The Auk A QuarterlyJournal of Ornithology Vol. 114 No. 1 January 1997

TheAuk 114(1):1-10+ frontispiece,1997

NEW AETHOPYGA SUNBIRDS (AVES: NECTARINIIDAE) FROM THE OF ,

ROBERT S. KENNEDY? 2'3PEDRO C. GONZALES,•'2 AND HECTOR C. Mm•NDA, JR? •Frederickand Amey Geier Collections and Research Center, Museum of NaturalHistory and Science, Cincinnati Museum Center, 1720 Gilbert Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, USA; 2ZoologyDivision, National Museum of the Philippines,Rizal Park,Manila, Philippines;and 3Departmentof BiologicalSciences, University of Cincinnati,Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA

AI•STRACT.--Wedescribe a new speciesof sunbird, Aethopygalinaraborae, known from Mt. Mayo, Mt. Puting Bato,and Mt. Pasian,all part of an isolatedrange of mountainsin eastern Mindanao,Philippines. It occurscommonly in mossyforest from about 1,200m and above. We also describea new subspeciesof Apo Sunbird, Aethopygaboltoni tibolii, known from Mt. Busaand Mt. Matutum of southernMindanao, where it is found in mossyforest above 1,000 m. Received23 April 1996,accepted I August1996.

MINDANAO(97,923 km2) is the secondlargest with but one exception, all were discovered of the more than 7,100islands that comprisethe within this century (Table 1). Philippine Archipelago (seeFig. 1). Of the 341 In responseto growing concern over defor- speciesof birds that have been recorded from estation and the status of the fauna of the ar- the island, 248 are residents,89 are migrantsor chipelago, the National Museum of the Phil- accidentals, and 4 have both resident and mi- ippines (NMP) and Cincinnati's Museum of grant populations.Among the residents,20 are Natural History and Science(CMNH) initiated endemic to Mindanao and its adjacent land- the Philippine BiodiversityInventory (PBI) in bridge islandsof ,Dinagat, and Siargao; 1989 to survey remaining forested areas. The 75 are endemic to the Philippines; and 153 are PBI focused on sites that either were poorly more widely distributed (duPont 1971, Dick- known or never had been studied by natural- inson et al. 1991). ists. In 1993, the PBI team conducted surveys Dickinson et al. (1991) summarized the or- on three Mindanao mountains (see Fig. 1): Mr. nithological exploration of Mindanao that be- Apo, Mt. Busa,and Mt. Puting Bato (the name gan in 1771 or 1772 when Sonnerat (1776) vis- usedlocally; on most mapsit is Mr. Tagub). ited Zamboangain western Mindanao. By the Among the many important discoveriesof closeof the 19th century, many lowland areas the Mindanao surveyswere specimensof what had been explored, yielding only five of the appeared to be two unique populations (one endemics, and a few naturalists had climbed from Mt. Busa in southern Mindanao and one Mindanao's highest peak, Mr. Apo (2,938 m), from Mt. Puting Batoin easternMindanao) of without obtaining any of its rich montane avi- the Apo Sunbird (Aethopygaboltoni), a Minda- fauna. However, most of Mindanao's endemic nao endemic representedby the subspeciesA. birds are mid-elevation or montane species, and b. boltoni(Mearns 1905) and A. b. malindangensis ß II

FRONTISPIECE.Adult male (upper left) and female (upper right) Lina's Sunbirds(Aethopyga linaraborae sp. nov.); adult male (center right) and female (center left) Apo Sunbirds (Aethopygaboltoni boltoni); and adult male (lower right) and female (lower left) Apo Sunbirds(Aethopyga boltoni tibolii subsp. nov.), all from the high mountain forestsof Mindanao, Philippines. From a mixed media painting by Melinda JohnsBitting. Publicationof this Frontispiecewas supportedby the Donald L. Bleitz Fund. 2 KENNEDY,GONZALES, AND MIRANDA [Auk,Vol. 114

REPUBLIC 124 '

Luzon PHI •PINES

MINDANAO

7o00 ,

ZarnboangaCity

Fig. 1. Map of Mindanao,Philippines showing the holotypelocalities (stars) for Aethopygalinaraborae (Mt. Pasian)and Aethopygaboltoni tibolii (Mt. Busa),mountain peaksmentioned in the text (triangles•,and the distribution of land above 1,200 m (filled black) on the island.

