B E LL’ S CATHE DRAL S E RIE S

E DITE D B Y

D F G LE E S O N WHITE A ND E DWA R . S TR A NG E

ROCH ES TE R

S OU T H TRANSEPT F R O M T H E S OU T H - E A S T ( FRO M A P H OT OG R A PH B Y

. L A LL E N J . ) . TH E C A TH E DR A L CH U R C H OF R O C H E S T E R A DES CR IPTION OF ITS' FA BR IC A ND A BR IEF H ISTOR Y O F THE EPISCOPA L S E E

BY B . A ME . G . H . PAL R ,

LONDON G E ORG E B E LL S ONS 1 897 — C H I S WI CK P R E S S I C H A R L E S W H I T T I N G H A M A N D CD .

1 OO K S OU R T C H A N C R Y L A N E LO N D O N . C , E , G E N E R A L PR E F A CE .

T H I S series o f m onographs has been planned t o supply Visitors

’ to the great English Cathe drals with accurate and well illus of trate d guide book s at a popular price . The aim each writer has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to the student of arch ze ology

' too a for and history, and yet not technical in langu ge the use of r an ordinary visitor o tourist . To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case would be difficult and tedious in this place . But amongst the general sources of information which have been — firstl almost invariably found useful are y , the great county of of histories , the value which , especially in questions genealogy and local records , is generally recognized secondly, the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in the transactions of the antiquarian and archaeological m societies thirdly, the important documents ade accessible in

of the series issued by the Master the Rolls fourthly, the well known works of Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals ; of and , lastly, the very excellent series Handbooks to the

Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr . John Murray, to which the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail , of especially in reference to the histories the respective sees .

G LE E S ON WH I T E .

E DWA R D . R F S T A N GE .

E ditor s o fi l e S r f e ie s .

PR E F A CE .

WI TH I N the limits of a short preface it is impossible to

e l of numerate al the sources information , printed and in manu

of script, to which reference has been made in the writing this ’ little work on the Cathedral church of the author s native city . He must especially mention the extent to which he has con l s u t . e d Live tt . . . the works Of the Rev . G . M . , Mr W H St John

Hope , and Canon S cott Robertson among living authorities , “ ” while in the Collections made by Mr . Brenchley Rye, pre in served the British Museum (where Mr . Rye was once a

keeper), notes have been found Of many matters that might o therwise have escaped notice . Most of the illustrations appear for the first time in this

book . They are reproduced , by kind permission , from pen R f . . drawings by Messrs . H . P . Clif ord and J Beale , and from

. A . . . photographs by Messrs . Horace Dan , J . L llen , F G M f . CO . o Beaumont, and Messrs Carl Norman and , Tunbridge

Wells .

Thanks are also due to the Very Rev . the Dean , the Rev .

- E . . . and . S . S J Nash, Mr George Payne, Mr . Brister,

a s to for kindnesses and helpful suggestions , also the head

. wh o verger, Mr Miles , , having been connected with the fabric

of it s for more than half a century, has a personal knowledge

history during that time .

G . H . P .

zlz a n 1 8 g j . , 97 .

CON T E N T S .

I —T he H s o o f the e C HAPTE R . i t ry Cath dral

I I — The E x e o C HAPTER . t ri r To we r and B e ll s We s t Front W e st D oorway Nave and Main Transe pt ’ Ch oir and Gu nd ulf s To we r M onastic Buildings ’ Bish o p s Palac e Encl osure and Gat e s

C R I I I — T h e I n e r o HAPTE . t i r Nave Lady Chape l Main Transe pt Fon P and S s t , ulpit , tall M onum e nt s a nd Slab s n s S tai e d Glas . N orth Ch oir Aisl e Orga n Ch oir Scre e n Ch oir a nd Ch oir Transe pt Pave m e nt S tall s Paintings ’ B ish op s Throne Pulpit and Le cte rn Altar a nd S e dilia C o mmunion Plat e M onum e nt s S taine d Glass Chapt e r H o use Door way Chapt e r H ou se a nd Library S o uth Ch oir Aisl e Crypt

C I V —T h e D o e se and s o s HAPTER . i c Bi h p

I L L U S T R A T I O N S .

T he S o r nse o th e so - e s uth T a pt , fr m uth a t A rm s o f th e S e e T he We s t D oorway Nor th sid e Of th e Cath e dral I n the S e v e nt e e nth C e nt u ry N o we s e w e E e e n e n rth t vi , arly ight th C tury N o - we s e w e N ne e e n e n rth t vi , arly i t th C tury T he W e s t e nd fro m t he Ca stl e Gard e ns ’ N o - e s V e w w r ins o f G u ndul f s o we rth a t i , ith u T r Capitals fr o m the N orth sid e o f th e \Ve s t d oor Capital s fro m the S outh sid e o f the We st d o or T he ne w Chapt e r - Ro o m a nd th e ruins of t h e Old T h e r ns o f th e o s e s E s n e ui Cl i t r , a t ra g A Doorway i nse rte d in the Old R o man Wall ’ T h e P io s e a nd Old S o o 1 8 2 r r Gat Grammar ch l , 5 E s e H o s e R o e s e a tgat u , ch t r Plan T h e Nav e — l ooking We s t De o e S o A e o f N e c rat d Capital , uth rcad av T he — o n E Nave l o ki g ast . One Bay Of N o rman w ork I n th e Nav e ( South Al cade ) T h e Nave fro m t h e N o rth Transe pt T h e S outh Tr anse pt T he To mb of Bish o p Ham o de Hyth e Th e Ch oir Scre e n : De an Sc o tt M e m o rial T he Ch oi ’ A C orb e l I n th e Choir (by th e Bish o p s Thro ne ) A Wi nd o w Of th e Ch oir Cl e re s t o ry Trac e ry Of a Wind o w ne ar t he Chapt e r H b use do o r o A C rbe l I n th e Ch oir (middl e of N orth Wall ) . ’ Bish op s Th rone The W e e of Fo r ne fre s o n n h l tu , a c pai ti g T he To mb Of Bish op J ohn de Sh e pp e y T he o s d L de M a i t I n Of s o de lanvill n . G a . T mb Bi h p s G . S t Carve d Coflin lid T h - e . Chapt e r H o u se D oo rway o T he To mb o f Bis hop J o hn d e B radfie ld T he oo n ow r s th e N o r e s Crypt , l ki g t a d th a t T h e Vane on th e Guildhall

R oe/J es te r a t/ weir d ] 4 C .

w hich still belongs to it, and with other property ; and Justus, f o . though himself a monk , placed it in the hands secular priests

All traces Of this Saxon cathedral disappeared long ago, and its exact site was forgotten and remained unknown until portions o f in 1 8 8 u its foundations were discovered 9, during the nder 1 pinning, preparatory to restoration , of the present west front . wa Beneath this front, but only for a little y within it , the

older foundations extended . They were of hard concrete, from

4 to 5 feet deep and wide , and still carried fragments Of 2 and the walls , about feet 4 inches wide . of tufa, sarsen , n Roman brick . These remai s , on examination , proved to have e nd o f u belonged to the east a b ilding, which , in this direction , u terminated in an apse that occ pied almost the entire width . The southern junction Of this apse was found first within

the present church ; and later, in lowering a gas main under

- o f was the road outside , the north east corner the nave dis r covered . The internal width of the building was then asce ain 2 8 6 o f t e d to be about feet inches . The lines the north and south walls were followed by means Of a probe across the o ld burial ground westwards as far as the road , running o f from the High Street to Boley Hill, and the foundations n the west wall lyi g along its side . These researches revealed

- o f u . no signs aisles , q asi transepts , or porch If a western

porch or apse ever existed, and has left any remains, these

remains must lie beneath the road, so that excavation would be

necessary to get at them . It has been conjectured that the

west, as well as the east end , terminated apsidally . There o ne would then have been placed , in the apse, the high altar Of

w of . St . Andre , with the tombs St Paulinus , the apostle of North Ytha m ar th e Of . umbria , and St , the first Englishman to attain episcopal dignity . Both Of these died as bishops Of Rochester, and they were buried in its cathedral in 644 and 6 5 5 respectively . for The other apse , this is possibly the right meaning to assign to ” porticus in the following quotation , would have contained f wh o h of . o t e altar St Paul , and the tomb Bishop Tobias, is “ orticu S recorded to have been buried in p ancti Pauli apostoli , quam intra e ccl e sia m Sancti A ndre ae sibi ipse in locum se p ul ” o f chri fe ce rat . The tracing of the foundations a straight wall n of a t the west end proves nothi g , I think , against the existence

1 Liv in A rch ae olo ia Cantiana h R v . e tt A n t e e . . full acc ou t by G M g , x viii . a /z dm l His tory of t/ze C t e . 5

o r . n this porticus, be it porch apse , beyond We k ow that it no t it was a later addition by Bishop Tobias himself, and is cu t of to be supposed that , when he away part the Old wall to n unite his work to the buildi g, he would have taken the trouble

to dig beneath the surface and remove the foundations too . I t is to be hoped that at some time in the future all the remains f O the Old Saxon church , under the burial ground and under

the road, will be uncovered, and its complete plan thus , beyond

all cavil , ascertained . on I t s Troublous times fell the church very soon after erection , La m b arde : N O m arvaile of and, as says is it, if the glory the on place were not at any time very great, Since the one side the a b ilitie o f the Bishops and the Chanons (inclined to advau nce on cala m itie of it) was but meane, and the other side the fire ” w r m c ntinua ll and s o de (bent to destroy it) was in anner o . Even here in Kent a reaction against the new creed followed of E adb ald the death Ethelbert , and his successor relapsed into 6 1 r . e idolatry Bishop Justus himself fled to Gaul in 7, and

mained there a year before he was recalled by the king, but there A 6 6 were sadder times still to come . bout the year 7 , King n o f Egbert havi g died , his brother Lothair usurped the throne

Kent . In this usurpation he devastated the country, without fo r or any respect churches religious houses , and especially i h s . S plundered Rochester, driving Bishop Putta from see oon ’ o f in afterwards , still within Lothair s reign , Ethelred Mercia S h re iti vaded Kent , spoiled the whole y , and laid this C e waste . There was little time to repair the losses and damages suffered o n of these occasions before the inroads the Danes began . of on f Rochester, lying at the head an estuary the side o - was o f o England towards the Viking land, , c urse , especially open 8 0 to their attacks . In the year 4 they ravaged Kent, and both “ Canterbury and Rochester felt the effects of their barbarity f ” o . 8 8 and hatred the Christian religion Again , in 4 , large of ou r numbers them , under Hasting, invaded England , but ou t of city and cathedral were gloriously delivered their hands . “ “ h La mb ard e th e daie s o f T ey, says , in King Alfred cam e ou t of Frau nce of , sailed up the river Medway to Rochester, a and besieging the town , fortified over gainst it in such sorte wa s e e lde d that it greatly distressed and like to have been y , but that the King came speedily to the reskew and not onely 6 R oe/l v e r a l /1 4m e C 6 l .

raised the siege and delivered his subjects, but obtained also an honourable bootie of horses and captives that the besiegers ”

. for had left behind them Then , a time, apparently, the city cathe dral h ad 86 and ‘ some repose, until , in 9 , King Ethelred quarrelled with the bishop and besieged the town . In anger at its resistance he plundered the property of the church out side and had at last to be bought OIT. Much more grievous were the injuries and losses of about twelve years later, when , in 999, the Danes came again , drove away the inhabitants and plundered their city . “ And all these b armes Rochester received before the time Of ” for King William the Conqueror, in whose reign great changes 1 the better were to be begun . S wh o 1 0 8 iward , had been bishop since 5 , retained the see,

1 0 . was after the Conquest, until his death in 75 Sad indeed “ was the condition of the cathedral then . It itself almost ” o f fallen to pieces from age, much its property had been lost , a nd there were only four canons left . Even this small esta blish ment was steeped in poverty ; it is charged also with lack o f zeal . Arnost, a monk Of Bec , succeeded Siward, but he died within a year . A bishop had now to be chosen who would be competent to cope with the poverty and deficiencies of

f carr th rou h . the see, and to y g remedial measures At last Gundulf o f Lanfranc appointed , whose great capacity he had o f wa personal knowledge . Want money at first stood in the y ’ of of reforms ; but, with the archbishop s help , much the of e was alienated property the se recovered , and the substitution 1 0 8 2 Of regular for secular clergy was undertaken . In a priory f wa s established with twenty monks Of the Order o St . Bene lf’ Gu ndu s . dict, a number which grew to sixty before death It wa s necessary, now, that a new church should be built, for the one wa s Old not only, as has been said, very dilapidated, but

for ne w . also , probably, too small the establishment ’ One of Gu ndulf s first undertakings seems to have been 1 0 S the erection , about 5 feet to the east of the axon cathe f of . o dral , the strong tower bearing his name Ruins this are still to be seen on the north side of the choir (see p .

It was about the year 1 0 8 0 that he began his church . The

1 Fo r N o r n w o r se e t he e . W . H . S . o n H o e in ma k , pap r by Mr t J h p ’

h it e l s e e e ss in o . Of th e ri . d . A s A rch ae olo ia . an g , xlix , Mr p arli r ay J ur B t ix A r ae o . A sso . ch l c . , a t/zod r a H is tory of t/zo C l . 7

o f plan was cruciform , but not the usual northern type . o f The eastern arm was six bays long, and had aisles the same length as the presbytery its four easternmost bays stood on of a n undercroft, which a portion still remains in the present 1 8 8 1 old crypt . The excavations there , in , uncovering the o f foundations, proved that the shape Of this end the church u sed to be rectangular and not apsidal . It had been concluded on d that its form was such , but less positive groun s , thirty 6 6 0 years before . The whole arm was 7 feet long by wide , a nd from its end there was a small rectangular projection , c onstructed , probably , for the relics Of St . Paulinus , which u n u lf or G d , , according to another account, Lanfranc , transported from the older church . In this prolongation we seem to have a germ of those that gave us afterwards the Lady Chapels of w Lichfie ld . , Westminster, Gloucester, and else here This small b e ' excrescence , chapel it can scarcely called , probably did not rise very high , as room had to be left above it for the east window, which , with the clerestory, was needed to light the of presbytery . The latter, like the choir the present cathedral f ’ o S t . and like that Alban s , had its aisles divided from it by s olid walls . To the west o f the S ix bays of the eastern arm crossed a

t . w transep , remarkable for its narrowness I n the angle bet een it and the south wall of the choir, rose , as an integral part of c the building , a smaller tower balan ing the earlier great one of G u ndu lf , which had been allowed to remain in an almost similar,

on . has but independent, position the other side It been co n je cture d that the lower portions Of these two towers formed the ’ transepts of Gu ndu lf s church . This would have greatly reduced t he of length its choir, while adding, to the same amount, to that of its nave . Such a theory is , however, quite untenable now, f a s o . 1 8 2 the real lines the transept have been traced In 7 , of when the south end the present transept was underpinned , ’ parts Of the foundations of its predecessor s east and south of walls were uncovered , and the footings the clasping pilaster

- buttress o f its south west angle exposed . These showed that the transept occupied the position which we have assigned to e ntire le n th was 1 2 0 it, and that its g feet , while it was only

1 . T 4 feet wide his width being so small , it is probable that the a rcading of the nave was continued right up to the choir arch .

no . There was tower over the crossing Of a south tower, as 8 R o /z /z d r l c es tor Ca t o a .

has been mentioned , the foundations have been found, but the only Signs of it now left above ground seem to be some tufa h quoins in the wall by the cloister door . Even if t ese traces did not remain there would be ample documentary evidence to prove that it had once existed . The nave and its aisles were intended to be at least nine bays

- . 1 8 6 long In the underpinning of the side aisles in 75 7 , the ’ Gu ndulf s bases of buttresses were discovered, his foundations being easily distinguishable from later ones , and the curious fact wa s then made manifest that he did not finish the nave westwards . On the south side his work stops half a bay from the prese nt west front, and on the north it only extends three bays to the west o f the present transept . It is interesting to note that it is just from this point that it was , in the seventeenth century, found necessary to start the rebuilding Of a portion of the north aisle w all . Taking it for granted that the nave arcades were , after the old English traditional manner, continued to the choir arch , we conclude that G undulf completed nine arches on the south n and five o the north side . The bishop probably finished the south aisle that he might build the cloister and monastic buildings against it in their usual positions but did not deem the north

so . a s . important , it would be Of no such ulterior use In the o r r same way the choir was finished , while the nave , pa ochial o portion , in which the m nastic establishment had less interest , wa s n n inco m possibly left to the tow sme , and remained longer — f le t e . o p All that the monks most wanted, enough the nave to secure the stability Of the choir and transepts , and the south ’ was Gu ndulf s wall that supported their cloister, built under wa m direction . It has been thought likely that the nave s co ple te d by the parishioners before the later Norman period . If so , the builders of that time seem to have swept away all the ’ t ownsm e n s o f . work , probably because its ruder execution ’ Gu nd ulf s arcades consisted, apparently, of two plain square edged orders the plan of his piers is not known . We do not b e seem to have any of his work , now, a ove the first string cours in the nave . The triforium , in its present form at any rate, is , like the casing o f the piers and the outer decorated order of the arches , Of later Norman work . ’ or G u ndulf s The cathedral , rather the part described above as h 1 0 8 r work , seems to ave been erected by 7, in which yea n and William the Co queror bequeathed some money , robes, ‘ ’ His zory of M o Ca t/zoa r a l . 9

ornaments to it . The monastic portions were certainly finished ’ 1 0 before Lanfranc s death in 8 9 . ’ Lam b arde ch ronicle r ho said E c , following perhaps the w , ’ A ndre ae ae ne ve tu state diruta m nov rn ' u t cle sia m , p , a ex integro , ” a are t ae dificavit incom hodie pp , , does not seem to suspect the ’ ple te ne ss of Gu ndu lf s work of which he gives the followmg re —e difie d quaint account . He tells how he the great church fou d e b ut at Rochester, erected the Priorie , and where as he n half a dozen secular priests ” (the Older authority that we have “ n u followed makes it still worse, only mentio ing fo r) in the com m in had Church at his g, he never ceased, till he brought h M onke s th ac together at the least t ree score into e ,pl e . Then of a nd t ; removed he the dead bodies his predecessors , wi hgr at sole m nitie translated them into this newe work and there aeso was of owne Lanfranc present with his purse, and his charge in- offe ne d worke of c in curious cleane silver the body of Paulinus , to the which shrine there was afte rwarde (according to the superstitious maner of those times) much concourse of

m . people and many oblations ade Besides this , they both joined in suite to the King, and not onely Obtained restitution

Of sundry the possessions witholden from the church , but also lib e ralitie of procured, by his and example, newe donations T o Gu n ul h u s . d many other landes and privileges be short, p

(overliving Lanfranc) never rested building and begging , trick h advau nce d ing and garnis ing, till he had this his creature, to b e autie of the just wealth , , and estimation a right Popish ” Priorie . Subsequently the choir wa s re - arranged and the nave partly

re - rebuilt, partly faced , added to , and finished with the west front , which , to a great extent, still remains . This later Norman work was carried out from east to west during the episcopates Of E rnu lf ( 1 1 1 5 - 2 4) and John Of Canterbury ( 1 1 2 5 The upper part of the west front and some of the carving may not have been completed within even that period . What seems certain is, that we are indebted to later Norman builders for the re - of of casing the piers the nave arcade, the greater richness o f of their capitals , the outer decorated order the arches , the triforium with its richly diapered tympana , and the west front . n of Assigni g most these works to the time of Bishop John , ’ E rnu lf s as seems best, we can point to others that testify to is architectural skill . He recorded to have built the refectory, ’ I O R oo/z oste r Ca tk a r a l o .

. of dormitory, and chapter house Portions these still remain , and o ne f a r of e s e ci e tu e , in the ornamentation the chapter house, p

it - ally marks as his work . This is a peculiar lattice like diaper, E —in b e which occurs lsewhere at Rochester, fragments that longed probablyto a beginning by him of the renovation of the — on : choir, but has only been noticed at e other place by the C entrance to the rypt at Canterbury, where also it is due to him .

