ponents which were alienation and satisfaction. Social maladjustment

was defined in terms of the general satisfaction of the basic needs of

the community's members. General satisfaction may be conceptualized

in terms of satisfaction with interpersonal relationships and general

conditions within the community. The basic component of maladjustment

was alienation. Alienation was defined in terms of a state of power­

lessness, and self estrangement from the community. Alienation was

the concept about which the measuring instrument was constructed.

Selected indicators for maladjustment were: satisfaction with com­ munity leadership, attitudes toward living in the community, attitudes

about the future of the community and individual integration within

the community. 37 Instrument Construction

The present study consisted of the development, pre-testing

and administration of Likert-type attitudinal scales. For discussion 55 of Likert-type scales, one should consult Leonard W. Ferguson and

Allen Edwards.'^ The kundquist and SJ.etto technique of arbitrary

weighting was utilized in the assignment of weight to the items.

Reference to the use of this method may be made in Personal]ty

Measurement, by Leonard W. Ferguson. ^ Weights of one to five were

utilized in the research and are presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 WEIGHTING VALUES OF CONSTRUCTED SCALES

Scale Positive Items Negative Items

SA A UD SD SA A U D SD

Maladjustment 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Value Orientation 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Social Mobility 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Community Satisfaction 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 Community Identification 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 Familism 5 4 3 2 . 1 1 2 3 4 5

The scales were weighted differently to facilitate analysis.

A positive correlation was hypothesized to occur for all independent

variables in relation to the dependent variable. If the independent

variable scales had been weighted in the same manner, community satis-

”*~*Leonard W. Ferguson, Personality Measurement (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1953), pp. 31-144. 56 Allen Edwards, Techniques of Attitude Scale Construction (New York: Appleton Century Crofts, Inc., 1957), pp. 149-171. Ferguson, Measurement, pp. 131-132. 38

faction, community identification and familism would have resulted in

a negative correlation assuming the predicted relationships were

valid. The action was taken to simplify analysis. If all variables

operate as predicted the direction should be positive in nature. 58 P. T. Cleaver’s program for item analysis was used in the

analysis of the pre-test scales and for the scales used in the data

collection stage. The program computes the scale value difference which is the difference, between the low-half mean and the high-half mean. The scale value difference is computed on the basis of total

scores and is the difference between low-half mean and high-half mean.

The higher the value the more consistent the item is with the other

scalei items. . 39

The program computes the critical ratio which can be inter­ preted as a close approximation to a "t" score. This statistic tests

the null hypothesis that the scale value difference is equal to zero.^

Cleaver's program also computes the maximum scale value dif­

ference and the scale value difference ratio. These statistics indi­ cate the discriminating power of the items individually and combined with other scale items. The maximum scale value difference is the difference between the low-half mean and the high-half mean made on 61 the basis of responses to the specific items. It evaluates the discriminating power of the item alone. The scale value difference

58 P. T. Cleaver, "Internal Consistency Item Analysis Routine," (Columbus: The Ohio State University, College of Administrative Science, February, 1968), p. 7. ~*^Ibid., p. 7. 6 0Ibrd., T1 ■ , p. /. 7 ^ Ibid., p. 7. 39 ratio is the scale value difference divided by the maximum scale value difference and denotes the differentiating power of the item combined with the other items in the scale.

The remaining statistics provided by Cleaver's program are the split-half correlation and the corrected split-half correlation. The split-half correlation is computed by dividing the scale into two parts using even and odd numbered items for the division. A product moment correlation is computed using even and odd numbered items as 6 2 X and Y respectively. The corrected split-half correlation is 6 3 computed by the Spearman-brown prophecy formula which yields a value that is an approximation of what the. correlation would have been if the scale had not been divided.

The following scales were constructed and pre-tested on a rural student group enrolled at The Ohio State University in the Spring

Quarter of 1970. The scales were: Community Satisfaction Scale,

Community Identification Scale, Familism Scale, Social Mobility Scale,

Physical Mobility Scale, Value Orientation Scale, and Maladjustment

Scale.

The six scales constituted measures of six of the seven inde­ pendent variables. The remaining independent variable was socio­ economic status and was measured by W. Lloyd Warner's, "Index of

Status Characteristics." The Index of Status Characteristics has been

62J.bid., p. 8 . 40

demonstrated to be a reliable measure of status ranking by such

researchers as J. A. Kahl^ and J. A. Kahl and James A. Davis.

The constructed scales are presented below. The item analysis

for the pretest group is discussed prior to the presentation of the

scales used for data collection purposes. Immediately following each

scale are the results of the final item analysis using the subject

population from the communities in question. An asterisk is used to

indicate the items retained for final analysis. The detailed results

of the item analysis are presented in Appendix II.

F am j. 1 i s m S c a 1 e Con s t ruction

Using the basic components of the operational definition of

familism, a scale was constructed using frequency and intensity of

interaction as the basis for the construction of the items. State­ ments were added regarding sacrifice that the individual should be

willing to make for his family unit, if he were familistically oriented.

The original scale consisted of twenty-four items but was

reduced to eleven following the test for internal consistency using

Cleaver's program.^ New items were added which were similar to the

items with the strongest differentiating power.

The original twenty-four item scale had a split-half correlation of .6578 and a corrected split-half of .7845 using a pretest subject group of forty Ohio State students. Two items were reworded since the

64 Kahl, Class Structure, pp. 41-45. 65 Kahl and Davis, "Socio-Economic Status," pp. 317-325. 66 Cleaver, "Item Analysis," pp. 1-8. 41

pretest subjects indicated that they were somewhat unclear. Two ad­

ditional items were added to strengthen the scale. The final scale

consisted of thirteen items.

Reference was made to the work of Rundquist and Sletto^ in

the development of the familism scale. Two of the statements added

to the reconstructed scale were adaptations of statements in their

familism scale.

The Familism scale is presented below:

Familism Scale

1.* 1 would rather visit with friends than with my relatives.

2 .* I take pride in the success of a close relative.

3.* My personal business is of no concern to my relatives.

4.* Most of the time I do not want to be bothered by my relatives.

5.* A person should live close to his relatives if possible.

6.* Writing letters to family members is important to me.

7.* Home is the most pleasant place in the world.

8.* Family relationships have been stressed too much.

9.* The family group is becoming less important to me over time.

10.* A person should seldom visit his family.

11.* What happens to my relatives is of little concern to me.

12.* A good family life is necessary to be happy.

13.* A person should be willing to sacrifice nearly anything for his family.

•A. Items retained for further analysis.

^ E . A. Rundquist and R. F. Sletto, "Minnesota Survey of Opinion" in Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement (Second Edition, Delbert Miller, New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1970), pp. 236-252. 42

The scale for the measure of familism which consisted of

thirteen (13) items was submitted to the subject population and sub­ mitted to item analysis. The results yielded a split-half and cor­ rected split-half correlations of .5568 and .7153 respectively. All

items were retained fox' further analysis.

Community Satisfaction Scale Construction

Community satisfaction was operationally defined in terms of

satisfaction with services. The scale was initially developed using

some of the scale items developed by Andrews and Eshleman,Andrews, and Vernon Davis.^

Many of the items used by these researchers were not applicable since many of them were not constructed to evaluate services. Selected services for evaluation were: police protection, fire protection, road conditions, and items related to shopping. The preliminary scale of twenty-four items was presented to The Ohio State University student group for pre-test purposes.

The twenty-four item scale was submitted for item analysis and yielded a split-half correlation of .6629 and .7973 corrected split- half correlation. The strongest differentiating items were retained and resubmitted for analysis. The nine-item reconstructed scale had a split-half correlation of .5250 and a .6885 corrected split-half correlation.

68 Andrews and Eshleman, "Community II," p. 6 . ^Wade Andrews, "Family Integration and Related Factors in Rural Fringe Population," Journal of Marriage and Family Living (November, 1962). ^Vernon Davis, "Development of a Scale to Rate Attitude of Community Satisfaction," Rural Sociology, Vol. 10 (1945), pp. 246-255. 43

New items were added which were similar to the strongest dif­ ferentiating ones. One statement was reworded and one eliminated. The final scale consisted of thirteen items. The Community Satisfaction scale is presented below:

Community Satisfaction Scale

1. We have enough doctors in the area to handle our health needs.

2. Our police agencies are not adequate for our needs.

3." Most people are not able to buy the things they need in the stores in this community.

4." We often have to go to surrounding towns to get the things we need.

5.* The services of this community basically satisfy my needs.

6. The churches in this community arc satisfactory in meeting the spiritual needs of the people.

7.* Basically the services in this community are very poor.

8 . There are not enough recreational facilities in our community.

9.* Most people have to do without many services in this community.

10. 1 would recommend that people move here and establish permanent home s.

11.* I can get most of the things I need in this community or in stores close by.

12. The school system in our community is basically satisfactory for our needs.

Items retained for further analysis.

The twelve (12) item community satisfaction scale was presented to the subject population and subjected to item analysis. The results of the item analysis yielded a split-half and corrected split-half 44 correlations of .5945 and .7457 respectively. The strongest differ­ entiating items were selected and the scale resubmitted for item analysis. The results yielded a split-half and a corrected split-half correlations of .6576 and .7934 respectively. The increase was probably due to uncorrelated items being removed. Six (6 ) items were retained for further analysis.

Community Identification Scale Construction

Selected indicators of community identification were: cooperative effort by community members, mutual trust among the com­ munity population, pride in the community, pride in membership in the community and the sentiment of liking among community members. The indicators were considered valid because such attitudes should bring about solidarity that is defined as the "we" feeling.

Scales that have used similar indicators for measuring the degree of identification with the community have been developed and 71 72 utilized by William FIinn and Jesus Rico-Velasco.

Some of these items were selected and adapted for the present research. Other items were constructed using the aforementioned specific indicators as points of reference. The original scale con­ sisted of twenty-seven items. The split-half correlation and the corrected split-half were .7404 and .8508 respectively.

William Flinn, "Adaptation of Rural Colombia Migrant Families to Urban Society of Bogota, Colombia," (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbus: The Ohio State University, 1966), p. 37. 72 Rico-Velasco, "Immigrants," pp. 65-72. 45

The strongest differentiating items were selected and resub­ mitted for analysis. The resulting sixteen-item scale produced a

split-half correlation of .8243 and a .9037 corrected split-half cor­ relation. The increase in the split-half correlation is probably the result of non-correlated items being removed.

One item was reworded and one statement added. The final scale consisted of nineteen items. The Community Identification scale is presented below.

Community Identification Scale

1. I really don't care what happens to my neighbors.

2.“ I know most people in this community quite well.

3. One should not be personally concerned about the other people in this community.

4. Few people in this community are really concerned about me as a person.

5.* The people in this community are like one big happy family.

6 .* I trust most people in this community.

7.* I am concerned about what happens to this community.

8* Most people in this community are friendly to my family.

9.* No one can agree on anything in this community.

10. I am proud to be a member of this community.

11.* When someone in the community is sick, I will stop what I am doing to help him.

12.* I feel that I have never really been a part of this community.

13.* Many people in this community are unfriendly.

14.* I take pride in the success of a neighbor. 15.* When a neighbor needs help in a job I am happy to lend him a hand.

16.* I often share tools with my neighbors.

17.* I do not feel that I am wanted in this community.

18 .* When someone leaves this neighborhood nearly everyone feels a loss.

19. I often seek advice from my neighbors.

Items retained for further analysis.

The nineteen (19) item community identification scale was sub­

mitted to the subject population and evaluated in terms of item analysi

The results yielded a split-half and corrected split-half correlations

of .7058 and .8275 respectively. The strongest differentiating items

were selected and resubmitted for item analysis. The results yielded

a split-half and corrected split-half correlations of .7337 and .8464

respectively. Fourteen (14) items were, retained for further analysis.

Value Orientation Scale Construction

Value orientation was defined in terms of traditionalism and

modernism. The basic indicators of value orientation are rapidity of

and commitment to change. If a person is traditionalistic, he will

resist change that is rapid and encompassing. Established ways are

considered to be the best method of bringing about change for the

traditionalist.

The original scale was developed using commitment to change as 73 the basic indicator. G. Howard Phillips, among others, has used this

73 G. Howard Phillips, "Rural-Urban Value Commitments and Their Relationship to Social Action," (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbus: The Ohio State University, 1966), pp. 41-45. 47 approach in the development of value scales. Two scales developed by

Phillips to measure value orientation were combined and adapted to the particular research problem. Several additional statements were added.

The scale was submitted to the pretest population and subjected to analysis using Cleaver's program. Only a few of the original twenty-six items had significant discriminating power. This is probably due to the multi-dimensional nature of the scale. The split-half cor­ relation was .3138 and a .4777 corrected split-half correlation was achieved.

The best items were selected and resubmitted for analysis. The resulting nine-item scale resulted in a split-half correlation and a corrected split-half correlation of .5436 and a .7043 respectively.

The increase in the correlation was probably due to the elimination of non-correlated items.

One statement was eliminated from the scale and four newly formulated statements were added. The additional statements were patterned after the strongest differentiating items. The final scale consisted of thirteen (13) items. The value orientation scale is presented below.

The thirteen (13) item values scale was submitted to the. sub­ ject population and subjected to item analysis. The analysis yielded a split-half and corrected split-half correlations of .4709 and .6403 respectively. The strongest differentiating items were selected and resubmitted. The results yielded a split-half and corrected split-half correlations of .6954 and .8203 respectively. The increase was probably 48 due to uncorrelated items being removed. Eight (8) items were retained for further analysis.

Values Scale

1. Community improvement projects have been emphasized too much.

2.* Most of the changes in this community have come too slowly.

3. Our community will make more progress in the next two years than it has in the last ten years.

4.* What this community needs is more change.

5.* Most old-fashioned ideas hold back progress.

6 .* Most people must give up the old ways of the past if this community is to progress.

7.* Change is coming too fast in this community.

8 . Children should be seen and not heard.

9 .* This community is changing too fast for me. t—1 o • Most modern ways of doing things bring progress to the community

11. A woman's place is in the home.

12.* Community progress is more important than living by the ways of the past.

13. Inner peace is more important than progress.

Items retained for further analysis.

Physical Mobility Scale Construction

The indicators for physical mobility were the willingness to relocate and the willingness of the individual to move considerable distance from the original location. The basic indicators provided a basis for the development of statements which would reflect one's 49 attitude toward movement from a specific area. The original scale consisted of sixteen items.

The item analysis resulted in a split-half correlation of

.7311 and a .8447 corrected split-half correlation. The best items were selected and resubmitted for analysis. The resulting ten-item scale had a split-half and corrected split-half correlations of .7853 and .8797 respectively. Again the increase was probably due to un­ correlated items being eliminated.

One question was reworded to strengthen the scale. The scale presented to the subject population consisted of ten (10) items and is presented below:

Physical Mobility Scale

1.* I do not ever wish to leave my present home.

2.* I would find it difficult to feel at home in another community.

3.* I would move if 1 could afford it.

4.* When I move I will move to another place in this community.

5.* I do not want to leave this area.

6. I am less anxious to move now than I was two years ago.

7.* I would like to move from this community.

8.* I would enjoy moving to another state.

9.* I would not move very far even if I could get a better job.

10.* I would not want to move over 25 miles from this community.

Items retained for further analysis.

The ten (10) item physical mobility scale was presented to the subject population and the responses submitted to item analysis. The 50 item analysis yielded a split-half and corrected split-half corre­

lations of .7184 and .8361 respectively. The strongest differentiating

items were selected and resubmitted. The resulting nine (9) item scale yielded a split-half correlation of .7511 and .85 79 respectively.

Social Mobility Scale Construction

The selected indicators for social mobility are educational and occupational aspirations. Harry J. Crockett, Jr., has demonstrated that aspiration for higher occupations has been a significant variable in the explanation of social mobility for lower socio-economic classes.

He also notes that education is important to social mobility but is moi'e important in the middle and upper class status. Another indicator used to measure social mobility was inter-generational change in 74 occupation. A change in occupation may reflect a change in status.

If a person is more socially mobile than his parents, he may reflect the mobility in a change in occupation from that of his parent. State­ ments regarding such change were included in the scale. Research using this technique for measuring social mobility has been conducted by 75 Elton Jackson and Harry J. Crockett, Jr.

