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Voyager 2 spacecraft sends message 12 billion miles from Earth By Hannah Devlin, The Guardian, adapted by Newsela staff on 12.02.19 Word Count 454 Level 610L

Image 1. This illustration shows the position of NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes, outside of the heliosphere, a protective bubble created by the sun that extends well past the orbit of Pluto. Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause, or the edge of the heliosphere, in August 2012. Heading in a different direction, Voyager 2 crossed another part of the heliopause in November 2018. Image courtesy of NASA/JPL- Caltech

NASA is the U.S. space agency. It sent Voyager 2 into space 40 years ago. The spacecraft is part of NASA's longest-running space mission. On November 5, 2018, Voyager 2 passed out of the reach of the sun. The spacecraft sent back a faint message. Scientists have now decoded the information.

Voyager 2 is the second spacecraft to cross the heliosphere. The heliosphere is a bubble of solar wind. The wind is made of charged particles. They stream away from our sun. Voyager 1 crossed six years before Voyager 2. Voyager 2 left for space a month before. The spacecraft, though, took a longer route.

No Idea How Large The Heliosphere Was

Scientists did not know if Voyager 2 would pass the heliosphere. Ed Stone is a scientist. He works for the Voyager mission. Stone has been with Voyager since before the spacecraft were launched. 11

This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. He said scientists did not know how large the heliosphere was. They had no idea if the Voyager 12 spacecraft would last long enough.

At the heliosphere, the solar wind meets a cooler wind. It pushes against particles from other stars. Scientists once thought that the solar wind faded away slowly. Voyager 1, though, showed there was a clear edge.

Voyager 1, though, met a thicker edge. The first spacecraft crossed when the sun was more active. It may also have spent more time at the edge.

From Voyager 2, scientists learned about the shape of the heliosphere. The heliosphere may be symmetric, or even. The two spacecraft crossed at the same distance from Earth, said Bill Kurth. He is a scientist at the University of Iowa. Kurth helped write a paper about the Voyager 2 data.

Scientists also learned more about the heliosheath. It is the outer part of the heliosphere. The solar wind piles up at that point, like waves in front of a ship.

Shape May Look Like A Ball

The data also taught scientists about the heliosphere's shape. It may look like a ball.

Scientists can only learn so much from the Voyager mission. They have results from just two spacecraft.

Voyager 2 is still sending back a signal. It takes more than 16 hours to reach Earth.

The Voyager spacecraft will lose power soon, in the mid-2020s. They will not be able to send messages back to Earth when that happens. The spacecraft will still keep going, though. The Voyagers will be moving through space for billions of years. "The two Voyagers will outlast Earth," said Kurth.

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Quiz 13 1 Which sentence from the introduction [paragraphs 1-2] shows how long the Voyager 2 space mission has lasted?

(A) It sent Voyager 2 into space 40 years ago.

(B) The spacecraft is part of NASA's longest-running space mission.

(C) On November 5, 2018, Voyager 2 passed out of the reach of the sun.

(D) Voyager 2 is the second spacecraft to cross the heliosphere

2 Read the section “No Idea How Large The Heliosphere Was."

According to the section, WHY were scientists unsure if Voyager 2 would pass the heliosphere?

(A) They did not know what the heliosphere was made of.

(B) They did not know if the heliosphere had an edge.

(C) They did not know if Voyager 2 would last long enough.

(D) They did not know if Voyager 2 was as strong as Voyager 1.

3 How did scientists’ understanding of the heliosphere change because of Voyager 2?

(A) Voyager 2 showed scientists what the heliosphere is shaped like.

(B) Voyager 2 showed scientists what the heliosphere is made of.

(C) Voyager 2 showed scientists how long the heliosphere will last.

(D) Voyager 2 showed scientists how the heliosphere affects Earth.

4 Read the paragraph below from the section “Shape May Look Like A Ball.”

The Voyager spacecraft will lose power soon, in the mid-2020s. They will not be able to send messages back to Earth when that happens. The spacecraft will still keep going, though. The Voyagers will be moving through space for billions of years. "The two Voyagers will outlast Earth," said Kurth.

Which question is answered in this paragraph?

(A) When will scientists receive more messages from the Voyagers?