‘ An indication o f the comple tion of the church in this new ‘ ' — or rath e r it of of it s form , , is safer to say, the final destruction ' e — h a s Saxon pred cessor, is perhaps contained in an entry that ' “

of . been found, that Bishop John translated the body St h a B t r . E am , ishop Of Rochester ” It seems peculiar that this relic was not moved to the new church at the same time as the f remains o St . Paulinus . It may be that the earlier Norman ’ bishop and monks valued the greatest Of St . Augustine s fellow — a missionaries foreigner , like themselves , working here for the church— more highly than his successor in the bishopric and n fellow saint , who belonged to the rece tly conquered and still was despised English , and whose great glory that of being the

first bishop o f their race . a 1 1 0 The cathedral was app rently dedicated in 3 , by the Corb e u il Archbishop William de, assisted by thirteen bishops , “ but one authority gives 1 1 3 3 as the date . In The history and ” 1 antiquities o f Rochester we read The city was honoured

V 1 1 0 I . with a royal isit in the year 3 , when Henry , the Arch of bishop Canterbury, and many of the nobility were present at ’

f . : the consecration o St Andrew s Church , then just finished was n but their mirth turned into sorrow, by their being mour ful spectators of a dreadful conflagration which broke o u t on the th o f of 7 May , and, without any regard to the majesty the king , Of o r of grandeur the church , solemnity the occasion , laid the ” city in ashes and much damaged the new church . The

Chronicle says, as _to the extent of the damage done by this i co nfla rav t . fire , Civitas pene tota g H ade nham The Rochester chronicler, Edmund de , records t wo great fires under the years 1 1 3 8 and 1 1 77 Gervase also

1 1 1 1 . mentions these, but gives their dates as 3 7 and 79 The exact extent of the damage and consequent repairs is not known

1 h r b l e A n v . D e nne a nd . S u so . no o s o th e R e . S W ym u , but pr bably by P in 1 s e 1 2 se on e ion 1 8 . ubli h d 77 c d dit , 7

I 2 R oc/ze s fer

The development, by means of great additions and altera

tions , of the present eastern arm and its magnificent crypt from the earlier and smaller Norman structures was probably taken in 1 1 0 hand about 9 . The new work seems to have been begun

from the east and continued westwards . It was at first perhaps

roofed temporarily with wood , and only vaulted later . It may have been far enough advanced to allow of William of ’ 1 2 0 1 Perth s burial , directly after his death in , in the north h l S his choir transept (still called by name), where tomb and

shrine were afterwards so much resorted to . On the other i hand, his body may have been laid in the north choir a sle was until the new transept was ready to receive it . This pro i wa s not con bably not the case however ; t certainly , if the e ctu re 1 1 is re j be correct , that 95 the approximate date of the moval Of the eastern half of the Norman undercroft and Of the of portion the presbytery above it, and that a little work in the choir aisles had been done even earlier . Other authorities , o f though , incline to the Opinion that the part the Norman presbytery which projected into the new work was not removed Off before it was almost completely inclosed . This would put its demolition till later . “ The whole choir was , we read , rebuilt by William de ‘ H ’ OO t e o ffe rin s . . , the sacrist, with h g at St William s tomb The “ ” of word choir must here, course , be used in its more restricted t sense , meaning the choir proper, as distinc from its transept t e and the presbytery . Even then to say absolutely that he ir t he built is to go too far, for walls dividing it from its aisles o f are still in the main Norman construction , though they have n of Early E glish facings and decorations , and additions this of later period to their upper parts . The original intention the architect had apparently been to change into arcades these solid

so . on walls , but, if , he abandoned it When the work the

re - o f choir walls was finished, some modelling its aisles was ou t n soon carried , buttresses bei g built within them to with stand the thrust o f the new vaulting o f the central part . In William de Hoo ’s work at this time we must include the arches o f one across the western ends the choir aisles , with the bay of the transept clerestory over the northern Of them , and possibly also the choir arch, with the piers that carry it . It seems , however, that these piers were only finally freed from a s now the Norman nave arcade , and completed , we have them , ’ His tory of t/ze Ca t/zea r ol . I 3

o f w to be the eastern pair supports to the central to er, by

Richard de Eastgate about twenty years later . It is recorded that the new work had been roofed and leaded by the sacrist

R adulfus de Ros and the prior Helias . The new choir was first 1 2 2 used in 7, when the monks made their solemn entry into it,

and the works , that have been described above , must have

. S been finished at that date ome fittings , probably originally

inserted at this early period , still remain , viz . , the eastern side of the pulpitum and some woodwork preserved in the present o f stalls . Richard de Wendover, Bishop Rochester, and Richard , of or ne w Bishop Bangor, dedicated the church , rather its 1 2 0 portions , but it was not until 4 that the ceremony took

place . We must now go back a few years in order to mention the 1 2 1 great losses that t he cathedral sustained in 5 . In that year u King John besieged and captured Rochester Castle , sto tly held against him by William de A lb ine t and other powerful H ade nham u s barons . Then , Edmund de tells , the church “ was so plundered that there was not a pyx lef in which the ” body Of the Lord might rest upon the altar . At such a time ’

S t . the offerings at William s tomb , which have been alluded w to above, ere especially needed and especially acceptable . o f Within the first half the thirteenth century, but certainly

several years later than the entry into the choir, further great

works were begun by the monk and sacrist Richard de Eastgate . He probably commenced by clearing away the two eastern r e arches of each of the nave arcades , which , it will be

membered , are thought to have been continued right up to the

choir arch and, then , having completed the piers at the ends of Of the choir walls , laid the bases the two others that with xt them support the central tower . He ne began the new north transept ( a /a [zoroa lis ve rs us p or ta l /z b ea ti and made

it half as wide agaI n as I ts slender predecessor . Afterwards the north—west tower pier was erected at the junction Of the transept

and the nave , and , finally, there is a discussion as to whether wa the northern tower arch s built now or not until later . We wa s are told that all this work , begun by Richard de Eastgate, M e e ham wh o almost finished by Thomas de p , became sacrist 1 2 n u t of o f f in 5 5 . The layi g o the bases the western pair o piers to the central tower was formerly assigned to a much earlier date ; while the eastern piers were supposed to have I R oe/te s te r Ca t edr a 4 h l .

’ been finally finished in William de Hoo s time . This work w would, however, scarcely have been done before the new ider o u t transept was undertaken , and it cannot have been carried before the eastern part of the Norman nave was cleared away . Only a Short time elapsed then before the building of the south transept ( a /a ( l ust r e /is ver sus eu r ia m) by Richard de Walde ne n o f , monk and sacrist, and ext came the completion the supports for the central tower, by the construction of its

- of south west pier and the other arches . The building the

NORTH SIDE OF T H E CATHEDRAL I N TH E SE VENTEE N TH CENTU RY OM V K G ( FR AN ENGRA I NG BY DAN IEL I N ) .

o f eastern (the choir) arch , and the possible earlier date the o f of northern one, have already been Spoken . The two bays the nave nearest the crossing , were also rebuilt in their present of form , and the stability the arches that were to bear the central tower was thus secured . The reconstruction Of the whole nave seems to have been intended by the architects of w of . this time but want funds , probably, stopped the ork we To leave purely architectural history for a while , find the church on which all this labour was so lovingly besto wed 1 undergoing another terrible experience in 2 64 . On Good ff istory of t/ze Ca t/zed r d l . I 5

Friday of that year it was desecrated by the troops of Simon de f l ’ o . o d Montfort, after their capture the city In the annalist s account we read ( in Latin) h ow they entered the church o f A on on St . ndrew the day On which the Lord hung the cross for A on sinners . rmed knights their horses , coursing around wh o fo r the altars , dragged away with impious hands some fled refuge thither, the gold and silver and other precious things

off . being with violence carried thence Many royal charters , ’ t oo , and other muniments , in the Prior s Chapel, and necessary

o f e . to the church Rochester , were destroy d and torn up The infirm ar oratories , cloisters , chapter house, y and all the sacred ’ buildings were turned into horses stables, and everywhere filled ” with the dung of animals and the de file m e nt of dead bodies . of E There is a record a later, more welcome visit from arl ’ 1 0 0 Simon s conqueror . In 3 Edward I . made a progress in

Kent, and we find the following items in the wardrobe accounts

- i 8 h o f . t for this , the twenty eighth year his reign On the Of

o f . February he Offered seven shillings at the shrine St William , n and a like amount again o the next day . He then went forward on to Canterbury, and his return from the archiepiscopal city 2 th gave, on the 7 of the same month , seven shillings each for f Yt h m ar the shrines o S S . Paulinus and a in the church of the

Priory . 1 1 From March till October, 3 4 , we read that Isabel , the of was queen Robert Bruce, a prisoner in Rochester Castle , permitted to walk at convenient times , under safe custody, f f within its precincts and those o the Priory o St . Andrew f n . o co adjoining This is , however , to some extent a matter tr v r o e sy . The fourteenth century saw the j unction o f the ne w and the a nd Norman work in the nave completed , the design of rebuild ing the whole western arm finally abandoned . A beautiful capital at the joining on th e south side will call for especial mention of later, and in the part the triforium just over it there is a piece of - apparently later Norman work , which is , however, by builders to of the Decorated period . They seem have found it best to reproduce here, as accurately as possible , what they had just destroyed . That it is by them is shown by the stone used, which

o f - is greensand and not the Caen stone later Norman workmen ,

f - and by dif erences in working . The early Norman architects o f had chiefly used tufa , and these successive changes material 1 6 R oe/tes te r a t/z d r l C e a . are Of great help in assigning their respective dates to various parts of the fabric . About 1 3 2 0 some alterations were made in the clerestory of t h e on south transept, while its east side there was , apparently, a c o f one onversion two arches into to form a large altar recess . This change seem s to be alluded to when in 1 3 2 2 the altar of the Blessed Virgin Mary in this transept is spoken of as “ de ” n r nova co st ucto . At this time there were many disputes between the monks and the parishioners Of St . Nicholas, whose ’ a 1 2 2 1 2 m od ltar stood from 3 , at any rate, till 4 3 , against the screen across the end o f the nave beneath the western t ower

. 1 2 f a . o rch In 3 7, in which year Mr Walcott tells a riotous a ssault by the townsfolk o n the pretence Of a right of entrance or for a of by day night the ministr tion the Viaticum , an oratory was built, by agreement between the monks and the parishioners , “ ” in angulo navis , for the Reserved Sacrament, and the small f d oor was inserted in the west front . To dread o such attacks o r fear Of the crowds Of strangers constantly passing through the t on t o own , which stood the main road Canterbury and the we of Continent, must attribute the erection the screens and o f strong doors this time , which shut Off the choir from the rest Of the cathedral , and also the almost contemporaneous walling off o f the priory from the town . Among these screens is included o f l the west side the pu pitum , which still contains its original

c . entral doorway , as well as the screens in the choir aisles T o this same period also belongs , apparently, the western cloister d oor . In 1 343 the central tower was at last raised by Bishop Hamo de Hythe, and capped by him with a wooden spire in which he Ytham ar placed four bells named Dunstan , Paulinus, , and n w La franc . The south to er had already been destroyed and with its demolition we approach the end of the changes which have brought the south choir aisle to its present form and which 2 will be described in the chapter on the interior of the church . A x nham T h e completion of this aisle is assigned to W . de e ’

I I s . its wooden roof seems to belong to King Edward . time Decorated tracery was inserted in the presbytery windows soon o f after the erection the tower, and Bishop Hamo is recorded to have reconstructed in marble and alabaster the shrines of

1 Fo r e r in or on o s se e . 68 . furth f mati ab ut thi altar, p 2 1 1 2 S e e p . . Histo o t/ze a t/zed r a l I ry f C . 7

m Y ha ar . S S . t Paulinus and Finally, to this time, to about the of middle the fourteenth century, belongs the beautiful doorway t o a on which leads the present ch pter room and library , and is e f of the chief glories o the church . of In the painted decoration the choir walls, with its alter

- - — nate lions and fleurs de lis, which Sir Gilbert Scott partly w — we saved and partly rene ed, have probably a contemporary V ou r allusion to and commemoration Of, the ictories won by ’ countrymen in France in Edward I I I . s reign . Rochester lay . on the main route t o the Continent and is sure to have seen w 6 0 much of the soldiers ho passed to and fro . In I 3 there is a record o f the passage . of John I I . on his way back to his own land . He had , it will be remembered, been defeated by the Black Prince at Poictie rs I n 1 3 5 6 and brought as a prisoner t o f r England until arrangements should be made o his ransom . on 2 nd of It was the July that he went through the town , and , ere of S t he left it, made an Offering sixty crowns at the Church Of .

A ndrew . 1 2 The oratory that was constructed in 3 7, and other attempted arrangements , did not settle the differences between the monks f and the parishioners O S t . Nicholas . These were only finally o f th e o f ended by the erection a new church , for use the latter, th e hIirch on nortli in the cemetery called Green C Haw, the side of the cathedral . The people were still allowed t o pass of within the north side the cathedral in their processions , and the Perpendicular doorway which exists , walled up , towards of th e w was for the west end north aisle all , inserted their passage . The right that the mayor and corporation of the city still retain of entering the cathedral in their robes and with their maces, etc . , borne before them , by the great west door, seems f to be a relic o the Old parochial use Of the nave . Later in the fifteenth century the clerestory and vaulting Of n the orth choir aisle were finished, and Perpendicular windows

. 1 0 were inserted in the nave aisles Then , about 4 7 , the great was west window inserted, and the nave clerestory, together l was with the northern pinnacle Of the west gab e , rebuilt . It 1 0 or in 49 , thereabouts , apparently, that the Perpendicular builders carried ou t their last important work : the erection Of so- the called Lady Chapel , in the corner between the south transept and the nave . This seems to be really an extension Of the Lady Chapel in the south transept (where the altar to the I 8 R oe/te s t e r a t/zed r a l C .

ha s n Blessed Virgin Mary been already me tioned) , to be a nave to this rather than a chapel itself. There is now nothing very important to record until we come to the time , when , at the suppression Of the monasteries by

Henry VI I I . , regulars , after more than four centuries and a half, ceased at last to form the establishment Of this cathedral . T wo general visitations of religious houses had been made in 1 1 of on b 5 3 5 and 5 3 7, but neither the reports this esta lishment seems to be extant . If either could be found it would very possibly prove unfavourable . Some inj unctions by Bishop 1 h that Wells, in 4 3 9, nearly a century before, seem to S ow he found deviations from the rule of the order, and that he thought precautions against its infraction necessary . During it s later days the priory does not seem to have been in a flourishing state . In the twentieth year of King Henry ’ V wa I I I . S s reign , the annual income of its estates returned to 8 6 1 1 s n the exchequer as only £4 . and its financial co dition , though it has not been accurately ascertained , seems to

1 8 w - have been bad . In 49 there were only t enty four monks in the house, though the original establishment had been sixty, and this great diminution in numbers was probably due to the want ’ f t o o . funds Later, the priory s acknowledgment Of the Royal 1 0 th 1 Supremacy, dated June , 5 34, there were only twenty signatures altogether . 2 0th o f 1 0 is The March , 5 4 , the date of the commission to the

Archbishop of Canterbury , George Lord Cobham , and others to accept the surrender o f the house and its possessions t o the 8 th A of was king . On the of pril following the seal the convent o f affixed to the instrument resignation , a document which

u s . seems to very ironical in its wording It was sent in , we read by them with their unanimous assent and consent, deliberately o wn and Of their certain knowledge and mere motion , from certain just and reasonable causes, especially moving their ” f wn o o . S minds and consciences , their free will ome pensions on of were granted the day surrender, the total number given among the dispersed monks being thirteen . These seem very fe w , but possibly vacancies had been left unfilled for some of one or years in dread such an event, and perhaps two of the f monks embraced the opportunity o release from their vows .

we ne w . Others , know, were given appointments Even the above ’ a of 1 6 small number soon dwindled . In Cardin l Pole s list 5 5

2 0 R oe/zes t r a /z e C t edr a l .

of a nead master the Rochester Gramm r School , that this and of similar institutions were , about the middle this century, made of to conform more to the spirit their original foundations , by the t of h making of alterations , especially in the erms sc olarships, to t mee the great changes that have since occurred in money values . In 1 5 4 1 panelled book desks were provided for the ne w canons and singing men . Some Of the panels belonging to them still remain , and are incorporated in the present choir stalls . For some years little of interest occurred directly concern h of a ing the cathedral itself, though much appened import nce o f 1 8 h w . o in the history the see and its bishops In 5 5 , Of ever, the body Cardinal Pole lay here for a night in state , ‘ ’ an e e - and we are able to give y witness s account , written by Francis Thynne , afterwards Lancaster Herald , and pub ’ “ lish e H olinsh e s 1 8 d in d Chronicles in 5 7 . Cardinal Poole “ died the same daie wherein the Queene (Mary) died, the w third hour of the night . His bodie as first conveyed o ne from Lambeth to Rochester, where it rested night, being of brought into the Church Rochester at the West doore , not

. m se lfe opened manie yeres before At what time y , then a yoong scholer (he was born in “ beheld the funeral t ru lie was pompe thereof, which great and answerable both to t his birth and calling, wi h store Of burning torches and mourn w cofli n e e de s . ing At what time , his , being brought into the of church , was covered with a cloth blacke velvet , with a great crosse o f white satten over_all the length and b re dth of the ’ of wa s same , in the middest which crosse his Cardinal s hat

. conve ie d placed . From Rochester he was to Canterbury, where the same bodie (being first before it came to Rochester daie s inclosed in lead) was , after three spent in his commenda foorth tions set in Latine and English , committed to the earth in the Chapell o f Thomas Becket . 1 6 8 C In 5 we have a urious story, said to be taken originally from records in the Rochester Diocesan Registry of the dis cove r a nd . y apprehension , at Rochester, Of a Jesuit in disguise

A certain Thomas Heth , purporting to be a poor minister, came and asked the dean to recommend him for some preferment . The dean said that he would consider his case after he had heard him preach before him in the cathedral . NO fault seems n to have been fou d with the sermon , but in the pulpit after o a t/zedr a l 2 1 H is tory f Me C .

wards , the sexton , Richard Fisher, picked up a letter that had wa s been dropped , and carried it to the bishop , Dr . Gest . This

directed to Th . Finne from Samuel Malta, a noted Jesuit at wa s Madrid . Heth brought up and examined before the bishop he acknowledged that he had preached for six years in England , was but said that he had left the hated order . He then ‘ remanded until the case had been reported to the queen and her council . Incriminating papers were in the meantime found among his belongings, and , at a later second examination , he confessed . He was pilloried, branded, and mutilated after of the cruel manner those days , beside the High Cross at f r was to o . Rochester, and condemned be imprisoned life

From this imprisonment he was released by an early death .

We are next able to mention a visit by Good Queen Bess . S he came to Rochester during her summer progress in Kent in 1 5 73 , and lodged, during her first four days in the city, at the of Crown Inn . On the last day her stay she was entertained by on o Mr . Richard Watts at his house , B ley Hill , which then , it ” n of is said , obtained its ame Satis, she having answered with this word his apologies for the poor accommodation that he

. S had been able to Offer to so great a queen On unday, the 1 th 9 Of September, she attended divine service , and heard a sermon at the cathedral . In 1 5 9 1 there is recorded the destruction Of a great part of t o the chancel by fire , but the fabric itself does not seem have 1 6 0 been much damaged . At any rate, in 7 the dean and A wh o chapter were able to certify to rchbishop Abbot, was making a metropolitical visitation , that the church , though requiring weekly repair from its antiquity , was , as a whole , in reasonable condition . This statement was probably accurate, as the return was not followed by any injunctions from the

Visitor . A D 1 6 0 6 f . . o During the preceding year, , Christian IV .

- in- f o I . Denmark , brother law James , had visited Rochester a i e A in company with the l tter K ng and Qu en, nne , and their ’ son o eldest , Prince Henry . These royal pers nages had separate ’ own lodgings during their stay, King James s being at the ’

. on S and Bishop s house It was aturday that they arrived , ” “ t old b e in e the next day, we are , g Sunday, their Majesti s Cathe drall l came to the Church Of the Co ledge, where they heard a most learned sermon by a reverende grave and learned 2 2 R oe/z es t e r Ca t/zedr a l .