A scale was constructed utilizing the aforementioned indi­ cators. The original twenty-two item scale contained relatively few significant differentiating items. The results yielded a split-half and corrected split-half correlation of .1508 and .3621 respectively.

^Harry J. Crockett, Jr., "The Achievement Motive and Differ­ ential Occupational Mobility," American Sociological Review (April, 1962), pp. 191-204. 75 Elton Jackson and Harry J. Crockett, Jr., "Occupational Mobility in the United States: A Point Estimate and Trend Comparison," American Sociological Review (February, 1964), pp. 5-15. 51

The strongest differentiating items were selected and the resulting six-item scale was resubmitted. The results yielded a split-half correlation and a corrected split-half correlation of .3393 and .5067 respectively.

To strengthen this scale, one statement was eliminated and eight newly formulated statements added. The final scale consisted of thirteen items and is presented below:

Social Mobility Scale

1. My husband's (or my) occupation is much better than his father's.

2. I (or my husband) will probably never get a better job than I (or he) have now.

3.* Education is really not worth the effort.

4.* Education beyond high school is a necessity for success.

5. I am basically content with the things that I have now.

6. Every time I have changed jobs I have improved myself.

7.* Getting an education is the best way to get ahead in this world.

8. People should not be so concerned about improving themselves.

9. The opportunities are very good for young people to get ahead today.

10.* I would not be willing to take special training even if I could get a better job.

11.* My children's occupation will probably be better than mine (or my husband's).

12.* My children will have a better chance in life than I have had.

13.* Education is not as important as most people think it is.

* Items retained for further analysis. 52

The thirteen (13) item social mobility scale was presented to the subject population and submitted for item analysis. The results yielded a split-half and corrected split-half correlations of .3894 and .5605 respectively. The strongest differentiating items were selected and resubmitted for analysis. The split-half and corrected split-half correlations became .5290 and .6920 respectively. The increment was probably due to uncorrelated items being eliminated.

Eight (8) items were retained for further analysis.

Social Maladjustment Scale Construction

Maladjustment was defined in terms of general satisfaction with interpersonal relationships and conditions within the community and alienation from the group. The disrupted community should be less satisfactory in meeting some of the social needs of its population.

The scale was constructed to measure the. extent to which the community as a collectivity was maladjusted as a result of water resource development. Reference was made to research articles by Gwynn

Nettler,^ Dorothy Meier and Wendell Bell,^ Melvin Seeman,^ and 79 Leo Srole. Emphasis was placed upon the alienation aspect of maladjustment.

^Gwynn Nettler, "A Measure of Alienation," American Socio­ logical Review (December, 1967), pp. 670-677. ^Dorothy Meier and Wendell Bell, "Anomia and Differential Access to the Achievement of Life Goals," American Sociological Review (April, 1959), pp. 188-202. ^Seeman, "Alienation," pp. 783-791. 79 Leo Srole, "Social Integration and Certain Corollaries: An Exploratory Study," American Sociological Review (Dec., 1956), pp. 709-716. The original forty-statement scale was developed and pretested on a sample of two hundred students from rural social environments who were enrolled at The Ohio State University in the Spring Quarter of

1969. The scale was submitted for item analysis and yielded a split- half correlation and a corrected split-half correlation of .8157 and

.8985 respectively. The original scale was modified and submitted to a second student pretest group for further validation. The results from this group yielded a split-half and a corrected split-half cor­ relation of .8743 and .9329 respectively.

The strongest differentiating items were selected and resub­ mitted for analysis. The results yielded a split-half and a corrected split-half correlation of .7898 and .8826 respectively.

One item was eliminated, one item was reworded and one state­ ment was added. The scale, submitted to the subject population con­ sisted of twenty-one items. The social maladjustment scale is pre­ sented below:

Social Maladjustment Scale

1.* Most leaders in this community are capable men.

2.* I would associate, with most people in this community.

3.* I definitely like this community.

4.* This community fulfills most of my needs.

5.* Most of the leaders of this community are concerned about me.

6.* Most people in this community cannot be trusted.

7.* I feel fairly well adjusted to this community.

8.* I feel fairly well satisfied with this community. 9.* I am not important as a person in this community.

10.* I would prefer to live in another community.

11.* Most elected officials cannot be trusted.

12.* I do not believe this community will prosper.

13.* Most of the leaders of the community understand the problems of the people.

14.* This community is a good place in which to live.

15.* I am proud to be a member of this community.

16.* The community does not provide for my needs very well.

17.* Few of my neighbors are concerned about me as a person.

18.* Few people in this community care what happens to the other members of the community.

19.* I do not feel at home in this community.

20.* Most people in this community work to make the community a better place in which to live.

21.* Most of the leaders of this community respond to the needs of the community members.

Items retained for further analysis.

The final twenty-one item social maladjustment scale was sub­ mitted to the subject population and subjected to item analysis. The analysis resulted in a split-half and corrected split-half correlations of .8349 and .9100 respectively. All items were retained in further analysis since all items had significant differentiating power.

Finished Schedule

The final schedule consisted of one hundred one Likert-type items. The various items were randomly assigned positions in the final 55 schedule by the use of random numbers tables... This was done to prevent a response set within individual scales.

Warner’s Index of Status Characteristics Scale was included at the end of the schedule so that sensitive items such as income would appear at the completion of the schedule. Such action was deemed desirable because it was reasoned that the respondent would be more willing to complete these items once, he had completed the structured portions of the schedule.

Index of Status Characteristic Scale

The three indicators of socio-economic status were education, occupation and income. The three indicators were weighed equally with possible scores ranging from a low of three to a high of eighteen.

Low scores indicated high socio-economic class. A person receiving a score of three was considered upper class while a person receiving a score of eighteen was considered in the lowest class. The scoring of the socio-economic scale consisted of the following:

TABLE 2 WEIGHTING VALUES FOR INCOME

Income Level Weighted Value

$15,000 and Over 1 $10,000 - $15,000 2 $ 7,500 - $10,000 3 $ 5,000 - $ 7,500 4 $ 3,000- $ 5,000 5 $ 3,000 or Less 6 56

TABLE 3 WEIGHTING VALUES FOR EDUCATION

Educational Level Weighted Value

Post Graduate Studies (17 Years and Above) 1 Four Years of College (16 Years) 2 High School Graduate (12 Years) 3 8-11 Years of School 4 5-7 Years of School 5 1-4 Years of School 6

TABLE 4 WEIGHTING VALUES FOR OCCUPATION

Occupational Level Weighted Value

Professional (Proprietors of Large Industry; Requires a Master's Degree or Higher) 1 Semi-Professional (Lesser Officials of Large Industry; Requires a Bachelor's Degree) 2 Owners and Proprietors of Small Business and Farms (Highly Skilled White Collar) 3 Skilled Laborers and Foremen (Secretaries, Lesser White Collar Personnel) 4 Semi-Skilled Laborers and Clerical Staff 5 Unskilled Laborers 6

The scores were summated for the three indicators and used as the basis for determining the subject's relative ranking within his community. Support for utilization of such procedure may be found in 80 Kahl's The American Class Structure.

80 Joseph Kahl, Class Structure, pp. 40-45. 57 81 The conversion of Kahl's class group scoring for use in the present research yielded the following results:

TABLE 5 CLASS GROUPINGS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

Score on Socio- Class Economic Scale

Upper 3- 4 Upper Middle 5- 8 Lower Middle 9-11 Upper Lower 12-14 Lower Lower 15-18

Discussion of the Val i di ty of the Measuring Jristr uments

The scales used to measure six of the seven independent vari­ ables and the dependent variable were subjected to careful formulation and pretesting prior to the administration to the subject population.

A theoretical basis was formulated for each scale to increase the probability that the instrument was measuring what it was intended to measure.

Once a theoretical base was created for each variable, the concepts of the theory were used to construct a scale. The resulting scale was submitted to a test group of rural dwellers to validate the selection of the items. Once the items were selected and the scales subjected to restructuring using rural dwellers as consultants for item selection, the scales were pretested using a randomly selected sample of rural students in the College of Agriculture. These students

81Ibid., p. 44. 58 were primarily freshmen and sophomores who had not been removed from the rural social environment for long periods of time.

The pre-test subjects were asked to indicate whether or not the items were clearly stated and discussions with student subjects following the pre-test indicated that most of the subjects were aware of the dimension being measured by the scales. The rural students were acting as judges of the validity of each item. For example, the interviewed students noted that part of the questionnaire appeared to be measuring commitment to the family which was the primary purpose of one of the scales.

Internal consistency item analysis was selected as a reli­ ability measure because researchers have noted that item analysis is an effective measure of a scale validity and reliability. Item analysis is also less difficult to perform than others. Standard z scores could have been calculated but such tests are not much more effective in determining the validity and reliability of an instrument than the item analysis technique. One could compute the z values and assign weights but it is a time consuming and difficult task that has been shown not to be worthy of the additional effort.

The scales appear to have reliability because the results from the pre-test groups and final subject population are similar in the type of responses to the items and in the internal consistency of the scales. The results of the retest (final sample) with rural residents basically reproduced the findings of the pre-test group. The test- retest may be used as partial support for validity and reliability of the instrument. 59

It was reasoned that rural people would share various orien­ tation toward different social phenomenon, therefore, rural students were selected for pretest purposes. While it is true that rural college students will probably have higher social status than a normal distributed population, it was argued that construct validity would provide the basis for validation of the results. If the results of the research demonstrated a lack of construct validity, then the measuring instruments would be subject to serious question. The findings tended to support the validity of the research instruments.

Analysis of the mean scores on the independent variable scales indi­ cated that the total subject population had responded to the items in a manner that supported construct validity. For example, the scores for individual communities on familism indicated that the subject groups were familistic without exception. One would expect by theory that rural population would be committed to familism. Construct validity was discovered for nearly all of the scales. The scales supported by construct validity without exception in the subject groups were community identification, community satisfaction and physical mobility.

Theoretically one would expect rural populations to be better satisfied with their limited services since they have not had experience with more extensive services. This position was supported in the findings. Also one would predict that rural populations would be less physically mobile due to the commitment to agriculture which was also supported in the findings. It would be anticipated that the rural population would become more identified with their community due to the 60 more frequent personal interactions occurring in the rural communities.

This position was supported without exception in the results of the research.

The measure of socio-economic status was supported in similar manner. It would be; expected that rural farm and rural nonfarm groups would have lower to middle socio-economic status which was supported by the findings.

Value orientation was not clearly supported by construct validity nor was it negated entirely. It would be expected that rural populations would be more traditionalistic than modernistic but the results of the analysis of individual community mean scores on value orientation revealed that the rural groups were not overly committed either way. The mean scores varied from 17.A in East Lynn to 21.4 in

Alum Creek. The findings suggest that rural dwellers are not as tra­ ditionalistic as one would expect. Either the instrument measuring value orientation is not a valid measure of traditionalism or the popular belief that rural dwellers are opposed to social change is not valid. If the latter situation is true then the instrument has construct validity.

The social mobility scale had a substantial theoretical base upon which the items were constructed. Research and theory provided the concepts for elaboration of the items. The item analysis for the social scale revealed that general items concerning education and inter- generational occupation change were excellent differentiators of social mobilily. It is argued that those individuals who are socially mobile

(college students) would demonstrate the significant components of 61 social mobility. Using the items which differentiate a highly socially mobile individual from a less mobile one could be generalized to relatively immobile groups.

It was reasoned that rural populations would be socially mobile to some extent even though it would be less than the college students.

The argument was based upon the extensive outmigration rates from rural areas to urban environments. If the rural population was not socially mobile, then it would remain in the rural community and not aspire to higher positions. The findings reveal that every rural community investigated had mean scores on social mobility that indicated the rural groups were moderately socially mobile. Construct validity was again supported.

Social maladjustment was not supported on construct validity due to the incorrect assumption made about the impact of water resource development. If the hypotheses regarding maladjustment had been premised upon relatively little impact of watershed development in affected groups then construct validity would have been supported without ex­ ception. If one was to predict adjustment rather than maladjustment and validity would have been significantly supported. One would hypoth­ esize that a rural dweller would become more adjusted to his total community than a dweller in a large social system due to the involvement of the rural dweller in nearly all aspects of community living. The urban dweller cannot involve himself to this extent due to the complexity and size of the social unit. Within a theoretical framework such as this the construct validity would have been supported. 62

It is argued that the various scales are valid instruments for

measuring attitudes toward selected areas of investigation. Construct

validity was supported in practically every instance. Since basically

the same results have been reproduced using various communities and

various groups, it is also argued that the scales are reliable measures

of the variables as they are defined in the research.

Open-Ended Questions

Three open-ended questions completed the schedule. These

questions were included to permit the subject to elaborate upon general

impressions of forced relocation. It was reasoned that individuals

could have positive attitudes toward their community but resent the

foi'ced movement. The argument would be that a person may not become maladjusted to his changed community but resent the relocation. The

open-ended questions provided an opportunity to discover if this

situation existed within communities affected by water resource

development.

Techniques for Analysis

The assumption was made that Likert-type attitudinal scales will produce interval level data. Siegel has noted that interval level data may be assumed when a response on one question is equal to a 8 2 similar response on another. It was argued that a response of

strongly agree on one item was equivalent to strongly agree on another.

This argument applied to the other possible responses as well.

82 Signey Siegel, Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1956), pp. 26-28. 63

Since the interval level data assumption was made, parametric statistical analysis was used. The techniques for analysis of the structured portion of this research consisted of multiple correlation and step-wise regression analysis and one-way analysis of variance.

Multiple correlation and regression served as a test of the hypothesized relationships developed in previous chapters. Regression analysis provided a test of the relative importance of the variables that were hypothesized to explain social maladjustment. 8 3 Jon Cunningham's program for multiple correlation and step­ wise regression was used for the purpose of analysis. For computation procedure reference may be made to the program description.

Analysis of Variance

Analysis of variance was used to determine whether or not dif­ ferences between groups existed in regard to social maladjustment. 84 Hubert M. Blalock has noted the use of this particular statistic.

It was argued that high values on each of the independent variables would lead to low social maladjustment. To test these relationships analysis of variance was used.

The assumptions of analysis of variance are independent random samples, normality and equal standard deviations. It was argued that these assumptions were basically realized in the research. Blalock has noted that large samples usually meet the assumption of homo-

83 Jon Cunningham, "OSU/Economic Regression Program Operating Instructions" (C6.02.033, Columbus: The Ohio State University, College of Administrative Science, 1969). Hubert M. Blalock, Social Statistics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1960), p. 243. 64 85 scedasticity or equality of variance. Since the samples were rather large from each community, it was assumed that equality of variance was achieved. The random selection of the sample should have insured normality and independence of samples.

Six of the independent variables were dichotomized into high and low groups using the mean for the total group as the dividing point. The groups were subjected to analysis using the summated values of the dependent variable scale as the interval level data.

The total sample was divided into groups representing the affected and non-affected groups and also divided into individual communities for further analysis. The action was taken to determine whether or not disrupted communities differed from non-affected base groups. The analysis permitted a test of the hypothesized direction of the adjustment or maladjustment. The affected communities were divided into relocated and non-relocated groups to determine whether or not significant differences existed.

Socio-economic status was divided into five (5) groups. The sample was divided into upper, upper middle, lower middle, upper lower and lower lower groups. Summated scores on the social maladjustment scale were used for the interval level data and the determination of the class groupings. Analysis of variance was used to determine whether or not the higher classes differed from lower classes in regard to social maladjustment.

^ I b i d ., pp. 141-142. 65 86 Terry Scott's program for one-way analysis of variance was used in the research. For computational procedure reference may be made to the program description.

Analysis of Open-Ended Questions

Chi-square tests of significance were used to analyze the open-ended questions. The responses to the unstructured questions were dichotomized into "fair" and "unfair" treatment by the government and "positive" and "negative" attitudes toward physical relocation.

The nonparametric analysis was used to test the hypothesis that relocated individuals differed from non-relocated individuals concerning physical relocation and attitude toward treatment by the agency initiating the relocation.