(Rand and Rabor 1957). Because the taxonomic carefullycompared these specimens with those outcomeof these new populationsdiffers, we of the Apo Sunbirdfrom Mt. Apo and conclud- will treat each separately.We are aware of re- ed they were strikingly different. We also lo- cent debatesover the "speciesconcept" (Cra- cated previously unreported specimens(nine craft 1983, Zink and McKitrick 1995, Zink 1996) malesand eight females)that were identical to but have elected to follow the long-established the Mt. Puting Bato birds at the National Mu- tradition of recognizingspecies and subspecies seumof Natural History (USNM) and the Field basedon levels of differencesbetween popu- Museum of Natural History (FMNH). Dioscoro lations (Mayr 1942,Amadon 1949). We also are S. Rabor had collected them from 15 to 27 June aware of the problemswith recent descriptions 1965 on Mr. Mayo, a peak in the samerange of of speciesand thus adhere to the guidelines mountains40 km south-southeastof Mt. Puting proposedby LeCroyand Vuilleumier (1992)for Bato (Fig. 1). The name "Aethopygaboltoni bol- describingnew speciesof birds. toni"had beenwritten on the tags,presumably by Raborwhen he prepared the labels in the NEW SUNBIRD FROM EASTERN MINDANAO field. In 1994,Kennedy and the PBI teamattempted The PBI teamconducted a surveyon Mt. Put- to continue the surveysof Mt. Puting Bato but ing Bato from 2 to 8 May 1993, coveringele- were prevented from entering the region be- vationsfrom 1,130to 1,360m. During the course causeof increaseddissident activity. Instead, of this survey, Jeff Brown and colleaguesob- the team surveyed Mt. Pasian, 45 km north of tained eight specimens(skins with associated Mt. Puting Bato and within the logging con- fluid-preservedbodies, two males and one fe- cessionof PICOP ResourcesInc. (formerly the male; whole fluid-preserved specimens, one Paper Industries Corporation of the Philip- male and four unsexed) identified in the field pines). They sighted several individuals of the as the Apo Sunbird. Upon return to CMNH, we "new" sunbird and obtained four additional January1997] New Sunbirdsfrom thePhilippines

TAI•LE 1. Montane birds endemic to Mindanao discovered since 1900.