. f . o on Doctor This was Dr Parry, Dean Chester, e Of the n most famous preachers at his time . Ki g Christian is said to

have been much pleased with his discourse , and to have given

him afterwards a very rich ring . The royal travellers then “ o n forwarde towar visited the shipping, and the Monday set de s ” Gravesend . ’ In Archbishop Laud s annual report o n the diocese to King

I . 1 6 Charles , in 3 3 , it is said that the Bishop (Dr . John Bowle) “ complained that the cathedral suffered much for want of glass

in the windows , and the churchyard lay very indecently, and

the gates down , because the dean and chapter refused to be visited by him on pretence that the statutes were no t confirmed ” under the broad seal . Here the king wrote in the margin : “ one Wa or This must be remedied y other, concerning which I ” expect a particular account of you . There was probably a c onsiderable likelihood then of the imposition of a new set of e ’ statut s of the archbishop s devising ; the dean and chapter, l t o O . however, managed retain the d ones They submitted to a

visit from the archbishop , as metropolitan , in the following one o f year, and in answer to his questions stated that the n cathedral was sufficiently repaired in all its parts, the o ly defects , f o . and these small , being in the glass of some the windows

These defects had been left for a little while, owing to the f great charges that they had incurred o late years . If they had been among the first parts repaired they would probably have wanted mending again before the other works were finished .

This would have involved more expense . In addition to their on ordinary annual outlay the fabric, they had recently expended ” on it a nd on the making of th e organs more than h for The archbishop evidently t ought this report correct , with regard t o the cathedral and its furniture he only found it ne ce s sary to enjoin : that the wi ndows should be repaired without d m r elay in a decent anner, and the bells togethe with the frames put in good order that there should be a new fair desk in c the choir, and new chur h books provided without delay ; that the communion table should be placed at the east end a t o Of the choir in a decent m nner, and a fair rail put up go h across the choir as in other cathedral churches . T at they had not of their o wn accord seen to what he considered such an important matter as this last, is sure to have influenced him against them . In their answer the dean and chapter said that i o /z a /z d r al 2 H s t ory f t e C t e . 3

a s all these things were either done, or would be taken in hand b o ut soon as possi le , but pointed that , if the altar were removed

quite t o the end, the clergyman ministering at it would be of almost ou t Of hearing the congregation , and suggested instead

the erection Of a screen behind it, in the more westerly position , i r was s fo . where it then and again , it to stand against This sug o u t gestion seems not t o have been accepted . They pointed the “ impossibility of carrying ou t his injunctions as to the ve rie hand

some fence for their churchyard . They had before told him of i n o f parochial rights , and rights way , the cemetery , and promised that it should be as decently kept as possible I n the

future , and that they would report the mayor and citizens if they f also did not do their best in the matter . The maintenance o

the establishment seems to have been generally satisfactory , but “ ” there was some discussion as to requiring a pettie canon wh f M m ” o . o a and two lay clerks , were gent his chappell , to

provide substitutes when they were at court . The new desk I : ou r b ooke s we was taken n hand, but they said for church , ” nce ave a or fa e re r co that no e church in Engl nd hath newer y , A hi and went on to give particulars . s to s enforcement of the “ ’’ wearing of square capp e s within the cathedral at times o f was service and sermons , they said that this the usual practice

o f the dean and canons in residence , and that care would be 1 taken that it should now be carried ou t by all .

e . . 2 1 In Lansdown MS no 3 , at the British Museum , there is “ included A relation Of a short survey o f the we ste rne counties f o England, Observed in a seven weekes journey begun at on t h Norwich and thence into the West Thursday, August 4 , 1 6 e Ca taine 3 5 , by the sam Lieutenant , that, with the p A of and ncient (Ensign) the military company in Norwich ,

made a journey into the North the ye e re before . It includes f o f an interesting , rather antithetical , account by this o ficer Rochester and its cathedral as they were just before the “ w r troublous times of the Civil a . He says : A s I found this so ch eife Citty little and sweet, I found her and best structures c sm allne sse was orrespondent to her , which neat and hansom e , ’ and neither great nor sumptuous . And first I le begin with her h ife ] was c e . seat the Cathedral , which consecrated in Hen the I . e time ; and though the sam be but small and plaine, yet it is

1 Th e se answe rs are publish e d in the F ourth R e p ort of the Hist orical u s ri ts o ss on AI an c p C mmi i . 2 R oe/zeste r 4 Ca t/zed r a l .

’ very lightsome and pleasant : her quire I s neatly ad orn d with many small pillars of marble her organs though small yet are h t ey rich and neat ; her quiristers though but few, yet orderly ”

d . on and ecent He then passes to the deanery, the episcopal palace , and the monuments in the church . He names some o f and of these last, alludes to diverse others also antiquity, so ’ dism e m b re d de fac d was , and abused as I forced to leave them to some better discovery than I wa s able to render of them as ” also the venerable shrine of St . William . John Weever, ” ] 1 6 1 whose Ancient funeral Monuments was published in 3 , agrees with our Norwich lieutenant as to the dilapidated state of the Older monuments in the church in his time . People wh o u are at times found , thoughtlessly charge the Ro nd heads with all such defacements as these , but the above authorities clear them in many cases, though still leaving acts o f vandalism that they are responsible for . “ In A perfect diurnall of the se ve rall passages in o u r late

n . 1 . 1 6 2 Jour ey into Kent, from Aug 9 to Sept 3 , 4 , by the appoin tment of both Houses of Parliament we have an official account of the doings of the Parliamentary soldiers in this of cathedral as elsewhere in the county . Of the last day their “ on we : stay in the town their outward j ourney, read On h Wednesday, being Bartholomew Day, before we marched fort , some of ou r souldiers (re m e mb ring their protestation which they o Ca the drall or 1 0 of t oke) went to the about 9 the clock, in the midst Of their superstitious worship , with their singing men and boys they (owing them no reverence) marched up t o the n place where the altar stood , and stayi g awhile, thinking they of would have eased their worship, and demanded a reason their not forb e are posture , but seeing they did not , the souldiers could t o the any longer wait upon their pleasure, but went about worke f r they came o . First they removed the Table to its place appointed , and then tooke the seate which it stood upon , being o f 2 or t o made deale board , having 3 steps go up to the altar , and brake that all to pieces ; it seemed the altar was so holy

' that the ground was not holy enough to stand upon . This being done they pluckt down the rails and left them for the poore t o kindle their fires and so left the organs to be pluckt n down whe we came back again , but it appeared before we came back they tooke them downe themselves . When this ” t work was finished we then advanced towards Maidstone . A His o o /z a fi d r 2 t ry f t e C t e a i. 5

u . on S ate rda Canterb ry it was far worse There, y morning before we departed some of ou r souldiers visited the great

Cathe drall of . , and made havock all their Popish reliques w When they had done their pleasure e all marched t o Dover .

'

Their pleasure meant terrible injuries to this grand church . The Cavaliers themselves agree that Rochester Cathedral

suffered far less mischief than many other sacred edifices , from

of . a the bigotry their opponents The following passage, from “ “ o f 1 6 paper entitled Mercurius Rusticus, 4 7, is quoted in The ” " f R 1 6 0 o . S History and Antiquities ochester I n eptember, 4 “ for S 1 6 2 s (apparently a mistake August eptember, 4 ) the rebel t o coming Rochester, brought the same affections which they ’ e xpre ss d at Canterbury but In wisdom thought it not safe to m ’ give them scope here , as there ; for the ultitude , tho mad e enough yet were not so mad , nor stood so prepared to approv of such heathenish practices . By this means the monuments t he w k dead , hich elsewhere they bra e up and violated , stood ’ u ntouch d e scoche ons and arms of the nobility and gentry remained undefaced the seats and stalls Of the quire escaped breaking down only those things which were wont to stuff up l o f the par iamentary petitions , and were branded by the leaders faction for popery and innovations ; in these they took liberty to let loose their wild zeal they brake down th e rails about the ’ Lord s table or altar ; they seized upon the velvet of the holy e table ; and , in contempt Of those holy misteries which wer on l celebrated the table , removed the table itse f into a lower of as part the church . To conclude with this farther addition , l so I am credib y informed , they far profaned this place as to of of make use it in the quality a tippling place , as well as dug

saw- h several pits, and the city joiners made frames for ouses in ”

. r a it Even the Royalist and Church pa ty , therefore, llow that comparatively little damage was done here . The statement ’ ” that the monuments stood u ntouch d is especially interesting ‘ ‘ and c m in from valuable as o g them . f n The name o one despoiler is o record . In the answer by t he dean and chapter to an enquiry by Bishop Warner, a certain of 1 5 John Wyld , a shoemaker Rochester, mentioned as having taken down and sold iron and brass work from some of the tombs . The Rev . S . Denne gives the following additional in — f “ on o . formation , the testimony Mr William Head , senior of alderman the city , a very antient worthy man , who died 2 6 R oe/tes t e r Ca t/zed r a i .

1 2 “ c was March 5 , 73 , that the hurch used a s a stable by ’ ’ who Fairfax s troops , turned their horses heads into the stalls in the choir . Great efforts were made directly after the Restoration to bring the building into a decent state once more . On the 1 0th o f 1 66 1 o n April , , Samuel Pepys , then a visit of inspection to

' ‘ - W E I G H T E E N I H C M NORTH EST VIEW , EARLY ENTU RY (FRO AN ENGRAV I NG PU B LISHED I N

as his Chatham Secretary to the Admiralty , tells , in diary, how “ he went on to R o ch e ste r ~ a nd there saw the Cathe drall which

w ~ nin is no f a t u . itting for use , and the organ then g The church must have been in a very bad state , for the dean and 1 6 6 2 the chapter reported to the bishop , in , that repairs that they had already executed had cost them and that the defects still remaining in the fabric would need a further ex i pe nd tu re of not less than t o make them good . They

2 8 R oe/tes te r Ca t/zedr a l .

o f by the Prebendaries the said church in their formalities , with the ' ge nt Iy and commonalty of the said City and places

a . djacent, with torches before them Near the Cathedral they were met by the choir wh o sung Te Deum before them ; when Divine service was ended, the Choir went before the body t o the grave (which was made in the body o f the Church) f singing Nunc dimittis . Thousands o people fl ockt to this o f Cathedral , amongst whom many gave large commendations wh o the Dean and Chapter, bestowed so honourable an inter ” on o wn he ment a stranger at their proper cost and charges . T of n o f exact site this grave cannot be pointed ou t . An accou t the other funeral is to be seen in the diary of John Evelyn for “ ’ 6 2 2 1 . : ass d 7 We there read June , Trinity Sonday, I p at 1 11 Rochester ; and on the 5 , there was buried in the Cathedral r R ab iniére of Mons , Reare Admiral the French squadron , a

wh o of . gallant person , died the wounds he received in the fight ’ ce re monie on e rform d This lay me, which I p with all the decency I could , inviting the Mayor and Aldermen to come in S ir their formalities ; Jonas Atkins was there with his guards , and the Deane and Prebendaries one of his countrymen pro nou ncin g a funeral oration at the brink Of his grave, which I ’ t cau s d o be dug in the quire . Such was the funeral of a E n lish and brave ally the g , French were then fighting together 1 t against the Dutch . It is interesting o note here that the of coflin corner his , in a position such as Evelyn describes , beneath the choir, was touched when the tunnel was being made , ’ in Sir G . Scott s time, to connect the organ with its bellows in the crypt .

to . The steeple, a little later, had much attention devoted it

was 1 6 . It in a dangerous way in 79, and Mr Guy, a celebrated w on was as t o . architect , asked report it He stated that it very ruinous and ready to break down into the church ; that the and plates were rotten , the girders quite rotted through, all the

’ ' lead so thin that it could not b e repaired : that three corners also of the stone - work were so rent and crooked that they would “ H e u ose d a need t o be taken down . s pp th t the making good of old r Of the stone tower, the taking down the spire and putting, of suflicie ntl up a new, and to y cover the same with lead would

1 A l onge r acc ou nt o f the fune ral was publish e d in th e Gaz e tt e at the I t s e i e n as th e 6 th in t he e R e s e s s time . dat s giv May Cath dral gi t r , but thi mu st b e wrong . His tor o Me a h ed r a l y f C t . 2 9

cost over and besides the old lead and timber . His not was a very alarming statement, but he was intrusted with of o f the superintendence this extensive piece work . The dean and chapter seem to have hoped that the matter was not really quite so serious . A few months later they consulted of Henry Fry, a carpenter Westminster, and he declared that

' the mending of the lead and of one end of a beam at the lower end of the east side of the spire would be sufficient to keep it and for from falling . H e was evidently skilful honest, with his , for and some slight subsequent repairs , the spire stood another

- sixty nine years . One would think that he deserved more than f r o . the 3 os . paid to him his visit and report of 1 6 0 1 688 on of A sum £ was , in , spent the repairing the on n Old organ and a new chair organ , a ame often wrongly ‘ ’

clI oir . 1 0 n altered to organ In 7 5 the nave was ewly leaded , of the names Henry Turner , carpenter, Thomas Barker, plumber, C o f and John amball , bricklayer, being inscribed with those on one the bishop , dean , prebendaries , and verger Of the sheets . “ ” - of N The altar piece orway oak , plain and neat, which was l con retained its place throughout the century , probab y 1 0 of f . o structed in 7 7 A sketch its history, with notices the various adornments that it had at different times, will be given f 1 2 when the furni ture o the choir is described . In 7 4 a return was made to Bishop Bradford that th ree - quarters of the whole

re - roof had been leaded within the previous twenty years , and that the rest was believed t o be in good order . There was then no defect in the walls reported the windows were said to be in 1 0 good repair and the pavement also . Until 73 the bells were or rung from a loft gallery over the steps to the choir, the ’ approach being from Gu nd ulf s tower . This gallery was then o f s removed , and the vaulting the cros ing finished to match had that of the south transept , which been repaired and decor

not . ated long before according to a plan by Mr James . At the same time the order was given for the part of the organ screen h towards t e nave to be wainscoted . Very considerable repairs and alterations were made in the 1 2 - f choir during the years 74 43; under the direction o Mr . S for o f loane . While they were in progress , the space a year and a quarter, the dean and chapter attended service at

St . Nicholas Church . New stalls and pews were erected and the partition walls wainscoted ; a pavement wa s laid with Bremen 0 R oe/t est r Ca t/ze d r a i 3 e .

and Portland stone beautifully disposed ; and an episcopal. throne was presented by Bishop Wilcocks and placed opposite n the pulpit, where the prese t throne now stands . Much white was washing done at this time , even the numerous Purbeck

t n v . I II 1 88 marble shaf s bei g co ered with it 7 , however, they are mentioned as polished once more and restored to their original

beauty . From shortly a fter the Restoration until about the ’ of time of these alterations , the inclosure the bishop s con sist ory court had been situated near the west end of the south o f aisle the nave . It was now removed to the Lady Chapel , t o n where it remained un il well in the present century . ’

b 1 . The steeple had , at last , to be re uilt in 749 Mr . Sloane s of wa s m model its woodwork for any years preserved in S t . ’ William s Chapel , and has since been kept in the crypt, where 1 6 it still remains, but in a very dilapidated condition . In 7 3 the northern of the towers flanking the west front was considered t o

be in a dangerous state , and was taken down , together with the

r - upper part of the north aisle end beside it . It was e built soon

a 1 0 0 1 6 . fterwards . A bequest of £ , in 7 5 , by Dr John Newcome , ’ dean of the cathedral and master of St . John s College, Cam of was bridge, towards the repair the fabric , probably intended

to help this work . The new tower was professedly a careful of ’ reproduction the Old, but its incongruities have formed one o f the reasons for the recent thorough renovation , instead of

of . to mere repairing, the west front It was only carried up a was bout half its former height, and there , with the aisle end ,

off t . s 1 2 finished with battlemen s Thi was all done before 7 7 , a w s an engraved vie of the west front in that year shows . The V was southern tower is in this iew still unlowered , but it cut

d a . own , to match its fellow in height, soon afterw rds For a long time previously the outer walls Of the south choir

’ aisle and south choir transept had occasioned great anxiety .

They were not buttressed originally, like the similarly situated on of b walls the other side the church , probably ecause they had the cloister and other conventual buildings to support and shelter

‘ ’ t e . S hem ev ral attempts were made, in particular, to render the of transept secure . A first was by the fixing wooden ties, with o f large iron bolts, in the main timbers the roof ; a second , in f 1 1 o f . o 75 , in pursuance advice by Mr Sloane, by the raising t w o great brick buttresses ; and a third , about twenty years f later, by lightening the roof. These were use ul for a time, but, His t or o t/z a t/z d r a i y f e C e .

wa s M lne was l as the wall still evidently declining, Mr . y consu ted his of c and, by direction , piles bricks were ere ted in the under croft, and other methods were used to discharge the weight of the upper works . These schemes were brutal and inartistic . Though for they answered their purpose some years , they were after wards found to be doing harm rather than good . ” In his History of Kent ( 1 78 2 ) Hasted gives expression to a some very gloomy views s to the state of the fabric . We there

- W C NORTH EST VI EW , EARLY N I NETEENTH ENTU RY (FROM AN V B C ENGRA IN G Y J OHN ONEY ,

“ : its read The whole bears venerable marks of antiquity, but time has so far impaired th e strength of the materials with which of th e it is built , that, in all likelihood , the care and attention

t ovvards t lie ' su ort ffi p re sent chapter, pp of it , will not be su cient to ”

a of . . pr event the f ll great part of it , even in their time Dr Denne , not as however, thought the case , though bad , quite so hopeless

d . this , and his more sanguine opinion has prove to be correct ha s n o . Constant care , however, had to be bestowed the place A w c the 1 fine new organ as onstructed for cathedral in 1 79 , 2 R oc es te r a t/zed r a i 3 h C .

During the closing years of the eighteenth century or the earliest ones of the nineteenth occurred the destruction of the upper ’ of G u ndulf s was ff portion tower, which , before it su ered this one of of injury, the most curious and interesting pieces archi

- f . o . wh tecture in England Some sketch books Mr Essex, o o f on r s was, in the closing years last century, employed e tora

tions in the cathedral , are preserved in the Department of

M S S . . n at the British Museum They contain many notes o , a nd of sketches , the building and details in it , but nothing of interest for this history as they do not illustrate his work in "the

c hurch . Since the close o f the Napoleonic wars the cathedral has f passed through four busy periods o restoration . The first of these 1 8 2 1 8 0 lasted from the beginning Of 5 until about 3 . Mr . L . N . f r C . B a e e S m irke ottingham was in charge , Messrs y , , Savage, and T w n f op e y being also consulted at various times . The roofs o the its choir and transept, though they had been thoroughly repaired

only fourteen years before, were soon found to be quite unsafe a nd - rot so eaten up with dry , that it was necessary to renew them . The part o f the south wall between the main transept and the was ou t of chapter room also dangerously the perpendicular . The great masses of brick within and triangular buttresses with o u t l o f e i hte e nth r ce nt u r t o , the c umsy attempts the g y architects

save it, had by their subsidence even increased the mischief.

C ottingham removed them and built up the wall , which deviated

- it f of i twenty two inches from the upright, . w h a ace ashlar wh ch r l constituted an invisible b ii tt e ss. He a so found that th e c l of was in entra tower consisted to a great extent rubble , and

capable of supporting the spire . He almost entirely rebuilt it h from the roof, and left it in its present form , finished wit

corner pinnacles but without a spire . All these serious works of t o affecting the safety the fabric involved the setting aside, a

e itte nt . great , of restoration in an ornamental sense The east end of was , however, considerably improved by the removal the huge o u r altar screen that concealed much of it . He opened t and e o f of newed the lower range windows there , which the central had

been quite , and side ones partially, blocked with brick , and of lowered the altar and its pavement, to show the bases the

chancel pillars . The ugly upper window he merely restored, and

left it for Sir G . Scott to erect in its stead the more appropriate re tier of lancets that now take its place . Cottingham also His or o t/z a t/ze dr a l t y f e C . 3 3

one newed many other windows, including the great west , on n those either side of the presbytery, and the Decorated o e b y the chapter room . In the nave some red brick flooring had for York pavement substituted it, and in the choir some Grecian n panelling and a cor ice along the side walls were removed . off The stalls also were repaired, and the paint cleared the seats two of in the choir . There are other pieces work in connection ’ in h am s with which Cott g name is Often mentioned . One o f of these was the restoration the chapter house door, with parts o f which much fault has been found . The other was not so for t remarkable in itself as a great discovery that it led o . I of 1 8 2 of refer to the removal , quite at the beginning 5 , the mass of masonry that had long concealed from view the famous S f monument of Bishop John de heppey, whose e figy was made almost perfect by the careful re - fI tting of some fragments that

re - were found . Unfortunately Cottingham had it coloured , though the fact seems generally forgotten . ’ Various other faults in Cottingham s work have since been ou t pointed , but at the time his restoration received much of 1 8 2 we praise . On the 3 oth November, 7, find the dean and of 1 0 0 of chapter voting him an honorarium £ , as a token their appreciation of the ability and zeal that he had shown . The opening years of the fourth decade of the century form our next period , during which Cottingham still had the direction of the works . He now substituted the present rich and elabo not of rate, but altogether praiseworthy roof the main crossing , one for the plainer that he had placed there earlier, when he rebuilt the tower . He restored the canopy of Bishop John de ’ ’ Sheppey s monument, designed a new pulpit, and a new bishop s 1 8 8 for throne for the choir, and later, in 4 , was responsible a ne w font in the nave . These will be described and their several fates recorded later . o we o f f To Mr . Cottingham we also a repair the ceilings o of the choir and nave , and a final cleaning from whitewash the

Purbeck marble shafts throughout the building . He cleared the ou t th e of crypt thoroughly, lowered ground there to the base the columns, repaired the whole , and, especially, renewed the 1 8 2 Shafts . The organ was enlarged by Hill in 4 , at Canon ’ f 1 8 2 Gri fith s expense ; and at that of his wife , in 5 , the Lady

Chapel was restored . From the year 1 8 7 1 till his death in 1 8 7 7 the fabric was D R oeb es t e r a t/zed r 34 C a l .