Universe

The communities that were subjected to analysis were East Lynn and Beech Fork in West Virginia and Salt Fork and Alum Creek in Ohio.

The communities are delineated in the descriptive portion of the appendix. Two base groups were selected for comparative purposes.

From the information collected about the counties, in which the communities are, it will be argued that they are similar in many respects. The communities are basically white and native born. The communities are basically rural farm and rural nonfarm populations.

The communities are located relatively near a potential population

86 Terry Scott, "Analysis of Variance for one-way Design - (BMDOIV)" (C6.05.002, Columbus: The Ohio State University, College of Administrative Science, 1967). 66 growth center. The farm communities mentioned above have been dis­ rupted as a result of dam construction.

The data tends to indicate a rather dispersed population. The median income for the counties in question revealed that the income 8 7 level was below the national median.

From the investigation of secondary data, it was argued that the subject communities are homogeneous on several selected character­ istics. For a brief summary of selected characteristics, see Tables 6 and 7.

TABLE 6 GENERAL COMPARISON OF DELAWARE COUNTY AND GUERNSEY COUNTY, OHIO, AND WAYNE COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA General Characteristics of Population, 1960

Delaware County Guernsey County Wayne County Characteristics Ohio Ohio W. Virginia

Total Population 36,107 38,579 38,977 Percent Urban 36.8 37.7 33.2 Population Per Square Mile 82 74 76 Foreign Born (Percent) 0.8 2.4 0.2 Percent Nonwhite 2.6 1.8 0.1 Number of Families 8,716 9,742 9,675

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County and City Data Book, 1962 (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1962), pp. 282-283, 412-413.

8 7 United States Bureau of the Census, County and City Data Book, 1962, U. S. Department of Commerce* U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1962. 67

TABLE 7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR SELECTED COUNTIES, 1960

Delaware County Guernsey County Wayne County Characteristics Ohio Ohio W. Virginia

Median Income $3,423 $5,588 $4,110 Median Years of School 11.8 9.7 8.6 Percent White Collar Occupation 36.4 31.4 36.8 Number of Farms and Part-Time Farms 2,097 2,229 1,829

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County and City Data Book, 1962 (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1962), pp. 283-284, 412-413.

Sampling Technique

A total sample for the present research consisted of three hundred forty subjects. The subjects were selected at random from the

selected communities. At least thirty relocated subjects and thirty non-relocated subjects were taken from each affected community. The

inundated portion of the affected communities was defined as the re­

located group. The determination of the relocated portion of the com­ munities was made by referring to detailed maps provided by the United

States Corps of Engineers and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.

Fifty subjects were randomly selected from surrounding non- affected areas in each state to provide a base group for comparison purposes. Two base groups were taken to partially control for possible subcultural differences that could occur by comparing areas so widely

separated. 68

The following is a summary of the subject distribution by

community:

Beech Fork East Lynn Base Group

30 non-relocated 30 non-relocated (West Virginia)

30 relocated 34 relocated 46 subjects from non-affected community

Salt Fork Alum Creek Base Group

30 non-relocated 30 non-relocated (Ohio)

30 relocated 30 relocated 50 subjects from non-affected community

The subjects were randomly selected from the delineated com­ munities. Every fourth house was selected for interviewing. The interviewers were cautioned not to cluster the sample but to enter the community from different directions to begin the sampling. If the subject in the selected fourth house declined to be interviewed, the interviewer was instructed to go to the next house until the interview was granted. He was then instructed to resume the original sampling procedure.

The relocated group could not be so easily randomized. To prevent contamination of randomization, names were secured from the

Corps of Engineers and the Ohio Department of Resources of those persons relocated as a result of the lake projects. These names were randomly selected and given to the interviewers to locate. The interviewers, however, were instructed to interview relocated persons selected at random in the affected communities. Most of the relocated group moved short distances into surrounding areas. A great majority of the 69 relocated group was randomly selected in the affected non-relocated portion of the community. When these were encountered by random selection, they were included in the relocated group for analysis.

The base groups were taken from selected communities which were basically rural-oriented communities near potential growth areas.

These base communities have not been affected by forced relocation as a result of dam or highway construction.

The West Virginia base group was taken from within and sur­ rounding the village of Wayne. This community is located approximately half-way between the two affected communities in West Virginia. The same sampling technique was used as in the other communities. Caution was used in the selection of the base sample to ensure comparability with the other communities. Approximately half of the base sample was taken outside of the political boundary of Wayne. Wayne is a rural community by census definition but open country rural dwellers composed half of the base group sample.

The base group for the Ohio communities came from a rural farming community approximately fifteen miles north of Newark, Ohio.

Three small unincorporated villages are located in close proximity to each other. The base group was evenly divided among Chatham, Vanetta and Saint Louisville. The interviewers were cautioned to take approxi­ mately half of the interviews from open country farms and half from within the political boundaries of the three small villages.

The small villages and the surrounding countryside for three miles constituted the base group for Ohio. The rural community lies approximately half way between the two affected Ohio communities under investigation.

Interviewer Selection and Training

The interviewers who were selected and trained for the research were "blinded" to the expected results of the study. This technique was used to prevent the interviewers from communicating responses to the subjects. "Blinding" has been demonstrated to be effective by 88 89 Robert Rosenthal and Raymond Gordon. Non-professional interviewers were selected since it has been shown that professional interviewers are more likely to communicate expected responses if they are aware of 90 the anticipated results.

88 Robert Rosenthal, Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Sciences (New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1966), p. 464. 89 Raymond Gorden, Interviewing Strategy, Techniques and Tactics (Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1969), p. 311. 90 Rosenthal, Experimenter, pp. 307-309. CHAPTER III

FINDINGS

Correlation and Regression Analysis

The hypothesized relationships of the independent variables with the dependent variable were positive correlations. The results of the correlational analysis did not support this position. Social immobility was the only independent variable which had a positive correlation but it was very low.

Social maladjustment was negatively correlated with value orientation, community identification, community satisfaction, familism, socio-economic status, and physical mobility. The cor­ relation matrix revealed the following: (a) as traditionalism (value orientation) increased maladjustment decreased; (b) as community identification increased maladjustment decreased; (c) as community satisfaction increased maladjustment decreased; (d) as familism in­ creased maladjustment decreased; (e) as the scores on socio-economic status increased maladjustment decreased. This means that lower socio­ economic groups were less alienated from their community than high status people; (f) as physical immobility increased maladjustment decreased.

The results of the correlation analysis with the exception of social immobility were not expected. Many of the correlations were rather low. The most significant correlations were community identi-

71 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND SOCIAL MALADJUSTMENT

Value Orientation X( l) X( 1) Community Identification x( 2) 0.0255

X( 1) X( 2) Social Immobility x( 3) 0.3888 -0.1865

X( 1) X( 2) X( 3) Fhysical Immobility x( 4) 0.1813 0.5019 -0.0398

X( 1) X( 2) X( 3) X( 4) Familism x( 5) 0.1049 0.3345 -0.2305 0.2290

X( 1) X( 2) X( 3) X( 4) X( 5) Community Satisfaction x( 6) 0.3029 0.3732 0.0039 0.2743 0.3703

X( 1) X( 2) X( 3) X( 4) X( 5) X( 6)

Social Status x( 7) -0.1224 0.0898 -0.0444 0.0532 -0.0198 - 0.0221

x( 1) X( 2) X( 3) X( 4) X( 5) X( 6) X( 7) Social Maladjustment x( 8) -0.1702 -0.7331 0.0908 -0.5073 -0.3491 -0.5288 •0.0788 73

fication, community satisfaction, and physical mobility which were

-0.7331, -0.5288, and -0.5073 respectively.

Step-wise regression analysis indicated that the most signi­

ficant variable was community identification. The multiple R and 2 adjusted multiple R for community identification were 0.7331 and

0.5355 respectively. Approximately fifty-three percent of the vari­

ance can be explained with this variable. The analysis of variance

resulted in an F-ratio of 276.4944 with (1,243) degrees freedom which

was significant beyond the 0.001 level. The beta value for community

identification alone was -0.7331.

The second variable to be entered in the regression analysis 2 was community satisfaction. The resulting R and adjusted R were

0.7830 and 0.6099 respectively. The significance level for the two

variable regression remained significant at the 0.001 level. The beta

values for community identification and community satisfaction were

-0.6224 and 0.2965 respectively.

The third variable to be included in the step-wise regression was physical immobility. The addition of physical immobility resulted

in little addition to the explanation of maladjustment. The R and 2 adjusted multiple R were 0.7941 and 0.6258 respectively. The total

regression remained significant beyond the 0.001 level.

The beta values for the three variables were: -0.5511 (com­ munity identification), -0.2810 (community satisfaction), and -0.1536

(physical mobility).

The fourth variable to be included in the step-wise regression was value orientation. The addition of value orientation contributed 74 very little to the explanation of maladjustment. The R and adjusted 2 R were 0.7954 and 0.6264 respectively. The increment of 0.0006 from

the previous three variable combinations was of very little signifi­

cance. The beta values for the four variables in order of their in­

clusion in the regression analysis were: -0.5604 (community identifi­

cation), -0.2650 (community satisfaction), -0.1443 (physical mobility),

and -0.0495 (value orientation). The total regression remained signifi­

cant at the 0.001 level.

Socio-economic status was the fifth variable to enter and the 2 addition of this variable brought about a decrease in the adjusted R . 2 The multiple R and the adjusted multiple R were 0.7961 and 0.6259

respectively. The additional explanatory value of the socio-economic

variable was not large enough to offset the correction factor for the

additional loss of degrees of freedom. Socio-economic status had very

little value in the explanation of maladjustment when it was combined with the previously entered variables. This was reflected in the very

low beta value for socio-economic status (-0.0335). The beta values

for all five variables entered were: -0.5577 (community identification),

-0.2659 (community satisfaction), -0.1429 (physical mobility), -0.0536

(value orientation), -0.0335 (socio-economic status). 2 The sixth variable to enter was familism. The adjusted R

again decreased slightly which indicated that familism did not explain

any more of the variance in maladjustment than the amount already

explained by the previously entered variables. The beta values for the

six variables entered were: -0.5509 (community identification), -0.2570 75

(community satisfaction), -0.1413 (physical mobility), -0.0536 (value

orientation), -0.0347 (socio-economic status), and -0.0347 (familism).

The last variable entered was social immobility. The inclusion 2 of social immobility resulted in a decrease in the adjusted R . The 2 R and the adjusted R for the seven variable regression analysis were

0.7967 and 0.6236 respectively. The variance explained by this vari­

able was already explained by the previously entered variables. The beta value for social immobility was -0.0067. The beta values for all

seven variables were: -0.5517 (community identification), -0.2569

(community satisfaction), -0.1414 (physical mobility), -0.0508 (value

orientation), -0.0346 (socio-economic status), -0.0340 (familism),

and -0.0067 (social mobility). The total regression remained sig­ nificant beyond the 0.001 level.

The findings of the regression analysis indicated that three variables explained approximately sixty-three percent of the vari­

ance in maladjustment. The remaining four independent variables are relatively insignificant in the explanation of maladjustment. The most important variable was community identification which explained

approximately fifty-three percent of the variance. Community satis­

faction combined with community identification explained approximately

sixty-one percent of the variance. The addition of physical mobility 2 increased the adjusted R to approximately sixty-three percent of the variance explained. The remaining variables contributed insignificant

amounts to the explanation of maladjustment.

The regression coefficients of the total regression for the

seven independent variables were: -0.9326 (community identification), 76

-0.6306 (community satisfaction), -0.2439 (physical immobility),

-0.1140 (value orientation), -0.0963 (socio-economic status), -0.0714

(familism), and -0.0177 (social immobility). The regression equation

for the seven variables was:

X, = 125.4560 - '0.1140X_ - 0.9326X„ - 0.0177X. - 1 2 3 4 0.2439X - 0.0714X. - 0.6306X., - 0.0963Xo 56 / 0 X^ - maladjustment X,. - physical mobility

X„ - value orientation X, - familism 2 b X3 - community identification X^ - community satisfaction

X^ - social mobility X^ - socio-economic status

Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Relocation

The major hypotheses tested in the present research were

concerned with relocated and non-relocated groups. To analyze the

data the technique for evaluation was one-way analysis of variance.

The major hypothesis of the research was stated in the null

hypothesis form as follows: Residents of communities that are subject

to water resource development arc not significantly more alienated and

dissatisfied with their community than residents of communities not

affected by water resource development. The results of the analysis

of variance for affected communities and total base group revealed

significant differences among groups in the degree of maladjustment of

individuals within affected communities.

The statistics for the analysis of variance of the total sample with the groups differentiated by community are presented in Tables 8 and 9. 77

TABLE 8 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TOTAL GROUP: AFFECTED COMMUNITIES COMPARED TO BASE GROUP ON THE BASIS OF SOCTAL MALADJUSTMENT

Treatment Beech East Alum Salt Total Base Group Fork Lynn Creek Fork Group

Sample Size 60 64 60 60 96

Mean 44.5500 52.3594 48.7000 46.6833 47.6979

Standard Deviation 13.3358 11.1346 11.4866 6.9049 10.3457

TABLE 9 ANALYSIS OF' VARIANCE FOR AFFECTED COMMUNITIES AND BASE GROUP: COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 2072.4858 4 518 .1213 4.4426

Within Groups 39069.1914 335 116 .6245

Total 41141.6758 339

The F-Ratio of 4.4426 was significant at the .01 level with

(4, 335) degrees of freedom. The groups differ in regard to the extent

to which they were maladjusted but the differences were not consistent with the stated hypothesis. The null hypothesis was rejected since

there were significant differences among the groups but it must be noted that the hypothesized direction of the differences was not sup­ ported. Some affected communities demonstrated higher levels of mal­

adjustment than the nonaffected base group while others demonstrated

lower maladjustment than the base group. 78

A second hypothesis that was related to relocation was concerned with relocated and non-relocated population within affected communities.

The hypothesis may be stated in the null form as follows: There will be no signlficant differences among relocated and non-relocated popu­ lations within affected communities in regard to maladjustment to their community.

The analysis of variance for the total group subdivided into relocated, non-relocated and base group for the individual communities revealed significant differences among the groups. The F-ratio for the ten groups was 2.8152 which was significant at the .01 level.

The null hypothesis must be rejected.

There wore significant differences among the groups but the expected direction of the differences was not consistent. The re­ located groups were more alienated and dissatisfied with their com­ munities than the non-relocated groups in two of the affected com­ munities but less alienated and dissatisfied in the other two. The relocated groups were more maladjusted in East Lynn and Salt Fork than the non-relocated groups. The reverse was true in Beech Fork and Alum Creek. While the null hypothesis must be rejected the direction was not as predicted. The results of the analysis of vari­ ance are presented in Tables 10 and 11.

An elaboration of the two preceding hypotheses was stated in the null form as follows: Alienation and dissatisfaction with the community will be less in the non-relocated affected groups than in the nonaffected base groups. Basically the data did not support this position. In three of the four non-relocated affected groups the mean TABLE 10 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: RELOCATED, NON-RELOCATED AND BASE GROUP COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Beech Beech East East Alum Alum Salt Salt, Fork Fork Lynn Lynn West Creek Creek Fork Fork Treatment Relo­ Non-re­ Relo­ Non-re- Virginia Relo­ Non-re- Relo­ Non-re- Ohio oTCK’p cated located cated located Base cated located cated located Base

Sample Size 30 30 30 34 46 30 30 30 30 50

Mean 41.7000 47.4000 54.0333 50.8823 46.2174 48.2333 49.1667 47.0667 46.3000 49.0600

Standard Deviation 10.6387 15.2261 13.84/6 7.9611 11.1014 10.7597 12.3374 6.7565 7.1446 9.5070

TABLE II ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: RELOCATED, NON-RELOCATED AND BASE GROUPS COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 2933.5313 9 325.9478 2.8152

Within Groups 38208.2578 330 115.7826

Total 41141.7891 339 80 score for maladjustment was higher than the appropriate base group but not much higher. The Salt Fork Non-relocated Group was the only group which was less maladjusted than the Ohio Base Group. The null hypothe­ sis must be rejected since the null hypothesis was predicting a direction which did not occur. The data supported the theoretical position that non-relocated individuals within affected communities would exhibit greater maladjustment than nonaffected base groups.