(B) When were the Voyagers first launched into space?

(C) How long does it take messages to reach Earth from the Voyagers?

(D) How long will the Voyagers keep moving through space?

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Sky Exploration14 Name: Stellarium Class: Date:

Find 3 Constellations Interesting Facts

1.

2.

3.

Find 3 Planets Interesting Facts

1.

2.

3.

Find 3 Stars Interesting Facts

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2.

3.

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Scientists turn to nature to get a firm grip on space trash By Christian Science Monitor, adapted by Newsela staff on 07.10.17 Word Count 402 Level 560L

This image, created by NASA, is generated from a distant oblique vantage point to provide a good view of the object population in the geosynchronous region, around 35,785 kilometers in the air. Photo by: Orbital Debris Program Office/NASA

More than a thousand satellites float above Earth. Some beam down GPS signals to our cars. These help us get directions. Some satellites beam down cable signals to our televisions.

Still, satellites do not last for long. Most work for about 10 years.

Many satellites above the Earth are broken. They may fall apart. Their broken pieces could hurt other, newer satellites. Scientists are looking for ways to get rid of these old satellites.

Objects Floating Around Earth

Thousands of objects float around Earth. Some are tiny. However, they can move very fast. Even tiny bits can hurt spacecraft.

The International Space Station floats above Earth. It often gets hit by tiny bits. Smaller spacecraft are in danger too. In 2009, a U.S. satellite crashed into a Russian satellite.

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. NASA is the U.S. space group. Their scientists think this space junk is getting worse. It could 16 create a cloud of junk.

NASA thinks pieces of space junk could get bigger. Some will get to be as big as softballs.

"Get Rid Of The Big Stuff"

There is one solution. “Get rid of the big stuff,” said Donald Kessler. He was an important NASA scientist.

But there is a problem. A broken satellite spins fast. Anyone collecting trash in space has to first stop the spinning. Then they can grab the broken satellite.

Aaron Parness studies robots at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, or JPL. This group of scientists often works with NASA. They help build rockets.

The JPL group is working with scientists from Stanford University. They may have found a way to grab old broken satellites in space. It uses a sticky system from down on Earth. It copies the sticky feet of gecko lizards.

Sticky-Feet Gecko Lizards Inspire Project

Geckos are some of nature’s best climbers. They have tiny hairs around their feet. These create friction with smooth surfaces. This allows their feet to stick. Friction is what slows things down when they slide against each other.

The team’s trash grabber does the same. It can grip and release objects without pushing them away.

Parness says that laws about space are complicated. It makes cleanup harder. Cleanup is also expensive. Countries need to come together to make new rules and find a way to pay for space cleanup.

For now, he wants to test the gecko gripper more. He wants to use it with satellites and other spacecraft.

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Quiz 17 1 Read the paragraph from the section "Objects Floating Around Earth."

The International Space Station floats above Earth. It often gets hit by tiny bits. Smaller spacecraft are in danger too. In 2009, a U.S. satellite crashed into a Russian satellite.

Which question is answered in this paragraph?

(A) What is at risk of getting hit by space junk?

(B) What caused the crash in 2009?

(C) Where do the tiny bits come from?

(D) Who lives in the International Space Station?

2 Read the section "Get Rid Of The Big Stuff."

Select the paragraph that explains why scientists have difficulty getting rid of trash in space.

3 Read the following paragraph from the section "Objects Floating Around Earth."

Thousands of objects float around Earth. Some are tiny. However, they can move very fast. Even tiny bits can hurt spacecraft.

Which option could replace "however" in the sentence WITHOUT changing its meaning?

(A) also

(B) but

(C) next

(D) so

4 Read the paragraph from the introduction [paragraphs 1-3].

More than a thousand satellites float above Earth. Some beam down GPS signals to our cars. These help us get directions. Some satellites beam down cable signals to our televisions.

Fill in the blank. A "satellite" is a ____.

(A) old space ship

(B) type of computer

(C) antenna in space

(D) kind of technology

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 18

First spacewalking team with only women takes off By Associated Press, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.24.19 Word Count 531 Level 580L

Image 1. Astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir (at top) exit the International Space Station to fix a broken part of the station’s solar power network on October 18, 2019. Photo by: NASA via AP

Christina Koch and Jessica Meir are astronauts for NASA. It is the U.S. space group. On October 18, the pair made history.