Species Location Year Source Mindanao Lorikeet(Trichoglossus johnstoniae) Mt. Apo 1903 Harteft 1903 Black-and-cinnamonFantail (Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea) Mr. Apo 1903 Harteft 1903 Apo Myna (Basilornismiranda) Mr. Apo 1903 Harteft 1903 Black-maskedWhite-eye.(Lophozosterops goodfellowi) Mt. Apo 1903 Hartert 1903 CinnamonIbon (Hypocryptadiuscinnamomeus) Mt. Apo 1903 Harteft 1903 Olive-cappedFlowerpecker (Dicaeum nigrilore) Mt. Apo 1903 Harteft 1904 Apo Sunbird (Aethopygaboltoni) a Mt. Apo 1903 Mearns 1905 BagoboBabbler (Leonardina woodO Mt. Apo 1904 Mearns 1905 Goodfellow'sJungle-Flycatcher (Rhinomyias goodfellowi) Mt. Apo 1905 Ogilvie Grant 1905 McGregor'sCuckooshrike (Coracina mcgregori) Mt. Malindang 1906 Mearns 1907 Grey-hoodedSunbird (Aethopygaprimigenius) Mt. Apo 1929 Hachisuka 1941 Cryptic Flycatcher(Ficedula crypta) Mt. Apo 1946 Vaurie 1951 Red-earedParrotfinch (Erythrura coloria) Mt. Kitanglad 1960 Ripley and Rabor 1961 Mindanao Scops-Owl(Otus mirus) Mt. Hilong-Hi- 1963 Ripley and Rabor 1968 long WhiskeredFlowerpecker (Dicaeum proprium ) Mt. Apo 1965 Ripley and Rabor 1966 ßFirst specimen collected by Walter Goodfellowin 1903,but type collectedby EdgarMearns in 1904. specimens (skins with fluid-preserved bodies tips. Ear patch metallic Cobalt Blue 168. Lesser and frozen tissue, three males and one female). wing coverts bright metallic Emerald Green; With all material assembled, and after further greater wing coverts metallic Ultramarine 270; comparisonswith all known populationsof the remiges Dark Brownish Olive 129 with edges Apo Sunbird, we concluded that the sunbird to scapularsand secondariesCobalt Blue; wing from the mountains of eastern Mindanao rep- lining white. Chin, throat, upper breast, and resentsa new speciesand here describe it as undertail coverts Sulfur Yellow; lower breast and belly SpectrumYellow 55; small flecks on Aethopyga linaraborae sp. nov. the upper breastand patchin the centerof breast Lina's Sunbird and belly Chrome Orange 16; pectoral tufts Flame Scarlet 15. Artist A. Sutherland described Holotype.--National Museum of the Philip- the soft-part colors of the living holotype as pines No. 17801, adult male (with 100% cranial "Eyeblood red; bill black;legs and feet blackish pneumatizationand left testismeasuring 7 x 4 gray;soles of feet paleochre yellow; skin around mm), collected22 May 1994 at an elevation of eye blackish brown." 1,200 m (ca. 7ø52'N, 126ø12'E),2.2 km north and Paratypes.--NMPNo. 17803and CMNH Nos. 1.0 km eastof the peak (1,409 m) of Mr. Pasian 36484and 36486,collected from 4 to 7 May 1993 in the Simulaw River Drainage, Municipality at elevations from 1,130 to 1,360 m (ca. 7ø27'N, of Monkayo, Davao del Norte Province, Min- 126ø11'E)on Mt. Puting Bato, in the Malayo danao, Philippines by the National Museum of River Drainage at the headwatersof the Agusan the Philippines/Cincinnati Museum of Natural River, BarangayLiboton, Municipality of New HistoryPhilippine Biodiversity Inventory Team, Bataan, Davao del Norte Province, Mindanao. field number RobertS. Kennedy 3273,prepared NMP No. 17802 and CMNH Nos. 35805 and by Renato E. Fernandez. 35806, collected on 19 and 21 May 1994 at el- Descriptionof holotype.--SeeFrontispiece and evations from 1,300 and 1,190 m respectively, Figure 2. Forehead metallic Emerald Green 163 at the type locality.FMNH Nos. 278131to 278135 (color names and numbers from Smithe 1975, and USNM Nos. 581080 to 581091, all collected 1981) with a hint of Cyanine Blue,74. Head from 15 to 24 June 1965 at 976 to 1,982 m (i.e. BlackishNeutral Gray 82 with crown feathers 3,200 to 6,500 feet) at Mr. Mayo, Municipality finely edged with metallic Cyanine Blue. Back of Mati, DavaoOriental Province,Mindanao by Olive-Green 47; clearly defined rump Sulfur Dioscoro S. Rabor and colleagues. Yellow 157;uppertail coverts deep metallic Em- Paratypicvariation.--Adult males vary only erald Green. Tail feathers dark Blackish Neutral slightly in the brightnessof the yellow under- Gray, edged with SpectrumViolet 72 with all parts and in the amount of orange in the center but the central feathershaving whitish silver of the breast. These differences are individual 4 KENNEDY,GONZAL•, AND MIRANDA [Auk,Vol. 114