The last hypothesis for testing, which was primarily related to the relocation variable, was concerned with the restructuring occurring within disrupted communities. The null hypothesis for testing was stated as follows: Communities that have had time, for restructuring will, have populations that are significantly less alienated and dis­ satisfied with their community than the residents of communities which have not had time for restructuring. The analysis of variance for the affected and nonaffected base groups indicated significant differences among the groups. The null hypothesis must be rejected. The F-Ratio of 4.4426 with (4, 335) degrees freedom was significant beyond the .01 level. The analysis of variance statistics are presented in Tables 12 and 13.

The null hypothesis was rejected due to significant differ­ ences among the groups but the direction of the differences was not consistent. It was expected that the longer the community had to adjust the less maladjustment the population would exhibit.

The expected result would have been a consistent decline in maladjustment from Salt Fork to Alum Creek but this was not the result. 81

TABLE 12 SUMMARY STATISTICS ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR AFFECTED COMMUNITIES CONSIDERING TIME SINCE DISRUPTION: COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Treatment Salt East Beech Alum Group Fork Lynn Fork Creek Base

Sample Size 60 64 60 60 96

Mean 46.6833 52.3594 44.5500 48.7000 47.6979

Standard Deviation 6.9049 11.1346 13.335 11.4866 10.3457

TABLE 13 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR AFFECTED COMMUNITIES CONSIDERING TIME SINCE DISRUPTION COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 2072.4858 4 518.1213 4.4426

Within Groups 39069.1914 335 116.6245

Total 41141.6758 339

Findings of Analysis of Variance: Community Identification

The hypothesis for testing in regard to community identifi­ cation was stated in the null hypothesis form as follows: Individuals who are highly identified with their community will not be signifi- cantly different in regard to alienation and dissatisfaction with their community than individuals who are not identified with their community.

To test the hypothesis two analysis of variance tests were made. One was made pooling the total group and dividing the total group into high 82

and low groups in terms of community identification. The second approach was a division into communities which were subdivided into high and low

groups.

The analysis of variance for community identification evaluated

on a total sample basis yielded a significant difference between the

two groups. The F-Ratio was significant beyond the .001 level. The

summary statistics for the analysis of variance are presented in

Tables 14 and 15.

TABLE 14 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: TOTAL EXAMPLE DIVIDED INTO HIGHLY IDENTIFIED AND LOW IDENTIFIED GROUPS COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

High Low Treatment Group Identification Identification

Sample Size 16 7 173

Mean 42.0599 53.7688

Standard Deviation 8.0305 10.4510

TABLE 15 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: TOTAL SAMPLE DIVIDED INTO HIGH AND LOW IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 11649.7656 1 11649.7656 133.5167

Within Groups 29491.5977 338 87.2532

Total 41141.5977 339 83

While the difference was significant beyond the .001 level the expected direction was not validated. The low identification group was more alienated and dissatisfied than the highly identi­ fied group which was a reverse of the expected results. This position was further substantiated when the total group was subdivided into separate communities and separated into high and low groups.

The F-Ratio of 16.8499 was significant beyond the .001 level and the reversal of the expected result was consistent throughout the groups. Individuals who were highly identified exhibited less mal­ adjustment than those who were less identified. The analysis of variance statistics are presented in Tables 16 and 17.

Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Community Satisfaction

The hypothesis for testing was stated in the null hypothesis form as follows: Individuals and groups that are highly satisfied with the community's services will not be significantly more alienated and dissatisfied with their community than individuals and groups not satisfied with the community services.

The total group results of the analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between the highly satisfied group and the less satisfied group. While the difference between the groups was significant, the findings indicated a reversal of the expected results.

It was hypothesized that the highly satisfied group would become more maladjusted but this was not supported. The summary statistics are presented in Tables 18 and 19. 84

TABLE 16 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITIES SUBDIVIDED INTO HIG1I AND LOW GROUPS FOR COMMUNITY IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Beech Fork East Lynn W. Va. Base Treatment Group H1 L 2 H3 L4 H5 L6

Sample Size 37 23 34 30 26 20

Mean 37.8919 55.2609 45.5882 60.0333 41.2308 52.7000

Standard Deviation 8.5530 12.7572 7.0372 9.9151 9.3608 9.9160

Alum Creek Salt Fork Ohio Base

Treatment H 7 L8 H9 Lio H11 L12 Group

Sample Size 24 36 29 31 17 33

Mean 41.2500 53.6667 43.8965 49.3226 43.3529 52.0000

Standard Deviation 9.3588 10.0712 4.1691 7.9347 5.7002 9.7948

TABLE 17 ANALYSIS1 OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITY IDENTIFICATION COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 14854.9453 11 1350.4495 16.8499

Within Groups 26287.8125 328 80.1458

Total 41142.7578 339 85

TABLE 18 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITIES SUBDIVIDED INTO HIGH AND LOW GROUPS FOR COMMUNITY SATISFACTION AND COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

High Community Low Community Treatment Croup Satisfaction Satisfaction

Sample Size 171 169

Mean 43.8479 52.2367

Standard Deviationi 8.7299 11.4964

TABLE 19 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: HIGH AND LOW COMMUNITY SATISFACTION AND COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 5981.3164 1 5981.3164 57.4995

Within Groups 35160.0508 338 104.0238

Total 41141.3672 339

The twelve group analysis of variance supported the total group analysis. The twelve group analysis yielded an F-Ratio of 6.6307 which was significant beyond the .001 level with (11, 328) degrees of freedom. The mean values of the groups indicated that the groups with low community satisfaction hi.' the highest degree of maladjustment to their changed community and the direction was consistent throughout the groups. The summary statistics for the analysis of variance for subdivided communities are presented in Tables 20 and 21. 86

TABLE 20 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITIES SUBDIVIDED INTO HIGH AND LOW GROUPS FOR COMMUNITY SATISFACTION AND COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Beech Fork East Lynn W. Va. Base

Treatment L2 H3 L4 H5 L6 Group

Sample Size 28 32 30 34 26 20

Mean 37.4286 50.7813 49.5333 55.1765 42.4231 51.2000

Standard Deviation 9.0735 13.4494 9.1340 12.0566 9.9767 10.7096

Alum Creek Salt Fork Ohio Base

Treatment H7 L8 H9 L 10 H 11 L 12 Group

Sample Size 22 38 42 18 22 28

Mean 41.0454 53.5000 45.2143 49.4444 45.2727 47.2857

Standard Deviation 6.6724 10.7822 5.4707 9.8889 6.2654 20.6287

TABLE 21 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITY SATISFACTION COMPARED WITH BASIS OF MALADJUSIMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 8929.1523 11 811.7410 6.6307

Within Groups 40154.2422 328 122.4215

Total 49083.3945 339 87

Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Familism

The hypothesis for testing was stated in the null hypothesis form as follows: Individuals and groups that are highly familistic are not significantly different in regard to alienation and dissatis­ faction with the changed community than individuals and groups which are not familistic. The total group analysis i-esulted in an F-Ratio of 32.2062 with (1, 338) degrees of freedom which was significant beyond the .001 level. There was a significant difference between the highly familistically and low familistically oriented groups in regard to maladjustment. The null hypothesis must be rejected but the direction of the difference was not as predicted. The hypothesis was that highly familistic groups would become upset with the change and would therefore exhibit higher degrees of maladjustment. The reverse was found to be true. The summary statistics for the analysis of variance are presented in Tables 22 and 23.

The twelve group analysis of variance supported the above- mentioned position without exception. The F-Ratio for the twelve group analysis was 6.0005 which was significant beyond the .001 level with (11, 328) degrees freedom. The summary statistics for the twelve group analysis of variance are presented in Tables 24 and 25.

Analysis of Variance for Socio-Economic Status

The hypothesis for testing was stated in the null hypothesis form as follows: Lower socio-economic groups are not significantly different in regard to maladjustment to their changed communities than 88 hiRher socio-economic groups. The results of the one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant differences among socio-economic classes in regard to maladjustment. The null hypothesis must be accepted.

TABLE 22 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITIES SUBDIVIDED INTO HIGH AND LOW GROUPS FOR FAMILISM AND COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Treatment Group High Familism Low Familism

Sample Size 160 180

Mean 44.5000 51.0333

Standard Deviation 10.7534 10.4533

TABLE 23 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: FAMILISM COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 3615.6160 1 3615.6160 32.2062

Within Groups 37945.4805 338 112.2647

Total 41561.0938 339

It was hypothesized that the lower socio-economic groups would perceive the change as a threat and become dissatisfied with their community. The mean scores indicated some inconsistencies but overall the results were in the expected direction. The lower socio-economic groups were more maladjusted than the higher classes. The exception in the overall trend was the upper-lower class. The upper-lower group 89

TABLE 24 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITIES SUBDIVIDED INTO HIGH AND LOW GROUPS FOR FAMILISM AND COMPARED ON TIIE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Beech Fork East Lynn W. Va. Base Treatment Group H 1 L2 H3 L4 H5 L6

Sample Size 36 24 34 30 21 25

Mean 41.1389 49.6667 49.1765 56.2333 39.2857 51.0400

Standard Deviation 11.6965 14.2300 9.4595 11.8283 9.9456 9.6500

Alum Creek Salt Fork Ohio Base Treatment Group H 7 L8 H9 Lio H11 L 12

Sample Size 24 36 28 32 17 33

Mean 43.5833 52.0278 45.9643 47.3125 47.5882 49.8182

Standard Deviation 12.8297 9.2350 7.5791 6.3115 9.2403 9.6936

TABLE 25 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: FAMILISM COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Group s 6962.5469 11 632 .9587 6.0005 <3* CO

Within Groups 34598.8008 328 105 •

Total 41561.3477 339 90

was more alienated than the upper group but less maladjusted than the

other classes. The lower-lower group was the most dissatisfied of the

socio-economic groups.

The F-Ratio of 2.1210 with (4, 313) degrees of freedom was not

significant at the .05 level, therefore, the null hypothesis must be

accepted. The summary statistics are presented in Tables 26 and 27.

TABLE 26

SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Treatment Upper Lower Upper Lower Group Upper Middle Middle Lower Lower

Sample Size 7 56 112 101 42

Mean 43.571.4 47.4286 47.9286 46.5643 51.9524

Standai-d Deviation 5.4423 9.8069 11.2319 11.2315 11.3373

TABLE 27 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degree Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 1012.5469 4 253.1367 2.1210

Within Groups 37355.1602 313 119.3456

Total 38367.7070 317

The socio-economic variable was not subjected to the twelve group subdivision because the number of cases in the highest class 91

was too small. Wien the number was subdivided, the upper class group

provided no useful information due to the limited observations.

Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Physical Mobility

The hypothesis for testing was stated in the null hypothesis

form as follows: Individuals that are physically immobile are not

significantly different in regard to maladjustment to their communities

than physically mobile individuals. The results of the one-way analysis

of variance indicated that the differences between groups were signi­

ficant at the .001 level.

It was hypothesized that the physically immobile group would

become more maladjusted than the physically mobile group. The hypothe­

sis was not supported. The mean for the highly immobile group was

43.8 compared to 52.4 for the highly mobile group. The findings

indicated that the highly immobile (low mobility) group was better

satisfied with their community than the highly mobile group. The

results of the analysis of variance for physical mobility are presented

in Tables 28 and 29.

TABLE 28 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: PHYSICAL MOBILITY COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Treatment Group Low Mobility High Mobility

Sample Size 174 166

Mean 43.7874 52.4458

Standard Deviation 9.7704 10.5189 92

TABLE 29

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: PHYSICAL MOBILITY COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 6368.7773 1 6368.7773 61.9083

Within Groups 34771.5586 338 102.8744

Total 41140.3359 339

The F-Ratio of 61.9083 with (l, 338) degrees freedom was sig­ nificant at the .001 level. The null hypothesis must be rejected.

The total group analysis of variance was supported in the twelve group analysis. Without exception the physically immobile groups were less maladjusted than the mobile groups.

The twelve group analysis indicated a significant difference among the groups but the direction was not anticipated. The summary statistics for the analysis of variance are presented in Tables 30 and 31.

Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Social Mobility

The hypothesis for social mobility used for testing was stated in the null hypothesis form as follows: Individuals and groups that are socially immobile are not significantly different from individuals or groups that are socially mobile. The results of the analysis of variance for the total group divided into socially immobile and socially mobile groups reveal no significant differences between the groups. While the differences were not significant, the predicted direction was supported. The expected results were that the socially 93

TABLE 30 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: COMMUNITIES SUBDIVIDED INTO PHYSICALLY IMMOBILE AND MOBILE CROUPS COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Beech Fork East Lynn W. Va. Base

Immobile Mobile Immobile Mobile Immobile Mobile

Treatment Group 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Size 33 27 30 34 26 19

Mean 39.6364 50.7407 46.6667 57.2941 41.7692 50.8947

Standard Deviation 14.9077 8.3555 7.4340 11.5824 9.5846 11.9438

Alum Creek Salt Fork Ohio Base

Immobile Mobile Immobile Mobile Immobile Mobile

Treatment Group 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sample Size 30 33 32 25 22 28

Mean 45.8000 51.9697 44.4688 49.4800 44.3182 52.4643

Standard Deviation 9.9218 10.6756 4.1425 8.9495 6.7850 10.0498

TABLE 31 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: PHYSICAL IMMOBILITY COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Squares F-Ratio

Between Groups 8645.2852 11 785.9348 7.9149

Within Groups 32470.5977 327 99.2985

Total 41115.8828 338 94 immobile group would exhibit higher degrees of maladjustment and this was supported in the findings. The summary statistics for the analysis of variance are presented in Tables 32 and 33.

TABLE 32

SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: SOCIAL MOBILITY COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Treatment Group Immobile Mobile

Sample Size 150 190

Mean 49.0133 47.2316

Standard Deviation 9.7615 11.8807

TABLE 33 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: SOCIAL MOBILITY COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 266.1128 1 266.1128 2.2005

Within Groups 40.875.1680 338 120.9324

Total 41141.2773 339

The F-Ratio of 2.2005 with (l, 338) degrees freedom was not significant at the .05 level. The null hypothesis must be accepted.

The findings for the total group were basically reproduced in the subdivision into individual communities. All of the communities reproduced the findings of the total sample except East Lynn where the socially mobile group was slightly more maladjusted than the socially immobile group. The summary statistics for the analysis of variance for the

individual communities are presented in Tables 34 and 35.

Findings of the Analysis of Variance: Value Orientation

The hypothesis for testing was stated in the null hypothesis

form as follows: Groups which are highly tradltionalistic are not

significantly different in the degree of alienation and dissatisfaction w ith their communities than modernistic groups. The total sample was divided into high and low groups on traditionalism. The analysis of variance revealed that the two groups were significantly different.

The F-Ratio of 11.8043 with (l, 338) degrees freedom was sig­ nificant beyond the .001 level, therefore, the null hypothesis must be rejected. The summary statistics for the total sample divided into high traditionalistic and low traditionalistic groups are presented

in Tables 36 and 37.

The analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between groups but the hypothesized direction was not anticipated.

It was argued that highly traditionalistic groups would become more maladjusted but the reverse was found to be true.

