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Home , 1906 Chicago Cubs season, 1932 World Series, Addison Street, Bleacher Bums, Chicago Union, Comiskey Park

LANDMARK DESIGNATION REPORT

Wrigley Field 1060 W. Addison St.

Preliminary Landmark recommendation approved by the Commission on Landmarks, November 1, 2000, and revised March 6, 2003

CITY OF CHICAGO Richard M. Daley, Mayor

Department of Planning and Development Alicia Mazur Berg, Commissioner Cover: An aerial view of .

Above: Wrigley Field is located in the Lake View community area on Chicago’s North Side.

The Commission on Chicago Landmarks, whose nine members are appointed by the Mayor, was established in 1968 by city ordinance. The Commission is responsible for recommending to the City Council which individual buildings, sites, objects, or districts should be designated as Chicago Landmarks, which protects them by law. The landmark designation process begins with a staff study and a preliminary summary of information related to the potential designation criteria. The next step is a preliminary vote by the land- marks commission as to whether the proposed landmark is worthy of consideration. This vote not only initiates the formal designation process, but it places the review of city permits for the property under the jurisdiction of the Commission until a final landmark recommendation is acted on by the City Council. This Landmark Designation Report is subject to possible revision and amendment during the designation process. Only language contained within the designation ordinance adopted by the City Council should be regarded as final. Wrigley Field 1060 W. Addison St. (bounded by Addison, , Sheffield, Waveland, and the Seminary right of way)

Built: 1914 Architects: Zachary T. and Charles G. Davis Alterations: 1922, 1927-28, 1937, and 1988

“One of the most beloved athletic facilities in the country . . . to be in Wrigley Field is to celebrate as it was—and to discover the startling ability of a piece of architecture to evoke that time with easy grace.” – Paul Goldberger, architecture critic, Times, 1988

“Wrigley Field is a Peter Pan of a ballpark. It has never grown up, and it has never grown old.” – E. M. Swift, Sport Illustrated magazine, 1980

“I’d play for half my salary if I could in this dump all the time.” – , outfielder, New York Yankees, 1932

“Every time I go to Wrigley Field, I have memories of earlier times. They bring back good thoughts and energy.” – , infielder, , 1994

As one of the oldest baseball parks in the United States, Wrigley Field is a rare survivor of baseball’s “golden age” of the 1910s and ‘20s. Together with Boston’s and Brooklyn’s (demolished), Wrigley has been called one of baseball’s original three “jewel boxes.” Originally built in 1914 to house a team in the now-defunct Federal Baseball League, Wrigley Field has been home to the Chicago Cubs since 1916. For five decades (1921-70) it also served as the playing field of the football team. Its original name was Weeghman Park, but by 1920 it had become known as Cubs Park. It was renamed Wrigley Field in 1926, following its purchase by chewing gum magnate William Wrigley, Jr. Commonly referred to as the “friendly confines,” Wrigley Field has been universally acclaimed for its intimacy, charm, and distinctive urban setting. Many observers consider it to be the most beautiful in the world. It was ranked “red” in the Chicago Historic Resources Survey, a distinction given only 200 other structures citywide, including such world-class landmarks as the Board of Trade, Reliance Building, Robie House, and the Old Water Tower.

