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SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OR the STRESS and the MIGRATORY GRIEF Bibiana Navarro‐Matillas

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SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OR the STRESS and the MIGRATORY GRIEF Bibiana Navarro‐Matillas SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OR THE STRESS AND THE MIGRATORY GRIEF Bibiana Navarro‐Matillas. Andalusian School of Public Health Stress Definitions • It is a substantial imbalance between environmental demand and organism responsiveness (McGrath 1970). • A special relationship between the person and the environment, valued by the person as a situation that exceeds and threatens its well- being " (Lazarus 1984) GRIEF • Personality restructuring process that occurs when something that is meaningful to the person is lost. (Achotegui 2002) • The grief job is the process of reality restructuration. (Freud 1918) • The grief could be considered an enduring intense stress (Buendía 1993) Migratory grief • Migration is a vital change • It leads to positive aspects, but also it has a part of grief, a dark side: the migratory mourning. GRIEF TYPES SIMPLE: EXTREME: COMPLICATED: The one Too extreme or The one that that occurs in difficult to assess occurs in difficult good conditions circumstances. Migratory grief specific characteristics 1. It is a partial mourning. 2. It’s recurrent 3. It’s linked to deep-seated childhood issues 4. It’s multiple 5. It gives place to modification of identity 6. It gives place to psychological regression. 7. It occurs in a series of phases 8. It defenses and use different cognitive strategies in their elaboration 9. It’s accompanied by ambivalence. 10. It’s affects autochthonous and to those who remain in the country of origin 11. The return of the immigrant is a new migration 12. It’s transgenerational (Achotegui 2002) 1. The migratory grief is partial • it’s different than mourning the loss of a loved • it’s a grief for the separation more than losing. A temporal-spatial separation • it’s possible go back and keep in touch with the original culture 2. The migratory grief is recurrent • It comes and goes through the subject's life. What happens in the home country interacts with the immigrant. • Failures, frustrations ... reactivate it • The fantasies of return are a natural expression of grief in the experience of migration • Globalization increases the reactivity of mourning 3. This grief is linked to personality aspects from the childhood • Childhood shapes us. • Personality is like a building that is constructed with materials that surround the person in its childhood. • Modify Child aspects is like modify a building already constructed. 4. This grief is multiple The seven challenge of migration: 1. The family and loved ones 2. Language 3. The culture 4. Land 5. Social status 6. Contact with the group of ethnic or national belonging 7. The risks to the physical integrity (Achotegui, 1999) • No other grief involves many changes as the migratory mourning: everything that surrounds the individual changes. Grieving family and loved ones • Especially when they left young children or sick parents in the country of origin. • If children come with parents often experience a lack of a large family. • The immigrant from extra-communitarian countries come from more communitarist cultures: people who said they had never been alone. Grieving the language It is more difficult in cases of: a.Dyslexia, dysgraphia, etc.. a.Illiteracy b.Elderly c.Difficulty of access to learning Grieving the culture •Values •Customs •Religion • Sense of time •Leisure Grieving the earth • Landscape •Colors • Odor • Brightness • Temperature • Humidity Grieving the social status • Papers •Work •Housing • Access to opportunities, etc Grieving the social status • Papers •Work •Housing • Access to opportunities, etc Grieving the contact with the group of belonging • Prejudice • Xenophobia •Racism Prejudice, stereotypes • The best is a French cook, an English policeman, a German engineer and an Italian lover, all managed by a Swiss • Hell is an English cook, a German policeman, an Italian engineer and a Swiss lover, all directed by a Frenchman Grieving over threats to physical integrity • Hazards in the migratory journey • Accidents at work • Domestic accidents • Risk to new diseases • Fear of deportation • Child abuse, sexual abuse due to their lack of protection 5. Migratory grief gives place to identity changes • Many changes that an immigrant must address involve a change of identity • When he goes to his land they call him "the Spanish" ... (and here is called the Moroccan ") 6. Migratory grief gives place to psychological regression The importance of leaders Types of regression • Attitudes of subjection. Favor the paternalism • Attitudes of complaint, tantrums. They lean over the care staff. The grief becomes freezing. 