When the groups were subdivided into individual communities the results of the dichotomized division were reproduced. The only exception was Salt Fork where the traditionalistic group became more maladjusted than the modernistic group. The F-Ratio of 4.0325 with

(11, 327) degrees freedom was significant beyond the .001 level. The summary statistics for the analysis of variance are presented in

Tables 38 and 39. 96

TABLE 34 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: TOTAL SAMPLE SUBDIVIDED INTO INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES FOR SOCIAL MOBILITY AND COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Beech Fork East Lynn W. Va . Base Treatment Group H 1 L2 H3 L4 H5 L6

Sample Size 17 43 19 45 17 29

Mean 46.8235 43.6512 52.1579 52.4444 49.8235 44.1034

Standard Deviation 13.5427 13.3057 10.1449 11.6356 11.4850 10.4961

Alum Creek Salt Fork Ohio Base Treatment Group H 7 L8 H9 L10 H11 L12

Sample Size 33 27 37 22 27 23

Mean 53.1515 48.2222 47.6486 44.9545 49.4444 48.0000

Standard Deviation 26.5990 14.4284 7.9903 4.4129 9.3781 9.3371

TABLE 35 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: SOCIAL MOBILITY iCOMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 3646.8933 11 331 .5356 1.8583

Within Group s 58339.8242 327 178 .4092

Total 61986.7148 338 97

TABLE 36 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: VALUE ORIENTATION COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Treatment Croup High Traditionalism Low Traditionalism

Sample Size 155 185

Mean 45.8064 49.8649

Standard Deviation 9.0961 12.1211

TABLE 37 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: VALUE ORIENTATION

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups 1389.1094 1 1389.1094 11.8043

Within Groups 39775.2969 338 117.6784

Total 41164.4063 339

Analysis of Open-Ended Questions

Attitude Toward Treatment

The subjects were asked to comment on the treatment they

received from the governmental agencies initiating the disruptive

action. Individuals not directly affected were asked to comment upon

their conceptualization of how people are treated by agencies initi­

ating water resource development. Treatment was not defined so that

leading statements were not made which would channel responses in

specific directions.

The responses were dichotomized into "fair" and "unfair" categories. The independent variable examined was relocation. Chi- 98

TABLE 38 SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: TOTAL SAMPLE SUBDIVIDED INTO COMMUNITIES FOR VALUE ORIENTATION COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF MALADJUSTMENT

Beech Fork East Lynn W. Va,. Base Treatment Group H1 L2 H3 L4 H5 L6

Sample Size 25 35 20 44 13 32

Mean 38.9200 48.5714 49.9000 54.4091 45.3846 46.5313

Standard Deviation 8.6743 14.6815 9.4083 12.5777 7.9429 12.4382

A], urn Creek Salt Fork Ohio Base Treatment Group H7 L8 H9 Lio H 11 L12

Sample Size 35 25 35 25 25 25

Mean 46.1143 52.4000 47.5428 45.6400 47.0800 50.8000

Standard Deviation 9.8213 12.7573 7.9533 5.0156 7.5439 11.0642

TABLE 39 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE : VALUE ORIENTATION COMPARED WITH MALADJUSTMENT

Sum of Degrees Squares of Freedom Mean Square F-Ratio

Between Groups !5075.4688 11 461,.4063 4.0325

Within Groups 37415.6133 327 114,.4208

Total 42491.0820 338 99

square tables were constructed for the total sample and divided into

relocated, non-relocated and base groups. The chi-square statistics

are presented in Tables 40 through 43.

TABLE 40 TABLE 41 RELOCATION VERSUS TREATMENT RELOCATION VERSUS TREATMENT Fair Unfair Fair Unfair

Relocated 40 72 112 Relocated 40 72 112

Non-relocated 73 34 107 Base Group 43 31 74

113 106 219 83 103 186 yr = 23.1574 y = 9.0426 Significant at 0.001 Significant at .01

TABLE 42 TABLE 43 RELOCATION VERSUS TREAIMENT RELOCATION VERSUS TREATMENT Fair Unfair Fair Unfair

Non-relocated 107 Total Af- fected Grout 113 106 219 Base Group 43 Base Group 43 31 74 116 181 156 137 293 2 = 0.9413 Not significant at .05 Not significant at .05

The findings indicated that being relocated was a significant factor in determining one's attitude toward treatment. Relocated groups had a higher incidence of individuals who believed that the treatment was unfair while many of the non-relocated people in the same communities believed the treatment was fair. The base group was basically evenly 100 divided on the issue. When the affected groups were combined, the differences ceased to be significant. The addition of the non-relocated groups counterbalanced the relocated group.

Community recommendations to improve community situation

The subjects were asked to specify what governmental agencies could do to ease the difficulty of forced relocation due to water re­ source development or highway construction. There were two hundred sixteen (216) responses to the question. The responses were classified into topical areas for analysis purposes.

The classifications are presented below in the order of im­ portance indicated by total group responses. The most frequently mentioned category is presented first and the least frequently mentioned category presented last. The total percentage of the sample which mentioned the particular area of interest is included with each category.

The most frequent concern of the group was increased payment for lands and more monies provided to pay for moving expenses. There were seventy-eight (78) subjects who noted this concern which was ap­ proximately thirty-six percent of the total sample.

Considerable interest was expressed in having the agency pro­ vide available housing information in the area and provide a means of securing the housing. Sixty (60) persons indicated that such a need existed which constituted approximately twenty-eight percent of the total sample. 101

Approximately ten percent of the total group indicated that the

agencies involved with water resource development were doing all that

could be expected under the circumstances. Twenty subjects indicated

the agencies were functioning well at the present time.

There were twelve (12) subjects who indicated that more infor­ mation should be provided and composed approximately six percent of

the total sample. Closely associated with information was the concern

for advance notice of movement. Twelve (12) subjects indicated that more time should be provided the group.

Eleven subjects (11) indicated that counseling should be pro­ vided the group. Counseling service would serve the people as a

guidance group to ease the difficulty of moving. This group composed about five percent of the total. Ten (10) subjects indicated that the agency representatives should be more courteous to the subject group.

Some concern was noted for prompt payment by the agencies. Eight

subjects (8 ) or about four percent of the total indicated that payment

for properties taken and moving expenses was delayed, thus preventing

them from securing new housing.

About three percent indicated that construction of new roads and maintenance of existing roads in the community would offset any inconvenience encountered by the group.

The greatest concerns of the subject population appears to be centered about prompt and adequate payment for their properties. The people appear to be very much concerned about locating and securing adequate housing. These three topic areas were mentioned a total of

one hundred forty-six (146) times or by sixty-eight percent of the group. Attitude toward moving

The subject population was asked to indicate its attitude toward moving or toward being asked to move. The responses were dichotomized into positive and negative statements about moving.

The independent variable considered was relocation. The same procedure was used in this analysis as the one previously used for treatment. The chi-square statistics are presented in Table 44.

TABLE 44 RELOCATION VERSUS ATTITUDE TOWARD MOVING Posi tive Negative

Relocated 31 84 115

Non-relocated 56 45 101

Base 30 44 74

117 173 290 X2 = 18.1350 Significant at the .001 1evel

The data indicated that the relocated group was considerably different from the non-relocated group. The relocated group was more opposed to moving than the base group and the non-relocated group.

The non-relocated group appears to be more willing to move while the relocated group was opposed to the movement. The base group was more opposed to moving than the non-relocated group but less negative than the relocated group.

There were no significant differences between "initial shock",

"post shock" and "base group" in regard to attitudes toward moving.

All of the groups were opposed to being moved or having to move. The 103

"initial shock" group was the most upset about moving followed by the base group. The "post shock" group was upset about moving but were about evenly'divided on the issue. This was probably the result of the combining of the non-relocated portion with the relocated portion of the "post shock" group. The chi-square statistics are presented in Table 45.

TABLE 45 ELAPSED TIME AND ATTITUDE TOWARD MOVING Positive Negative

Initial Shock 34 72 106

Post Shock 53 57 11.0

Base 30 44 74

117 173 290

Not significant at the .05 level

When the initial shock groups were separated into relocated and non-relocated groups, there were no significant differences in the West Virginia initial shock group but there were significant differences between the Ohio groups. Post shock communities were divided into relocated and non-relocated groups. There were signifi­ cant differences between all groups. The chi-square statistics are presented in Tables 46 through 49.

These findings indicated that the total "intial shock" popu­ lations were upset about moving even if they were not required to move.

The "post shock" community population was divided on the issue depend­ ing upon whether or not they were required to move. TABLE 46 INITIAL SHOCK VERSUS MOVEMENT: WEST VIRGINIA . Positive Negative

Relocated 12 15 27

Non-reloca ted 9 11 20

21 26 47 9 X“ = 0.0012 Not significant at the .05 level

TABLE 47 INITIAL SHOCK VERSUS MOVEMENT: OHIO Positive Negative

Relocated 3 27 30

Non-relocated 10 19 29

13 46 59 9 X* = 5.1449 Significant at the .05 level

TABLE 48 POST SHOCK VERSUS MOVEMENT: WEST VIRGINIA Positive Negative

Relocated 5 25 30

Non-relocated 19 7 26

24 32 56 9 X* = 18.0981 Significant at the .001 level TABLE 49 POST SHOCK VERSUS MOVEMENT: OHIO Positive Negative

Relocated 11 17 28

Non-relocated 18 8 26

29 25 54 v2 - Significant at the .05 level CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The most significant findings of the present research are sum­

marized as follows: a) Three independent variables explained sixty-

three percent of the variance in social maladjustment. The three

significant independent variables were: community identification,

community satisfaction and physical mobility. Community identification

explained fifty-three percent of the variance in maladjustment. When

community identification was combined with community satisfaction,

sixty-one percent of the variance in maladjustment was explained. The

addition of physical mobility increased the variance explained to

approximately sixty-three percent. The remaining independent variables

were relatively insignificant in the explanation of maladjustment,

b) The correlation analysis indicated that the correlations between

the most significant independent variables (community identification,

community satisfaction and physical mobility) and the dependent variable

(social maladjustment) were negative. Three of the remaining inde­

pendent variables (value orientation, familism and socio-economic status) were negatively correlated with maladjustment. The only independent variable which had a positive correlation with maladjustment was social mobility, c) There were significant differences between affected groups

and nonaffected groups but the differences were not consistent. Some

106 107 groups affected by water resource development were more maladjusted than groups in nonaffected communities. It should be noted that some of the groups directly influenced by water resource development were less maladjusted than groups not affected by dam construction.

Summary of the Hypotheses Testing

A summary of the findings fox- the hypotheses derived from con­ frontation theory are presented below. The hypotheses are presented and are followed by a brief discussion of the findings.

1. Residents of communities that are subjected to water resource developmental action are significantly more alienated and dissatisfied with their community than residents of communities not affected by water resource development. While there were significant differences between groups, the differences were not consistent with the proposition. Popu­ lations in two of the affected communities (Beech Fork and Salt Fork) were less maladjusted than the nonaffected base group while populations in two of the communities (East Lynn and Alum Creek) were more malad­ justed. The validity of proposition nximber one (l) must be questioned.

2. Alienation and dissatisfaction with the community will be greater in the affected communities among the relocated groups than the non-relocated community groups. While there were significant differ­ ences between the groups, the differences were not consistent with the stated hypothesis. The relocated groups were not consistently more maladjusted than the non-relocated groups. The proposition did not hold true for Beech Fork nor Alum Creek. The validity of the propo­ sition (2) must be questioned. 108

3. Alienation and dissatisfaction with the community will be

greater in non-relocated affected groups than in the nonaffected base

group. The groups were significantly different but the differences

were not completely consistent with the stated hypothesis. Three of

the four non-relocatcd groups were more alienated from their community

than the base groups but the differences were rather small. The Salt

Fork non-relocated group was the only one that was less maladjusted

than the appropriate base group. While the results were not entirely

supportive of the proposition, the research results tended to support

the position that proposition three (3) had some validity.

A . Communities that have had time for restructuring to occur will

have populations that are significantly less alienated and dissatisfied

with their community than residents of communities which have not had

time for restructuring. There were significant differences among the

groups but the differences were not consistent with the stated hypothe­

sis. The groups in communities affected for the shortest period of

time were not consistently more maladjusted than the communities af­

fected for the longest period of time. The East Lynn group demonstrated

the greatest maladjustment which was contrary to the stated proposition.

The validity of proposition four (4) must be questioned.

The following hypotheses were derived from migration research

and the analysis yielded the following results.

5. Individuals who are highly identified with their community will

exhibit greater alienation and dissatisfaction with their changed com­ munity than Individuals who are less identified with their community.

The results of the analysis of variance indicate significant differences 109 among the groups but the differences were not consistent with the

stated hypothesis. The validity of the hypothesis (5) must be questioned. Individuals who were highly identified with their com­ munity were less alienated and dissatisfied than individuals who were not identified with their community.

6. Individuals who are highly satisfied with the community's services will exhibit greater alienation and dissatisfaction with the changed community than i ndividuals that are not satisfie d with the. community services. The results of the research indicated that sig­ nificant differences did exist between satisfied and dissatisfied groups but the differences were not consistent with the stated hypothe­ sis. The groups which demonstrated low community satisfaction were more maladjusted than highly satisfied groups. The validity of pro­ position number six (6) must be questioned.

7. Community identification will be more important than community satisfaction in the explanation of adjustment or maladjustment to change resulting from water resource development. The proposition was sup­ ported within the research. The step-wise regression analysis revealed that community identification was the most significant variable in the explanation of adjustment or maladjustment to change resulting from water resource development. '

8. Individuals that are highly familistlc will exhibit greater maladjustment to their changed community than individuals who are less familistic. There were significant differences between the highly familistic group and the low familistic groups but the differences were not consistent with the hypothesis. The analysis revealed that low 110 familistic groups were more maladjusted to their community than highly familistic groups. The validity of the proposition (8) must be questioned.

9. Lower socio-economic classes will exhibit greater alienation and dissatisfaction to their changed community than higher soc.io- econornic classes. While the differences between the classes were not significant the differences were in agreement with the stated hypothesis.

Basically the lower classes were more maladjusted than the higher classes. The proposition (9) appeared to have some validity.

10. Individuals that are socially immobile will exhibit greater alienation and dissatisfaction with their changed community than socially mobile Individuals. There were no significant differences between socially mobile and socially immobile groups, but the differ­ ences were in agreement with the stated hypothesis. The socially im­ mobile group exhibited greater maladjustment to their community. The hypothesis appeared to have some validity.

11. Individuals that are physically immobile are significantly more alienated and dissatisfied with their changed community than physically mobile individuals. While the differences between physically immobile and mobile groups were significant, the differences were not consistent with the stated hypothesis. The results of the research indicated the opposite position to be true. The physically immobile groups were less maladjusted than the physically mobile groups. The proposition as it was originally stated must be questioned.

12. Individuals that are highly traditionalistic will exhibit greater alienation and dissatisfaction with their changed community Ill than individuals who are highly modernistic. While the differences between the highly traditionalistic group and the low traditionalistic group were significant, the differences between the groups were not consistent with the stated hypothesis. The results of the research indicated that the opposite position was true. The modernistic groups were more alienated from their community than highly traditionalistic groups. The proposition (12) must be questioned.

Discussion of Findings

The findings of the research indicate that three variables explain considerable variance in maladjustment. These variables are community identification, community satisfaction and physical mobility.

Community identification is the best prediction of nonalienation.

Identification was negatively correlated with maladjustment which means that individuals who are more identified with the group and feel that they are part of the "we" do not become alienated when change is forced upon the group. An identified individual sees himself as an integral part of the group and finds support within his group. Such a situation is conducive to increased group solidarity. The original hypothesis was premised upon the belief that considerable outmigration would occur within the community thus threatening a heretofore satisfying situation.

Outmigration would have destroyed the group identification and part of the "we" would have been removed. Since relatively few residents left the community, those individuals who had experienced group identity prior to the "outside" action did not perceive water resource develop­ ment as a threat to the group. Group identity provided a means of adjustment to the change since it was not perceived as a threat to the group. 112

Community satisfaction with facilities and services was

negatively correlated with maladjustment. Those individuals who were

basically satisfied with the services and facilities provided in their

local community were not alienated from the changed community.

Evidently the directly affected groups did not perceive outside action

as greatly modifying the existing facilities and services. Those

individuals who were more satisfied with the services provided by the community were more adjusted to the community. Had the change been perceived as a threat to the existing situation then considerable maladjustment may have resulted. Actually few inconveniences were

imposed upon the communities as a result of water resource development.

Various services and facilities operated without interruption.

Physical immobility was inversely related to maladjustment which means that the greater the physical immobility the greater the adjustment to changing situations. The physically immobile individual is better adjusted due to his realization of limited alternatives. He must accept the changes if he is to remain within the community. Re­ location alternatives perhaps pose greater threats than adjusting to the change. It may also be possible that physical mobility may be partially a function of the adjustment to the community itself. The more satisfying the less physically mobile one becomes. The disruption apparently did not force many people to leave the community therefore, physical immobility could not operate as it was proposed to operate.