1 Ballpark Description The nearly eight-acre site includes several structures arranged around a large playing field of grass: a -decked, partially covered, steel-and-concrete grandstand, a single-deck outfield bleacher area, and a large center-field . The seating capacity of the ballpark is approximately 39,000. The building’s exteriors along Addison and the Seminary Street right-of- way are a 56-foot high, three-story, open steel-frame structure (built 1914), with a slightly pitched roof punctuated by dormers and topped by a 1½-story upper deck (1927-28) that is set back from the main facade. A steel structure supporting floodlights (1988) tops the upper-deck roof. Much of the ground level of these elevations is enclosed, although it is interrupted periodically by entrance gates or ticket windows. The upper “floors” are either open (with fencing), infilled with windows (for offices), or covered by solid concrete panels (installed c.1970). The south facade forms a curving wall along , while the west facade forms a fairly straight edge along the former Seminary Street (west). The building’s main entrance gates are set into a curving facade that faces the corner of Clark and Addison. The Waveland (north) and Sheffield (east) elevations are lined by a continuous one-story wall. Roughly half its length is brick; the remainder is formed by concrete panels. At the corner of these streets is a three-story, open steel-frame structure that forms the support for the outfield bleachers (built 1937). It is topped by a large (27-feet tall x 75-feet wide) solid structure that forms the back of the ballpark’s main scoreboard. Due to the varying height of the bleachers, which slope downward from the center, a portion of the ballpark—as seen from inside—is visually enclosed by the row of buildings that face Waveland and Sheffield avenues, opposite the ballpark. Most of these are masonry structures, three stories in height and often topped with smaller grandstands or roof decks.

Ballpark History The ballpark now known as Wrigley Field was constructed in 1914 on a 7.7-acre site that formerly housed four wood structures belonging to the Chicago Lutheran Theological Seminary, which had relocated to the suburb of Maywood in 1910. The property was leased in late-1913 to Charles Henry Weeghman, who had recently purchased a baseball team, the “Chi-Feds,” in the newly formed Federal Baseball League. Weeghman and his partner, William Walker, hired brothers Zachary T. and Charles G. Davis to design a new ballpark for their team. Zachary Davis had gained fame a few years earlier as the architect of (1910-1991), which had been quickly acclaimed the “Baseball Palace of the World.” However, Davis reportedly used New York’s (1911), home of the Giants and Yankees baseball teams, as a model for the new North Side ballpark. The groundbreaking was held in early March 1914 and, amazingly, the single-deck grandstands (800 feet long x 100 feet deep x 56 feet high) were finished in time for opening day on April 23, 1914. In accordance with a new city ordinance, the structure was “100-percent fireproof,” built of steel and concrete.

2 The contractor was Blome Sinek Co. The cost listed on the building permit was $250,000. The dimensions of the playing field were: 310 feet (from home plate to the left field corner), 440 feet (center field), and 316 feet (right field). Following a successful first season, the team was renamed the “Whales” and Weeghman Park’s capacity was expanded to 18,000. After winning the 1915 league championship, however, the league folded. As part of the settlement, Weeghman and nine other investors (including William Wrigley) were permitted to buy the city’s National League franchise, the Chicago Cubs, and move them from their old home at the West Side Grounds (Polk and Wood) to Weeghman Park. Two seasons later Weeghman’s interests were bought out by Wrigley and the ballpark was soon renamed “Cubs Park.” In 1922 Wrigley hired architect Davis to expand the size of the ballpark, which had recently acquired a new tenant, the Chicago Bears football team. Davis’ plan called for sections of the grandstands behind home plate and down the left-field lines to be moved closer to Addison and Waveland, permanent outfield grandstands to be constructed, and the level of the playing field to be lowered by three feet. The remodeling cost $300,000, and the field’s new dimensions were: 325', 447', and 318'. The ballpark’s new capacity was 20,000. The biggest ballpark modifications, however, took place during 1927 and 1928, when the grandstands were double-decked down the third base and first base lines, respectively. These changes increased the park’s capacity to 38,400 and enabled the Cubs to be the first baseball team to surpass one million attendance in a single season. (Because the new upper deck was set back from the face of the lower deck on the exterior, part of the lower-deck roof and its rooftop dormers remain visible from the street.) At this same time, it appears that a small brick building, located next to the left field corner gate, was constructed to house a six-room apartment that was occupied by the Cubs groundskeeper during the 1930s.