Fig.2. Sideview of the holotypeof Aethopygalinaraborae shortly after it wascaptured on Mt. Pasian.Photo by A. P. Sutherland. and are not related to collection locality. Fe- ish lower breastsand bellieswith a centralpatch males have more muted colors and lack the me- of orange;and orangepectoral tufts. They dif- tallic sheen on the forehead,ear, uppertail co- fer, however, in several characters.Aethopyga verts,and wing coverts;lack the orangepectoral linaraboraehas metallic plumage colors in the tufts;and do not haveyellow on the chin,throat, upper tail coverts,ear, lesserand greater wing or upper breast.They also differ from the males coverts,and edgesto the scapularsand second- in the following ways:head Dark Neutral Gray aries that are lacking in A. boltonœThe metallic with traceof pale metallicEmerald Green edges forehead is well developed and extends onto to feathers;rump not clearly defined, as Olive- the crown in A. linaraboraebut is nearly absent Green of back gradesinto olive Sulfur Yellow or more restricted to the forecrown in A. boltoni. at base of tail; edges of tail feathers metallic The metallic color of the forehead is Emerald CobaltBlue; wing covertsOlive-Green; remiges Green in A. linaraborae,pale Paris Green 63 in edged with orangish Olive-Yellow 52; throat, A. b. boltoni, and Ultramarine in A. b. malindan- upper breast,and flanksYellowish Olive-Green gensis.Tail color also differs; in A. linaraboraeit 50 with Olive-Yellow streaks. For both sexes, is dark Blackish Neutral Gray with metallic bill color doesnot vary, iris color rangesfrom SpectrumViolet edges,whereas in A. boltoniit dark brick red to blood red, and the legs and is pale Dark Brownish Olive with pale Paris feet vary from dark tannishbrown to black.The Green edges. sexesdiffer (t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test, P Females of A. linaraborae and A. boltoni are < 0.01) in wing chord, tail length, culmen similar in all plumagecharacters except the fol- length, and tarsuslength, with maleslarger than lowing: A. linaraboraelacks a well-defined yel- females in all cases(Table 2). low rump patch,has Blackish Neutral Gray tail Measurementsof holotype.--Wingchord, 52.3 feathers edged with metallic Cobalt Blue, has mm; tail, 37.8 mm; culmen, 24.3 mm; tarsus, 15.7 scapularsand secondariesedged with orangish mm; body mass,8.4 g. See Table 2 for summary Olive-Yellow,and hasa clearlydelineated throat statistics of all individuals measured. with Yellowish Olive-Green with Olive-Yellow Diagnosis.--Aethopygalinaraborae is most sim- streaks.Aethopyga boltoni has a sharply defined ilar to A. boltoni(see Frontispiece). The malesof Sulfur Yellow rump patch, elongatedcentral both specieshave gray heads;olive backs;yel- tail feathersstrongly edged in ParisGreen, and low rumps,throats, and upper breasts;yellow- a gray throat that contrastspoorly against the January1997] NewSunbirds from the Philippines 5 darker gray sides of the head. Differences in tarsuslength and wing chord between A. lin- araboraeand A. boltoni(all populations com- bined) are not significant (Table 2). However, significant differences exist between the two speciesin culmen length and tail length (one- way ANOVA by sex,P < 0.01), with the greater difference in tail length owing largely to the elongated central tail feathersin A. boltoni. Distribution and habitat.--Lina' s Sunbirds cur- rently are known only from Mt. Pasian, Mt. Puting Bato,and Mt. Mayo in easternMindanao in the provincesof Davao del Norte and Davao Oriental between 7000 ' and 8ø00'N and 126000 ' and 126ø30'E.They live in montanemossy forest (foresttype described in Dickinsonet al. [1991]), usually from 1,200 m to the tops of the moun- tains(see Figs. 3 and4). However,they have beenrecorded aslow as 1,130 m. Assuming that they occur in all available habitats above 1,200 m withinthis limited distribution, their total rangecomprises about 770 km 2. Habits.--Kennedyobserved several individ- ualson Mt. Pasianin 1994.Two maleswere seen in themiddle (ca. 5 mabove ground) and upper canopy(ca.8 m) of the forest perched alone and upright, giving a long, slender appearance. Kennedyalso saw other individuals accompa- nying mixed flocks composedof Philippine Bulbuls (Hypsipetesphilippinus), Elegant Tits (Paruselegans), Brown Tit-Babblers (Macronous striaticeps),Mountain Leaf-Warblers (Phyllosco- pustrivirgatus), Mountain Verditer-Flycatchers (Eumyiaspanayensis), Metallic-winged Sunbirds (Aethopygapulcherrima), White-bellied Flower- peckers (Dicaeumhypoleucum), and Mountain White-eyes(Zosterops tnontanus). Breeding.--Nonests have been found, but all ofthe males collected from 3 to22 May in 1993 and 1994had enlargedleft testes;one measured 4 x 2ram,two4 x 3mm,andtwo7 x 4mm. Of the two females collected during the same period,one (with 20% cranial pneumatization) had an undevelopedovary that was4 x 3 ram, whereasthe other (50%cranial pneumatization) hada developedovary that was 7 x 4 min. Vocalizations.--Thevocalizations of Lina's Sunbird have not been documented. Conservation status.--Lina's Sunbird was com- monin theareas we inventoried, with individ- uals sighted regularly every day. Although it hasa veryrestricted range, its habitat of mossy forestoccurs in extremelyrugged and inacces- sible mountainsthat containfew commercial 6 KœNtaED¾,GONZALES, AND MIRANDA [Auk, Vol. 114

