32 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(6): November-December 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!

A REVIEW ON MARSUPIUM ROXB *S.Dharshan, T.Veerashekar1, I.J Kuppast2, J.D.Raghu Lecturer1, Principal and HOD2, Department of Pharmacology, National College of Pharmacy. Balraj Urs Road, Shimoga, Karnataka, . ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: The based, traditional medicine system continues to play an essential role in health care, for 80 percent of the world‟s inhabitants Opthalmopathy, relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care. Elephantiasis, Erysipelas, Pterocarpus Marsupium is a shrub belonging to family. The Urethrorrhea. plant is widely distributed in the subtropical regions where it is found in For Correspondence: bushes, in farms and around habitations. It is commonly known as Indian S.Dharshan * Kino Tree Or Malbar Kino. When injured, Gum Kino is used in the Address: Department of treatment of polyurea and inordinate night sweat and phthisis pulmonalis. Pharmacology, National In traditional medicine, the plant bark is often assumed to treat diseases College of Pharmacy. such as kapha and pitta elephantiasis, erysipelas, urethrorrhea, rectalgia, Balraj Urs Road, opthalmopathy, hemorrhages, dysentry, cough, grayness of hair. Aqueous Shimoga, Karnataka, infusions of the bark posses antidiabetic potential2. The described India. pharmacological properties of the plant involve the anti-diabetic/anti- E-mail: hyperglycaemic/hypoglycaemic activity, anti-hyperinsulinaemic and anti- dharshan.dharshan92@g hypertriglyceridaemic activity, cardiotonic activity, anti-cataract mail.com activities and many other properties. Over 50 percent of all modern drugs are natural product origin and they play an important role in drug

development programs of the pharmaceutical industry. Pterocarpus

marsupium has been used to treat variety of diseases and disorders in

view of this in the present study a review on Pterocarpus marsupium has

been taken.

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INTRODUCTION: have been part of our lives since the beginning of time; we get numerous products from plants, most of them not only beneficial but also crucial to our existence3. Before the onset of synthetic era, man was completely dependent on medicinal herbs for prevention and treatment of diseases4. Plants have evolved the ability to synthesize chemical compounds that help them, defend against attack from a wide variety of predators such as insects, fungi, herbivorous mammals. By chance, some of these compounds while being toxic to plant predators turn out to have beneficial effects when used to treat human diseases5. The use of plants to heal or combat illness is as old as humankind. In the present scenario, the demand for herbal products is growing throughout the world and major pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant materials for their potential medicinal value6. Plants from the genus Pterocarpus Marsupium have been used in traditional medicine by many cultures. Different stem bark samples(Apical bark, Middle bark, & Mature inner bark) were analyzed with respect to phytoconstituents total reducing sugar, amylose, amylopectin, starch, crude fibers, crude protein, total polyphenols, water soluble tannins, total flavonoids, total alkaloids, nitrate, total ash value constituents have been reported as the major phyto-constituents of the Pterocarpus Marsupium species7. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION: Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb belong to Fabaceae family. It is believed that the drugs of natural origin shall play an important role in healthcare particularly in the rural areas of India 8. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb is grown in deciduous and evergreen forests of central, western and southern regions of India. It is found mostly in the states of Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa9,10. Scientific classification: Synonym: IndianKino, Bijasal, Vijayasagar, Bibla. Family: Fabaceae Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Subphylum: Euphyllophytina Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Super order: Fabanae Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com

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Order: Genus: Pterocarpus Speies: Marsupium11

Fig.1. Pterocarpus marsupium roxb. Fig 2. Pterocarpus marsupium leaves.