Also, one could conclude that the disruptive action was not very negative in nature since those who could not leave were not alienated from a situation they could not easily avoid. 113

Value orientation was revealed to be negatively correlated

with maladjustment which indicates that traditionalistic individuals

were basically more adjusted to their community than modernistic

individuals. The traditionalist still perceives the community as meeting or having the potential to meet his needs while the modernist

does not perceive such potential available. One possible reason why

the hypothesis regarding value orientation was not supported was in

terms of anticipated impact of water resource development.

The initial hypothesis was premised upon the belief that water­

shed development would bring about considerable changes within affected

communities. The present research findings do not support the position.

Water resource development does not apparently bring about rapid,

encompassing change in rural communities. The traditionalist may not perceive the development as changing his community very much, therefore,

it is not a threat to him. His "old" community was not changed much therefore he is not alienated. The modernist does not perceive the change coming as rapidly as it should, therefore, he may become or remain somewhat alienated from the small rural community social system.

Familism was inversely correlated to maladjustment. Those individuals who had a high commitment to nuclear and extended family units were more adjusted to the changed community. This may be partially explained in terms of nonseverance of family ties. Resettled family members relocated just beyond the inundated portions of the community which did not sever kinship interaction patterns. The original hypothe­ sis was premised upon breaking of the kinship ties. Had such a situ­ ation actually occurred it is probable that considerable maladjustment may have r e s u l t

The family memln zr~ s were able to support other family members in adjustment to In 3 situation.

Socio — cz — r. nomic status was negatively related to maladjus which means t h a L lower socio-economic individuals were more adju their changed cr minunity than higher socio-economic groups. The classes have f c alternatives to becoming adjusted since they pr could not r e l o c tie in another community. The same argument was the logic used f*. n. the original hypothesis but it was premised up wholesale malacz n a s t m e n t within affected communities which did no

If the forced e~ - T oration had brought about considerable negative titudes toward t _ lac community, due to the situation being changed point that it 3 no longer tolerable, then the variable would h operated as it hypothesized to operate. It may also be stat that the disru- ti. io n must have not been too negative upon the com members since :— cs lowest class group was not alienated. The lovi class is less .sptive to changing situations and a difficult si should bring a t _ n > r a t negative attitudes and alienation. Since the adjustment was n o t widespread, one can conclude that watershed d merit does not «n srupt local communities very much.

Social - m o b i l i t y was positively correlated with maladjust which means th. ^ t socially immobile individuals were more maladjv to their comma t y than socially mobile individuals. The findir support the s t « t e d hypothesis but caution may be required due tc insignificant «; c=>3rrelation. The alienation may not be from the i taken within t~® community but general frustration of not achie'v 115 more mobility within the existing or changing social system. The socially mobile individual is better adjusted to the changing situation because he may perceive better possibilities for upward social mobility within the changing system. It is quite possible that the socially immobile individual will have a negative attitude toward many things.

The analysis of variance findings indicate significant differ­ ences among the groups. This is probably due to the operation of different exogeneous variables within each community. It is also possible that the residents of each community as a collectivity pos­ sessed different conceptualizations about their community before the action was taken by the watershed developers. The original hypothesis was primarily concerned with the direction of the differences. Com­ munities are not exactly alike in all respects therefore differences may be expected. If the operation of the stimulus (water resource development) is important in bringing about maladjustment, then it would be expected that affected groups would exhibit this alienation in higher scores than nonaffected groups. The affected groups may vary but they should be consistently higher than the nonaffected base groups. Such a situation did not develop. One can conclude that water resource development is not a stimulus which brings about wholesale maladjustment within rural affected communities. The differences among the groups are the x'esult of differing situations within the communities as perceived by the group members. The existing situations in the various communities are quite similar but they may be perceived dif­ ferently by each group thus accounting for the differences among the groups. 116

In conclusion it should be noted that if the hypotheses had been premised upon the assumption that little alienation would result from water resource development then all but one of the hypotheses would have been supported fully. The research in essence is explaining adjustment rather than maladjustment to the changing communities.

Evaluation of Findings

Since the affected groups were not consistently more maladjusted than the nonaffected base group, serious consideration should be given to the possibility that water resource development may not necessarily lead to a drastic change in attitude by a community's population. The mean scores for maladjustment for each community population investigated revealed that no group was significantly maladjusted. Since the mean scores reflected no great maladjustment, one can conclude that the communities' populations were more adjusted than they were maladjusted.

Even the most alienated and dissatisfied group (East Lynn) was basically adjusted.

The basic hypotheses concerned with.forced relocation were premised upon the belief that considerable maladjustment would result from water resource development. The findings tended to negate the belief that water resource development would result in wholesale mal­ adjustment for the community's population.

The correlation findings demonstrated negative correlations between community satisfaction, identification and physical mobility.

When the correlation results are conceptualized in terms of adjustment rather than maladjustment the relationships are positive. As the three 117

significant independent variables increased adjustment increased.

When the correlational findings are considered in conjunction with the

one-way analysis of variance for affected and nonaffected communities

some interesting conclusions may be deduced.

The analysis of variance for affected and nonaffected com­ munities revealed significant differences among the groups but the direction was often not consistent. The findings tended to support

the position that "outside” action did not bring about wholesale mal­ adjustment. Since the affected local groups were not consistently more maladjusted than the nonaffected base group, serious consideration should be given to the possibility that water resource development may not necessarily lead to a drastic change in the attitudes that com­ munity members have toward their community. Since the affected com­ munities did not consistently have higher maladjustment mean scores than the nonaffected base group, other factors should be considered as casual agents for social maladjustment in communities subjected to water resource development. The lack of consistent patterns in the affected and nonaffected groups lead this researcher to at least question the significance of water resource development in bringing about a radical change in attitude toward communities. The research tended to indicate that maladjustment in communities may not be a function of exogeneous forces "outside" the community but rather a function of the individual's perception of the desirability of the community prior to the change.

The basic idea may be conceptualized in terms of preconceived attitudes concerning the desirability or undesirability of one's 118 community. These attitudes may be transferred to the changed com­ munity. The argument would be that a person who had a positive attitude toward his community would transfer the positive attitude to

the changed community. The individual was basically adjusted to his community and the change may be perceived as reinforcing the satis­ faction or do little to change his positive attitude. The attitude may be expressed in terms of "the community will be even better with the change thus meeting my needs better." Even if the change would have been defined as having negative effects upon the community a basically adjusted person may still perceive his community as satis­ fying his needs.

Another possibility would be a condition in which the indi­ vidual prior to the water resource development perceived the community as not meeting his needs. The change would not be perceived as im­ proving an existing poor situation. The negative perception of the community may be expressed in terms of "nothing can improve the com­ munity." He was already alienated from his community and would transfer the negative attitudes to the changed community.

The argument is that a person's attitude toward his community may not be changed much by "outside" change. If a person sees the community as being satisfactory prior to the change, he may perceive the same community as being satisfactory in meeting his needs after the change. The generalizations probably only apply to water resource development projects that do not require considerable relocation out­ side the local area or community. 119

The analysis of variance for community identification and community satisfaction revealed that highly satisfied and identified groups were better adjusted to their communities even when these com­ munities were subjected to water resource development. The pattern was consistent throughout the affected and nonaffected communities.

Individuals who were identified with their community and basically satisfied with the services of their community were basically adjusted to their community following disruption. The findings add further support to the position that adjustment or maladjustment of groups may be partially determined before the change is initiated. Attitudes related to community identification and community satisfaction are developed over time. The communities have only recently been disrupted by forced relocation, therefore, it is possible that the identification and satisfaction are attitudes developed prior to the disruption and transferred to the changed community. Since community satisfaction and identification are inversely related to maladjustment, it could be argued that attitudes toward one's community may be "carried-over" into the changed community.

The findings have tremendous implications for agencies interested in water resource development. Agencies concerned with watershed development perhaps should seek areas where the people are. basically satisfied with existing services and communities where the people are basically identified with their community. If the relocation is not extremely dysfunctional for the group, for example complete relocation of a town or village, then the change should not bring about wholesale X 2 O maladjustment within the group. The newly changed community may b e perceived as basically satisfying the needs of the population.

The transfer of attitudes from one community situation to another could have implications for community development. If ind i_ — viduals and collectives of individuals transfer their attitudes f r o m one community situation to another, perhaps many types of community development projects are defeated before they begin. If people d e f i n e their community as not meeting their expressed needs prior to d e v e l o p — mental action, it may be very difficult to bring about some types o f development. On the other hand, community residents who perceive t h e i r community as being basically functional for their needs may be sus — ceptible to many types of rather drastic change without becoming m a X — adjusted. Certainly the action of building a lake and removing parr t of the community did not bring about severe maladjustment in dir e c t X y affected groups which were characterized by high community identifi — cation and high community satisfaction.

Another implication for community development agencies c o n c e r n e with water resource development is that rural communities do not beer, c o m e maladjusted to their community as a result of confrontation with

"outside" agencies such as the Corps of Engineers but do exhibit s o m ^ s displeasure for certain aspects of the confrontation. Bertrand a p p e a r s to be correct that some conflict may result from "confrontation." T h e conflict does not manifest itself in alienation and dissatisfaction with the changed community but rather in terms of displeasure with t h e physical moving. Water resource development projects do disrupt c o m — munities but do not appear to drastically change basic attitudes r e g . n r d 121

the community. The belief that water resource development will produce

a maladjusted group must be severely questioned. The often expressed

view that "this dam will destroy our community" appears somewhat

unfounded. 91 Rabel Burge and Richard L. Ludtke in a very recent water

resource study in Kentucky have noted that expectations conceived prior

to the water resource development action may be very important in the

adjustment to dam projects. Burge and Ludtke appear to be arguing

that preconceived ideas concerning the impact of the action prior to

the developmental action will partially determine the individual's

response to the action. If the attitude is favorable, then adjustment

to the change is more rapid and the action is less disruptive. If

the expectation is negative then difficulty in adjustment may be

anticipated. In some respects, this is the conclusion drawn from the

present research. People transfer their attitudes about their com­

munity prior to the action to the changed community. It is also pos­

sible that preconceptions of community members concerning the impact

of the lake project upon the community may be important.

The above mentioned conclusion does not negate the fact that

water resource development does bring about some disruption in affected

communities. The disruption is often negative in nature but is not

directed toward the community per se. The negative disruptive action

is in the form of antagonism toward physical movement. While water

91 Rabel Burdge and Richard L. Ludtke, "Forced Migration: Social Separation Among Displaced Rural Families," Paper presented at the 1970 Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society (Washington, D. C.: August 26, 1970), pp. 10-23. 122

resource development does not greatly change one's conceptualization

of his community, it often leads to bitter feelings about forced re­

location which often accompanies watershed development.

The analysis of the open-ended questions indicated that the

most consistent determinant of positive attitude toward treatment by

the agency initiating the change was whether or not the community

member was required to physically relocate. Individuals who were

required to move were rather angry and developed a negative attitude

toward relocation. The negative feelings are understandable because

movement of household belongings is a difficult task and when it is

complicated by forced severing of the attachment to the land then the

task is most difficult. The common response was "we hate to leave

our home of many years" or "we hate to leave the family farm because

my parents and my grandparents farmed it."

It is argued that negative attitudes toward moving may be

overcome. Many of those who were strongly opposed to moving indi­

cated that they would move willingly or at least with less resentment

if they were adequately compensated for their properties and received

extra payment for the discomfort they must endure. Many agreed that

they were paid adequately for their properties but they indicated that

these amounts would not purchase equal properties in the local area.

The respondents argued that farms of the caliber which they possessed would not be for sale at the price they received for the land. The most consistent response to the question concerning what the govern­ ment could do to ease the disruption for the relocated group was to

increase payment for acquired properties and secure housing within 123

the same rural area. The expressed desire to be relocated within the local community indicated that most of the relocated population desired to stay in the local community. Most relocated people did remain within the non-relocated portion of the community which adds sup7>ort for the previously stated position that water resource develop­ ment does not destroy the perceived desirability of the community as a place to live. If the community had suddenly become unsatisfactory to the population, many would not have relocated within the changed com- rauni ty.

All of these factors leads this researcher to conclude that an increment in payment would be a possible means of mitigating the negative feelings among the relocated group concerning forced move­ ment. Perhaps a severance pay would be deemed desirable. If resistance to the physical movement could be overcome, then water resource development may be welcomed and even solicited within rural communities.

The negative statements made about water resource development were primarily confined to the relocated group and were concerned with re­ location rather than the community. The relocated group appeared to be unhappy about being forced to move from their established homes but did not necessarily believe the water resource development action would destroy their community. Many rural dwellers are rather permanent residents and to require them to relocate is asking a rather signifi­ cant sacrifice. If the severance pay were sufficient to secure equal properties in relative close proximity to the original homesite, outside of the flooded area, perhaps the resistance would decline considerably. 124

The fact that familism was relatively insignificant in this research may be partially explained by the fact that most relocated people moved just outside the inundated basin area which did not

severely disrupt family relationships. Burdge and Ludtke noted that

familism was significant in water resource development, especially

in situations where the family was fragmented. "Fragmented" refers

to part of the family group being forced to move away from the com­ munity. The theoretical portion of the present research was premised upon the belief that outmigration from the community would be a common practice but this did not occur. The findings of Burdge and Ludtke when compared to findings of the present research tended to demonstrate that a possible source of discontent could be eliminated by providing housing within the affected community. Should the group realize that the disruption will not be too great and that provisions for housing will be made within the local community, then the negative effects of relocation may be somewhat reduced.

Burdge and Ludtke noted that migration theory was an excellent theoretical perspective for the analysis of forced relocation and demonstrated the effectiveness of the migration theoretical position.

The utility of migration theory was useful in the present research.

Community satisfaction has been demonstrated to be significant for migrant adjustment and could be a powerful force in "pushing" people away from a community with poor facilities. Community identification could also function in a similar manner. A person who is identified may not be mobile while a person who has not been integrated into the 125

community may be "pushed" from the community or "pulled" to a com­

munity where he believes he could become an identified part of the

community.

Physical mobility is another variable significant in migration

theory but had less utility within the present research. The findings

suggest that individuals who are physically immobile are better

satisfied with their community. Perhaps this may be explained in

terms of opportunity. The immobile group may realize that they cannot

move so therefore they must be content. It may also be a function of

satisfaction and adjustment to the community resulting in lack of

physical mobility. Even though physical mobility had limited explana­

tory power within the present research, it should be considered for

inclusion within a reformulated theory of forced migration and adjust­

ment. The inclusion of physical mobility should definitely be made in water resource development projects that entail considerable out­ migration from the region. It would also be recommended that expec­

tation of the transfer of group membership and continued participation within the group be included in a reformulated theoretical position

attempting to explain adjustment to forced change.

A major conclusion to be drawn from the research is that com­ munity identification and community satisfaction are important in ex­

plaining adjustment or maladjustment to one's community. Less obvious

support is given to "expectation" of the transferability of group membership. Since most of the displaced people relocated nearby and

paid the inflated property costs, the significance for expectations may be inferred. If the relocated group and the total population in 126

affected communities could be assured that all displaced people would

have the opportunity to remain within the community and maintain group

membership, a potential source of maladjustment may be eliminated.

Caution must be noted in the extent to which out migration

exists within the subject communities. The differences between the

present study and Burdge's and Ludtke's can be partially explained in

the context of inter- and intra-community migration. In the Kentucky

study most people severed family relationships by outmigration from

the community. Outmigration did not occur to any significant extent

in the communities investigated in the present research. There is a

significant difference between inter-community migration (Burdge and

Ludtke) and intra-community migration investigated in the present

research.

Summary

Water resource development may be an effective form of regional

development. Such development does not appear to bring about signifi­

cant maladjustment in affected communities and the research findings

tend to support the position that attitudes developed prior to the

initiation of the water resource development may be transferred to

the changed community. Areas where people are basically identified

and satisfied with existing communities should be considered as

potential areas for water resource development. When such communities

are discovered, efforts should be made to assure the group members

that the opportunity to remain in the community will be provided.