. wa s entrusted to Sir G Scott, and the work in it all carried ou t from his designs and under his immediate superintendence . At an early stage of his work he put the clerestory of the nave in of sound repair, and the western arm the church was then used for services while the restoration of the choir was in progress . During the latter part Of the time its aisle walls were under pinned . To the western transepts and crossm g Scott devoted o n much attention , considering rightly that they formed e of the

‘ most elegant parts of the structure . He largely repaired the of n masonry both the south and orth transepts , underpinned ’ the former s end, inserted some new windows in the west wall m asswe oak Of the latter , and gave it a new doorway and door, f in place o the ruinous entry that before existed . He did away with the low eighteenth century roofs and gables Of both , old restored the former gables , chiefly on the authority of f o . prints, and erected roofs the Old high pitch once more In n the south transept he made good , also , the interesting vaulti g , w oak . ith its ribs, which were decayed and threatening to fall

The spaces between them , which had been formerly boarded , he found filled only with lath and plaster . To the organ screen n he gave back its origi al plainness , which made it rather an was no OII eyesore , as there now further screen in front of it, of n the other side the , transept, as there had been whe ’ n th e St . Nicholas altar stood at the east end of the ave . For wa s organ a new case made after his design , which , without any of or removal the instrument parts of it, preserves the vista of its the choir . In making a tunnel to connect the organ with bellows in the crypt, many interesting discoveries were made . ’ wa s We now come to Sir G . Scott s work in the choir ; it very thorough . He restored the gables to the east end, the of not north transept, and the aisle the latter, but had funds to raise the roof to correspond . At the same time he replaced where they had been lost the curious little pinnacles that surmount th e

flanking turrets of the north choir transept and of the east end .

The ugly, upper east window he, after some hesitation , decided Cot to do away with , though it was in sound condition after ’ t ingh am s repairs . In its place was erected the present group

Of lancets, which are certainly more appropriate, and have , w ith the tier below, from which he removed some inserted

f . re decorated tracery, a very pleasing ef ect The high altar was old in moved from the east end to its position , some distance

6 R oe/t es te r /z dr a 3 Ca t e i.

Of the stones needed replaci ng in all such cases careful copies was were substituted one by one . The great west doorway thoroughly restored, its shafts were given separate bases once f of Old . o more , and new doors took the place the The works , this period also, were carried as far as possible by the dean and

T HE CATH EDRAL FROM TH E CASTLE GARDENS ( FROM A PHOTOG RAPH

G . M . B . BY F . EAUMONT)

o n 2 th of 1 8 2 chapter, but the 7 October, 9 , an influential meeting was held at the Mansion House to find funds for their con — in tinu ance . Subsequently the north flanking tower its then — form , the work of the eighteenth century was demolished , and and n entirely rebuilt for the second time , both it its fellow bei g i now raised aga n to their original height . A comparison with o a /ze d r a i His tory f M e C t . 37

2 6 of wa s 1 1 the illustration given on p . the front as it in 7 9 , h w shows o careful and accurate the restoration has been . The old north aisle end was at the same time restored to its form , —a o f and the northern gable turret, curious specimen fifteenth w to — re century work , hich many were sorry see disappear, f on placed by a Copy o its fellow the south . A 1 8 2 fter the death of Canon Burrows , in 9 , the new font , j ust within the west door, was erected by subscription , as a him memorial to . The last piece of work that we have t o record is the inclosure of a series of new vestries along the south side o f the crypt . “ for These have been paid with American dollars , the proceeds ’ o f Dean Hole s recent lecturing tour on the other side of the

A tlantic .

The cathedral still has great and pressing n eeds . The m ost ’ in of S ir . S crying is, perhaps , the fitting roofs to G cott s gables the eastern part, for their present isolated condition makes them unpleasantly conspicuous . This the clean is anxious to see undertaken next . A spire is also much wanted ; the present of tower, especially since it has been dwarfed by the raising the of transept roofs , looks scarcely worthy a moderately important f i o . s parish church , much less a cathedral However, when it re found possible to undertake the change , it should be l membered that Rochester is a smal cathedral , and that the in i n opposite fault to the present s gnifica ce must also be avoided .

The new spire must neither be t o o lofty nor too elaborate . S ir S o u t of Finally, as Gilbert cott pointed , the parapets the o f nave and its aisles are unworthy the building, and a con side rab le f amount o internal repair is necessary . These matters will have to be seen t o as soon as the requisite funds can be

found . H A PT E R C I I .

THE E X T E R I OR M ONA TI C B U I LD I NG E N CLOS U R E , S S , , A N D A TE G S .

R OC H E S T E R lies within a bend of the Medway and is bounded on is by that river the north and west . It girt round by Chalk on m n on hills , which , the two sides e tioned , look down it from across the stream . Its houses have now begun to Climb I n the hills greater numbers , but the space that used t o be old low f enclosed by the city walls lies very , the only piece o rising ground within their line being the mound on which the castle stands . The cathedral church is one of the smallest in n E gland, and occupies a lowly position immediately beneath n an this mound and the mighty keep that crow s it . It c claim attention therefore neither by magnitude and grandeur nor by n of promine ce position . Its tower is, however, next to the castle keep , the most conspicuous object in the town , and this ou r e not of fact makes regret the gr ater, that it is more worthy its position .

The cathedral, though unable to bear comparison in the of m matter size with ost others, and though by no means an imposing building, is a very interesting structure and well of worthy all the study and care bestowed upon it . It bears in of of find itself many marks its eventful history, and the work ing these a nd ' solving their significance is a most attractive f one . o t oo i . Many its features, , are mportant architecturally

The crypt, the Norman work in the nave , the great west door

- way, and that leading to the chapter room , all rank among the o f best examples their respective kinds in England . ’ An excellent bird s - e y e view of the cathedral can be obtained from the castle, either from the keep itself, or from a convenient ’ own opening in the outer wall . On the Church s level good r r z or E t e . 39

of views can be Obtained almost all the principal parts , though in some directions buildings interfere . The famous west front ca n be well studied from the road before it and from a favour on of old able position the other side the cemetery , a good

- north west prospect can be obtained . Passengers along the for High Street are now, by the substitution Of an iron railing a w former all , enabled to gaze on the north side Of the choir and the lf’ ruins of Gundu s tower, across a stretch Of turf that generally ’ Of bears visible testimony to Dean Hole s love flowers . A f re general View o the whole south side, together with the few mains of the monastic buildings , can be Obtained from the road of through the precinct ; and , of the exterior the building, the east e nd alone cannot be well seen except from private ground .

There are other, more distant , views , which are both interesting and picturesque . T h e C e nt r a l T o w e r is the first feature to claim ou r atten tion now that we are come to the description of the exterior and wa s its parts . The earliest tower over the crossing raised , 1 wh o in 343 , by Bishop Hamo de Hythe , crowned it with of a spire wood , covered with lead , and placed in it four bells , Y h am ar t . named Dunstan , Paulinus , , and Lanfranc This spire and the masonry of the tower caused great anxiety at o f the end the seventeenth century, but with some not very considerable repairs then , and some slight ones later, 1 6 a u h ri 1 . t o lasted until 749 I ts height was 5 feet, but the h ties for its form do not at all agree . It is given a very u in common shape the north prospect by Daniel King, repro t 1 . o d u ce d on p . 4 This seems be followed by many engravings h no d o whic , however, bring additional testimony, for they of not correct great faults in other parts it , such as the insertion of of a bay too many in the nave , and th e ignoring a story in ’ - the transept ends . The north west view from Harris s His ” of 1 1 tory Kent ( 7 9) makes the spire octagonal , and it

f . e n a ppears o this form in many small sketches . Other ’ own gravings , as another view in Harris s book , show it square , u of of but without the pec liar treatment the middle each side, and with something simpler and plainer than the pairs of dormer

. S windows in the plate by King ome reasons may , however, be ’ for of given thinking the latter s version the spire correct, though : 1 his engraving is elsewhere so inaccurate . Such are ( ) its abundant detail , perhaps too abundant, as others do not support 0 R oe/tes te r a t/ze d r a 4 C l .

for 2 l his dormer windows , instance ; ( ) the fact that Browne Wi lis , ” f “ in his Mitred Abbies , re ers to this draught (when used to ’ illustrate Dugdale s M ona sticon in preference to attempting a description himself ; and (3 ) that the tiny view shown on the portrait engraving of Dr . Thorpe that forms the frontispiece to his R e ist ru m R offe nse we g , agrees with it well when take into of consideration the smallness its scale . The tower was square , or without either battlements corner pinnacles, and the spire rose directly from it . On the west side , it will be noticed , the blind arcading under a string course at the height Of the th e ridges Of the transept roofs, terminated downwards on lines of a pointed gable , and we may hence conclude that the

- nave used to have a high pitched roof before its present flat one . 1 was The spire raised in 74 9 octagonal , and rose directly from the tower . It had neither parapet nor corner pinnacles t o hide the transition from the square to the octagon , n or splaying to make this change less abrupt . I ts form is shown ’ 1 8 1 6 of in the view (p . and Mr . S loane s model its woodwork is still to be seen in the crypt, in a very damaged state . A curious instance of the inaccuracy of some old engravi ngs R al he occurs in two plates by Metcalf, and by Ryland after B . p , of which reproduce the same view this cathedral , and are , a pparently, only variations of the same plate . They represent m of the tower itself as octagonal , ake it excessive breadth , and give it three windows in each face . of The new spire was demolished, after an existence a little wh o w less than eighty years , by Mr . Cottingham took do n at m of th e the same ti e most Old tower, and raised the present s rather plain one , which bears no spire . Our illustration render any description of the form of this tower unnecessary . was It did not meet with approval , even before it made more ’ insignificant in appearance by Sir Gilbert Scott s heightening o f the transept roofs . An apologist for Mr . Cottingham says that was not was he altogether responsible for its faults , since he com e lle d u n p to modify his design , thro gh a strong conviction amo g the townspeople , especially among the local builders , that e he was overloading the supporting piers . He obtained exp rt of t vsI ce opinion that they were capable bearing the weight, but his at last yielded, though he complained that by his so doing was work spoiled . T h e B e l s . l are hung in this tower They are six in number,

R oe/t es te r a t/zed r a 44 C l .

of The nave end, the main central portion the front, contains the great west door, to be described later, and over it the great window, inserted during the second half of the fifteenth century . Of w The dripstone the windo terminates in two carved heads .

o f r - on On each side the doo way is a round headed recess , and

o f - h of the level the door arc , and interrupted by it, runs a row blind arcading, the Shafts of which rise from plinths , that project co m in carved heads from an elaborate string course . The first le t e on of p bays of this arcade , the north and south sides the of G u ndulf door, contain niches, within which statues two bishops , of 1 8 and John Canterbury, were placed , in 94, by the Free

of . masons Kent . These statues are not at all worthy of praise T he space between the heads of the arcade and the decorated string course, crossing at the level of the window sill , is filled with a diaper pattern . There are three more blind arcades we above , all interrupted by the window, before come to those r that u n round the gable turrets . The lowest has a band of of chevron moulding crossing the tops its shafts , while carvings I fill the lunettes n its heads . Next come two rows of a double interlacing fret, and then another string course , from which the h ro w of n . as second arcading spri gs This semicircular heads , of with zigzag ornament , and a double series intersecting arches ’

on . above , like an arcade Anselm s Tower at Canterbury The topmost arcade of the three rises over another string course and

- is round headed like the rest . Its arches do not, however, like h on of two on t eirs , run continuously but form two groups each m side . The crenellated gable parapet rises fro a string course on with five sculptured masks, and has plain shields its battle ments . Of the gable turrets the northern has , in the last w t o . no restoration , been made match the southern Both are octagonal , and have two arcaded stories . Their tops are pyramidal , and ribs run down the edges from the curious conical

of . cap , which crowns the apex each

The aisle ends stand back somewhat . Each has a lofty, of ornamented arch , rising to the height the sill of the central window, and containing, recessed within its upper part, a semi OII S ide a circular headed window . We see , higher up each , single narrow light , and higher still an arcaded lean to . At the I S for end of the north aisle a pointed doorway, inserted the use ’

I II 1 2 . of S t . Nicholas parishioners 3 7 We will novs conclude our account of the front I n its present E- r rt e r io . 4 5

w of . form , ith a description its flanking towers The northern is w one square for its hole height , and has four rows , above the

o f . other, blind arcading The southern , with the same number o f arcades , is also square in its lower portion , but, for the two upper rows becomes octagonal , and finally terminates in an of on an octagonal pyramid . The spire its fellow the north c scarcely be called octagonal it is square, with the angles only

cu t . slightly down , and with slight splaying at its base On the summits of both are curious conical caps (like those described n as surmounti g the gable turrets) , from which ribs run down the angles . The arcades are continued round the outer sides of the o f lower parts of the towers , and right round when the roofs the aisles are passed . The heads of all the arches are as usual semicircular, and the second arcade from the top is filled with a diaper of semicircles arranged in a curious scale - like pattern .

Generally , as we have said, except for the great Perpendicular window and the gable above it, the front shows the design of the later Norman builders . The window that they constructed

- in it was possibly wheel shaped, but we have no representation of the cathedral previous to its supplanting . The parts o f the now con front that Show their Old form have not, however, all o f P r n tinu ou sly retained it . At the time the erection of the e pe dicular was re clerestory to the nave , the northern gable turret

fl at - built in the curiously plain , octagonal , topped form , which ha the Oldest engravings of the front illustrate . It s only quite recently been altered again to the earlier shape of its fellow on the south ; and is the only feature in which there is any con spic u o u s difference between the front a s now seen and as shown

o u r . in early eighteenth century view An earlier, seventeenth century view exists, in which , if it were not so inaccurate, the

. a s front would have the same appearance In this , however , in his north prospect , Daniel King shows his great liability to f err . We can point to the insertion o one tier o f arcading too of many in the central portion the front, and to the omission o f of as as of the windows at the ends the aisles , well the small doon w 1 8 1 6 Our next Vie Of the front dates from , and Shows the form in which it was left by the great changes Of 1 76 3 and the succeeding years , when the northern flanking tower, having wa s been found to be in a dangerous state , quite taken down . 6 4 R oe/t es te r Ca t/zed r a i.

Its rebuilding (up to only half its former height) and that of the c upper part of the adjoining north aisle end, was ompleted 1 2 before 7 7 at any rate, and was professedly as accurate a ff reproduction as possible of the older work . It was finished o with battlements . A comparison makes manifest other changes besides that in the height . The first arcade was at a lower level in the aisle end the narrow light disappea red and the old lean - to was replaced by a blind arcade of three

arches , the central highe r

than the Others . A little later the sou th - western tower was correspond in l w g y lo ered, but no further Changes were m ade in it, and soon afterwards a precinct gate way that used to stand against it wa s cleared

away . C O F W APS EST DOOR , NORTH SIDE ( FROM The from then re G R A P H A PH OT O BY H . DAN . mained untouched until 1 8 8 8 , when underpinning was undertaken preparatory to a thorough restoration . After much of the Older work had been carefully repaired— in some places renewed stone by stone— an attempt wa s made to undo f all the work o the eighteenth century architects . All that they had erected was taken down and rebuilt, and all that they had demolished , as accurately as possible replaced . The work

t f . ou o . . was carried under the direction Mr J L Pearson , and d for the skill and care shown in it, he has eserved , and receives , is much praise . It regretted however by many that he did not was so preserve the north gable turret as he found it , Since it curious a specimen of fifteenth century restoration . One may hope too that smoke and weather will soon tone down the new n masonry so that it may be in less glari g contrast with the Old . T h e r e a t W e s t D o o r w a of l g y , like the rest the origina work remaining in the front, dates from later Norman times , — o f re the first half the twelfth century . It is formed by five of is ceding arches , and every stone of each these carved with varying ornamental designs . Between the second and third of i E.r te r or 47

o f s them runs a line cable moulding, an ornament which occur a has own also inside the door . Each rch its shaft , and the

- groups of five 011 each side are elaborately banded . The OII shafts have richly sculptured capitals , and in those the south s Side, as well as in the tympanum , the sign of the Evangelists o n are appear . The shafts second from the door either side are carved with statues , two of the oldest in England . These much mutilated , but they were thought worthy of great praise by Flaxman . ’ That on the spectator s left is said to represent

I . King Henry , and the “ other his wife , the good at Queen Maud . This t rib u tion is probably cor rect , as these sovereigns were both great b e ne fac tors to the cathedral , and were living when the front C O F W O AP E D , U H E ( R M was . S ST O R SO T SID F O being built The B A H . figure Of the queen has PHOTOG RAPH Y . DAN ) suffered the more ; it is recorded to have been especially ill - used by the Parlia m e n tarians of in the days the great Civil War . The tympanum of contains a figure Our Lord , seated in Glory, within an two aureole supported by angels . His right hand is raised in benediction , and his left hand holds a book . Outside the aureole are the symbols Of the four Evangelists : the Angel of

t . o ne o n S Matthew and the Eagle Of St . John each side above

t f . the Winged Lion of S . Mark and the Ox o St Luke similarly placed below . A straight band of masonry crosses beneath the ha s o n d lunette, and carved it twelve figures , now much mutilate , h but supposed t o have represented the twelve Apostles . All t e sculptured work of the portal has suffered greatly from age and n exposure and from the hand of m a . I n the recent restoration e the coping has been renewed, the shafts have been given separat bases once more , and many of the most worn stones have been ’ replaced by new ones carved in facsimile . Mr . Clifford s beautiful drawing of the doorway (facing p . 3 ) is especially valua ble as he was able to take exact measurements o f all its 8 R oe/te s te r a t/z d r a 4 C e l .