DESCRIPTION: It is of moderate size to large tree. The height ranges from 15 to 30 meters. The stem is stout and crooked with widely spreading branches. The bark is thick and dark brown to grey in colour. Leaves are compound and imparipinnate. Leaflets are 5-7, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, emarginated or even bilobed at the apex and glabrous on both surfaces. The petioles are round, smooth and waved from leaflet to leaflet, 5 or 6 inches long and there are no stipules. Panicles are terminal and very large; ramifications are bifarious, like the leaves. Peduncles and pedicals are round and a little downy. Bracts are small, caduceus, solitary below each division and subdivision of the panicle. The flowers are very numerous, white, with a small tinge of yellow. Vexillum is with a long, slender claw, very broad; sides reflexed, waved, curled and veined; keel is two pettled, adhering slightly for a little way near the middle, waved, etc., same as the vexillum. Stamens are 10, united near the base, but soon dividing into two parcels of 5 each; anthers are globose and 2-lobed. Ovary is oblong, pedicelled, hairy, generally 2-celled; cells are transverse and 1seeded. Style is ascending. The legume, which is borne on a long petiole, is three-fourths orbicular, the upper remainder, which extends from the pedicel to the remainder of the style, is straight, the whole surrounded with a waved, veiny, downy, membraneous wing, swelled, rugose, woody in the center, where the seed is lodged and not opening; generally one but sometimes 2-celled. Seeds are single and reniform 10,12.

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Drug consists of heartwood of Pterocaipus marsupium. It consists of irregular pieces of variable size and thickness. It is golden yellowish- brown in colour with darker streaks. It is very hard and brittle. In water it gives yellow coloured solution with blue fluorescence. Transverse section shows alternating bands of larger and smaller polygonal cells consisting of tracheids, fibre tracheids, xylem parenchyma and transversed by xylem rays. Xylem vessels are throughout distributed. Tyloses filled with tannins are present. Tracheids are long, thick walled with tapering ends and simple pits. Xylem parenchyma cells are rectangular with simple pits and xylem rays are uni-to- biseriate. The calcium oxalate crystals are present and the starch is absent 9. HABITATS: Light demander-Moderate light demander. Shade demander- Seedling and sapling are lateral shade. Tolerate over shade. Shade Frost & Snow-Young plants frost tender. Drought tolerant -The species is drought hardy. Fire hardy species. Branching type -Spreading branches. Edaphic conditions: Well drained soils containing a fair amount of sand and is often found on red loam with a certain amount of clay. Sandstone and laterite. Climatic conditions: Maximum shade temperate 35° to 48°c. Absolute minimum from 0° to 18°c. The rain fall 750-1900mm13. PHYTOCHEMICALS: Five new flavonoid C-glucosides, 6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-benzofuran-7-C-beta-d- glucopyranoside (1), 3-(alpha-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-6-hydroxybenzo-2(3H)-furanone-7- C-beta-d-glucopyranoside (2), 2-hydroxy-2-p-hydroxybenzyl-3(2H)-6-hydroxybenzofuranone-7-C- beta-d-glucopyranoside (4), 8-(C-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-7,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone (5) and 1,2- bis(2,4-dihydroxy,3-C-glucopyranosyl)-ethanedione (6) and two known compounds C-beta-d- glucopyranosyl-2,6-dihydroxyl benzene (7) and sesquiterpene (8), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium.14 MEDICINAL USE OF VARIOUS PARTS OF P. MARSUPIUM. Tree have been used as traditional ayurvedic medicine in India from time immemorial. The medicinal utilities have been described, especially for leaf, fruit and bark. The bark is used for the treatment of stomachache, cholera, dysentery, urinary complaints, tongue diseases and toothache. The gum exude „kino‟, derived from this tree, is used as an astringent15. The gum is bitter with a bad taste. However, it is antipyretic, anthelmintic and tonic to liver, useful in all diseases of body and styptic vulnerant and good for griping and biliousness, opthalmiya, boils and urinary discharges. The flowers are bitter, improve the appetite and cause flatulence16. P. marsupium has a long history of use in India as a treatment for diabetes. It is a drug that is believed to have some