Within this framework, water resource development may become a major

factor in certain types of regional development. 127

The research suggests that considerable intercorrelation exists among the independent variables. Attitudes are probably partially interdependent with other attitudes. For example, community identification may be a partial function of socio-economic status. It is for this reason that multiple correlation and regression analysis combined with analysis of variance may not be entirely sufficient for the explanation of the complexity of the relationships occurring within the phenomena investigated. Perhaps principle component analysis would provide a statistical tool for ensuring independence of the independent variables. Factor analysis and oblique rotation utilizing the scale scores for each variable may prove to be very useful in further research. It is possible that several variables may load together and become much more significant in the explanation of adjustment. appendix I

128 129

LAKE PROJECTS DESCRIPTION

The rural communities that are subjected to analysis within

the present research are East Lynn and Beech Fork in West Virginia and

Alum Creek and Salt Fork in Ohio. To facilitate the reader's under­

standing of these communities, a brief description of each of the communities is presented.

General Characteristics of Twelvepole Valley, West Virginia

Topography

The general land area of southwestern West Virginia ranges from hilly to mountainous. The valleys are suitable for agriculture and the grazing of cattle. The main water source for Wayne County is the

Twelvepole Creek.

Population

Wayne County has had an increase in population in recent years.

Increments are rather unique in West Virginia since many counties have had a declining population due to outmigration. Between 1940 and 1960 92 the population of Wayne County has increased by 4.5 percent.

The major concentrations of population are Wayne, the county seat, and Ceredo-Kenova. Wayne had a population of 1,274 in 1960 and

Ceredo-Kenova combined had a population of 5,964. The total population

92 U. S. Corps of Engineers, Twelvepole Creek, West Virginia (Letter to the Secretary of the Army, August 13, 1962, U. S. Govern­ ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1962), p. 11. 130 93 of Wayne County in 1960 was approximately 27,410. The data should indicate that the population is basically rural and rather widely dispersed.

Transportation

The county is served by U. S. Route 52 which bisects the county and serves as access road to the two communities being investigated.

Other major transportation arteries for the regionare 37, 13 and 60.

The Norfolk and Western Railway has a line that runs from

Ceredo through Lavalette and terminates at East Lynn. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway serves other sections of the country.

There cire no major industries located in the Twelvepole basin but there are some agricultural activities and oil and natural gas production. Coal production is of minor importance and only one truck 94 mine is now in operation. This truck mine is located near East Lynn and has been a "family" operation for some time.

Employment statistics tend to show that most people are in­ volved in agriculture and low skilled jobs in industry. People commute from the basin to work since no industry is contained therein.

The communities to be analyzed in the present research will be differentiated by referring to them in terms of the lake project name.

The communities as defined in the present research are larger than the inundated basin areas of the projects. It has been demonstrated by several writers that delineation of rural communities is rather dif­ ficult. It has also been noted that rural communities are often spread

93 Ibid.., p. 11. 94 Ibid., p. 2. 131 95 over considerable geographical space. Christen T. Jonassen has used

county boundaries as community delineations. Others who have used

large geographical space for community delineations are G. Howard 96 97 Phillips and John Bottum and Peter Munch and Robei't Campbell.

The subject population is rural and is a low density population.

It should follow that the communities to be delineated must also be rather large in geographical space.

The delineation is rather arbitrary. The East Lynn and the

Beech Fork communities have been defined in terms of this researcher's experience in the county. Further support may be drawn from the fact

that the post office for the area is located in Lavalette and serves

the basin area of the Beech Fork project. The same is true for East

Lynn. Familiarity with the people and the area provides some arbi­ trary measure of the community size.

Beech Fork Project

For the purpose of the present study the Beech Fork community will be defined as the Beech Fork Creek area bounded on the east by

Bowen and on the southeast by Booth. The community is bounded on the south by the Twelvepole Creek at Dickson and on the west by Twelvepole

Creek at Lavalette. It is bounded on the north by the junction of

Christen Jonassen, "Functional Unities in Community System," American Sociological Review, Vol. 26 (June, 1961), pp. 399-406. 96 G. Howard Phillips and John S. Bottum, "Ohio Appalachia Regional Community Study" (Report Number 1, Columbus: Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology and The Ohio State Uni­ versity, December, 1968), pp. 1-36. 97 Munch and Campbell, "Collective Identification," pp. 18-34. 132 secondary 6 and U. S. Route 52. Contained within this rural community is the small unincorporated town of Lavalette.

The Beech Fork project is located approximately 7 miles south of Huntington, West Virginia and approximately 11 miles north of the town of Wayne, West Virginia on U. S. Route 52 near the. town of

Lavalette. The dam site is approximately 2 miles east on secondary

13 from Lavalette.

The major portion of the relocated group is contained in the narrow valleys of Beech Fork and Millers Fork which are tributary streams of the Twelvepole Creek. The dam site is just west of the junction of Millers Fork and Beech Fork on secondary route 13.

The Beech Fork reservoir at full flood control pool will cover approximately 1,700 acres and extend approximately 12.5 miles from the 98 dam site. A summary of the relocated facilities is provided in

Tables 50 and 51.

East Lynn Project

The site of the East Lynn Dam is approximately one mile south of the town of East Lynn on U. S. Route 37 on the East Fork of Twelve­ pole Creek. The reservoir at full flood control pool will extend from the dam site for a distance of 16.6 miles and requires acquisition of 99 approximately 4,000 acres.

The community of East Lynn consists of East Lynn and sur­ rounding areas. The community is bounded on the north by Armilda and on the south by the East Lynn Dam. The community consists of Little

98 Engineers, Twelvepole Creek, West Virginia, pp. 27-28. ^ I b i d ., pp. 24-25. 133

TABLE 50 BEECH FORK RELOCATED AND ABANDONED FACILITIES

Abandon Relocated

Item (Miles) (Miles)

Highways 23.1 2.67 Power Lines 27.0 3.0 Telephone Lines 20.5 2.1 Cemetaries 1,690 Graves Schools 1 1

SOURCE: U. S. Corps of Engineers, Twelvepole Creek Basin, West Virginia, Design Memorandum No. 2, General Design Memorandum, Washington, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1967, p. III-ll.

Listed below is a summary of the facilities to be relocated or abandoned.

TABLE 51 EAST LYNN RELOCATED AND ABANDONED FACILITIES

Abandon Relocated

Item (Miles) (Miles)

Roads 11.6 16.8 Telephone Lines 21.3 — Power Lines 2.9.0 6.4

Cemetaries — 3 (500 Graves) Schools 5 5

SOURCE: U. S. Corps of Engineers, Twelvepole Creek, West. Virginia, Letter from the Secretary of the Army, Washington, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1962, p. 26. Lynn Creek and Camp Creek on the east. The western portion of the community consists of Petercave Creek, Battern Fork, and Lynn Creek.

East Lynn is located approximately 7 miles from Wayne, the county seat, and 25 miles south of Huntington. Prior to World War II and shortly thereafter this area was thriving economically due to the demand for coal. When the demand for "black gold" ceased, the com­ munity began to disintegrate with many of the young leaving to find jobs in northern cities. Today there is little economic activity except one truck mine and truck farming. Some people commute to

Huntington or Wayne to work.

The major portion of the relocated group to be included in the study jive along U. S. Route 37 and Twelvepole Creek. The com­ munity docs not include the relocated area since the people have been relocate;]. In the selection of possible subjects for analysis from the basin area a terminal point was established at Rich Creek on U. S.

Route 37 south of Hast Lynn. The major portion of the relocated group came from Rich Crock, Stiltner, Brush Creek, Laurel Creek, Lick Creek and along U. S. Route 37 from Rich Creek to the dam site.

Alum Creek Project

The Alum Creek Project is located approximately 16 miles north, of Columbus, Ohio on Alum Creek in Delaware County, Ohio. The dam wil be located 26.0 miles above the mouth of Alum Creek.The lake that

U. S. Corps of Engineers, Scioto River Basin, Ohio (Letter from the Secretary of the Army, September 27, 1962, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C„, 1962), pp. 105 and 415. 135 will be formed will exbend from the dam site upstream for 14.8 miles

at flood control stage.

The project is bounded on the north by the junction of

secondary routes 10 and 253. The project is bounded on the east by

secondary 35. It is bounded on the south by the dam which is located

approximately at the boundary of the town of Africa. The western boundary of the project is located near secondary route 10.

The project will disrupt two small rural towns which are

Kilbourne on the north and Chesire on secondary 72. A minor portion of each of these small towns must be relocated since the maximum ] 02 flood pool will inundate small portions of the villages. The majority of the relocated group is contained in the properties bounding secondary 21 and Alum Creek.

The project is entirely contained within Delaware County which is located in Central Ohio. Considerable opposition to the proposed project has been voiced by the county's residents. A United States

Corps of Engineers representative has indicated that the opposition has been the result of several water resource projects being located in relative close proximity to each other. Existing water resources in the county art Hoover Reservoir, part of Delaware Lake, O'Shaughnessy, and part of the proposed Mill Creek project. It was the opinion of the

Corps representative that the county residents believed that too many lakes are being constructed in their county. The people believe that too much valuable agricultural land is being taken from production.

^ ^Ibid., p. 105. ^^ I b l d . , p. 106. 136

Listed below is a summary of facilities to be relocated or abandoned.

TABLE 52 ALUM CREEK RELOCATED AND ABANDONED FACILITIES

Abandon Relocated

Item (Miles) (Miles)

Highways 20.3 10.1 Power Lines — 12.1 Telephone Lines — 9.6 Gas 1.3 1.5 Approx. Approx. Cemeteries — 5 (2,015 Graves) Schools None None

SOURCE: U. S. Corps of Engineers, "Alum Creek Reservoir," Scioto River Basin, Ohio, General Design Memorandum, Appendix III, 1969, pp. III-l, 111-18.

General Characteristics of Delaware County, Ohio

Population

The major urban community in Delaware County is Delaware, its county seat. The county had a population of approximately 15,000 in 103 1960. The population of the county was 36,107 in 1960. The data indicate that the majority of the population of the county is basically rural farm and rural nonfarm and rather widely dispersed.

1 f l r i U. S. Bureau of the Census, County and City Data Book, 1962 (U. S. Department of Commerce, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1962), p. 282. Occupation

The statistics for the major occupational pursuits of the county indicate that the greatest majority of the population is employed in 104 agriculture, construction and other blue collar occupations. Ap­ proximately 65 percent of the employed population in Delaware County are blue collar workers. The percentage would probably increase if the population of the city of Delaware is removed.

Transportation

The major highways that serve the county and have an impact upon the Alum Creek area are Interstate 71 on t.he east and U. S. Route

23 on the west. U. S. Route 42 has an influence on the Alum Creek area and is located to the north and west of Kilbourne. The major rail lines in the county are the New York Central system and the

Pennsylvania Railroad approximately 2 miles west of the project.

Topography

The general land area surrounding the Alum Creek Project is from rolling hills to flat lands. The area is well fitted for agri­ culture and grazing of cattle.

The major streams in the county are: The Scioto River, the

Olentangy River and Big Walnut Creek of which Alum Creek is a tributary.

Each of these streams has been developed for water resources for the

City of Columbus and other lesser populated urban centers.

104 Ibid., p. 284. Salt Fork Project

The Salt Fork Project is located entirely within Guernsey County in the State of Ohio. Unlike the other projects, the project was developed by the Ohio Department of Natural. Resources. The other pro­ jects investigated in this research were planned and initiated by the

United States; Corps of Engineers.

The major purposes of the Salt Fork project were water supply and flood control, but significant emphasis was given to the develop­ ment of recreational potential. Recreation has received more attention in the Salt Fork project than in the Corps of Engineers projects.

General Characteristics of Guernsey County, Ohio

Location

Guernsey County is located approximately 70 miles east of

Columbus, Ohio. It is located in the east central portion of the state.

Topography

The topography ranges from rolling hills to hilly. There are flat lands and rolling lands available for agriculture and grazing.

Statistics concerning occupation indicate that a significant portion of the county's population is employed in agriculture and other blue collar 105 occupations.

The major water source for the county is Wills Creek. Salt

Fork Lake was formed when a dam was constructed approximately one mile

^"*Census, Data Book, p. 284. 139 upstream from the mergence of Salt Fork Creek and Wills Creek. The major portion of the inundation occurred in Rocky Fork Creek, Clear

Fork Creek and Salt Fork Creek.

Population

The population of Guernsey County lias been rather stable over time. Statistics of population indicate that this county experienced a net growth of only 0.3 percent in the period 1950 to 1960.^^ There is one major town in the county which is Cambridge, the county seat.

Cambridge is an incorporated town of approximately 14,500 population and lias experienced a declining population in the last thirty years.^

The remaining population is distributed over a rather large area. The data indicate that the population of Guernsey is basically a rural population.

Transportation

Transportation lines that affect the community under investi­ gation are Interstate 70 on the south and Interstate 77 on the west.

Two major railroads serve the county. The Penn Central System has a line that runs north and south within the county and is approximately two miles west of the project at its nearest point. The Baltimore and

Ohio Railroad has a line that runs east and west and is approximately 108 seven miles south of the project. No relocation of railroads was required in the project.

106Ibid., p. 282. ^^Guernsey County 4-11 Clubs, "Plans for the Future of Agri­ culture-Home Economics" (Cambridge, 1969), p. 2. (Mimeographed) 103 Ohio State Highway Department, Division of Planning and Programming, Bureau of Planning Survey, "General Highway Map, Guernsey County, Ohio," 1960. 140

Occupation

The county is primarily agriculturally oriented in regard to 109 occupation. There are some light industries located in Cambridge.

There are strip mining operations for coal located in Guernsey County and neighboring counties which provide some employment.

Community Delineation

The rural community as it will be defined in this research is bounded on the south by the intersection of Interstate Route 77 and

State Route 22. It is bounded on the east and south by State Route 22 and on the west by State Route 21. It is bounded on the north by secondary 16 and secondary 541.