Fig.3. View of the easternslope of Mt. Pasiannear its peak.Mt. Agtuuganoncan be seen6 km to the south. Photo by A. P. Sutherland. tree speciesand generallyare too steepfor ag- have been recognizedas a forestsanctuary. An riculturalpurposes. The areais inhabitedmost- accessroad has been built alongthe north/south ly bysmall communities of Mandayas,who have ridge leadingto Mt. Pasian,where PICOPand lived in the areafor centuries,practicing slash- the Philippine Long DistanceTelephone Com- and-burnagriculture and plantationfarming on pany have built radio and telephonerelay sta- the more accessibleflatter slopes. tions. PICOP controls access to the road and has The mossyforests within the PICOPlogging an excellentrecord of managingand protecting concessionaround Mt. Agtuuganonand Mt. Pa- its forests.Currently, the mostserious threat to sian at the northern end of the species'range the mossyforest comes from the recentdiscoy- January1997] NewSunbirds from the Philippines

Fig. 4. Mossyforest at 1,200m near the capturelocation of the holotypeof Aethopygalinaraborae. Photo by A. P. Sutherland. ery of gold in the region. Some lower slopes 850 to 1,710 m. The team obtained 10 specimens have been totally destroyedbecause of mining (skins with fluid-preserved bodies, two males activities.Despite this, we do not considermost and three females;whole fluid-preservedspec- of the habitatthreatened, either today or in the imens, one male and four unsexed; frozen tis- near future. sue,two malesand one female) of the Apo Sun- Remarks.--We are convinced that the mor- bird. We compared these specimenswith all phologicalfeatures exhibited by Lina's Sunbird known populationsof the speciesand conclud- reflect its unique evolutionary history and that ed that the populations sorted out into three it should be regardedas a separatespecies. The subspeciesas follows: birds from Mt. Apo be- questionsof whether A. linaraboraeand A. boltoni long to A. b. boltoni;birds from Mt. Kitanglad are sister taxa, or whether A. linaraborae is affil- (formerly spelled Katanglad) and Mr. Malin- iated with other Aethopygasunbirds within dang belong to A. b. malindangensis(Dickinson Mindanao and the region, are unclear.We have et al. [1991] included Mr. Kitanglad birds with frozen tissuesof many of theseforms that could boltoni,an apparent mistakeas they did not ex- be used for additional phylogenetic study. amine the specimens;here we follow the sug- Etymology.--Lina N. Florendo Rabor accom- gestion of Ripley and Rabor [1961]); and the panied her husband,the preeminent Philippine populations from Mt. Busa and Mt. Matutum ornithologist DioscoroS. Rabor, on more than (Dickinson et al. [1991] listed Matutum birds 40 scientific expeditions throughout the Phil- with boltoni)are indistinguishable from each ippines from 1936 to 1975 and contributed to other and represent a new subspeciesthat we some 80 papers and books published by Dr. describe as Rabor and his colleagues.Throughout this ex- traordinaryeffort sheremained a silent partner. Aethopyga boltoni tibolii subsp.nov. We are pleasedto name this new and beautiful sunbird after this remarkable person. Holotype.--National Museum of the Philip- pines No. 17804,male (with 50% cranial pneu- NEW APO SUNBIRD FROM SOUTHERN MINDANAO matization and left testismeasuring 4 x 2 mm) collected 5 April 1993 at an elevation of 1,321 Mt. Busawas surveyedby the PBI team from m (ca. 6ø05'N, 124ø41'E), 3.1 km south and 1.0 20 March to 20 April 1993 at elevations from km eastof the peak (2,064 m) of Mr. Busain the 8 KENNEDY,GONZALES, AND MIRANDA [Auk,Vol. 114