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36 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 unique features such as beta cell protective and regenerative properties apart from blood glucose reduction17,18. REPORTED ACTIVITIES OF PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM. (i) Antidiabetic/Antihyperglycaemic/Hypoglycaemic activity Grover et al. has been reviewed that medicinal plants having anti diabetic potential and found Pterocaipus marsupium to be one of the promising plants19 . Dhanabal et al. has been prepared the alcoholic extract of the bark of Pterocaipus marsupium and successively extracted with toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol. These fractions were found to have beneficial effects on blood glucose levels 20. A flexible dose double blind multicenter randomized controlled trial undertaken from October 1995 till January 1998 concluded that vijayasar is an effective blood glucose lowering agent, its glycaemic effect being comparable to that of tolbutamide in treatment of naive patients with Type 2 diabetes 21. In another study, an aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium wood was screened for hypoglycemic activity on alloxan induced diabetic rats and the results were found to be statistically significant 22. Vats et al. has been extracted the bark of Pterocaipus marsupium and assessed the anti- hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Pterocarpus marsupium in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. This study showed that the extract exhibited a small but significant hypoglycemic effect in normal rats and a significant and clear dose dependent anti-hyperglycemic effect 23. Manickam et al. has been evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. Marsupsin and pterostilbene significantly lowered the blood glucose level of hyperglycemic rats 24. A clinical study was conducted on potent hypoglycaemic plants and the result indicated that Pterocarpus marsupium is useful for treating non-obese diabetes 25. Ahmad et al. has been extracted the wood of Pterocaipus marsupium with absolute ethanol and then took the ethyl acetate soluble fractions which when tested upon alloxan-diabetic rats significantly lowered the blood sugar level with a corresponding increase in blood insulin level 26. ii)Anti-hyperinsulinaemic and anti-hyper triglyceridaemic activity: The aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium bark substantially prevented insulin resistance (hyperinsulinaemia) and hypertriglyceridaemia 27. In another study, Jahromi and Ray administered the ethyl acetate extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupiumin rats for 14 consecutive days. The results proved that there is a significant reduction of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL- and VLDL- cholesterol without any significant effect on the level of HDL- cholesterol 28.

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37 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 iii) Cardiotonic activity: N.C. Mohire et.al . In one study, it was observed that at a very high dilution the aqueous extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium produced negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects in frogs. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Pterocaipus marsupium possesses an excellent cardiotonic activity 29. B.K. Chakravarthy and K.D. Gode. In another study, (-)- epicatechin extracted from the bark of Pterocarpus marsupium was studied and it showed cardiac stimulant activity in perfused frog hearts producing increase in force along with increase in rate. Thus (-)-epicatechin showed a cardiac stimulant property 30. iv) Anti-cataract activity Vats et al. demonstrated the anti-cataract activity of the aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium bark. This was evident from the decreased opacity index in the alloxan induced diabetic rats 31. v) COX-2 Inhibition

Hougee et al. has been performed a study in which a PGE 2 inhibitory effect of a commercially available extract of Pterocarpus marsupium, characterized by pterostilbene, was demonstrated. Pterocaipus marsupium extract decreases PGE 2 production indicating COX-2 specific inhibition 32. vi) Hepatoprotective activity Rane and Grampurohit N D Methanolic extract of P. marsupium possesses hepatoprotective activity. In methanol extract treated animals the toxic effect of CCL4 was controlled significantly by distortion of the level of serum bilirubin protein and enzymes as compared to normal and standerd drug. Silymarin treated groups. Histology of liver secretions of the animals treated with the extracs showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis and fatty filtration which further evident the hepatoprotective activity33. vii) Analgesic activity Arpita Sikdar et al. has been assessed with three different successive solvent extracts from P. marsupium leaf for their analgesic potential by acetic acid induced writhing assay in Swiss albino mice. All the test extracts exhibited significant analgesic activity. The methanol extract was found to be the most potent followed by the ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The present preliminary study demonstrated marked analgesic activity of P. marsupium leaf in Swiss albino mice34.