“The bleachers in center rise bravely toward the prow of the great green scoreboard, topped by a single lofty mast, its rigging aflutter with signal pennants . . . which customarily tell of happier news in other places.” – Roger Angell, “Season Ticket,” 1988

The last major change to the ballpark’s layout occurred in 1937-38 when the outfield grandstands were replaced by the current boomerang-shaped bleacher configuration. In addition, a new state-of-the-art, 27- x 75-foot scoreboard was constructed atop the center field bleachers, featuring a combination of hand- changed and electronic scoring. These alterations were designed by the Chicago architecture firm of Holabird & Root. The ballfield’s new dimensions were 355', 400', and 353', which they remain today. In order to create an “outdoorsy motif” for the new bleachers, owner P. K. Wrigley installed Chinese elms atop the series of concrete steps flanking the center field bleachers. However, when the trees were repeatedly blown off by strong winds, , the son of the team’s president, copied a solution he had seen at an Indianapolis ballpark. In 1938 he directed the planting of a mixture of Boston and Baltic ivy and Virginia creeper on the 11-foot high outfield brick walls.

3 Otherwise, the changes during the Wrigley era were fairly minimal. In 1941 a clock was installed atop the center field scoreboard and in 1949 an electronic scoreboard was installed on the facing below the left field upper deck. During the off seasons between 1968 and 1971, the upper deck grandstands were completely reconstructed—to the same 1927-28 design. At this time, some of the ballpark’s brick walls and arched openings were replaced by rough-finished, concrete panels. The center field flagpole was lengthened to 40 feet in 1969 to accommodate additional team pennants and in 1978 the “won-lost” lights (blue and white, respectively) were relocated to cane-shaped poles atop the scoreboard. In 1970 a 42-inch wire basket was installed in front of the bleachers—to keep fans from snatching fly balls from outfielders. An initial attempt to install lights for the 1942 season had been abandoned when then-owner P. K. Wrigley donated the equipment to the war effort following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Following the team’s purchase by the Tribune Co., however, lights were finally installed in 1988 atop the double- deck grandstands. The following year a series of 66 luxury boxes were installed in the old press box area beneath the upper deck, while a new press box was constructed in the upper deck grandstands behind home plate. Around this time a small electronic message board was also installed beneath the center field scoreboard.

“Wrigley Field is one of the few remaining enclosures that still merit the title ‘ballpark’—a grassland enclosed by an ancient red brick wall and a gentle, curving, spacious sweep of stands....” – Roger Angell, “Five Seasons”

Criteria for Designation According to the Municipal Code of Chicago (Sect. 2-120-620 and -630), the Commission on Chicago Landmarks has the authority to make a preliminary recommendation of landmark designation for a building, structure, or district if the Commission determines that it meets two or more of the stated “criteria for landmark designation,” as well as possesses a significant degree of its historic design integrity. The following should be considered by the Commission in determining whether to recommend that Wrigley Field be designated as a Chicago Landmark.

Criterion 1: Critical Part of the City’s History Its value as an example of the architectural, cultural, economic, historic, social, or other aspect of the heritage of the City of Chicago, the State of , or the United States.

• Wrigley Field is one of the two oldest active ballparks built for in the United States and the oldest professional sports facility in Chicago. Only Boston’s Fenway Park (built 1912) is older; while New York’s Yankee dates to 1923. The next oldest active ballpark is Los Angeles’ (1962).

4 • Wrigley Field is one of the cultural icons of Chicago, both in its physical form and through its traditions and legendary events, including the and Babe Ruth’s “Called Shot.” The ballpark’s ivy- covered walls, hand-changed scoreboard, and intimate urban setting—with views of surrounding townhouses, the El, and —are as integral to the image and history of Chicago as the Buckingham Fountain, the Old Water Tower, the Picasso sculpture, the Union Stockyards, or the early skyscrapers.

• Since 1916 Wrigley Field has been the home to the Chicago Cubs, the city’s oldest professional sports franchise and the oldest continuously- operating National League charter franchise, dating to 1876.

