Designing for ZNE and Passive Survivability

Gail Brager Associate Director, Center for the Built Environment (CBE)

Dave Ramslie Principal, Head of Planning Research and Sustainability, Integral Group

John Andary Principal, Bioclimatic Design Leader, Integral Group

Moderator: David Lehrer Director of Communications/Researcher, CBE Adaptive Comfort and Thermal Autonomy Gail Brager, Ph.D. Associate Director, Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Passive Survivability

A building's ability to maintain critical life-support conditions in the event of extended loss of power or water; or in the event of extraordinary heat spells, storms, or other extreme events. Resilient buildings start with resilient people

Source: www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/celebration-resilience-boston-marathon-runners-race/ The spectrum of thermal experience

Comfort for AC buildings (range ~ 4-6 ○F)

Adaptive Comfort for NV buildings (range ~ 10-20 ○F)

Cold stress Heat stress

Habitability* during power outages (range ~ 25-32 ○F)

* LEED Resilience credit defines “livable conditions” as SET = 54-86 ○F Adaptive Comfort Standard in ASHRAE Std. 55

50 F 59 F 68 F 77 F 86 F 95 F • Applicable to naturally 32 30 86.0 F C)

ventilated buildings o 82.4 F • Based on field data 28 instead of laboratory 26 78.8 F 24 75.2 F • Global database from 22 71.6 F 4 continents 90% acceptability limits 20 68.0 F

• Context matters - 18 64.4 F acceptable indoor 80% acceptability limits

indoor operative temperature ( temperature operative indoor 16 60.8 F conditions depend on 14 outdoor climate 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 mean monthly outdoor air temperature (oC)

Note: original research used outdoor climate metric of ET*, which includes humidity

deDear & Brager Wider temperatures  health and resilience

Hot off the press! New physiological research shows that daily fluctuations in indoor temperature can have positive health effects - Obesity - Type 2 diabetes

Healthy excursions outside the zone by W van Marken Lichtenbelt, M Hanssen, H Pallubinsky, B Kingma & Lisje Schellen Building Research & Information, 2017 LEED pilot credits on resilient design

Spearheaded by the Resilient Design Institute

Source: Alex Wilson, Resilient Design Institute, 11/13/15 blog Graphic: Jessie Woodcock, ZGF Autonomy metrics

% of floor area, and % of time, that a building meets specified environmental targets through passive means

Daylighting Autonomy – LEEDv4: Spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) Annual sunlight exposure (ASE)

Thermal Autonomy - ?? Modeling for thermal autonomy – a new visualization method

Typical thermal assessment Typical daylight assessment

+

Single node analysis Grid analysis Typical outputs include annual Typical outputs reflect spatial and average and peak values temporal characteristics

Ko and Schiavon. 2017. Balancing Thermal and Luminous Autonomy in the Assessment of Building Performance. Building Simulation Conference Thermal autonomy calculation methods

(Mackey, 2015) (Arens, 2015) Thermal and luminous autonomy analysis Spatial visualization - luminous and thermal autonomy

Example - Phoenix, AZ

perimeter

core

perimeter TA

DOE Commercial Reference Building (medium office) Windows on north and south walls, remaining surfaces adiabatic Nine combinations of thermal and luminous characteristics

Legend used to integrate hourly data visualizations for both thermal and luminous autonomy Thermal

Luminous Temporal visualization - thermal and luminous autonomy

Example – Phoenix, AZ, perimeter

Representative hourly autonomy data Annual summary – annual heat map graph – autonomy hours (%) Example: Comparing hot and cold Building Resilience Policy Approaches Dave Ramslie MSc MCIP RPP LEED AP Principal, Integral Group 2003 Black-Out 2012 Hurricane Sandy

2013 Rain Storm 2016 Ice Storm Our new disasters are not our old disasters. Toronto Green Standard Update

Regulatory and Incentive Framework for Green Buildings

• Update to become a world class standard

• Update to provide a road map to Zero Carbon Buildings. Directly address carbon.