They became the world's first all-female spacewalking team ever.

NASA leaders, Girl Scouts and others cheered Koch and Meir on. Parents of little girls also encouraged them on social media. NASA included these messages in its TV programs.

"Go girls go," two young sisters wrote on a sign in crayon. A group of middle schoolers held a long sign. It said, "The sky is not the limit!!"

Finally Having Enough Women Astronauts

Kathy Sullivan was America's first-ever female spacewalker in 1984. She was thrilled. Sullivan said it is good to finally have enough women as astronauts. There are more than there ever were

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. trained for important space jobs. 19 Tracy Caldwell Dyson is a three-time spacewalker. She watched from Mission Control in Houston, Texas. "Hopefully, this will now be considered normal," Dyson said.

Koch and Meir's job was to fix a part on the outside of the International Space Station. It sits high above Earth. NASA uses it to study space. So do other countries' space groups.

The two women were supposed to install more new batteries in a spacewalk this week. They had to be sent out three days earlier than expected. An equipment failure happened over the weekend.

The women completed the job. They used wrenches, screwdrivers and power-grip tools.

Jim Bridenstine is a NASA official. He watched the big event unfold from the Washington D.C., NASA office.

"They are an inspiration to people all over the world, including me," he said.

"Leaving Their Mark On History"

U.S. Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi congratulated Koch and Meir. The House of Representatives is one of two law-making bodies in the United States. Pelosi said they were "leaving their mark on history."

"Jessica and Christina, we are so proud of you," said astronaut Andrew Morgan. He called them his "astrosisters."

Spacewalking is considered the most dangerous task in space. Luca Parmitano is an Italian astronaut. In 2013, he was spacewalking when his helmet flooded with water. It came out from his suit's cooling system. Parmitano nearly drowned.

Meir is a marine biologist. She has experience studying sea life. October 18 was her first spacewalking trip. This made her the 228th person in the world to spacewalk and the 15th woman. It was the fourth spacewalk for Koch, an electrical engineer. She is seven months into an 11-month mission that will be the longest ever by a woman.

Spacewalking together was especially meaningful for Koch and Meir. They are close friends. Both were also Girl Scouts.

The world's first spacewalker was Russian cosmonaut Alexei Leonov. His trip was March 18, 1965. NASA astronaut Ed White became the first U.S. spacewalker. Women did not follow until 1984. The first was Russian cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya. Sullivan followed three months later.

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 20

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Quiz 21 1 Which question is answered in the introduction [paragraphs 1-4]?

(A) How long did Koch and Meir's spacewalk take?

(B) Who was the first female to ever do a spacewalk?

(C) When did Koch and Meir do their spacewalk?

(D) Why is it so dangerous to do a spacewalk?

2 Read the section "Finally Having Enough Women Astronauts."

Select the sentence from the section that explains why the recent spacewalk happened sooner than planned.

(A) Sullivan said it is good to finally have enough women as astronauts.

(B) An equipment failure happened over the weekend.

(C) They used wrenches, screwdrivers and power-grip tools.

(D) He watched the big event unfold from the Washington D.C., NASA office.

3 Which sentence from the article states the MAIN idea of the entire article?

(A) Christina Koch and Jessica Meir are astronauts for NASA.

(B) They became the world's first all-female spacewalking team ever.

(C) Kathy Sullivan was America's first-ever female spacewalker in 1984.

(D) Spacewalking together was especially meaningful for Koch and Meir.

4 Finish the sentence below.

One MAIN idea of the article is that ____.

(A) Christina Koch and Jessica Meir's spacewalk was cheered on by many people

(B) Christina Koch and Jessica Meir's spacewalk happened three days earlier than expected

(C) Christina Koch and Jessica Meir were good friends before going on a spacewalk

(D) Christina Koch and Jessica Meir lived on a space station before their spacewalk

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This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. 22 Keep on keeping on, Try it one more time

Butterfly 10 Stretch Overhead 30 sec. presses

Run Around a Cone 10 times 8 Push-ups

8 10 Burpees Star Jumps

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©Pete Charrette (Cap’n Pete), 2016