• Wrigley Field is the only remaining ballpark connected to the Federal Baseball League, having been constructed and occupied by the league’s Chicago franchise (a.k.a., the Chi-Feds, the Whales) from 1914 to 1916. As a short-lived rival to the National and American Leagues, the sued the other leagues for unfair labor practices. The eventual ruling by the United States Supreme Court that major-league baseball was not engaged in interstate commerce, and upholding the “reserve clause,” binding baseball players to a particular ballclub for life, was a major event in American legal and labor history and the history of baseball.

• Wrigley Field has played an important role in the development of , including: the first ballpark to have a permanent concession stand (1914), the first ball club to allow fans to keep balls hit into the stands (1916), the first National League baseball team to pass one million in attendance (1927), the first organist (1941), and the first center field television camera (1954).

• From 1921 to 1970, Wrigley Field was the home of the Chicago Bears, one of the original franchises (as the Decatur Staleys) in the . It was home to the soccer team from 1981-84.

Criterion 2: Significant Historic Event Its location as a site of a significant historic event which may or may not have taken place within or involved the use of any existing improvements.

• Wrigley Field has been the site of several legendary events in American sports history, including baseball’s only “Double No-Hitter” (1917), Babe Ruth’s purported “Called Shot” during the 1932 , ’s “Homer in the Gloamin,’” which clinched the 1938 National League pennant, and William Sianis’ “Billy Goat Hex,” which he invoked during the Cubs’ last World Series appearance in 1945.

5 • Wrigley Field has been the site of numerous important events in baseball history, including: ’s major league record 191st -batted-in (1930), ’s 3,000th hit (1958); Ernie Banks 500th (1970); Pete Rose’s hit that tied Ty Cobb’s all-time hits record (1985); All Star Games in 1947, 1962, and 1990; and World Series games in 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, and 1945.

• Wrigley Field is significant in the history of American women’s sports as the location, in March 1943, of the first tryouts and organization of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, one of whose founders and promoters was Phillip Wrigley, then-owner of Wrigley Field and the Chicago Cubs. This league, which also played exhibition games at Wrigley Field during the 1940s, was the first major women’s professional sports league.

• As the long-time home of the Chicago Bears, Wrigley Field also has been the location for important events in the history of professional football. It was the location of the professional debut of , whose popularity ensured the success of the Bears and professional football during the 1930s. It was the location in 1933 of the first National Football League championship, the forerunner to today’s . It also has hosted several other important professional football games and records, including the 1963 National Football League championship.

Criterion 3: Significant Person Its identification with a person or persons who significantly contributed to the architectural, cultural, economic, historic, social, or other aspect of the development of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, or the United States.

• Two owners of the ballpark, Charles H. “Lucky Charlie” Weeghman (1914-18) and William Wrigley, Jr. (1918-32), are significant both for their cultural contributions to baseball and for their role in the city’s economic development history. Weeghman was the founder of a large chain of lunchrooms whose phenomenal success enabled him to co-found the Federal Baseball League. Wrigley was the president of the Wrigley Chewing Gum Company, whose success during the early 20th century revolutionized that industry.

• Hundreds of notable sportsmen have performed at Wrigley Field, including: baseball Hall of Famers Henry Aaron, Ernie Banks, , , Hank Greenberg, , , Jackie Robinson, Babe Ruth, Warren Spahn, and ; football notables , Red Grange, , and Bronco Nagursky; Olympian Jim Thorpe; boxer Jake LaMotta (1946); golfer Sam Snead (1951); basketballers George Mikan and the Harlem Globetrotters (1954); and Hall of Fame broadcasters and .

6 • Wrigley Field is the only remaining major-league baseball park where Jackie Robinson, major-league baseball’s first African-American player, played during regular-season play. The ending of segregation in major- league baseball was a seminal event in 20th-century American social history, and Robinson was a nationally significant figure in the African- American struggle for equal rights. Besides Wrigley Field, only remains as a sports venue where Robinson played games during his major-league career (appearing there against the New York Yankees during pennant and World Series games), and Yankee Stadium was greatly altered in 1974, losing historic integrity.