’ f parts while the repairers sca folding was still standing . The doors that he pictures have since been replaced by a more e laborate pair with richly scrolled hinges and strengthening f bands o iron . This entrance is one of the best known features o f the w cathedral , so it ill be interesting to quote the words of a fe w

n . o f g reat authorities concerni g it Fergusson , speaking the “ ” his cathedral in Illustrated Handbook of Architecture , says a Its western doorw y, which remains intact, is a fair specimen o f of the rich mode decoration so prevalent in that age . It must be considered rather as a continental than as an English example . Had it been executed by native artists we should not e ntirely miss the billet moulding which was so favourite a mode ” o f s o f decoration with all the nation the north . Kugler , the com great art historian , also thinks it continental in style , and

of u - f We pares it with the architecture the so th west o France . o f o n of ornam e n even find it spoken , account the richness of its h . i r a s . s ation , Saracenic in character The late Prof Freeman , in H ” istory of Architecture, is liberal with his praise , and pro R o ffe nsia ns n bably all , at any rate , will agree with him , whe , in “ of speaking Norman doors with tympana, he says the superb western portal at Rochester Cathedral is by far the finest of example of this kind, if not the finest all Norman door ways . is we The doorway structurally interesting , as have therein exemplified a curious mode of forming a straight head over an of o f a perture . The arches course bear all the weight the super o n structure , but the straight band Of masonry which the figures of the Apostles ' are carved has to support both itself w and the stonework of the tympanum . The method by hich it : is enabled to do this is as follows the stones , the joints being one vertical , are locked into another by semicircular ridges S m irk e fitting into corresponding indentations . Mr . , writing on ”

A rchae olo ia . . aperture heads in g , vol xxvii , said that he ’ ” thought these excrescences , or in masons language , joggles , f ou t insu ficient for security, and suggested that perhaps inside ,

of ske m e . O f sight , the joints radiate like those a arch He also commented on the irregularity of the stones used here and o f is throughout the whole front . Another fact worthy remark that the semicircular arches of the doorway are struck from slightly different centres . E.r r ior t e . 49

T he Mayor and Corporation of Rochester still have the right of entry in their robes and with their insignia of office by

the great west door . We find the privilege Of having their insignia borne in the cathedral on record as early as 1 448 in on indentures between Bishop Lowe the one part, and the of bailiff and townspeople Rochester on the other . The titles ” I V mayor and Citizens were only granted later by Edward . , 1 1 6 1 in a charter dated December 4 th , 4 . In the indentures it was a greed , among other matters , that the bailiff and his suc r ce sso s might cause to be carried , before him and them by or — their sergeants , their mace maces and the sword likewise if the king should ever give them o ne — not only to and in the

parish church , but also in the cathedral and cemetery, especially on festival days , and processions , and solemn sermons , and at

the reception and installation of bishops , and at all other fit

times . On the other side they were to make no execution o r arrest within the precinct of the monastery and the palace of the oish o of p , except the same should be specially required the

bishop or prior whenever the same wa s made . Similar rights

were granted to the dignitaries of other cities about this time . 1 For instance, in 44 7 they were conceded at Exeter, and at 1 6 2 of Worcester I n 4 . A sword did not become a part the

Rochester insignia until quite recently, after the castle had been

acquired as the property of the city . One , given by Alderman

’ 1 8 1 is J . R . Foord in 7 , now worn by the mayor as its constable .

Besides the sword the insignia include a great mace , two ’ of sergeant s maces , a silver oar (in token admiralty jurisdiction ’ ’ b orsh olde r s over the Medway), two constable s , and eight staves , ’ besides the mayor s chain and badge . of Pepys , speaking the visit to the cathedral of himself and “ in 1 6 6 1 his some friends , tells , in diary; that they went then o f away thence , observing the great doors the church , as they ”

of . say, covered with the skins Danes He is so accurate an observer that this must be taken a s conclusive evidence that was his there such a tradition in time , and some ground for it, is though no other record of anything of the kind to be found .

However, even if it were likely, which many people will deny, that the skins of Danes were ever nailed to church doors at

Rochester, it certainly is not that they would have been trans one ferred by Normans from the Saxon cathedral to their new , or that , if so transferred , they would have survived the fires E R oe/t es e r d 50 t Ca t/ze r a i.

’ and other dangers through which this afterwards passed . There are traditions of the existence of human Skin OII doors at e Worcester Cathedral , where it is said to have b longed to a robber wh o stole the sanctus bell from the high altar, and at Hadstock A n and Copford, East glian churches . In these latter cases the 1 8 Danes are again mentioned . In 84 all these doors had been removed from their original positions (the old north doors of

Worcester being still preserved in the crypt) but Mr . Way su c — ce e de d in obtaining fragments of the parchment like substance from each for microscopic examination . They were declared to be, in each case , human in their origin , and to have belonged

- probably to fair haired persons . These cases Show fl a ying not n to have been u known in England , even , to judge by the

Worcester case , after the Norman Conquest, and confirm the passages in records that seem to refer to its existence . T h e N a v e n has nothi g else remarkable in its exterior . The l Of perpendicular windows in the north aisle wa l , part which

1 6 0 - was rebuilt in 7 , are two lighted, with irregular quatrefoils in f — . o was re their heads Those the southern aisle, which cased in

1 66 - — in 4 , are single light , and only three in number , the second ,

o . third , and f urth bays from the west The insertion of Perpendicular windows in the aisles took f place about the middle o the fifteenth century . The plain o f ness the south side , where the Lady Chapel does not hide h it , is per aps explained by the fact that it used to be hidden by the Cathedral Almonry . The westernmost bay of each On aisle is plain , and the next the north side contains the now

- u walled p Perpendicular doorway, inserted , when their new for church was built, the entry, in their solemn processions , of wh o the parishioners of St . Nicholas , passed out again by the i n w . s est door It contai ed within a rectangular framework , and h a s quatrefoils in the spandrels . I n the corner b e tsve e n the south aisle and the transept is the L a d C h a e l Perpendicular y p , three bays long from east to l t s west, and two in width towards the south . windows are

- three lighted . They terminate in the obtuse arches of their i time and have their heads filled with tracery . At about half ts or height each is divided by a transom horizontal mullion , wa s beneath which the lights have cusped heads . The chapel so is w originally vaulted , well buttressed , which the aisle alls are ha s it s not . The north aisle wall bays marked by flat pilaster

2 R oe/tes te r a t/ze d r a l 5 C . room in the angle between the transept and the choir aisle is n used as a vestry and will have to be mentioned agai . T h e N o r t h S d e o f t h e C h o r can a s i i , has been said , be T n well seen from the High Street . o o e or two points in it attention may well be drawn . In the window heads, the

- dog tooth moulding , the characteristic ornament of the Early

English style , constantly occurs , and the openings often have side shafts . I n the lower tier of the presbytery windows Decorated tracery has been inserted ; elsewhere we or have Early English work , , frequently, a modern cop y r w f h Th e o o t . o f it . The lowest windows lights e crypt of gable at the end the north choir transept, that above the h e east wall Of its aisle and that at t east end of the church , are all by Sir G . Scott ; they still require roofs of corresponding pitch , a need both great and conspicuous . The gables replaced by these present ones were flat and late in period . The east end and the transept end are both flanked by towers , with double gables crowned by curious little pinnacles , copied by

Scott from one still remaining . The east gable has three to graduated windows, that the transept aisle a quatrefoil within

- a dog toothed circle . The present form of the east end is alto g ether clue to S ir G . Scott ; and to it and its history we shall devote more attention in describing the interior of the church .

This part of the fabric is well buttressed . ’ G u n d u l f s T o w e r o n o f Of , the north side the choir, m re between the ain and choir transepts , only ruins now ’ 5 main , but these are older than any other part of the church ss wa s buildings still in existence above ground . The to er ’ certainly Gu ndu lf s work and built before his Church . The construction o f the latter rendered useless two ou t Of the four t long narrow windows that had been inser ed in the tower, on one in each side , the ground floor, and they were there

fore blocked up . The tower, though rather dilapidated, was

' still almost complete at nearly the end of the last century . A ’ “ was view in Grose s Antiquities , vol . iii . , shows it as it in 1 of 1 78 . At that time it still rose as high as the parts the of church beside it , and traces are to be seen in the print the flying bridge that formerly connected it with the Early English

- turret at the north west corner of the choir transept . There is now,

however , only a mere shell of the lower part left . The walls were “

6 2 . feet thick , inclosing a space 4 feet square In the History Ex r i r te o . 5 3 and Antiquities of Rochester we are told that there o f o ne 2 0 of were at that time traces floor at a height Of feet , and

2 . 2 0 another 5 feet above that The walls then rose feet more , giving a total height of 6 5 feet . During the Early English - f period the north east angle , which stands quite clear o the church , was strengthened by massive buttresses , and a story , o f was on apparently wood , added projecting arches resembling machicolations . This wooden story probably formed the bell

- 1 Chamber the machicolation like supports still existed in 1 78 . There has been much discussion as to the original purpose f . S o of the tower ome leading antiquaries the eighteenth , o f and of the early part this century, thought that the bridge entrance at the top was at first the only one and that the it structure with s massive walls formed the cathedral treasury .

It must be remembered, however, that the early English turret to which the bridge was thrown was not in existence is so dila i until much later . The lower part still remaining p it dated , with all s ashlar facing gone , that it seems impossible

to fix the position of the original entrance . At the present day one there are two entrances , through a large opening in the

u - north wall , the other thro gh a doorway in the south west

corner formed by knocking ou t the back of an Old recess . , It seems very likely that the tower was primarily intended to \Vhate ve r be a defensive work . its original purpose , however , it is certain that it wa s used for bells at a very early date . In or 1 1 m before 5 4 , for he died in that year, Prior Reginald ade

two bells and placed them in the greater tower . One which ” I II wa s broken wa s applied to the making of another bell . support o f the view that the tower wa s a defensive work the suggestion has been made that the metal thus re - used may have T wo belonged to the original alarm bell . other bells came to

the cathedral in the twelfth century, and were probably placed here at once as they are mentioned in the Cu stu m ale Roff ” “ 1 0 0 ense , written about 3 , as then hanging in the greater is tower, a name by which this distinguished from the long ’ u ndulf s destroyed south one . G Tower is certainly , therefore ,

an early example o f a detached campanile , and , if built as such , wa s probably the first in this country . A s has been before mentioned , its reduction to a mere ruin is o f of 1 2 Of quite recent date . The author the 77 edition the “ ” of History and A ntiquities Rochester , thinking it a bell R oe/t es te r Ca t dr 5 4 he a l .

: tower , wrote in that work May the present reverend and su c learned gentlemen (the Dean and Chapter) , and their ce ssors , experience the necessity of finishing this venerable con tower and applying it to the uses for which , it has been r d wa s e ct u e . of j , it originally intended In the second edition , 1 8 1 we 7, stands So far, regret to say, is this ardent wish from having been realized , that a part of this ancient tower has lately been taken down to supply materials for the repairs of the ” church . Denunciations follow of the action of the dean and chapter in thus demolishing one of the most curious and inter of esting pieces architecture remaining in England . The space between the tower and the church seems to have ’ been floored and occupied by the wax- Chandler s chamber and ’ f . o the sacristan s rooms The remains an oven and chimney ,

of - conjectured to have been used for the baking altar breads , have also been described . T h e S o u t h S i d e Of t h e Ch o i r presents nO very remark , able features . A brief history of the efforts to save it during the Of 1 8 2 th e latter part last century, and in 5 and following years , h a of s been given in our opening chapter . The wall the choir aisle is supported by a flying buttress as well as by the small room in th e corner between it and the south main transept . In e the wall are three lanc t windows , the easternmost with dog tooth ornament , and a fine doorway, which used to open into f of the western range o the Cloisters . The ends the outer of do mouldings the doorway arch , which also have the g tooth , bend round and upwards in an unusual way that is worthy of n Cot notice . All that ca be seen of the transept end is by

t in ha m . g He gave it a new ashlar facing, which , as the wall wa s of in considerably out the perpendicular, constituted an old wa s visible buttress . His destruction of the brick buttresses a great improvement . The same architect found no gable, and built the present rather flat o ne containing a Circle ornamented w of ith zigzag mouldings . In the south wall the transept aisle is a Decorated window with beautiful tracery . This window of wa s of course an insertion . Remains recesses on each side of h it , like those still in the transept end , made t is evident 1 8 2 until 5 , when they were hidden beneath the smooth modern of surface . The southern wall the presbytery is almost entirely concealed by the eighteenth century chapter room , with its plain ,

- sq uare headed, sashed windows . The clerestory, however, i M ona s tic B u ild ng s . 5 5

is - which like that on the north side, appears over the red tiled on ro of of that modern structure . In the basement this side some windows have quite recently been inserted , to light the ne w vestries in the crypt, and a door opens into the cellar beneath the chapter room . T h e M o n a s t i c B u i ld i ng s a n d Cl o i s t e r s originally stood o n of in the usual position the south side the nave , and of were apparently wood , but these first structures having soon e w p rished, their successors ere erected in an uncommon posi on o f tion , said to be unique in this country, the same side the choir . At Lincoln , also , the cloister is indeed beside the f o . the choir, but to the north it The earliest monastic build ’ Of Gu ndulf s ings at Rochester were time the next , in the new E rnu lf situation , were the work of , who built the chapter house , dormitory , and refectory . Of these fine specimens of later

a . Norm n architecture , ruins still exist The chapter house and dormitory formed the east side Of the Cloisters . Of the western o f wall the chapter house three arches remain , with a recess , having zigzag mouldings continued down to its base , and not e on of l m rely round the head , each side the centra arch , between w . a s it and the others The Chapter house an oblong room , as m e so remains of it within the deanery prove , and must have been

. wa s fine and Of ample size I t raised above the ground level , and the space beneath , into which the three lower archways n ow w ( alled up) opened, was looked upon as an honourable place of burial ; it was entered by the middle arch , the side a of Sh fts which have fine and elaborate capitals , while the arch itself is richly sculptured and has elaborate zigzag and other r r n mouldings . The panels round it are said to contain e p e se ta t ions of of the twelve signs the zodiac, but all the carved work here (general in Caen stone) is so worn and decayed that it is impossible , in most cases , to feel sure of what was intended . The damaged state o f all the carved work is possibly to some ’ E rnu lf extent a result of the great fires of the twelfth century . s diaper occurs in the spandrels on either side of this central arch and each of the Outer arches has zigzag and billet mould w ro . on ings and , within them , a Of a diaper pattern Passing to the south the next arch also h as zigzag and circular mould its e now ings , while lunett is occupied by a relief, so worn that ’ is A the subject scarcely discernible . It represents braham s fi of hi n ou sacri ce I saac . The father holds s so with his t d r a l 56 R oe/t es te r Ca t/ze .

’ a a nd is stretched left h nd , about to slay him , when God s hand is appears in the clouds above . Behind I saac seen the ram I n his I n that was afterwards to be Offered stead, and the oppo t wo site corner , behind Abraham , there seem to be traces of

small figures , probably the two servants who had been left ’ at a distance to await the patriarch s return . This interpreta

tion is confirmed by three words of an inscription , which still r m remain round the inner part of the arch ( A r ies p e eo a a ) .

N E w C HAPTER ROOM AND R U I NS OF TH E OLD (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH B Y 1 . L . ALLEN) .

Of in Beneath the lunette runs a fine band foliated ornament, cluding birds . The capitals are rich , and an angel and a bird 11 appear in those 0 the south side . Continuing southwards the still remaining lower portion of the dormitory west wall has a blind arcade with double intersecting heads , semicircular like all the other arches here , but interrupted once or twice by an uncut arch . On the south side o f the Cloisters was the refe ctory the of its a nd in lower part massive north wall still remains , it a e fine doorway , with a groined lavatory and towel r cess , the Jl/[ o a s i B u ldin s n t e i g . 57

f 1 2 1 of work o Prior Helias about 5 . The great thickness the w wall is , as ill be explained shortly , probably due to the fact that it was originally a part Of the old fortifications of the city ’ o n . a this side The cellarer s and other store rooms were , p

are ntl on th e the re se e m s - p y, west side , and to have been a

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- - smaller guesten hall to the south east . Some corbels that are helped to support the cloister roofs still to be seen , project ’ of E rnulf s ing from the south wall the church , and from build h ings . The doorway Opening from the c urch into the western range has been already described . Of this range itself nothing remains , but at its southern end there is yet to be seen , half th e buried, a late Perpendicular porch . This stands beside road between the north main transept and the Prior ’s

Gate , and opens towards the episcopal precinct . Of the old E p i s c o p a l P a l a c e , famous for having been the home , o f during his later years , co n Cardinal Fisher , a sid e ra b le part still exists to the south - west of the cathedral , between it and

Boley Hill . The palace TE R S O F CI . O I S was perhaps originally RU I NS , EAST RANGE (FROM erected by Gu ndulf him A PHOTOGRAPH BY H . DAN ) . l se f. It is said to have Glanvill 1 1 8 been rebuilt , after a fire , by Bishop Gilbert de ( 5 thou gh he may have found it sufficient to repair the

h . shell t en left , using Caen stone for the purpose Another definite notice of th e palace is found when we see Bishop “ 1 d a t Lowe , in 4 5 9 , ating an instrument from his new palace re — and Rochester . Here , again , it is probably a modelling n t r - t o re o a complete e construction that is referred , but the w modelling as certainly thorough , for many fifteenth century features are t o be seen in the part that is left . The main framework of the whole rectangular structure prob ’ ’ u ndulf s or R ably dates from G , at the latest , from Bishop alph s time the simple plan and the walls , 3 feet in thickness , being such as might be expected in early Norman work . The build 8 R oe/te s te r Ca t/zed r a l 5 .

0 ing , which has a total length of 7 feet, is of stone, with a tiled

- ha . s roof, and now forms dwelling houses It a massive buttress ol in the centre of the southern face , and the outlines of d can windows be traced in various parts . The western gable ca n end , which be seen from Boley Hill , is also intere s ting and worthy of attention . The cellars and vaulted passages extend even beyond the building to the eastward , and are very massive o f in their construction . Fragments wrought masonry that probably once belonged to the chapel have been dug up they of were mostly portions capitals , with beautiful foliated orna

or of . ments , column shafts Cardinal Fisher was the last Bishop of Rochester to reside

. r 1 1 6 here He received a visit from E asmus in 5 , and this great scholar gave a very bad account of the residence and its Situa tion . Fisher himself complained of its dilapidated state and of the rats that infested it . Cardinal Wolsey stayed at the house 011 th of 1 2 with the bishop the 4 July, 5 7, and wrote to the “ king on the next day : I wa s right love ingly and kinde ly by ” ’ his 1 1 him entertained . After cook s attempt, in 5 3 , to poison his on him and his family at London house, Lambeth Marsh , 1 Fisher stayed continuously at Rochester, until , in 5 34 , he was — peremptorily summoned to the capital never to return . The palace was continued to the bishops by the charter constituting the new establishment, but they neither inhabited it nor, in fact, lived much at Rochester at all . On the spot where its Old

, prison used to stand within t _he palace precincts the diocesan 0 Register Office was erected in 1 76 . ’ The building at present known as the palace , in St . Margaret s n Street, has Often been thought to be the Old ma sion with all these historical associations ; it did not, however, become the was property o f the bishops until after 1 6 74 . In that year it bequeathed by Francis Head , Esq . , to his wife, with the “ in arrangement that, after her death , case the Church of E ngland does continu e so governed by Bishops of the true ” on of Protestant faith , it Should be settled the Lord Bishop Rochester and his successors for the maintenance of hospitality near the cathedral church , and as an invitation to him to preach once a year each at the churches of St . Margaret and St . e Nicholas in his cathedral city . This building has b en little used by the bishops , and has generally been leased by them , of like other residences of theirs , which mention will be made

6 0 R oe/t e s t r C t/ d r a l e a ze .

on . b e this country, but more usual the Continent Having gone old E rnulf one yond the wall , had to raise a new this ran from the south - east corner of the city to the corresponding corner of ’ the bishop s precinct . He probably then erected a predecessor ’ we of to the present Prior s Gate , for find a gate this name

l l l '

’ ' I HE PRIOR S GATE I N 1 8 2 5 ( DRAW N BY H . P . CLI FFORD FROM A w LI rH OG R A PH BY . DADSON ) .

o n one now mentioned the Site , before the to be seen was erected . ’ E rnulf s wall continued to be the boundary of the City until T 1 was . O 3 44 , when there again an extension to the south ’ this time our present Prior s Gate probably belongs . The new 1 2 wall , of which the demolition must have been complete in 7 5 , R ow wa s o n wa s when Minor Canon built its line, about 5 % E u r n a s 6 1 nclos e a d G te .