1 f)Q Guernsey County 4-H Clubs, "Plans for the Future," pp. 2-3. TABLE 53 SUMMARY STATISTICS OF SELECTED PROJECTS: CONDITION OF IMPROVEMENT, 1969 n East LynnS Beech Fork*3 Alum Creek" Salt Fork^

Authority Food Control Food Control Food Control Ohio State Legislative Act, 1938 Act, 1962 Act, 1962 Action and House Bill Number 939 Purpose Flood Control, Flood Control, Flood Control, Flood Control, Recreation, Recreation Recreation Recreation Water Supply Land 24,985 Acres 13,400 Acres 11,263 Acres 23,108 Acres Start of Under Construc­ Pre-construc­ Pre-construc­ Completed May, 1970 Proj ect tion, 1969 tion Planning tion Planning Initiated, Initiated, 1965 1966

Corps of Engineers, "East Lynn Lake Project, West Virginia: Condition of Improvement, 30 June, 1969," (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. F/C46-B. ^Corps of Engineers, I'Beech Fork Lake Project, West Virginia, Condition of Improvement, 30 June, 1969," (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. F/C75-B. Corps of Engineers, "Alum Creek Reservoir Project, Ohio, Condition of Improvement, 30 June, 1969," (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. F/C79-B. ^Letter from John S. Barrett, Assistant Chief Engineer, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, August 14, 1970. TABLE 54 PROGRESS TO DATE ON SELECTED WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS, JUNE, 1969 0 East Lynn3 Beech Fork^ Alum Creek Salt Fork^

Construction Began June 1965 — — Began 1961, Lake 47 Percent Com­ Construction pleted June 1969 Phase Completed May 1968 Lands Began April 1965 Began July 1968 Began November 1968 Began 1961 and 59 Percent Com­ 2 Percent Com­ 2 Percent Completed Completed 1968 pleted June 1969 pleted June 1969 June 1969 Relocation Began June 1965 Began 1961 and 31 Percent Com­ Completed in pleted June 1969 " 1968 Estimated Tracts to be Acquired 550 447 350 195 Acquired Tracts 504 8 8 195

Corps of Engineers, "East Lynn Lake Project, West Virginia: Condition of Improvement, 30 June, 1969," (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. F/C46-B. ^Corps of Engineers, "Beech Fork Lake Project, West Virginia, Condition of Improvement, 30 June, 1969," (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. F/C75-B. £ Corps of Engineers, "Alum Creek Reservoir Project, Ohio, Condition of Improvement, 30 June, 1969," (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. F/C79-B. ^Letter from John S. Barrett, Assistant Chief Engineer, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, August 14, 1970. APPENDIX II

143 COMMUNITY SATISFACTION SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Community Satisfaction

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 1.54 2.07 1.81 .74 1.14 1.00 .53 5.10 1.53 .346 2 2.44 2.88 2.66 1.19 1.08 1.16 .44 3.56 2.01 .219 3 2.42 3.49 2.95 1.10 1.00 1.18 1.07 9.42 2.12 .505 4 1.92 3.05 2.49 .78 1.12 1.12 1.13 10.77 1.58 .715 5 2.86 3.96 3.41 1.15 .59 1.06 1.10 11.11 1.44 .764 6 3.29 3.91 3.60 1.19 .84 1.07 .62 5.55 1.37 .453 7 2.85 4.01 3.43 1.08 .64 1.06 1.16 12.03 1.56 .744 8 1.88 2.53 2.20 1.00 1.21 1.16 .65 5.42 1.66 .392 9 2.48 3.84 3.16 1.06 .79 1.16 1.36 13.47 2.04 .667 10 3.15 3.78 3.46 1.11 .84 1.03 .63 5.90 1.54 .409 11 3.18 4.15 3.66 1.23 .60 1.08 .97 9.29 1.28 .758 12 3.25 3.81 3.53 1.11 .92 1.05 .56 5.07 1.39 .403

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .5945 .7457 340 340 COMMUNITY SATISFACTION SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Community Satisfaction

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.34 3.56 2.95 1.03 .97 1.18 1.22 11.23 2.12 .575

2 1.84 3.14 2.49 .71 1.09 1.12 1.30 13.13 1.58 .823

3 2.86 3.96 3.41 1.15 .59 1.06 1.10 11.11 1.44 .764

4 2.82 4.04 3.43 1.06 .62 1.06 1.22 13.01 1.56 .782

5 2.44 3.88 3.16 1.03 .76 1.16 . 1.44 14.69 2.04 .706

6 3.15 4.17 3.66 1.22 .57 1.08 1.02 9.90 1.28 .797

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .6576 .7934 340 340 VALUE ORIENTATION SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Value Orientation

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.13 2.88 2.50 .96 1.23 1.17 .75 6.27 1.71 .439 2 2.08 2.96 2.52 1.03 1.15 1.18 .88 7.44 1.82 .484 3 2.41 3.01 2.71 .99 1.03 1.05 .60 5.50 1.72 .349 4 2.16 3.14 2.65 .89 1.04 1.09 .98 9.30 1.78 .551 5 2.14 3.25 2.70 .81 .99 1.06 1.11 11.27 1.76 .631 6 2.17 3.19 2.68 .85 1.01 1.07 1.02 10.05 1.78 .573 7 1.83 2.62 2.23 .57 1.03 .92 .79 8.78 1.12 .705 8 2.34 2.95 2.65 1.14 1.24 1.23 .61 4.74 1.92 .318 9 1.80 2.42 2.11 .60 .96 .86 .62 7.11 .98 .633 10 1.98 2.60 2.29 .63 .94 .85 .62 7.11 1.06 .585 11 3.24 3.90 3.57 1.32 1.05 1.24 .66 5.11 1.92 .344 12 2.00 2.63 2.31 .67 .95 .88 .63 7.09 1.10 .573 13 3.62 3.98 3.80 1.00 .85 .95 .36 3.58 1.31 .275

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .4709 .6403 340 340 VALUE ORIENTATION SCALE

Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Value Orientation

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.02 3.03 2.52 .98 1.15 1.18 1.01 8.76 1.82 .555

2 2.05 3.25 2.65 .81 1.00 1.09 1.20 12.24 1.78 .674

3 2.04 3.36 2.70 .70 .94 1.06 1.32 14.67 1.76 .750

4 2.01 3.35 2.68 .69 .94 1.07 1.34 14.99 1.78 .753

5 1.86 2.59 2.23 .61 1.03 .92 .73 7.96 1.12 .652

6 1.83 2.39 2.11 .59 .99 .86 .56 6.34 .98 .571

7 1.96 2.61 2.29 .65 .92 .85 .65 7.56 1.06 .613

8 1.97 2.66 2.31 .64 .95 .88 .69 7.81 1.10 .627

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .6954 .8203 340 340 COMMUNITY IDENTIFICATION SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Community Identification

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 4.18 4.68 4.43 .92 .69 .85 .50 5.70 1.14 .439 2 3.11 4.07 3.59 1.10 .89 1.11 .96 8.84 1.60 .600 3 3.86 4.36 4.11 1.09 .95 1.05 .50 4.51 1.44 .347 4 2.98 3.54 3.26 1.07 1.03 1.09 .56 4.91 1.82 .308 5 2.22 3.24 2.73 .87 .99 1.06 1.02 10.10 1.85 .551 6 3.66 4.21 3.93 .85 .62 .79 .55 6.88 .76 .724 7 3.76 4.44 4.10 .93 .70 .89 .68 7.61 1.07 .636 8 3.90 4.45 4.18 .71 .51 .68 .55 8.30 .75 .733 9 3.31 3.87 3.59 .85 .82 .88 .56 6.18 1.22 .459 10 3.66 4.38 4.02 .80 .57 .78 .72 9.54 .91 .791 11 3.68 4.18 3.93 -.71 .59 .70 .50 7.00 . 76 .658 12 3.43 4.28 3.86 .87 .60 .86 .85 10.55 1.02 .833 13 3.51 4.20 3.85 .89 .71 .88 .69 7.91 .98 .704 14 3.89 4.31 4.10 .59 .49 .58 .42 7.09 .61 .689 15 3.96 4.23 4.10 .42 .52 .49 .27 5.19 .49 .551 16 3.75 4.20 3.98 .71 .60 .69 .45 6.36 .67 .672 17 3.78 4.34 4.06 .66 .70 .74 .56 7.55 .84 .667 18 2.95 3.89 3.42 .91 .78 .97 .94 10.20 1.53 .614 19 2.67 3.55 3.11 1.00 1.03 1.11 .88 8.00 1.98 .444 RSPLIT .7058 RCORR .8275 CD COUNT 340 N 340 ND COMMUNITY IDENTIFICATION SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Community Identification

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 3.08 4.09 3.59 1.09 .88 1.11 1.01 9.42 1.60 .631 2 2.14 3.32 2.73 .76 .99 1.06 1.18 12.37 1.85 .638 3 3.63 4.24 3.93 .84 .60 .79 .61 7.75 . 76 .803 4 3.73 4.47 4.10 ' .93 .68 .89 .74 8.38 1.07 .692 5 3.89 4.46 4.18 .68 .55 .68 .57 8.49 .75 .760 6 3.64 4.39 4.02 .77 .57 .78 .75 10.20 .91 .824 7 3.66 4.20 3.93 .69 .59 .70 .54 7.71 .76 .711 8 3.43 4.28 3.86 .85 .62 .86 .85 10.55 1.02 .833 9 3.51 4.20 3.85 .88 .74 .88 . .69 7.87 .98 .704 10 3.88 4.32 4.10 .58 .49 .58 .44 7.55 .61 .721 11 3.94 4.26 4.10 .44 .49 .49 .32 6.40 .49 .653 12 3.75 4.20 3.98 .69 .63 .69 .45 6.24 .67 .672 13 3.76 4.35 4.06 .69 .67 .74 .59 8.03 .84 .702 14 2.97 3.88 3.42 .92 .79 .97 .91 9.75 1.53 .595

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .7337 .8464 340 340 FAMILISM SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Familism

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.98 3.86 3.42 1.08 .90 1.09 .88 8.17 1.65 .533 2 4.07 4.54 4.31 .57 .58 .62 .47 7.53 .86 .547 3 2.29 3.05 2.67 1.04 1.16 1.17 .76 6.35 1.88 .404 4 3.42 4.26 3.84 1.01 .70 .96 .84 8.96 1.17 .718 5 2.24 2.92 2.58 .98 1.14 1.11 .68 5.92 1.86 .366 6 3.18 3.98 3.58 1.08 .89 1.06 .80 7.49 1.49 .537 7 4.06 4.57 4.32 .66 .53 .65 .51 7.97 .96 .531 8 3.51 4.16 3.84 .85 .66 .83 ' .65 7.94 .99 .657 9 3.74 4.35 4.04 .90 .73 .87 .61 6.86 1.06 .575 10 3.76 4.38 4.07 .89 .76 .88 .62 6.94 1.02 .608 11 4.01 4.64 4.32 .83 .53 .76 .63 8.42 1.10 .573 12 4.18 4.71 4.45 .63 .50 .62 .53 8.49 1.11 .477 13 3.82 4.32 4.07 .88 .71 .84 .50 5.77 1.05 .476

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .5568 .7153 340 340 FAMILISM SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Familism

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.96 3.89 3.42 1.10 .85 1.09 .93 8.75 1.65 .564

2 4.06 4.55 4.31 .57 .57 .62 .49 7.95 .86 .570

3 3.40 4.29 3.84 1.01 .66 .96 .89 9.60 1.17 .761

4 3.15 4.00 3.58 1.07 .87 1.06 .85 8.03 1.49 .570

5 4.08 4.55 4.32 .67 .52 .65 .47 7.25 .96 .490

6 3.50 4.17 3.84 .84 .67 .83 .67 8.18 .99 .677

7 3.68 4.41 4.04 :92 .65 .87 .73 8.49 1.06 .689

8 3.71 4.44 4.07 .91 .67 .88 .73 8.43 1.02 .716

9 4.01 4.63 4.32 .83 .53 .76 .62 8.29 1.10 .564

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .5440 .7047 340 340 SOCIAL MOBILITY SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Social Mobility

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.05 2.82 2.44 1.04 1.14 1.16 .77 6.51 1.80 .428 2 2.79 3.34 3.07 1.28 1.09 1.22 .55 4.27 2.09 .263 3 1.25 1.89 1.57 .69 .98 .90 .64 6.98 1.14 .561 4 1.86 2.86 2.36 1.15 1.23 1.29 1.00 7.76 2.03 .493 5 3.61 3.75 3.68 1.13 .89 1.03 .14 1.27 1.19 .118 6 2.20 2.75 2.47 .82 .87 .88 .55 6.04 1.37 .401 7 1.49 2.23 1.86 .69 .98 .92 .74 8.07 1.28 .578 8 1.61 2.22 1.91 .75 .94 .90 .61 6.62 1.11 .550 9 2.18 2.62 2.40 1.06 1.12 1.11 ' .44 3.72 1.49 .295 10 1.98 2.69 2.34 1.03 .95 1.05 .71 6.59 1.47 .483 11 1.83 2.33 2.08 .71 .70 .75 .50 6.51 .94 .532 12 1.84 2.44 2.14 .79 .85 .87 .60 6.75 1.11 .541 13 1.46 2.39 1.93 .74 1.07 1.03 .93 9.35 1.42 .655

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .3894 .5605 340 340 SOCIAL MOBILITY SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Social Mobility

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 1.21 1.92 1.57 .62 1.00 .90 .71 7.94 1.14 .623

2 1.69 3.03 2.36 1.00 1.20 1.2S 1.34 11.20 2.03 .660

3 1.44 2.28 1.86 .59 1.00 .92 .84 9.45 1.28 .656

4 1.59 2.24 1.91 .67 .98 .90 .65 7.17 1.11 .586

5 1.96 2.71 2.34 .95 1.01 1.05 .75 7.02 1.47 .510

6 1.84 2.32 2.08 .66 .75 .75 .48 6.25 .94 .511

7 1.84 2.44 2.14 .75 .89 .87 .60 6.75 1.11 .541

8 1.40 2.45 1.93 .62 1.08 1.03 1.05 10.95 1.42 .739

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .5290 .6920 340 340 PHYSICAL MOBILITY SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Physical Mobility

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.74 4.21 3.47 10.5 .82 1.20 1.47 14.41 1.99 .739

2 2.34 3.45 2.89 .96 1.19 1.22 1.11 9.49 2.09 .531

3 3.26 4.35 3.81 1.12 .68 1.08 1.09 10.85 1.48 .736

4 2.67 3.44 3.06 .96 .94 1.03 .77 7.48 1.52 .507

5 3.14 4.31 3.72 .99 .62 1.01 1.17 13.09 1.38 .848

6 3.00 3.84 3.42 1:12 1.05 1.16 .84 7.12 1.80 .46 7

7 3.38 4.37 3.88 .90 .57 .90 .99 12.09 1.18 .839

8 3.10 4.35 3.72 .95 .63 1.02 1.25 14.25 1.48 .845

9 2.68 3.78 3.23 1.01 .83 1.07 1.10 11.06 1.85 .595

10 2.81 3.96 3.39 .99 .77 1.05 1.15 11.93 1.70 .676

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .718- .8361 340 340 PHYSICAL MOBILITY SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Physical Mobility

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND ND SVD C.R. MPSVD SVDR

1 2.74 4.21 3.47 1.04 .83 1.20 1.47 14.34 1.99 .739

2 2.31 3.48 2.89 .90 1.20 1.22 1.17 10.15 2.09 .560

3 3.24 4.37 3.81 1.13 .64 1.08 1.13 11.36 1.48 .764

4 2.68 3.44 3.06 .95 .96 1.03 .76 7.35 1.52 .500

5 3.12 4.32 3.72 .96 .62 1.01 1.20 13.59 1.38 .870

6 3.38 4.38 3.88 .89 .58 .90 1.00 12.32 1.18 .847

7 3.09 4.36 3.72 .93 .65 1.02 1.27 14.56 1.48 .858

8 2.68 3.78 3.23 .99 .84 1.07 1.10 11.06 1.85 .595

9 2.82 3.95 3.39 1.01 .76 1.05 1.13 11.72 1.70 .665

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .7511 .8579 340 340 MALADJUSTMENT SCALE Internal Consistency Item Analysis for Maladjustment

LO HI TOT LO HI TOT LO HI TOT Item MEAN MEAN MEAN STDV STDV STDV ND ND NDSVD C.R. MPSVDSVDR

1 2.17 3.03 2.60 .83 1.09 1.06 .86 8.20 1.56 .551 2 1.75 2.21 1.98 .53 .83 .73 .46 6.15 .76 .605 3 1.51 2.25 1.88 .52 .89 .82 .74 9.40 1.04 .712 4 1.96 2.88 2.42 .83 1.12 1.09 .92 8.61 1.42 .648 5 2.55 3.56 3.05 .82 .85 .98 1.01 11.15 1.53 .660 6 1.68 2.42 2.05 .65 .96 .90 .74 8.28 1.04 .712 7 1.68 2.18 1.93 .49 .80 .71 .50 6.93 .72 .694 8 1.74 2.30 2.02 .52 .83 .74 .56 7.49 .74 .757 9 2.12 2.82 2.47 .85 .88 .93 .70 7.50 1.32 .530 10 1.75 2.58 2.16 .68 .96 .93 .83 9.16 1.22 .680 11 2.19 3.08 2.63 .81 1.06 1.04 .89 8.68 1.61 .553 12 1.91 2.64 2.27 .76 1.03 .97 .73 7.45 1.24 .589 13 2.14 3.22 2.68 .74 1.05 1.06 1.08 10.96 1.65 .655 14 1.58 2.18 1.88 .53 .76 .72 .60 8.49 .82 .732 15 1.62 2.32 1.97 .52 .77 .74 .70 • 9.80 .86 .814 16 2.02 2.98 2.50 .75 1.04 1.03 .96 9.75 1.42 .676 17 2.03 2.91 2.47 .78 1.02 1.01 .88 8.93 1.37 .642 18 1.92 2.92 2.42 .75 1.06 1.05 1.00 10.05 1.40 .714 19 1.62 2.21 1.92 .62 .79 .77 .59 7.68 .89 .663 20 1.92 2.79 2.36 .62 1.00 .94 .87 9.67 1.19 .731 21 2.04 3.02 2.53 .65 1.00 .98 .98 10.76 1.39 .705

RSPLIT RCORR CD COUNT N ND .8349 .9100 340 340 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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157 158

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