Criterion 4: Important Architecture Its exemplification of an architectural type or style distinguished by innovation, rarity, uniqueness, or overall quality of design, detail, materials, or craftsmanship.

• Wrigley Field is a rare surviving example of the “classic era” of ballpark architecture, when the design of American ballparks evolved from wooden grandstands to more permanent, steel-and-concrete construction. During the period of 1909-23, 15 of these classic ballparks were built. Today, only four survive: one is abandoned and its future uncertain (Detroit’s ), one is threatened (Boston’s Fenway Park), one was completely modernized in 1974-75 (New York’s Yankee Stadium), and the other is Wrigley Field.

• Wrigley Field is considered to be one of the most unique and attractive ballparks in the United States. Its overall quality of design is reflected in its slightly asymmetrical playing field layout, the curving grace of its grandstands and bleachers, the distinctiveness of the hand-operated scoreboard atop the center field bleachers, the charm of its ivy covered brick walls, its ornate main entrance sign, and the memorable view of the surrounding buildings and Lake Michigan. Taken together, this comprises one of the most famous built settings in the United States.

• It is one of the few remaining ballparks whose design and field layout was strongly influenced by the surrounding street grid. The resulting proximity of the playing field creates a sense of intimacy and charm that is unique in professional baseball. This urban character is further heightened by the line of masonry residences that face the ballpark along Sheffield and Waveland avenues. Along with Fenway Park and Brooklyn’s Ebbets Field (demolished), Wrigley is considered to be one of baseball three original “jewel boxes.” According to Diamonds: The Evolution of the Ballpark: “[These] were the best ballparks from a fan’s point of view because they were so close to the action ‘you could see a pitcher sweat.’”

7 Criterion 5: Important Architect Its identification as the work of an architect, designer, engineer, or builder whose individual work is significant in the history or development of the City of Chicago, the state of Illinois, or the United States.

• The lower deck of Wrigley Field’s grandstands (built 1914, renovated 1922-23) represent the last surviving ballpark design of , who was one of the nation’s best-known architects of this type of structure in the early-20th century. Along with architect Karl Vitzthum, he designed Chicago’s Comiskey Park (1910), which was acclaimed the “Baseball Palace of the World” due to its size and such innovations as its circulation ramps and efficient field drainage system. That ballpark, along with another of Davis’ designs, Los Angeles’ Wrigley Field (1924), have been demolished. A graduate of the Armour Institute (now IIT), Davis’ other architectural achievements include: St. Ambrose Church at 1000 E. 47th St. (1906); Quigley Seminary at 100 E. Pearson (1917); the Kankakee, Ill., Courthouse, and several buildings for the downtown campus of Loyola University.

• Graham, Anderson, Probst, and White, one of Chicago’s leading architectural firms in the 1910s and 20s, is credited with the design of the upper deck of Wrigley Field’s grandstands (1927-28). The successor firm to D. H. Burnham & Co., Graham, Anderson, Probst, and White also designed Chicago’s Union Station (1913-25), Wrigley Building (1919-24), Pittsfield Building (1927), Civic Opera House (1929), Shedd Aquarium (1929), and Field Building (1934).

• Wrigley Field’s famous outfield bleachers and scoreboard (1937-38) were designed by Holabird & Root, one of the most prominent architectural firms in the city’s history. The firm’s initial prominence came from its designs for early skyscrapers during the late-19th century. Among its best known designs from the early 20th century are the Chicago Daily News and Palmolive buildings (1927), 333 North Michigan Avenue (1928), and the Chicago Board of Trade (1930).

Criterion 7: Unique Visual Feature Its unique location or distinctive physical appearance or presence representing an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood, community, or the City of Chicago.

• Wrigley Field is one of the most recognizable structures in Chicago and ranks as one of the most readily identifiable ballparks in the United States.