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38 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 ix) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY P. marsupium has also shown strong potential for its antiinflammatory activity. In this study, an extract of P. marsupium containing pterostilbene has been evaluated for its PGE2- inhibitory activity in LPS-stimulated PBMC. In addition, the COX-1/2 selective inhibitory activity of P. marsupium extract was investigated35,36. x) ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY Antimicrobial activity of bark and leaf extracts from P. marsupium. Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were tested against four selected Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria37,38. In vitro, it inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyrogens and Staphylococcus aureus. Ethyl and methanol extracts were more sensitive to the bacteria than extracts made out of hexane. Both the extracts exhibited concentration dependent variation in their anti bacterial activity. Similar observations have been reported where it has been showed that ethanol extracts of P. marsupium exhibited significant anti-ulcer and antioxidant properties in rats39. Conclusion: In developing countries, providing modern healthcare facilities is still in infancy. Due to economic constraint, it is prudent to look for options in herbal medicines. Pterocarpus marsupium has been used as anti-diabetic since time immemorial. The beakers made from heartwood are filled with water and are allowed to stand overnight to give "Beeja Wood Water". Pterocaipus marsupium is being used commercially in pharmaceutical preparations. In the Pterocarpus marsupium extract many chemical constituents like pterostilbene, marsupsin, pterosupin, (-)-epicatechin etc. have been identified and isolated. The literature review revealed that Pterocarpus marsupium can be used in variety of pharmacological disorders, however more investigations must be carried out to evaluate the mechanism of action of its active principles so that it's potential can be fully utilized. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are very thankful to VGST (vision group of science and technology) and the management of National educational society. REFRENCES: 1. Omonkhelin J. Owolabi, Eric K. I. Omogbai and Osahon Obasuyi, “Antifungal and antibacterial activities of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae) stem bark”, African Journal of Biotechnology; 2007, 6 (14): 1677-1680. 2. Anonymous (1969), “The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Raw Material and Industrial Products”, Vol. VII, Council of scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 303-305. 3. http://evolvingwellness.com/posts/984/the-value-and-importance-of-plants-in-medicine/ (accessed on 28-04-2012). 4. http://www.botanical-online.com/theimportanceofplants.html (accessed on 28-04-2012). Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com

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5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/herbalism (accessed on 28-04-2012). 6. Kokate C K. Text book of Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi. Ed.4. p. 3-4. 7. Chopra, RN; Nayar, RL and Chopra, IC (1956), “Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants”, Council of scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi, 78. 8. C.K. Kokate, A.P. Purohit and S.B. Gokhale, Pharmacognosy, (Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 2007) 1-57. 9. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part -I, Vol.-I, (The Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, Delhi, 1990) 12-13. 10. V. Rajpal. Standardization of Botanicals, testing and extraction methods of medicinal herbs, Vol. II, (Eastern Publisher, New Delhi, 2005) 296-306. 11. Manish devgun, Arun nandha, Ansari, Pterocarpus marsupium-A comprehensive review phytochemistry 2009; 3(6):359-363. 12. Heart foundation resource page. Pterocarpus marsupium. Available at http://www.heart- intl.net/HEART /AlterMed/Complete/India/Herbs from India.htm; Accessed April 27, 2009. 13. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/kanagaraj007-156750-pterocarpus-marsupium- kanagaraj-education-ppt-powerpoint/. 14. Constituents of Pterocarpus marsupium: an ayurvedic crude drug Maurya R1, Singh R, Deepak M, Handa SS, Yadav PP, Mishra PK. 15. Singh U, Wadkwani AM and Johri BM. Dictionary of economic plants in india (indian council of agricultural Research, New Delhi) 1965;176-184. 16. Kitikar KR and Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I, Scientific Publishers, India 1999. 350-357. 17. WHO. Second Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus. World Health Organization, Geneva 1980.58-67. 18. Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gambhir SS and Gode KD. The prophylactic action of (−)epicatechin against alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Life science 981;29: 2043-2047. 19. J.K. Grover, S. Yadav and V. Vats. Medicinal plants of India with antidiabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol. 81: 81-100 (2002). 20. S.P. Dhanabal, C.K. Kokata, M. Ramanathan, E.P. Kumar and B.Suresh. Hypoglycaemic activity of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Phytother Res. 20 (1): 4-8 (2006). 21. R.S. Hariharan et al. Efficacy of vijayasar (Pterocarpus marsupium) in the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a flexible dose double-blind multicenter randomized controlled trial. Diabetol Croat. 34 (1): 13-20 (2005).