7. It occurs in a series of steps • Denial phase: nothing happens, I can with all. • Phase of resistance: how difficult is this, here they do not understand me... • Phase of integration: they can see the good and bad of the host country 8. It uses a series of psycological defenses The defenses used are: •Denia l • The projection • The idealization • Reaction formation • Cognitive errors in information processing (Beck 1982): • Arbitrary Inference • Overgeneralization • Maximization and minimization 9. It is accompanied by ambivalence • In the migratory grief mixed feelings of love and hatred toward the country of origin and to the host country is experienced. • Appreciate the country of origin for established links with it, but also is upset with it because it has not given him everything he needed • Appreciate the host country for what he has contributed, but are also annoyed by the effort involved in adapting • If ambivalence is moderate encourages constructive criticism 10. It affect autochthonos and those who remain • Migration is a social phenomenon that affects not only those who emigrated; it affects also those receiving immigrants and those who remain in the country of origin as well. • Autochthonous also have to do the adaptation effort in relation to immigrants 10. It affect autochthonos and those who remain • Those who remain, especially children who are forced to separate from their parents are also marked by this situation. • The elderly parents, sick who lose contact with their children. 11. The return of immigrants is a new migration • The immigrant has changed • The country of origin has changed • Never come back, always leave 12. Immigratory grief is transgenerational • Grief does not end in who migrate; it will remain at least in the children of immigrants • The children, the grandchildren of immigrants are already native, but if they are not part of the host society will eventually become a minority in Ghetto Migratory grief specific characteristics 1. It is a partial mourning. 2. It’s recurrent 3. It’s linked to deep-seated childhood issues 4. It’s multiple 5. It gives place to modification of identity 6. It gives place to psychological regression. 7. It occurs in a series of phases 8. It defenses and use different cognitive strategies in their elaboration 9. It’s accompanied by ambivalence. 10. It’s affects autochthonous and to those who remain in the country of origin 11. The return of the immigrant is a new migration 12. It’s transgenerational (Achotegui 2002) The syndrome of the immigrant with chronic and multiple stress. Syndrome of the immigrant (Ulysses’ syndrome) Define concepts: stressors and symptoms Extreme stressors (Ulysses’ stressors) • Are the problems facing much of the XXI century immigrants living extreme situations. • They are important to define because they define the framework which gives the syndrome. • They refer to hardships and dangers as those suffered by the Greek hero. Reactive symptoms (Ulysses’ symptoms) • They are the psychological symptoms experienced by immigrants to Ulysses stressors do not develop a mental disorder, but a series of minor symptoms. • Immigrant Syndrome with Chronic and Multiple Stress, or external migratory grief Syndrome. Significant stressors as risk factors in mental health in the Ulysses’ syndrome The enforced solitude: not be with the family, not to bring it, not to return. Even with many papers can not bring the family. Failure: serious difficulties with the roles and work. Illegal Immigrants, "semi-legal" on social exclusion ... Those who arrive through family reunification can not work. The shipwreck in land is even worse. The struggle for survival: where to eat, where to sleep ... Fear, terror a. Control and threat from the gangs (90% of prostitutes are immigrants) b. Fear of being deported (there is a brigade of police expulsions). Massive deportations. c. Child abuse, sexual abuse Characteristics of the Ulysses syndrome stressors Multiplicity: the stressors do not add, they are harnessed among them. Chronic: a longer, more involvement Lack of control over stressors: learned helplessness. (Seligman 1975), lack of self- efficacy (Bandura 1983) High intensity and importance: it affects all basic life areas Lack of social support networks. Large deficit of social capital (Coleman 1984) Characteristics of the ulysses syndrome stressors These stressors are added survival classic migration grief: language, culture, landscape, xenophobia ... acculturative stress •Besides the immigrant have a range of symptoms that make it difficult to keep fighting. Health is his capital and he is losing it (Domic) As if there were few problems, the healthcare system is not properly diagnosed and treated this situation: •Trivialization or disinterest (not knowing the theme, racism, insensitivity .., the WHO itself does not address migration). •They are treated as depressed or psychotic or somatic patients, besides generating substantial healthcare costs The worst
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