• Due to its size, location at a major street intersection (Clark and Addison), and setting in a low-scale residential and commercial district, Wrigley Field possesses a significant physical presence Because of this marked contrast in scale, the ballpark has a comparable visual presence to a large 8 bridge, church, or skyscraper.

• Wrigley Field represents a familiar and well-established visual feature within its immediate neighborhood, whose unofficial but commonly used name—Wrigleyville—is testimony to the ballpark’s long-term and influential presence.

• The row of three-story masonry buildings lining Sheffield and Waveland avenues—behind the bleachers—are a familiar feature to the tens of thousands of spectators within Wrigley Field and to the hundreds of thousands who watch televised coverage of the Chicago Cubs. Most were built between 1895 and 1915 and are set back approximately 10 feet from the street. Since 1990, several new structures have been built on the sites of older buildings.

• Wrigley Field is a well-established feature in numerous movies and television shows filmed in Chicago, including the “Blues Brothers,” “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off,” and “Rookie of the Year.”

Integrity Criterion The integrity of the area, district, place, building, structure, work of art, or other object must be preserved in light of its location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, and ability to express such historic, community, architectural, or aesthetic interest or value.

The historic design of Wrigley Field remains largely intact to the period of 1937, when the last major changes were made to the ballpark’s configurations; i.e., involving the construction of the outfield bleachers and scoreboard. The biggest alteration since that time has been the addition of the structural supports for lighting atop the main grandstands (1988) and the insertion of luxury boxes beneath the upper deck (1989). Both alterations appear to have been done in accordance with the U. S. Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, which guides the renovation of historic buildings. The other alterations to the exterior of Wrigley Field have been largely cosmetic, the most significant of which was the installation of pre-cast concrete panels (c.1970) on portions of the grandstand facade and sections of the outfield wall facing Sheffield and Waveland.

Significant Historical and Architectural Features Whenever a building or district is under consideration for landmark designation, the Commission on Chicago Landmarks is required to identify the “significant historical and architectural features” of the property. This is done to enable the owners and the public to understand which elements are considered most important to preserve the historical and architectural character of the proposed landmark. Based on its evaluation of Wrigley Field, the Commission recommends 9 that the significant historical and architectural features of Wrigley Field be identified as those incorporated in the Commission’s final landmark recommendation to City Council for Wrigley Field.

Selected Bibliography

Ahrens, Art and Eddie Gold. The Cubs. New York, N. Y.: Collier Books, 1986. Benson, Michael. Ballparks of North America. Jefferson, N. C., McFarland, 1990. Burns, Edward. “New Wrigley Field Blooms in Scenic Beauty.” Chicago Sunday Tribune, September 12, 1937, pt. 2, p. 5. Cahan, Richard and Mark Jacob. The Game That Was. Chicago, Ill.: Contemporary Books, 1996. Charleton, James H. “Wrigley Field,” National Historic Landmark nomination form, August 1985. Gershman, Michael. Diamonds: The Evolution of the Ballpark. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1993. Hartel, William. A Day at the Park: In Celebration of Wrigley Field. Rock Island, Ill.: Quality Sports, 1994. Jacob, Mark, and Stephen Green. Wrigley Field; A Celebration of the Friendly Confines. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 2003. Lowry, Philip J. Green Cathedrals. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1992. Shannon, Bill and George Kalinsky. The Ballparks. New York, N. Y.: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1975.

10 The size of Wrigley Field (see map) is in marked contrast to the low scale of most of the surrounding residential and commercial buildings in the Lakeview neighborhood. Top: A c.1932 illustration of the park, done after the grandstands were double decked but before the installation of the current outfield bleachers.

11 The men who built Wrigley Field: Charles “Lucky Charlie” Weeghman (top left) and architect Zachary Taylor Davis (top right). Above: A poster of “Weeghman Park” in 1915, when it was the home of the Federal Baseball League “Whales.”