1 6 fo unda feet thick , about feet high, and crenellated . I ts " — it not tions have to a great extent been traced . Later is certain at exactly what date —still more of the monastic pro is perty was enclosed by yet another wall , Of which the course to some extent known . In 1 3 44 we find measures taken for the first time to isolate o f the priory from the city . The erection screens and doors guarding the approaches to the monastic part Of the cathedral we now of of has been recorded , and read the raising a strong wall to the north of the church along the side of the High

o - Street . This was p ssibly due to ill feeling between the monks

Of . of and the parishioners St Nicholas , possibly to dread the of bands travellers , soldiers , and pilgrims passing through the w is town on their ay to Canterbury or the Continent . It to w be observed , however , that other ecclesiastical precincts ere similarly protected about this time . The close at Lincoln was ’ - I l . s walled round in Edward reign , as evil doers resorted and thither made attendances at night services dangerous , and to the same period is assigned a like protection of the close at ’ f 1 l . s o Salisbury . Edward patents authorizing these walls 344 ” R e istru m R offe nse are both printed in the g . ’ h E n s u r e G a t e s t o t e cl o . The Prior s Gate , to the south h as a of the main transept , alre dy been mentioned as dating from f the middle o the fourteenth century . Our illustration shows it as it appeared in I 8 2 5 when it formed a portion o f the Grammar o f School , which more is to be seen in the building to the

wa s w - right . The upper story after ards used as the school room has of the chorister boys , but a new building recently been erected for them . Entrance to the cemetery and to the vse st was ca n door of the cathedral formerly, and still be , Obtained through the rather later College Gate , which stands beside th e o f High Street , opposite the end Pump Lane . This has also been ’ o r known as Chertsey s Cemetery Gate , and has been identified ’ f as the Jasper s Gateway o Edwin Drood . Earlier than either w ’ o f a s S t . the two j ust mentioned William s Gate , which on th e f o f m stood the site of Post O fice , to the north the ain S transept , to which it led from the High treet . I t has now

quite gone . Its constant use rendered a fourth , the Deanery

Gate , necessary to keep private the priory grounds . This gate wa s or still existing , formerly called Sextry Sacristy Gate , and dates ’ ’ I I I s from Edward . reign , being probably later than Prior s Gate /t s e r a /z dr a 6 2 R oe e t C t e l .

though earlier than College Gate . Yet another gate was built at of w the southern end the west front , because College Gate as ’

f . always Open to the parishioners o St Nicholas . This porter s gate was in existence during the last century, but now both it and the cathedral almonry that used to stand near by have disappeared . The only other gate within the precincts , that at

- h as the south west angle Of the Cloisters , been already men

’ tione d . College Gate and Deanery Gate now have upper

- of . stories wood, which form parts of dwelling houses

H U C W B . . B . EASTGATE O SE , RO HESTER FROM A DRA I NG Y R J EALE) CHAPTER I I I .

1 THE NTE R R I I O .

T H E is ha s cathedral church Of Rochester , as been already one we said , a very small , and must not expect to find in it the grandeur and impressiveness that great Size Often confers . A S a whole, too , it is not remarkable for beauty , though special parts may claim to possess this attribute . Its chief claim t o attention is its excellence as an example of the gradual additions and successive alterations made to and in old buildings during ff ‘ the long periods Of their existence . In di erent parts of the fabric specimens can be seen of almost all the noteworthy variations of style that appeared in English ecclesiastical archi tecture from the Early Norman to the Perpendicular period . S ome Opinion as to the merits or demerits of various restoring architects during the last three centuries may also be formed

in it, for a very considerable amount of their work remains in evidence . Many features of the building are indeed remarkable as in other respects , but we are probably correct in saying that , of a whole, it is , to students architecture , chiefly historically interesting . T h e G r o u n d P l a n is Of the double cross form , frequent in

o f . buildings this class The nave and choir both have aisles , o ff but those of the choir are walled from it . The main transept is aisleless , but the north and south choir transepts have each

or on . an aisle , small chapel , the eastern side Beneath the f cr whole eastern part o the church extends the magnificent ypt . o f b u ildin is 0 of 1 f The total length the g 3 5 , feet, which 4 7 ; eet 1 2 0 belong to the eastern arm . The main transept is feet long, 8 the choir transept 8 feet . T h e N a v e — After passing beneath the great west door

- way , through its new richly hinged doors , we descend by a

1 T he n e in in s se on e e o h n umb rs thi cti r f r t t e pla .

f e r i r 6 nt o . 5

f flight Of four steps into the nave . On the inner side o c the doorway ar h are found a fine cable moulding , occurring ' o n it s also outside , and the billet moulding , of which the

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omission is so noticeable there . I n the blind arcades that we decorate the nave end inside , see , besides plain mouldings , specimens of both the zigzag and the billet . The two upper arcades are so abruptly cut by the great Perpendicular window as t o make most conspicuous the fact that this is a later insertion . Of the aisle ends the northern contains the early fourteenth u se o f o f century doorway, inserted for the the parishioners ’

S t . Nicholas altar, while the lower part of the southern has a blind arcade of three arches like those at the same level OII h either side of the great west door . Each aisle end as also a r - ound headed Norman window , with a plain circular moulding , two and Of the small lights above , the northern belongs to the

- recent restoration . In the south west corner of the nave is a beautiful little Norman doorway , which , opening into the tower on flanking the front that side, has a fine embattled moulding f it s . o round arch The shafts of this small door , the great west Of w door, and the aisle end indows , all have scalloped caps , f and other caps o this form are seen in the arcades . of ou r We will now , leaving the inside the front, direct attention to the nave arcades . Rochester and Peterborough possess probably the best examples of the Norman nave in is a s this country, and the former interesting , also , possibly giving u s some idea o f the appearance of this part of the Norman church at Canterbury . The connection between the archi episcopal cathedral and this its eldest daughter was always ca n ou t close , and the resem blances that be pointed in them

. wa was . are still numerous . Mr Parker, by the y, so struck by a s the similarities in later, Early English , work , to suggest that the Rochester William de H o o may have been the William the

Englishman , the younger William , of Canterbury . It has been noticed that the architecture is plainer here than a in contemporary examples in Fr nce , but lighter, probably because intended to have a wooden roof. From the west wall the Norman work extends as far a s the sixth bay of the nave w of arcades , the seventh and eighth bays being, ith part the f o . sixth , the work Early Decorated builders The half piers at the west wall and the Norman piers facing each other in the 6 6 R oclzes te r Ca t /zedr al .

e ach ' air nave arcades form pairs , but p differs from the rest .

The pier capitals are flat, with scalloped ornaments . The semi cylindrical shafts starting from them are now stopped by the plain string course that divides this from the next story . If they were continued further they would only emphasize the irregular placing of the Perpendicular clerestory windows , but they probably rose originally to bear the main timbers of the

. of roof The arches the lowest story are semicircular, of course , and are in two orders . Both orders were, it is believed, plain throughout , in early Norman times , and they still continue to be so on o f the aisle side the south arcade . The inner order is still plain everywhere, but the outer has zigzag and other mould of ings . I n each bay the triforium , the tympanum is filled with an elaborate diaper around a central ornament . This decoration varies in every bay, and is thought to be a later insertion . It is noteworthy that the triforium arcades open into the aisles as a s well into the nave, an unusual arrangement , which seems , how of ever, here to be part the design of the twelfth century . This of Opinion is supported by the existence the narrow gallery, now f o . blocked up , in the thickness the wall The early Norman triforium arcades seem to have been removed by the architect s f o . the following period, and replaced in the present form The aisles were perhaps originally vaulted the flat pilasters of their outer walls might then have been built as vaulting shafts . If wa s too such the case , the vaulting must have been found heavy for the walls , and a wooden roof have been therefore “

. n adopted in its stead The easter most bay of the triforium , o n each side, is apparently later Norman like the rest, but is f really the work o masons of the Decorated period . It had been demolished in connection with the rebuilding of the nave , in progress at that time but abandoned when only two bays wa s to were finished . I t then found that the best way make the junction of the styles good would be to restore the old work w f a s . as accurately as possible This well done , but di ferences of material and in methods of working save us from being deceived . t wo of The bays Early Decorated work , just alluded to , complete the nave eastwards . The transition from the round arched to the pointed style is made still more conspicuous by of an increase in the height the arcades , which involved the dis continuance Of the triforium and the banded Shafts of dark Pur beck marble clustered round the later piers also emphasize the

e/t s te r a t/z d r a l 6 8 R o e C e .

n N or rood loft, agai st which the parish altar of St . icholas 2 n of f stood before 1 4 3 . O the west side the northern o the f s o O . two rises a mass masonry , high as to partly block the arch is on I t built , to a great extent, at any rate , of old materials , for both sides of it are to be seen stones with fragments of plaited T h e of Norman diapers . purpose this masonry has been the subject of much discussion . It wa s at o ne time generally

believed to have been raised , as a

buttress , to aid the pier in support

ing the weight of the tower , but this has n notion since bee ridiculed . we was The tower , are reminded , not raised until I 3 4 3 ; the stability of its piers had been secured before this date by th e two new bays of

the nave , and additional support can

not have been needed . Others sup pose that the masonry belonged to P T U TH C 0 1“ C I , S AR A E n o f A AL O D the sto e screen spoken above .

11 P D E L‘ ' NAVE ( ° ' CLI FFORD 1 A fi ne walled up arch o n the north Side adds to rather than lessens our ha s — n difficulties . It good mouldings spri ging from the capitals o f of has two Purbeck marble shafts , which the eastern — unfortunately been broken away , and the dripstone terminates

so is . in a head, mutilated that the face quite lost This archway seems too wide to have been the entrance to the stairs leading u se c h as to the rood loft, a whi h been suggested for it . The occurrence of the above - mentioned fragments of diapers on the as a s o n wall within the arch , well the other side of the mass , may perhaps justify u s in concluding that these two surfaces are o f both the same date , and that the archway was walled up originally .

It seems possible that we have , after all , a buttress to deal with here . It is known that the north transept and the north west tower pier were raised before the adjoining parts to the n south and west , but many have supposed that the orth tower was arch was not thrown across until later . If it built at the n earlier time , a temporary support to the pier agai st its thrust may have been judged expedient , until the new work at the end w of the nave should be completed . The mass that e are dis cussing seems to have bee n hurriedly raised with Old material s I 6 nte r ior . 9

at hand , and, from the carelessness which allowed fragments of old ornament to appear here and there on the surface , not wa s not 1 2 0 to have been intended t o be permanent . It until 3 , was or later, apparently, that the design of rebuilding the nave o f finally abandoned , and a junction the new and the Norman h work made . It seems , therefore , no great thing to suppose t at on 1 2 the originally temporary support lingered until 3 7, to be in a n ul o then retained in connection with the oratory made , g

TH K B H . . E NAVE , LOO I NG EAST ( FROM A PHOTOGRAPH Y DAN )

'i f na 7 s S o S t . , for the Reserved acrament, for the parishioners o r a s Nicholas . I have never seen heard of any record to which a n ul u m corner is the g referred to . It is known , however , that provision for the reservation of the Blessed Sacrament wa s o S ften made to the north of the altar, and that we find acrament

Houses in this position in churches that possess them . T h e A s l e W a ll s i have the bays marked by flat pilasters , to be traced back perhaps t o Early Norman vaulting shafts . of Springings the Early Decorated vaulting, that once covered are now the two eastern bays, still to be seen , but the aisles are ’ o R oc/zes t e r Ca t/zea r 7 a l .

roofed with wood throughout . String courses are continued beneath the Windows , which latter have been described and on o n commented in our chapter the exterior of the church . The so—called L a dy Ch a p e l wa s really built as a nave to the Lady Chapel proper in the

south transept . On the east side a single broad arch opens into the a transept , and in the w ll above are to be seen traces of the outer mould ings o f the two arches (li ke those o n the north side) that this single wide n o e replaced . A tablet on the south wall records that the chapel wa s 1 8 2 restored , in 5 , by

. i. e . . G . M E , , the wife Of f is Canon Gri fith . It now used for morning prayers by the Grammar for School , and some sparsely —attended ser 1 2 vices . From 74 until well into the present cen ’ tury the Bishop s con sistor y court sat here , after having been held formerly at the western end of the south aisle of O F O K BAY NORMAN W R I N NAVE ( FROM the nave . The chapel A DRAWIN G BY H . P . CLI FFORD) . seems to have been

vaulted, and we have,

- of . perhaps , to regret here the loss a fine fan traceried roof T h e S o u t h T r a n s e t p is of the Early Decorated period , and rather later than its fellow . In the east wall , opposite the

s - wide arch leading into the o called Lady Chapel , two bays 1 2 0 n were , about 3 , i cluded under one arch to form a larger A G T H E NAVE FROM T H E NORT H TRANSEPT (FROM DRAW I N

B . R . J . EALE) 2 R ocnes t e r Ca t/ze d r a 7 l .

of an recess for the altar the Blessed Virgin Mary . The king d aI nt e d queen corbel heads of this arch were once p , and the 1 8 0 colours are said to have been still tolerably fresh in 4 . The

- clerestory windows on each side are two lighted , with quatrefoil

. heads . They have a gallery running before them , but the screens to this vary . On the east side the screen before each of o f window has a broad pointed arch the width the window , flanked by a pair of narrow o nes ; on the west it Copies the

- window . The occurrence of the dog tooth moulding should be noticed . The transept end has an upper range of five single e light pointed windows , graduated in height towards the centr , o f divided by narrow blind arches , and having a screen arcade M n M o e . five arches in , arch before each light The whole f n arrangement o the end is shown in our illustratio . Figures d in 1 8 0 of in fresco coul , 4 , in spite coats of Whitewash , still be traced on the lower part of the wall . is o f The roof of the transept almost entirely wood , though in the form of a quadri - partite stone vault with longitudinal and of transverse ridge pieces . The springings the ribs are indeed o f stone but otherwise the ceiling is of wood throughout . Sir — of ~ G . Scott found the whole greatly in need repair , the ribs rotten and decayed, and the spaces between them filled princi

—~ and . pally with plaster, thoroughly restored it of This part of the church , and all the rest to the east the o f nave , is enriched with shafts the famous dark marble from of the quarries of the Isle of Purbeck . The vaulting shafts n this material are generally carried to the grou d , but over the head of the wide outer arches in the east and west walls here, they rise from finely carved console heads . o f l At the southern end the great altar recess in the east wa l , a small pointed doorway opens into the little room so notice in able outside , the angle between the transept and the south of choir aisle . This room , like so many other parts the building , h as had considerable vicissitudes . Here are said to have been kept at one time the valuables belonging to the altars in this o f part of the church . Then , at the end the eighteenth and Of during the earlier part this century, the room is mentioned I s and marked on plans as the coal hole . It now more honour ’ ably used again , as the vestry of the masters and king s wh o scholars of the Grammar School , have to attend the ’ cathedral services on S undays and Saints Days . io Int e r r . 73

T h e C r o s s i ng is noticeable for the finely clustered shafts 1 0 the tower piers . The clearance hence , in 73 , Of a ringers 1 8 2 gallery ha s been already mentioned . I n 5 Mr . Cottingham H is found the space vaulted . changes in the tower included a vsoode n of replacing of the vault with a flat ceiling , which the main beams ran from east to west . This he changed again in t sa tisfa 1 84 0 for the presen more elaborate , but not altogether c it s tory ceiling, with great cross beams and pendant con bosses . An admiring temporary account tells u s that the largest of

these bosses , though look

ing so small from below, are 3 feet 3 inches in dia

meter , while the beam mouldings are 5 feet 3

inches in girth , and the wall mouldings 5 feet is 75 inches . The ceiling

coloured , but for neither colouring nor ornament

does it deserve praise . T h e N o r t h T r a n s e p t was erected about 1 2 3 5 , in the Early English

period and style . The screens to the gallery before the clerestory lan TH Gets have a main arch in E SOUTH TRANSEPT (FROM A PHOTO G ”Y H PH ' )‘ d o - RA DAN each bay, with g tooth

moulding, divided into three by Purbeck marble Shafts placed the width of the window w apart . In each bay without a windo there is a row of blind arcading, which , like the mouldings of the arches by which the

gallery passes through the wall piers , springs from carved corbel

heads . In the transept end the screens before the three lancets of of the clerestory are the usual form , but are adapted to their o n graduated heights , and there are small additional arches , e at

each side . The arch opening Into the north aisle shows a curious device R oc es ter Ca t e dr 74 h h a l .

o f it th e for preserving a different level on each s sides . On se e on transept side we the mouldings Of an arch like , and the u same level as , its neighbo rs to the north . The western half ' o f wh ole thickne ss the of the wall is , however, continued lower, exhibiting a plain surface to the east , but terminating on the of aisle side, at the height the eastern arches of the nave, in w mouldings that e should have expected to find higher up . This lower level wa s necessary on account of the vaulting at this o f vsh ole end of the aisle , which traces still remain , but the wa s not arrangement Clumsy, and we cannot be surprised at ' on f I finding it repeated the other side o the church . The next bay ha s on the triforium level a curious windowless of h on recess, the mouldings whose arch spring from two s afts each side . There is another very similar recess opposite, but with only single Side shafts . The two northern bays of the east wall are occupied by a wide and deep recess the arched ceiling of which rises to within

3 or 4 feet of the clerestory level . The outside shafts , and those of from which the central ribs the ceiling used to spring , have all gone , though their caps remain . Within this great recess ’ one there is , on the spectator s right , a small , with side shafts , ’ u containing a piscina . On the left, in the ch rch s north wall , is o a window, which rises t only half the height of the pointed was arch , with side shafts, within which it is inclosed . It at o ne time the general belief that this recess used to be the site

of of . l the parochial altar St Nicho as , which may possibly have stood here during the short time between the completion of th e north transept and that of the new work at the east end of the “ ” u b lish e d in R e istr um R o ffe nse nave , for a document p the g tells us that, after a dispute about a removal , the position 2 2 before the pulpitum wa s assigned t o it in 1 3 . Arrangements were then made to avoid any mutual disturbance of the services of and the monks the parishioners, and the new church for the “ o f latter wa s already talked of. The writer the History and ” 1 of Antiquities Rochester, quotes a will that suggests a possi b ility that an altar of Jesu stood o n this spot . The transept end and its west wall have windows of the same form at the triforium level , and there is a similar resemblance in the blind arcades below, except for the doorway restored by

1 1 0 S e e no t e on p . .

6 R oc est e r Ca d r a 7 h the l .

. 1 8 0 choir by Mr Cottingham , in 4 , and stood there , opposite ’ was its the bishop s throne , until it removed to present position T h t a s . e S l by Sir Gilbert Scott l are modern and very plain . A tablet o n them tells us that they were erected in memory Of

. 1 88 0 his Mr Philip Cazenove , who died in , by son Arthur, an n T h e L e ct e r n ho orary canon . is of carved wood , Of the ’ well - known form in which the book is borne by an eagle s out w spread ings . — M o n u m e nt s . The nave and main transept possess none Old or that are very very remarkable , but the following seem to

. b a deserve mention Against the south wall , in the fourth y from the west, is the monument of John , Lord Henniker who 1 8 0 v n died in 3 . O er the sarcophagus in relief Ho our is o f crowning Benevolence , while a medallion the deceased , with o f a coronet and an unfolded patent peerage, and his coat of w arms are seen against the base . This monument as erected

. n . 1 8 0 6 is by J Baco , jun , in , and signed with his name . w is The next bay to the east contains no windo , but occupied wh o 1 2 by the monument to Lady Henniker died in 79 , before her husband was ennobled . This monument is , to a “ ’ ” of great extent , constructed Coad s artificial stone , and rises “ ”

o f . on beneath a neat Gothic arch that material It shows , o f o f a base gray marble , a sarcophagus White marble between n two figures of Time a d Eternity . In this case the sarcophagus i s . detached and not in relief, and the figures also stand free n On the wall at the end Of the south transept , u der the central

is n . window, a monume t to Richard Watts , Esq erected in his memory by the mayor a nd citizens in 1 73 6 . A coloured bust, with long gray beard , stands forth curiously above the

. was inscription This bust given , to be placed here , by Joseph ’ E s Wa tts s Brooke , q , whose family had acquired possession of h as house by purchase . There been much discussion as to its

- o r material , which seems , however, to be not terra cotta some

fire sto ne . other composition , but Watts sat as member for ’ we Rochester in Queen Elizabeth s second Parliament , and have 1 already told how he had the honour of entertaining her 5 73 , for at his house, Satis . He is famous the provisions that he ’ his o f Wa tts s made in will for the relief of the poor Rochester, Almshouses on the Maidstone road being o ne of the sights o f the town but he is perhaps best kno wn of all for his founda ”

f f 6 . tion o the House o the poor travellers Poor wayfarers , f nte r ior . 77

“ not to this number nightly, being Rogues or Proctors , are here provided with supper, bed and breakfast, and presented besides with 4d. each when they leave . Wonderful tales of wicked lawyers have at times been current in explanation of of this coupling Proctors with Rogues , but the true explanation has is that Proctor is used in a quite obsolete s ense here . I t the same meaning , probably, as in the following passage from ’ “ “ of 1 : Harrison s Description Britain , 5 7 7 Among Roges and idle persons we finde to be comprised all Proctors that go u cosine rs p and down with counterfeit licences , , and such as go ” co u ntre was about the y using unlawful games , etc . It used also of mendicant lepers , the Proctors to some spittal house , w and o f men ho carried dispensations about the country . ’ wa 2 0 f 1 Watts s s th o . will proved on the September , 5 79 Just beneath the Watts monument is a brass tablet in memory of the writer wh o has made the House o f the six poor travellers

- w so well known throughout the English speaking orld . This tablet was placed here by the executors of Charles Dickens “ to connect his memory with the scenes in which his earliest of and latest years were passed , and with the associations Rochester Cathedral and its neighbourhood which extended ” over all his life . on its The same transept contains east wall a monument , w R offe nsian S ir ith a medallion bust , to another charitable , of Richard Head, an alderman the city after the Restoration , and

one of its members of Parliament in 1 6 6 7 . He was again 1 6 8— member in 7 79, and before this had been made a baronet . hi s . I t was at house that King James I I stayed , at Rochester, i n 1 f after h s flight from London . Sir Richard died o the 8th o S 1 68 of eptember, 9 , at the age eighty, arranging by his will that the profits of some cottages and land at Higham should be of distributed , to the amount two shillings a week , in bread , to

. wa the poor at St . Nicholas Church The overplus s at the end d of m e n of the year to be ivided among four the most ancient , and of four the most ancient women of the parish . The charity

still remains , but its scheme has been to some extent modified

by the Charity Commissioners .