PangeRiver Drainage,Municipality of Kiamba, approximately50 km apart. Unexplored peaks SaranganiProvince, Mindanao, Philippines by besidesMt. Busaexist in the extensiverange of the National Museum of the Philippines/Cin- mountains in southern Mindanao, where we cinnati Museum of Natural History Philippine predict the Apo Sunbird may be found. These BiodiversityTeam, field number NMP/CMNH include Parker Volcano 22 km east of Mt. Busa, B2197. Mt. Itim Itim 57 km northwest, and the Kida- Paratypes.--CMNH Nos. 36477, 36480, 36481, pong Range 40 km west-northwest (Fig. 1). If and NMP No. 17805, collected at the type lo- A. b. tibolii is found on these peaks, its entire cality, 4 to 15 April 1993, at 1,299 to 1,704 m; range would lie between 6o00' and 6ø45'N and DMNH No. 14142, collected 29 January 1964, 124o05 ' and 125ø10'E. and FMNH Nos. 279623 to 279625, collected 16 Aethopygab. tibolii occupies montane mossy to 17 June 1966, all from Mt. Matutum, Munic- forest on Mt. Busa from about 1,300 m to the ipality of Tupi, South CotabatoProvince, Min- summit at 2,064 m. On Mt. Matutum, Rabor ob- danao by Dioscoro S. Rabor and colleagues. tained specimensfrom the summit (7,850 feet; Measurementsof holotype.--Wingchord, 52.53 recordedon Joint OperationsGraphic Air maps ram; tail, 46.40 ram; culmen, 23.79 ram; tarsus, as 7,500 feet, or 2,286 m) down to 823-1,128 m 15.34 mm; body mass, 6.5 g. See Table 2 for (i.e. 2,700-3,700 feet), the lowest elevation that summarystatistics of all individuals measured. any Apo Sunbird has been recorded. Diagnosis.--Bothsexes are most similar to A. Habits.--We have not seen A. b. tibolii in the b.boltoni of Mt. Apo but generallyare lessrichly field but suspectthat it has similar habits to A. colored. Male A. b. tiboliihave only a trace of b. boltonifrom Mr. Apo (seebelow). the metallic Paris Green on the forehead that Breeding.--No nests of A. b. tiboliihave been in most lighting situations is not visible; the found. The holotype collectedon 5 April 1993 patch in the center of the lower breastand belly had an enlargedleft testismeasuring 4 x 2 mm, is pale Orange Yellow 18, not SpectrumOrange, whereas an immature male (with 5% cranial and is hardly perceptibleagainst the pale Spec- pneumatization; left testis 1 x 0.5 mm) was ob- trum Yellow around it; and the pectoral tufts tained on 4 April 1993. Of three females col- are lighter Flame Scarlet. In female A. b. tiboliL lected in April 1993, one (20% cranial pneu- edgesof the scapularsand secondariesare olive matization) had a developed ovary measuring Sulfur Yellow, not dark Golden Olive-Yellow; 6 x 3 ram, one (100% cranial pneumatization) chin and throat are pale gray finely streaked had a developed ovary measuring 7 x 3 mm with white, not Grayish Olive 43; and the belly with the largest ovum 3 x 3 mm, and one (5% is paler Spectrum Yellow and has only a hint cranial pneumatization) had an undeveloped of Orange Yellow in its center. Immature male ovary measuring 4 x 3 min. A. b.tibolii are paler than the adult males,having Vocalizations.--No vocalizations of A. b. tibolii lessyellow on the throat and lacking orange in have been documented. the breastand belly; they also lack the orange Conservation status.--Common in its limited pectoraltufts. Immature femalesare paler than habitat, for which there are no immediate the adult females. threats. The Mt. Busa population extends the For the measurementspresented in Table 2, known range of this specieson Mindanao. malesare significantlylarger than females(two- Etymology.--Namedafter the T'Boli people, way ANOVA, P < 0.01) in all subspeciesof A. the original inhabitantsof southern Mindanao boltoni.Among subspecies,A. b. tiboliiis smaller where this subspeciesis found, who still cling than A. b. boltoniin wing chord, culmen length, to many of their traditions. and body massand smaller than both A. b.boltoni and A. b. malindangensisin tarsus length (Dunn's APO SUNBIRD FROM MT. APO multiple comparisonstests, P < 0.05). Differ- encesin tail length among subspecieswere not During recent surveysof Mt. Apo (Fig. 1) we significant. obtainednew information on the Apo Sunbird. Distribution and habitat.--Currently known Kennedyand Miranda sawthem singly,in pairs, only from southern Mindanao on Mt. Busa, in small groups,and in mixed flocksaccompa- which lies on the border between the provinces nying other montane species.They foraged in of and South Cotabato,and on the and around flowering trees and shrubs at all isolated volcano Mt. Matutum in the province levels in the stunted montane mossyforest. E. of South Cotabato (Fig. 1). The two peaks are A. Mearns (unpubl. data) found a nest of A. b. January1997] NewSunbirds from the Philippines 9