• Add resilience as a new lens by which to view the building design SELECTING PERFORMANCE METRICS HIGH RISE MULTI-FAMILY

Floor Area: 308,000 ft2 (28,600 m2) Parking Floor Area: 35,500 ft2 (3,300 m2), ~80 spaces Floors: 30 x 9ft (2.74m)

Schedules: • NECB G Schedules for occupancy, lighting and plug loads • Parking Ventilation 4h/day, heated to 5°C, 0.5W/cfm fans

Occupants: 755 people, 275 suites DHW Load: 0.0013 L/s/person peak flow (300 W/person)

Baseline: • ASHRAE 90.1-2010 ECB Baseline Envelope, Lighting, and Fan and Pump performance per ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Appendix G HIGH RISE MURB - TARGETS MEETING THE TARGETS

TIER 2 TIER 3 TIER 4

• > R-10 walls • Triple glazing • Significant reductions • Triple glazing • 40% WWR in electrical loads • In-suite HRV/ERV • Improved air tightness • level • 40% WWR • Shift to heat pumps for windows portion of loads • 40% WWR • > R-20 walls • Removal or thermal breaking of balconies BUILDING RESILIENCE

Toronto’s Future Weather and Climate Driver Study (2011)

Flooding events Extreme heat events Power outages IMPROVING RESILIENCE

• 72 hour temperature low w/o power • Tier 1 – 13.5° C • Tier 2 – 14.6° C • Tier 3 – 17° C • Tier 4 – 20° C

• 2 week temperature low w/o power • Tier 1 – 5.8° C • Tier 2 – 7.6° C • Tier 3 – 14° C • Tier 4 – 18.3° C

• Emergency Fuel longevity (over baseline) • Tier 1 – 1.6x • Tier 2 – 1.8x • Tier 3 – 1.9x • Tier 4 – 2.3x SUMMER BLACKOUT COMFORT

700

600

500

400

300 Annual Hours Annual

200

100

0 SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2 SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2 SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2 SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2 40% WWR 80% WWR 40% WWR 80% WWR One Sided Cross Ventilated >26 C >28 C >30 C Improved Back Up Power Requirements Resilience Check list HIGH RISE MURB - % CONSTRUCTION COSTS

10%

9%

8%

7% TGS V3 T3 6%

5%

4% TGS TGS TGS V3 T2 V3 T4 V2 T2 3% TGS 2% V3 T1

1% TGS SB-10 V2 T1 0% Overall % Change in Construction Costs in Construction Change % Overall TGS Proposed V3 Tiers The Future? The Happy City.

“Resilience without community development is just survivalism”

• Building “happier developments”

• Using social media to connect residents

• Setting buildings up for success Case Studies in Design for Passive Survivability John Andary, PE, LEED AP Principal, Integral Group NREL RESEARCH SUPPORT FACILITY

INDIO BUILDING • • • •

Indio Building – November 2015

Simulation Tools

Thermal Comfort Outdoor Environment Rhino & Honeybee, Ladybug Indoor Built Environment IES Virtual Environment

Passive Design & Natural Ventilation IES VE / Honeybee

Daylighting & Visual Comfort Radiance with Rhino

Building Energy Performance IES VE & OpenStudio

District Scale Energy Systems Trnsys HAWAII SCHOOLS Kona International Airport Weather Data ASHRAE 55 Adaptive Thermal Comfort Range – CBE Comfort Tool

In Buildings without AC

The literature on thermal comfort indicates that acceptable indoor air speed in warm climates should range from 0.2 to 1.50 m/s (40 to 300 fpm) in ASHRAE Standard 55 inside air- conditioned buildings where occupants have direct control over air movement.

No active air conditioning is required at 87 deg F air Air Speeds temperature if ceiling fans 0.2 m/s 40 fpm 0.5 m/s 100 fpm are used and controlled in 1.0 m/s 200 fpm each classroom. 1.5 m/s 300 fpm Thermal Comfort Simulation

Hawaii Prototype School Site Weather Kona Intl Airport Building Dimensions 30' x 30' x 13' Exposed Sides North, South, West, Ceiling Adiabatic Sides East, Floor Envelope External Wall 4" HW concrete, R-25 insulation, 4" HW concrete External Roof R-60 insulation, 2" gyp board Internal Wall 4" HW concrete Internal Floor 4" HW concrete N WWR 50% South 40% North Window Operability 50% Openable area, controlled to close when outdoor air >87°F Window Alpen Triple-Element U-0.2 SHGC-0.19 Shading 2 3' overhangs on south Infiltration 0.2 CFM/sf-exterior Internal Gains Interior fans Up to 0.9 m/s airflow capable Equipment Power 0.62 W/sf (28 2W iPad minis, 400 W projector, 150W computer) Lighting Power 0 W/sf (daylit) People Density 30 sf/person (30 people) Thermal Comfort Results – Annual Operative Temperature

With 0.9 m/s air movement, upper comfort limit for 90% of occupants reaches 87°F

ADAPTIVE UPPER COMFORT TEMPERATURE

ADAPTIVE LOWER COMFORT TEMPERATURE

OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE Q&A