In the same transept , near the entrance to the south choir

. I n 1 8 aisle , stands a bust of Dr Franklin , who died 3 3 . This on monument is by S . Joseph , and near it the south wall is a of tablet , with a medallion bust, in memory Joseph Maas , 8 Roc es te r Ca t ed r a 7 h h l .

n the great tenor singer, whose name is not yet forgotte in the musical world The recess on the east Side o f the north transept contains a

. u wh o mural tablet in memory of Dr Aug stine Caesar, died in h 1 6 83 . This is c iefly remarkable for its pompous Latin in scription , which tells how he came , saw, and conquered diseases o n invincible to others , and calls fevers and all human ills to exult now that their great foe has passed away in a happy death , and is as a Caesar, enrolled among the gods . From M other sources we learn how he obtained his degree of . D. 1 6 6 0 a from Oxford , in , after a petition in which he expl ined was that it to escape oaths contrary to his loyalty, that he had “ ” forborne to take it during the late troubles . T h e P a v e m n t of of f e this part the Church is o plain stone . M e m o r a l s l a b s In the floor are still to be seen many i , but more have been either covered up or lost . In the centre Of the south transept there still remains the matrix of what was once a splendid brass, representing a bishop , in his episcopal robes and with his crozier, beneath a rich canopy with a shield of arms on either side of his head . In the great recess in the

- north transept there is placed against the wall , lozenge wise , the

o f . . matrix a brass of several figures We are told , by Mr Spence , of 1 8 0 of the existence , as recently as 4 , three matrices in the six one south aisle , in the nave, in the north aisle , nine in the on north transept , besides a tenth the wall, and five in the south ix ne . s o transept Of the in the nave , near the steps at the west ‘ fine e isco al end had evidently held a p p brass , and another very f w o . as ancient, had once contained the figure a knight There a h ollo w for also here a slab with , said to have been a socket an axe , but evidently due to a wearing of the stone , a piece of f Sussex marble . The death o Cardinal Fisher was said to have been commemorated by this . The Specimen in the north aisle of was very elaborate , intended for the figure a bishop , in whose dress it wa s noticeable that both peaks of the mitre were intended to be shown . The matrix that Mr . Spence especially described in the south transept is evidently the one that still or of remains there . Besides all these matrices sockets brasses he mentions a slab to the north of the steps leading to the choir

- coffin . which he thought to be, probably, a lid reversed T h e S t a i n e d G l a s s in the western part of the church is all

o f . modern . In it we see specimens the work of Messrs Inte r ior . 79

w Clayton and Bell , hose later windows are certainly finer than n w we their earlier ones . Eve ith their best before us cannot,

w o ld . ho ever, help wishing for work We hope to see soon all the clerestory and aisle windo ws bright with colour . They will then be more beautiful in themselves , and they will also

moderate the glaring , light which detracts much from the effect of the nave . w w The great west indo is , below the springing of its arch , separated into eight lights , which are divided into two tiers by a r transom or horizontal mullion . Beginning from the left o h in of south side we ave , the eight spaces the lower tier, A his braham , blessed by Melchisedec after victory over the five kings ; Moses and the overthrow of the Egyptians in the Red h su n Sea ; Jos ua commanding the to stand still ; Gideon , ’ overthrowing the Midianites J e phthah s victorious retur n ; S amson carrying Off the gates of Gaza David slaying the lion f f and finally Nehemiah at the building o the walls o Jerusalem . In the upper eight spaces are single figures of the heroes cele w w b rate d . ro in these scenes In the next , of t elve complete of of spaces , the lowest in the head the window are the figures

t . o her heroes These are , in order, from the left, Caleb , S e h oso Othniel , Deborah , Barak , amuel , Jonathan , Beraiah , J

phat , Hezekiah , Josiah , Matthias , and Judas Maccabeus . Next

S S . above come ten military saints Maurice , David , Edmund, ’d k Alban , George , An rew , Louis , Martin , Patric and Gereon . There are besides in the head o f the window devices of the corps of Royal Engineers ; the badges of the grenade and

crown ; the national emblems of the rose , thistle, shamrock a nd leek emblematic subjects , such as the Helmet of S alvation h and the Breastplate of Rig teousness and armed angels . The arrangement of the window is well seen in our view of the nave f looking west . It is in memory of the o ficers and men of the Royal Engineers wh o fell in the S outh African and Afghan

campaigns . Their names are recorded in crudely coloured of a mosaic tablets in the upper the two arc des below . The window at the end of the north aisle is in memory of

R E . i . M a wa n 1 0 . . d 88 . Lieut T Rue Henn , , killed at in It 1 of contains three medallions , of scenes from the life Jonathan

s his victorious onslaught on the Philistine , made when attended

1 - - S . x iv . 1 X I II 1 V . x xx 2 am 4 4 ; 4 , i . . 80 Roc es t e r Ca t ed r a h h l . only by his armour - bea rer his bestowal o f his robes and arms on David ; and his death , slain by the Philistines in the battle f o Mount Gilboa . The corresponding window at the end of the south aisle is in R E . u . wh n h n of . . . o I sa dlw a a memory Col A W D rnford , , fell at h as m in 1 8 79 . This three similar edallions illustrating great 1 deeds of Judas M accab e us z his taking of the spoils of the ou t o f of A oloniu s great host Samaria , with the sword p their general his exhortation of the small part of his army that had not fled to die manfully and finally his death in this his last battle . The only window with stained glass in the aisle walls is the

o n . . first from the west the south, side , in memory of Lieut R who 1 88 2 da Costa Porta , died in the Egyptian expedition of . : on It has two scenes Peter walking the water, and Christ stilling the tempest . The windows in the north transept end are filled with stained glass in memory of Archdeacon King . In the lower tier of f o . three, we see , beginning from the left, a figure St Philip , the o n o f deacon , with a representation below Of the laying hands 6 th . e on (Acts , vi ) Lord Jesus , with three angels either Side, n six and underneath a sce e with figures , including a saint

- S t . S in chains before a j udge tephen , the proto martyr, wi th the scene of his death beneath . Some money remained of was after the completion these windows , so the upper range

f . also filled . In it are figures o the three archangels : St

Raphael , St . Michael slaying the dragon , and St . Gabriel . The upper range of five windows in the south transept end f of commemorates the o ficers of the corps Royal Engineers , wh o died in the Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns . Their names are recorded in the mosaic tablets in the lowest arcade at the west end of the nave . The subjects , from the left , are

. . . S t . . St . Maurice , St Nicholas , St George , St James and Adrian The three central of these windows have small scenes beneath a re the figures . The lower windows , given by the same corps , in memory of General Gordon and others of it s members who died in the Egyptian campaign . The three Windows are each

- are two lighted , and each light contains a single figure . There

in t . . S represented in them order, St . Florian , St . Gereon ,

1 i 1 a e . ii 1 2 ix . I ix M c . ; o ; . 1 8 . [ ior nt e r . 8 1

A . t . . S t . S Martin , lban , St Denis , and Longinus The Royal

Engineers , it will be seen , have appropriately chosen Old Testa for ment heroes , and military saints representation in all their glass . T h e N o r t h Ch o i r A i s l e and the southern are both walled f off from the choir itself. One o the screens that used to divide the monastic from the parochial part of the church halves the four of bays the north aisle, the door in it being approached by a of of so flight eight wooden steps, which cover those stone worn by the passage o f the pilgrims who in old times thronged ’ to S t . William s Shrine . The westernmost door in the north ’ Gu ndulf s wall formerly gave access to tower, the easternmost now leads to the belfry . M n m e nt s — o u . se e Coming from the north transept we , to the right, the tomb ascribed to Bishop Hamo de Hythe , 1 2 who died in 3 5 . It is certainly in the style Of that time . The elaborate ornamentation of the arch under the canopy is f i o . s worthy attention At the back , beneath the canopy, the

- fi u re of demi g an angel, holding a shield, but the high , panelled

f one . tomb has lost its e figy, if it ever bore The monument has f o . suffered much , but still bears many traces colour Just opposite it is a mural monument commemorative of William S t re at on 1 6 0 , who died in 9, after having been no less than nine f times mayor o the city .

In the plain stone pavement there are crowded together, to f of as a s o . the west the steps, many eleven matrices brasses T h e O r a n o n g , the screen beneath the choir arch , owes its wh . S o present form to Sir G cott , divided it, placing half at ” either end of the screen , and thus preserved the vista of the

choir, when he designed the new case . ' In early times we read of the gift of an organ by Bishop Glanvill o f Gilbert de and that , during the terrible visitation ’ “ Simon de Montfort s troops , the organs were raised in the ” of voice weeping . Such casual references are all that we find 1 6 A before the seventeenth century . In 34 , however, rchbishop “ Laud is informed of a recent great expenditure o n the making ” of the organs . This new purchase narrowly escaped rough 1 6 2 usage at the hands of the Roundhead soldiery in 4 , for the

troops, in their journey into Kent , left the organs to be pluckt on downe their return , but found them , then , already removed , of course with more gentle handling than they themselves would G 8 2 R oc e s te r Ca t d r a l h he .

have used . The instrument was soon set up again after the “ o n r oth 1 6 6 1 Restoration , and Pepys , April , , heard the ” a— 1 68 8 1 6 0 wa s organs then tuning . In £ spent on its renova I n tion and on a new Chair organ , a smaller, portable form .

TOM B O F B ISHOP HAMO DE HYTHE ( FROM A DRAWI N G

. . B BY R J EALE) .

1 was 1 79 a fine new organ constructed by Greene , which stood it s over the middle of the screen and case, with pinnacles , etc . , “ . lliv in the Gothic style was designed by the Rev O e . This i nstrument was added to by Hill towards the middle of the ffi ’ present century at Canon Gri th s expense . The choir arch ,

8 R oc e te r Ca t ed r a 4 h s h l .

i n the polished stone s. Polishi g would probably also relieve of them their present rather heavy effect . The sha fts generally spring from the ground , from bases of the coarser Petworth or of of Bethersden marble, and some them have caps hard stone . Above the choir stalls the main groups of vaulti ng shafts rise from finely carved brackets, of which two are here illustrated 8 8 (pp . , and the intermediate single ones from carved corbel heads, all of the same fine material as the shafts themselves . “ 1 8 0 Some of these ornaments were , when uncovered in 4 , very

THE CHOI R SCREEN : DEAN SCOTT MEMORIAL ( FROM A DRAWI NG

B E A I . E BY R . J . ) .

skilfully restored in mastic by Mr . Hamerton , a sculptor in the f employ o Mr . Cottingham . The vaulting is worthy of attention and is generally sexpartite in in plan , although the simpler quadripartite form occurs A n of of places . inequality in the division the side cells the of transept vaulting, due to the difference in width the bays, has a rather curious effect . The ribs of the vaulting, throughout n the eastern arm , are painted with simple li es of colour, with f a rather pleasing ef ect . The gallery before the single light clerestory windows gave TH H K E C OI R , LOO I NG EAST ( FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY

M . ESSRS . CARI NORMAN AND

oc e s te r a t ed r a l 88 R h C h .

’ one tomb , and the tiny over the same bishop s Elizabethan f n I S ha s e figy . The south tra sept end again much the same, but the spaces between the wall - piers and under it s outer windows n filled i with masonry, in which are the openings to two

I ndul ~ passages , now blocked, which led respectively up to the

gence Chamber and down to the crypt . o f we There are three other doorways , the uses which must also

n n - th me tion . One at the orth west corner of e north transept leads to the staircase in the

angle turret there another, on the other side is wa tf) of the transept , the y to the Treasury,

the clerestory gallery , and , by the gallery, to i the Indulgence Chamber . The third s the splendid chapter - house doorway in the south one transept aisle . To this a special section

will presently be devoted . We have spoken more than once of the

Treasury and the Indulgence Chamber . The is b e latter little used now, if at all, possibly cause of the rather adventurous approach to it ; but in the former the cathedral plate is

C O . R R EI . I N CHOI R Still kept

( H . P . CLIFFORD In the P a v i n g Of the choir there is a D E31 1 r considerable variety . Up the choir prope we se e slabs of variously coloured stones

arranged in a not very elaborate pattern , part of the north transept and the whole of it s aisle are also paved with stones of “ ” c is different olours beautifully disposed, and there a similar of but simpler flooring behind the altar . To nearly all the rest w n the eastern arm a s given by Sir G . Scott a glitteri g floor of encaustic tiles but much of the pavement of the south transept and its i old aisle s still of plain stone . The tiles have mostly a designs, taken from some medi eval examples still to be seen in the south Choir transept and under an arch on the east of is side the northern . To the east of the crossing the of matrix a fine brass , of a bishop in full robes with mitre and f two o n o . crosier , with shields of arms each side the figure it s Farther on , between the altar and rails, the tiling is very of elaborate and , in a ring of it there , the signs the zodiac f appear . At the t op o the dark marble altar steps there are n n tiles agai . Those in front have representatio s of the seven 8 Inte r ior . 9

two on virtues , and others , with angels , are to be seen each side . T h e S t a l l s of the dean and canons stand agaI nst the organ de sI ne d I n screen and face towards the east . They were g , the

C C G A WI NDOW , HOI R LERESTORY ( FROM A DRAWI N

BY H . P . CLI FFORD) .

ir n S . o Gothic style , by G Scott , and have no canopies account of the painted decoration above . The choir stalls also owe as their present form to Scott , but he incorporated in them much as o n Old work possible . The seats against the wall each side

so - (the misericords) are all new, but not are the trefoil headed o s r a t d r a 90 R che te C he l . arcade and the massive oak beam which bear the standards

- it s supporting their book rests . This arcade still has some of original colouring, and belongs probably to the original furniture of of the choir at the time its completion , early in the thirteenth c c old entury . Many se tions of the heavy beam above are also ,

perhaps of the same age . The backs of the front row of

- seats, bearing the book rests

to the middle row, are chiefly constructed of old Tudor he panelling, which once longed to the book - desks m ade for the new establish 1 1 ment in 5 4 . Tracing the history of the furniture from

this time , we find Archbishop 1 6 n Laud, in 34 , orderi g a new fair desk to be provided

without delay . After the Civil War considerable repairs were no is doubt needed, but it not until 1 74 2 - 43 that we find any great works under S e c t io n o f A

taken . Wainscoting and pews

T C S . C WI NDOW RA ERY , HOI R TRAN we were then erected , and A I S I E H . P C SEPT ( . LI FFORD DEL . ) read o f a furnishing of choir for seats , and of stalls the n n dea and prebendaries under the organ . Only slight alteratio s

. 1 8 0 were made in these by Mr Cottingham , but they were , in 4 , “ cleared of paint under his direction , and beautifully grained ” k - oa . 1 8 0 as panel Finally, in 7 75 , they were done away with by Scott, whose new stalls were , together with other interior of fittings the choir, paid for with a su m of generously

. . ffi was given by Dr and Mrs Gri th , to whom the cathedral already greatly indebted . in The old pews mentioned above rose tiers , high and plain , n on either side of the central alley, and the wai scoting behind o ff them shut the transepts , turning them into separate chapels . 1 8 6 They and it were only removed in 7 . D e c o r a t iv e M u r a l P a i nt i n g — On removing the panelling o f at the back the old choir stalls , Sir Gilbert Scott found that

l 9 2 R oches te r Ca the dr a .

n pedime tal canopy supported by massive columns . The plac e ’ wa s 1 8 0 . Cot tin ha m s of this taken in 4 by a new work of g , which

was still more quickly supplanted by th e present throne . Cot ’ tin ha m s g did not , however, long remain unused ; it was taken t o . 8 St Albans in 1 77 for the enthronement of Dr . Claughton a s f the first bishop o that new se e . ’ e On the north wall , directly opposite the bishop s throne , ther

’

B . G . B ISHOP S THRONE (FROM A DRAWI N BY R J . EALE)

n 1 0 . 2 . 2 . still remai s a portion , about 5 ft . in high and ft in of a wide , of an old fresco painting that favourite medi eval subject, T h e Wh e e l o f F o r t u n e was . This uncovered when the f r older pulpit was taken down to make room o Mr . Cotting ’

1 8 0 . we ham s in 4 At that time , are told, the background wa s a had a diaper of small flowers , and there the outline of

Shield above , in which , however, no Charges could be traced . a s s Fortune , pictured a queen , is robed in yellow, and regulate I te r ior n . 93

of the movement of her wheel , the same colour, with her right o f hand . It is interesting to trace the changes in the dress the other figures . At her feet a man , plainly clad in a dark red gown , with green stockings

and black shoes, is trying to gain a position on the wheel . Above this poor struggling one we see o ne who h a s risen halfway to the summit, and whose attire is correspond H is ingly richer . gown is a little lighter in colour, and has a hood to match ; his

sleeves are yellow, his stock ings green , and his shoes t ornamented . At the op is proudly and comfortably seated the present favourite, richly arrayed in a full robe of red turned up with white , his with furs round neck , a white belt and green hose . He looks towards the missing of half the picture, where others were no doubt re p re sented as falling or fallen from the high place that he now holds, and his coun t e nance seems to express mingled satisfaction and in quietude . This fresco dates probably

from as far back as the thir H‘PC . t nth A e e century . ttempts have been made to attach a TH E W HEEL OF FORTU NE ( FROM A G more particular interpreta DRAWI N BY H . P . CLI FFORD) . tion to it , to make it represent Gu ndulf the rapid rise of , for instance but it seems correct to on a s give it a general signification , to look it typical of the f uncertainty and changeableness o earthly things . T h e P u l t of S ir . p i , plain wood , designed by G Scott , s r r 94 R oche te Ca the d a l .

- I . t s stands at the north east corner of the crossing predecessor, ’ o f by Cottingham , used to be directly in front the bishop s i T h L e t e r n s . e c o f throne, and now in the nave , brass, and

- in the well known eagle form , is a gift from Bishop Claughton , wa s and the stand to it presented by Dean Scott . T h e A lt a r n stands , it will be noticed, some distance in fro t is of the east end, and there a free passage all round . This wa s a position proved to be arch eologically correct when Sir G . o f Scott lowered the floor this part of the church . The reredos , M r . s . one of the fittings provided by Dr and Griffith , and de S — I n signed by cott , projects beyond the altar table on each side i iI n al i f a way that s u su and not altogether pleasing . It s o n n Caen stone , and co tains a representatio of the Last Supper

- in rather high relief, within a three gabled canopy . The dark marble columns supporting the central gable are beautifully veined . it s Old n 1 6 The altar seems to have kept positio until 34 , “ co m when Laud , greatly Shocked, gave orders to place the

- of munion table at the end the Choir in a decent manner, and make a fair rail to go across the aisle as in other cathedral ” churches . The dean and chapter protested slightly, pointing ou t out that , if placed quite at the end it would be almost of of a s hearing the congregation , and suggested an alternative f the erection o a screen behind it where it then stood . In 1 6 2 of 4 some soldiers the Parliament visited the cathedral , was moved the altar, broke up the steps on which it raised , and

“

it s a s for . tore down rails , leaving the wood firing the poor

Repairs must have been needed here, therefore , when the

. 2 nd Restoration came Later, by a chapter act of the June , 1 0 wa s 7 7, the clerk empowered to Sign an agreement with a

- Mr . Coppinger for a new altar piece, which seems to have been 1 8 8 a s still in existence in 7 , and to be the one then described

oak . . . of Norway , plain and neat, by the Rev S Denne A a little on 6 th resolution had been passed before , the December, “ 1 0 6 of 7 , that the piece rich silk and silver brocade given by ” the Bishop of Rochester should be put up . If applied to the

- 1 2 new altar piece this did not last long, for in 75 a large piece wa s of rich velvet , in a frame elegantly carved and gilt , pur

0 b - chased with £5 given y Archbishop Herring, a former dean , of to take the place of the central panel plain wainscot . This 1 8 8 S ir wa s itself removed in 7 , when a picture by Benjamin

6 Roc es te r Ca t edr a 9 h h l .

fl a ons wa s g , an alms dish and two patens with covers, made for a nd 1 6 James, Duke of Lenox Richmond , in London in 5 3 5 4 .