Fig.5. Hangingnest of Aethopygaboltoni boltoni suspended from a stemof tigergrass just before the terminal inflorescence,at 2,420 m on Mt. Apo. Photo by R. S. Kennedy. boltonion Mt. Apo in July 1904. Kennedy also of Natural History [DMNH]); four males and found a nestof this speciesin a partially burned, three females (FMNH); three males and one remnant patch of montane mossyforest on Mt. female (NMP); one male (USNM). Apo (seeFig. 5) at 2,420 m on 25 January1995. He apparentlyflushed the female during nest AETHOPYGA B. MALINDANGENSIS construction. The female remained within 5 m of the nest, fluttering about the foliage and div- Mt. Kitanglad:one male(AMNH); four males ing at Kennedy while carrying a piece of moss and two females (FMNH). Mt. Malindang: one in her bill. The pendulousnest was about 8 cm male and one female (AMNH); 12 males and 11 wide x 16 cm long, with an opening of about females (FMNH); four males and two females 3 cm. It was composedof mossesloosely woven (USNM); two malesand two females(Yale Pea- togetherand lacedwith severalspider or insect body Museum [YPM]). egg cases.It was suspendedabout 2.4 m from the ground on the end of a stemof tiger grass AETHOPYGA B. TIBOLH (Thysanolaenalatifolia; locally called"bugong") just before the inflorescence. Mt. Busa:one male and two females (CMNH); Vocalizations.--Kennedyobtained the first one male and one female (NMP). Mt. Matutum: known recordings(deposited in the Library of one female(DMNH); two malesand one female Natural Sounds,Cornell University) of A. bol- (FMNH). toni on the upper slopesof Mt. Apo on 25 Jan- uary 1995.The call consistedof one to six bub- AETHOPYGA LINARABORAE bling "peep" notes given while foraging. In a series, the first note was followed by a short Mt. Mayo: three males and two females pausewith the remaining notesgiven in rapid (FMNH); six malesand sixfemales (USNM). Mt. Succession. Pasian: one male and one female (CMNH); two males (NMP). Mt. Puting Bato: two males SPECIMENS EXAMINED (CMNH); one female (NMP).