12 The ballpark’s seating capacity at its opening in 1914 (top) was 14,000. After construction of the upper deck in 1927-28 and the outfield bleachers in 1937, capacity increased to more than 39,000. The above photo dates to the widening of Addison Street in 1939.

13 Although best known as the home of the Chicago Cubs, Wrigley Field also hosted the Chicago Bears football team from 1921 to 1970. The Bears offense (above), led by Red Grange (“the Galloping Ghost”), poses in front of the old right-field grandstand in 1925. Top: An aerial view prior to 1937, when the current bleachers were installed. Note the cutout in left field to accommodate a football end zone.

14 Wrigley Field’s bleachers and scoreboard were built in 1937-38 to the design of the Chicago architectural firm of Holabird and Root. Above: A drawing of the ballpark showing the new bleachers and scoreboard. Top Left: John A. Holabird. Top right: John W. Root, Jr.

15 Wrigley Field’s ivy-covered walls, center field bleachers, and scoreboard all date to the 1937-38 renovation. Top: An early view of the back of the scoreboard at the corner of Sheffield and Waveland. Above: Workers plant a mix of Boston and Baltic ivy and Virginia creeper on the ballpark’s 11-foot-high brick outfield walls.

16 Top: Members of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League and Red Cross workers pose with Cubs Dewey Williams in July 1944.

Above: Wrigley Field in 1950

17 Wrigley Field is a commanding presence in the Lakeview neighborhood, whether viewed from the Addison El stop (top) or from an airplane (above). Both photos were taken following the installation of ballpark lighting in 1988.

18 Acknowledgments

CITY OF CHICAGO Richard M. Daley, Mayor

Department of Planning and Development Alicia Mazur Berg, Commissioner Brian Goeken, Deputy Commissioner

Project Staff James Peters, project coordinator Terry Tatum, research and editing

A special thanks to Dennis Bingham and David Schabes, whose encyclopedic knowledge of baseball proved invaluable in the preparation of this report.

Additional thanks to sports historian John Thorn and architectural critic and baseball park architecture expert John Pastier for their insights into the history of Wrigley Field.

Illustrations Atlas of Chicago: p. 11 bot. George Brace, from The Game That Was (1996): p. 16 bot. Robert Cameron from Above Chicago (1992): cover, p. 18 bot. Chicagoans As We See ‘em (1904): p. 12 top rt. Chicago Historical Society: p. 13 top; p. 14 bot. From A Day in the Park (1994): p. 13 bot.; p. 14 top; p. 16 top From Diamonds (1993): p. 11, top; p. 12 top left and bot. From Wrigley Field: A Celebration of the Friendly Confines: p. 15 bot., p. 17 top From Chicago Architects: p. 15 top left & right From Ravenswood-Lake View Neighborhood Collection, : p. 17 bot. Terry Tatum, DPD: p. 18 top

The Commission on Chicago Landmarks, whose nine members are appointed by the Mayor, was established in 1968 by city ordinance. It is responsible for recommending to the City Council that individual buildings, sites, objects, or entire districts be designated as Chicago Landmarks, which protects them by law. The Commission is staffed by the Chicago Department of Planning and Development, 33 N. LaSalle St., Room 1600, Chicago, IL 60602; ph: 312-744-3200; TDD: 4-2958; fax: 4-9140; Web site: http://cityofchicago.org/landmarks

This Preliminary Summary of Information is subject to possible revision and amendment during the landmark designation proceedings. Only language contained within the City Council’s final landmark designation ordinance should be regarded as final.

19 COMMISSION ON CHICAGO LANDMARKS

David Mosena, Chairman Larry W. Parkman, Vice Chairman John W. Baird, Secretary Alicia Mazur Berg Lisa Willis-Brown Phyllis Ellin Michelle R. Obama Seymour Persky Ben Weese

The Commission is staffed by the Chicago Department of Planning and Development 33 N. LaSsalle Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60602

312-744-3200; 744-2958 (TTY) http://www.cityofchicago.org/landmarks

Printed November 2000; revised April 2003