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22. H.M. Mukhtar, S.H. Ansari, M. Ali, Z.A. Bhatt and T. Naved. Effect of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium wood on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Pharmazie. 60(6): 478-479 (2005). 23. V. Vats, J.K. Grover and S.S. Rathi. Evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpus marsupium Linn in normal and alloxanized diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 79: 95-100 (2002). 24. M. Manickam, M. Ramanathan, M.AR Jahromi, J.P.N. Chansouria and A.B. Ray. Antihyperglycaemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. J Nat Prod. 60 (6): 609- 610 (1997). 25. O.P. Upadhyay, R.H. Singh and S.K. Dutta. Studies on antidiabetic medicinal plants used in Indian folk-lore. Sacitra Ayurveda 48 (10): 949-955 (1996). 26. F. Ahmad, P. Khalid, M.M. Khan, M. Chaubey, A.K. Rastogi and J.R. Kidwai. Hypoglycemic activity of Pterocarpus marsupium wood. J Ethnopharmacol. 35 (1): 71-75 (1991). 27. J.K. Grover, V. Vats and S.S. Yadav. Pterocarpus marsupium extract (Vijayasar) prevented the alteration in metabolic pattern induced in the normal rat by feeding an aqueous diet containing fructose as sole carbohydrate. Diabetes Obes Metab. 7(4): 414-420 (2005). 28. M.A.F. Jahromi and A.B. Ray. Antihyperlipidaemic effect of flavonoids from Pterocarpus marsupium. J Nat Prod. 56 (7): 989-994 (1993). 29. N.C. Mohire, V.R. Salunke, S.B. Bhinse and A.V. Yadav. Cardiotonic activity of aqueous extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium. Indian J Exp Biol. 45(6): 532-537 (2007). 30. B.K. Chakravarthy and K.D. Gode. Isolation of (-) Epicatechin from Pterocarpus marsupium and its pharmacological actions. Planta Med. 51 (1): 56-59 (1985). 31. V. Vats, S.P. Yadav, N.R. Biswas and J.K. Grover. Anti-cataract activity of Pterocarpus marsupium bark and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds extract in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 93 (2-3): 289-294 (2004). 32. S. Hougee, J. Faber, A. Sanders, R.B. Dejong, W.B.Vandenberg, J. Garssen, M.A. Hoijer and H.F. Smit. Selective COX-2 inhibition by a Pterocarpus marsupium extract characterized by Pterostilbene, and its activity in healthy human volunteers. Planta Med. 71 (5): 387-392 (2005). 33. Rane and Grampurohit N D, Hepatoprotective activity of Pterocarpus marsupium, and butea frondosa Ind j of Pharm Sci 1998; 5, 182-184. 34. Arpita Sikdar, Anirban Biswas, Sanjib Bhattacharya , Moulisha Biswas. Assessment of analgesic activity of Pterocarpus marsupium leaf extracts in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research. 3(1): 42-45(2013).

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35. Hougee S, Faber J, Sanders A, Hoijer MA and Smit HF. Selective COX-2 inhibition by a Pterocarpus marsupium extract characterized by pterostilbene and its activity in healthy human volunteers. Planta. Med. 2005;71: 387-92 36. Salunkhe VR, Kane SR and Kulkarni AS. Anti-inflammatory acitivity of hydrogels of extracts of Pterocarpus marsupium and Coccinia indica. Indian Drugs. 2005;42: 319-321. 37. Sapha B. Clinical observation of antidiabetic properties of Pterocarpus marsupium, Eugenia jambolona. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 1956;27: 388-90. 38. Gayathri M and Kannabiran K. Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus, Ficus bengalensis and Pterocarpus marsupium roxb. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2009;71: 578 -581. 39. Nair R, Kalariya T and Chanda S. Antibacterial activity of some selected Indian medicinal flora. Turk. J. Biol. 2005;29: 41 -47.

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