AETHOPYGA BOLTONI BOLTONI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Mt. Apo: two females(American Museum of We dedicatethis paperto the late DioscoroS. Rabor, Natural History [AMNH]); three malesand one whose pioneering effortschanged the courseof or- female (CMNH); one male (Delaware Museum nithologyand conservationin the Philippines.In ad- 10 KENNEDY,GONZALES, AND MIRANDA [Auk,Vol. 114 dition, he obtained the first specimensof both taxa lands.Bulletin of the BiogeographicalSociety of we describedhere. The untiring effortsof our field Japan 11:5-8. colleaguesS. Babao,G. Balaquit,J. Brown, R. Brown, HARTERT,E. 1903. [Eight new speciesdescribed from D. Busemeyer,E. Cafiada,D. Cederio,E. Dayos,M. Mindanao]. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Entrolizo, R. Fernandez,J. Ferner, D. Keller, P. Mag- Club 14:10-14. salay,O. Puentespina,R. Puentespina,K. Reis,L. Rue- HARTERT,E. 1904. [Dicaeumnigrilore described from das, A. Sutherland, and of our numerous field assis- Mindanao].Bulletin of the BritishOrnithologists' tants are greatly appreciated.This project would not Club 15:8. have been possiblewithout the support and coop- LECRoY, M., AND F. VVILLEVMIER. 1992. Guidelines eration of Director C. Catibog-Sinhaand her dedi- for the descriptionof new speciesin ornithology. cated staff from the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bu- Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 112A: reau of the Philippine Department of the Environ- 191-198. ment and Natural Resources (DENR). In Mindanao, MAYR,E. 1942. Systematicsand the origin of species. we received tremendoussupport from L. Rivera Columbia University Press,New York. (DENR), P. Guillen (DENR), T. Orlanes(DENR), May- MEARNS,E. A. 1905. Descriptions of a new genus or J. Balajadia,D. Salvadorof the Philippine Eagle and eleven new speciesof Philippine birds. Pro- Foundation, and the staff of PICOP Forest Resources, ceedingsof the BiologicalSociety of Washington Inc. We also thank M. LeCroy and G. Barrowclough 18:1-8. (AMNH), G. Hess (DMNH), D. Willard (FMNH), G. MEARNS,E.A. 1907. Description of a new genusand Graves(USNM), and F. Sibley(YPM) for allowing us nine new speciesof Philippine birds. Philippine to study specimensin their care. We appreciatethe Journal of Science 2:355-360. helpful commentsof E. Dickinson,K. Parkes,D. Wil- OGILVIEGRANT, W.R. 1905. [Six new birds described lard, R. Zink, and an anonymousreviewer. Thanks from south-east Mindanao]. Bulletin of the Brit- also to A. Adamsonand R. Snodgrassfor preparing ish Ornithologists'Club 16:16-19. the map, A. Broussard,J. Bailer,and M. Hughesfor RAND,A. L., ANDD. S. RABOR.1957. Philippine Zoo- statisticalanalyses, and A. Buckfor editing the manu- logical Expedition 1946-1947. New birds from script.We thank M. Bitting for graciouslyvolunteer- the Philippines. Fieldiana Zoology 42:13-18. ing to paint the frontispiece.We are particularly RIPLEY,S. D., AND D. $. RABOR. 1961. The avifauna grateful to L. A. Butler for her generoushospitality of Mount Katanglad.Postilla 50:1-20. in Manila. The NMP/CMNH Philippine Biodiversity RIPLEY,S. D., AND D. S. RABOR. 1966. Dicaeumpro- Inventoryin 1992and 1993was supported by a John prium,new species(Aves; family Dicaeidae).Pro- D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation grant ceedingsof the BiologicalSociety of Washington awardedto Gonzalesand Kennedy.Finally, we thank 79:305-306. OutdoorAdventures for their unfailingassistance with RIPLEY,S. D., AND D. S. gABOR. 1968. Two new sub- field equipmentsince 1989, and Mrs. EugeneR. Farny, speciesof birds from the Philippinesand com- Jan and Joe Herron, and Pat and Kendall Spencer, mentson the validity of two others.Proceedings who generouslyand continuouslyhave funded Ken- of the BiologicalSociety of Washington81:31- nedy'sPhilippine studiesover the pasttwo decades. 36. This is contribution No. 8 of the NMP/CMNH Phil- SMITHE,F.B. 1975. Naturalist's color guide. Amer- ippine BiodiversityInventory. ican Museumof Natural History, New York. SMITI-IE,F.B. 1981. Naturalist's color guide, part III. LITERATURE CITED AmericanMuseum of Natural History,New York. SONNERAT,P. 1776. Voyagett la Nouvelle Guin&e. AMADON,D. 1949. The seventy-five per cent rule Ruault, Paris. for subspecies.Condor 51:250-258. VAUmE,C. 1951. A new speciesof flycatcherfrom CRACRArT,J. 1983. Speciesconcepts and speciation Mindanao, Philippine . American Muse- analysis.Current Ornithology 1:159-187. um Novitates 1543:1-4. DICKINSON, E. C., R. S. KENNEDY, AND K. C. PARKES. ZINK,R.M. 1996. Speciesconcepts, speciation, and 1991. The birds of the Philippines: An annotated sexualselection. Journal of Avian Biology27:1-6. check-list.British Ornithologists'Union Check- ZINK, R. M., AND M. C. McKrrracK. 1995. The debate list No. 12. over speciesconcepts and its implicationsfor or- DvPoNT,J.E. 1971. Philippine birds. Delaware Mu- nithology. Auk 112:701-719. seumof Natural History, Greenville. HACHISUKA,M. 1941. Description of a new genus Associate Editor: R. M. Zink and speciesof sunbird from the Philippine Is-