Sir Joseph Williamson , a later resident at Cobham Hall b e u e ath e d his of 1 0 1 q it to the cathedral by will 7 . The Whole wa s service gilt, and the bequest included also a pair of mag nifice nt 2 0 pricket candlesticks, each nearly inches high , with i rich stems and massive scrolled bases . It s described by “ A rchmolo ia antiana ol C . . Canon Scott Robertson in g , v xvi I n and illustrated vol . xvii . t wo in Two other gilt cups and patens, made at London

1 6 6 2 - 6 h . . w o 3 , were given to the cathedral by Dr R Cooke, 6 0 1 6 . had , the inscriptions tell us, become a prebendary in Each cu p ha s engraved o n it a copy of the common seal of the ’ dean and chapter, with Dr . Cooke s arms above . The button ’ of bases the patens bear the donor s crest .

The oldest and most interesting pieces at Rochester are,

alm S - however, two basins or patens (perhaps originally ciboria),

0 - 1 f 1 . o made at London in 5 3 3 The insides the bowls, ex cept the nearly vertical rims, are embossed with a honey is comb pattern , and beneath each hexagon here, there a plain circle outside . The knops are ornamented with flowers and half flowers and the stems beneath have each a frilled r collar and a pattern in repoussé of overlapping scales o leaves .

i s - and The foot, under a cable moulding, beaten into an egg h a s on it s tongue pattern . One rim , in Lombardic capitals, the B e nedica nzu s P a tr ern et Filiu m cu /n S a ncto S ir itu inscription , p , a nd x the other, the same e cept for the curious contraction , i S e n for . s p , the last word There also a cover of silver gilt ,

n 2 - Wh I ch wa s made at Londo in 1 5 3 3 3 . Its button handle ha s four supports, moulded like cords, and it is itself decorated in repoussé . Old One solitary survivor of the monastic plate remains , and some mention of it seems appropriate here . We allude to R o ch e s t e r m a z e r 1 2 the famous , made in 5 3 , and given to n the refectory p er f r a tr em R ob e r t unz F ech a m . This is ow in w of . . a s the possession Sir A W Franks , by whom it acquired a t the sale of the Fontaine collection at Narford Hall . It is ”

A rchae ol o ia . . illustrated in g , xxiii , 3 93 , and described by Mr I 1 6 8 St . John Hope in the same publication , vol . , . n e t c - M n u m e t s . o , When the great bishop , Walter de 1 2 was Merton , died, in 77 , a sumptuous monument erected I t ior n e r . 97

f H is over his remains at the end o the north choir transept . ’ as executors accounts give u s particulars to the cost . The wa s Chief feature the enamel work by Jean de Limoges, who d 6 . 0 s . wa s paid £4 5 for executing it , bringing it over and w su m a d setting it up . The balance bet een this n the total 6d wa s 6 1 s . . amount Of £ 7 4 paid for the rich , vaulted canopy and other masonry; the two stained glass windows and the iron railin i o f Th s tomb suffered much at the time the Reformation , and it s S ir the Merton College authorities undertook repair, during ’ 1 8 w avile s . as Henry S wardenship , in 5 9 It then opened , and who his the body of the bishop , had been buried in robes , with

his . on pastoral staff and chalice , disclosed The staff being touched fell to pieces but the chalice wa s removed t o the college to be treasured there . The original enamelled work so wa s seems to have been injured beyond repair, replaced by f i the alabaster effigy now in the next bay . This e figy s remark

able for the anachronism s it shows . The bishop wears the of rochet , the episcopal dress of the Reformed church instead his proper robes , and the plain crook beside him bears no of resemblance to the rich crosiers the thirteenth century . The ruff round his neck and his broad - toed Shoes are also plainly out — of o f a Of date . The mantle estate refers course to his rank s as Chancellor, did also the bag or purse that used to hang n o n the wall above . The inscriptions were o the front of the ’ tomb , whence came also the death s head panels to be seen with

the effigy now .

Fresh injuries , suffered during the Civil War period , were a 1 6 6 2 m de good by the college in , and a tablet recording this , ’ l was and ba anced by the bishop s arms, placed at the back of

the tomb where the windows had been blocked up . There 1 0 1 1 0 were fresh renovations in 7 , and in 77 , when all the white

wash wa s cleaned Off. The College also made an annual pay f ment for care o the tomb . m 1 8 The onument received its present form in 49, when the f old Elizabethan e figy and details , and the railing, were removed

to the next bay , where they are still to be seen . The skeleton was then once more uncovered showing the bishop to have been of a fine tall man , and a trace the former opening of the tomb wa s o f found in a misplacement of the bones the right arm , which had probably been disturbed when the Chalice wa s re H Roc es te r Ca t e dr a l 9 8 h h .

nd . a f h moved Fragments of wood cloth , presumably remains o is staff and robes , were still to be seen . The two windows under on the canopy were reopened and filled with stained glass, and the was n tomb placed a sto e slab , engraved according to the style ” t hirt e e e nth of the century, with an ornamented cross having ”

o n . foliations each side A new ornamental railing, coloured of wa i f s o . and gilt, and a tawdry character placed n front all it s The canopy, with crockets and pinnacles, and the quatre f foils o carved foliage in its gables are worthy of attention .

The tomb in the easternmost bay of the transept e nd / is reputed to be that of St . William of Perth, the great Rochester is saint . This transept formed his chapel , and his shrine ‘ o n believed to have stood a slab marked with six crosses , that lay in the centre of the floor until the present elaborate pave La m a r ment was put down . b d e gives the following account of “ ” the saint , saying that he derives it from the Nova Legenda “ wa s of itself. He by birth , a Scot, Perthe (now commonly of called Saint Johns Town), by trade of life a Baker bread and his in so ab ou ndant thereby got living charity , that he gave to l oafe the poore the tenth of his workmanship in zeale so fervent , that in vow he promised , and in deede attempted, to visit the holy land (a s they called it) and the places where Christ wa s ' o n : ih iou rne conversant earth which y, as he passed through wa : Kent , hee made Rochester his y Where after that he had i rested two or three da e s he departed toward Canterbury . But he Citie on ere he had gone farre from t , his servant that waited of ou t of him , led him ( purpose) the high way, and spoiled him

f . both o his money and life This done , the servant escaped , and the Maister (b icau se he died in so holy a purpose of minde) M onke s conve ie d was by the to Saint Andrewes, (and) laide in ” ’ - of the quire . In Baring Gould s Lives the Saints (under rd n wh o May 2 3 ) we read that the murderer was a foundli g, had been brought up ou t of charity by him Whom he slew . The ’ 1 2 0 1 n m oalde d pilgrim s death occurred in , and soo he ” miracles plentifully at his tomb , so plentifully that with the o f Offerings consequently there made, the choir the cathedral

1 2 2 . was completed, ready for the solemn entry in 7 His fame 1 2 66 continued to grow so much , that in Bishop Lawrence de and n St . Martin went to Rome procured his canonizatio , and he did not pass ou t of repute until Protestant times . The high of on coffin tomb , dark marble, has its lid a foliated cross in

1 00 Roc es te r Ca t e d r a h h l .

and masonry, with which it had for many years been covered n a d concealed . Whether this covering was to save it from th e Roundhead soldiery or from earlier iconoclastic reformers is not

. 1 6 1 known Alluding to the bishop, Bishop Weever wrote , in 3 , ” his is ri e portraiture in the wall over his place of b u all . We hav f here an evident reference to this e figy, and I think that Weever it s probably used in in most literal sense, implying that the ” wa s ha s portraiture already walled up in this time, though it been taken to express merely the position within an arch of the choir wall . If the effigy had been long hidden the mere tradi tio n of it s existence might have died ou t during the troubled i 1 6 0 1 6 6 0 per od between 4 and , but if it had been open to view in the earlier of these years it is not likely that all recollection o f so it would have passed quickly away . We must remember too that this monument is more perfect than most others in the as we cathedral ; and that they suffered, have already told , the t greatest damage in early Protestant times . It seems , herefore , only reasonable to suppose that this most gorgeous of all had n O wa been already hidde and protected . S universal s destruction n then and earlier, that in the seco d year of her reign Queen Eliza beth found it necessary to issue a stringent proclamation “ against b re akin e or of A nt i u itie se t g defacing monuments of q , being up in Churches o r other publique places for memory and not fo r ” superstition . ’ f wa s on The bishop s e figy lies , Where it found , a high tomb with. panelled sides , each having seven recesses separated by

- n . ti y buttresses The canopy, ogee shaped above , and with a was plain elliptical arch below, much mutilated , but seems to it s have been crocketed and terminated by a finial . It owes h n . w o 1 8 0 . prese t form to Mr Cottingham , restored it in 4

f ha s . The e figy itself been much praised , and deservedly is The sculpture , in stone , excellent , and the colours have a is se e is fine effect . It surprising to how general the belief that this is probably the most perfect specimen of ancient ” colouring now existing in England , and how even great “ authorities refer to it s very perfect original colouring for in “ ’ ” S 1 8 2 we can the Gentleman s Magazine ( eptember, 5 ) read how the monument wa s treated just after it s discovery . A ’ in ha m s . Cott Mr . Harris, in Mr g employ, made two drawings o f f one a s was a s the e figy, showing it it , the other the architect thought it had been . The restoration of the colours, accord fnte r ior .

was on ing to the second drawing, then resolved and carried “ is of , o u t and as a result the dalmatic , instead being a pink , , , ' l ni n r ee n i , now a dull scarlet , with a g g and the shoes are

TOM B OF BISHOP J OHN DE SHEPPEY ( FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY

J . L . ALLEN) .

l w se e . painted y el o . Matters are still worse when we Mr Harris complaining (in a letter now at the British Museum ) that the renovation according to his drawing was done by an I 02 Roc es te r Ca t e dr h h a l .

unskilful hand, consequently the remains of the beautiful wa s colouring were destroyed, which much regretted by the ” dean , Dr . Stevens, at the time . The sculpture seems for t u nat e ly not to have been tampered with ; some fragments luckily discovered were fitted in their places , but no further a restoration w s attempted . These fragments were the top of a nd one of the mitre , most of the fingers , the feet , the head of the little dogs lying thereby . ’ of The bishop s face, naturally coloured like the rest the f is e figy, rather mutilated , but seems to have been Close

. his shaven Under outermost robe, the chasuble, comes the dalmatic, through the side openings of which the rich green of f . o the tunic appears The colour the latter robe used, however,

. not to be scarcely visible The ends of the stole do appear , ‘ but , under all , the alb hangs down to the feet . The apparel of his n n o f his the alb , the amice round eck , and the ma iple a left arm are shown s richly embroidered with gold . The o n of his bishop wears jewelled gloves , and the fourth finger f is o se t . H left hand the episcopal ring, gold with a ruby t wo and head, with the precious mitre , rests on cushions, his o f finally against left shoulder lies the splendid crosier, is which , unfortunately, the crook gone . o n On the side towards the choir , of the Slab which he rests , we read H I C I A CET D N S I OH A NS D E S CH E PE I E E P U S H U I U S E LI E d n CC . o The same wor s appear the other Side, except I S T I U S o f H U I U S s that takes the place , a change which implie some independence in the chapel .

m ha n . The railing before the t o b _ pe r p s belonged to it origi ally Along the upper band should be noticed the curious pou nced a nd it s n pattern , three massive lily spikes can ot but attract ’ n w s . a s I atte tion It the occurrence of the letters , the bishop s n initials , just under the central spike, that led to the raili g being brought hither from another part o f the church .

se t o f six . A rare lithographs , published by Mr Cottingham , u s to which the text seems never to have been printed , Shows I t s n n e the monument a s it wa s when found . prese t appeara c ca n be judged, without a visit to Rochester, from the cast at the h se t of . t e Crystal Palace, a fine drawings by Mr Lambert at or n an South Kensington Museum , the e gravings published in “ ”

i . A rch ae ol o a . article by Mr . Kempe in the g , vol xxv The o f wa s o f author this paper, which read to the Society

1 0 R oc es te r Ca t e dr a 4 h h l .

1 1 0 , a s is not f 7 but it rectangular and of the Old co fin form ,

Mr . B loxa m thi nks that it cannot be placed earlier than the l ’ . Gu ndu f s fifteenth century remains may, however, have b een wa s moved when the great eastward extension made , and have

been subsequently placed here . This would justify the tradition ha s his that the monument contained bones .

OF B O G LA N VI LL S T F R O M R TOMBS ISH PS AND . MARTI N ( A PHOTOG APH

B . Y J I ALLEN) .

In the next bay to the west we have a dark marble monu f o . ment , very like that Bishop Lawrence de St Martin , and I . t s possibly even by the same artist canopy is , however, simpler . This tomb seems to be correctly attributed to Bishop l r 1 2 1 I n e th o wh o . g p , died in 9 we n Passing the sedilia come to a peculiar, probably thirtee th ffi was century, co n , which still contained a Skeleton when it found in the crypt under the north Choir transept during the clearance ’ of 1 8 dos d cine some rubbish in 3 3 . The lid rises in form , and along the ridge run two leafed rods , in relief, which bend out

in . wards scrolls , at the centre, just before they meet (see p

We now turn , finally, to notice another interesting stone

f of . co fin in the middle the south choir transept end This, o f ha s on it s also probably the thirteenth century, lid a cross in of relief, the stem of which , with three pairs curious drooping is one of leaves, rises from a graduated base . This probably f a s two co fins , to which the Rev . S . Denne alludes having

o f . existed in this part the church This, or the other, had been , he says , broken open by the Parliamentarians , and a

chalice and crucifix removed therefrom . — S t a i n e d G l a s s in t h e Ch o i r . The six windows of the east 1 8 of end were given , in 73 , by ladies and gentlemen the neigh rh b ou ood . They celebrate the successive dedications of the

Church to St . Andrew, and to Christ and the Blessed Virgin of Mary . The middle window the upper range contains a re of presentation Our Lord in Glory , that of the lower tier the scene of hi s A scension . On the right hand is a figure of the Blessed Virgin a bove a picture of the Nativity, While on the other Side a figure f o . St Andrew, and the Call of

that Apostle and St . Peter, are to

be seen . The four upper windows on the south side of the presbytery contain single figures of the four

Evangelists , and commemorate ,

S . . i n order, Dean tevens , T H

M rs . M rs . Day, Esq . , Day and h r l T o o d . In the corresponding windows on the other side are

pictured four writers of Epistles ,

t . . S . St Paul , James , St Jude , and

St . Peter . It has been arranged that the

- four lower, three lighted Windows 011 the south Side shall contain t h e one twelve Apostles , figure C V m m . in each light . In the second AR ED COFFI N from the east end we se e (in

f t . o A E s . S . memory lfred Smith , q ) John , St Bartholomew, a nd St . Philip ; and in the fourth (which commemorates

S . N S t . . Miss icholson), Jude , St imon , and St Matthias

. u appear The others are still nfilled . The similar windows o pposite illustrate scriptural allusions to Christ as the Good I 06 R oc es te r Ca t d h he r a l .

. M r . . . o s Shepherd They are in memory of Dr T R binson ,

R . M n . a d . Griffith , General Travers, , Dr , once Canon f hi n s . . Gri fith and Show the Shepherd tendi g sheep (St John , x 1 4 - 1 6 ) the Shepherd smitten and the sheep scattered Z . . . n ( ech , xiii 7, St Matt . , xxvi . the Crucifixio , where the 1 1 Shepherd gives his life for the sheep (St . John , x . ) and of a s lastly, the Son Man dividing the good from the evil , a 1 Shepherd divides the sheep from the goats (St . Matt . , xxv . 3 ’ th e In St . John Baptist s Chapel there is a single stained ’

ou r . . window, with Lord s Ascension , in memory of Lieut F . N

R . E . Hassard, Passing to the north transept we find the n outer upper windows filled only with plai glass, while the n f o e o . middle has a figure St Gregory , inserted in memory of

h 1 8 8 . . w o Captain W Walton Robinson , died at Aden in 7 n dulf . Gu n The windows of the lower range co tain figures of St ,

. n re St Paulinus , and Walter de Merto , and commemorate

tiv l . s e c e . . . p y Canon S Dewe (d Dr G Murray, Bishop r f of S odo and Man and afterwards o Rochester (d . and f n . o Mrs Maxwell Hyslop (d . Each these four wi dows of the transept end contains a small scene beneath the single ’ n figure . The tiny light over Walter de Merton s Elizabetha f was f A v lin o . e e figy glazed, after the recovery Mr Thomas g his from a serious illness, by family, and illustrates the miracle ’ of the healing of the nobleman s son. i n All the glass described above s the work of Messrs . Clayto n and Bell . The two plainer wi dows to the Merton tomb are by J . Miller .

Of the two windows in the south choir transept aisle , the first , a nd f o f by Gibbs , given by the o ficers the Royal Engineers in of memory their comrade, General Ballard, represents the ’

of . Raising Lazarus The other, with Our Lord s Resurrection f n wa s . . . given by the Rev T T Gri fith , prece tor, in memory of

f E s . wa s . Thos . Gri fith , q , and executed by Hardman The windows Of the south choir transept are also by Clayto n and Bell . Those of the upper tier commemorate Major S .

R E . . Anderson , Capt . W . J . Gill , , and Capt J V n : . a d C . Dundas , , their respective subjects are Moses during 1 1 th e the fight against Amalek (Exod . , xvii . , Joshua and ’ 1 adva nc Captain of the Lord s Host (Josh . , v . 3 and David 8 ing to do battle with Goliath (I . Sam . , xvii . 4 Those — B . . o f ih o f . C . the lower range , memory Major R Hume , , Capt

1 08 R oche s t e r Ca t e d r a h l .

’ ottin ham s The present door dates from C g time . He had n so fou d the archway partially blocked, that an ordinary square n headed door might be inserted , a most barbarous arrangeme t . I S and In the passage Within a portrait of Bishop Sprat , in the C h a t r R o o m o f a nd p e itself one King James I . a view in ’ St . Patrick s Cathedral , Dublin . C a t h e r a L r a r n The d l i b y , also co tained in the Chapter is n in Room , a small , rather ge eral collection , which , though n creased from time to time by the dea and chapter, had no “ regular provision made for its increase u ntil an excellent regulation wa s made (some years before 1 7 7 2 ) that every n su m new dea and prebendary should give a certain of money , n or books to that value , in lieu of those entertainme ts that ” n were formerly made on their admission . This arrangeme t o f is dates from the deanship Dean Prat , Who recorded to

- have given a large book case , which had once belonged to

. f . . o H R H the Duke York .

In the library there are several valuable bibles , including a n a s n copy of the famous first polyglot , k own the Complute sian , which was printed in six volumes at Alcala in Spain between 1 0 2 and 1 1 wa s n 1 2 2 5 5 7, but not published u til 5 , owing prob

it s n X . ably to the death of great promoter, Cardi al imenes The Greek New Testament seems to have been first printed n 1 1 6 herein , though the editio of Erasmus ( 5 ) forestalled it in ’ VValt on s in six publication . Brian Polyglot , published , also

1 6 is . volumes , at London in 5 7, likewise on the shelves Of rare E nglish bibles the cathedral possesses a copy o f Miles ’ Cove rdale s first complete edition in E nglish (of of the ’ rare and valuable Great Bible ( Cra nm e r s ) pri nted under Crom ’ n a nd 1 one well s patro age published in 5 3 9, and of the first ’ ’ n Of editio Parker s or the Bishop s Bible , which dates from 1 h i n 6 . s 5 5 T ere no early Book of Commo Prayer, but a

Missal (Salisbury u se ) of 1 5 3 4 ha s been noticed . now To turn to manuscripts , disregarding the other classes in of printed books , the cathedral possesses a great treasure T x t u s R o ffe n s is is the e , which said to be the work of

Bishop E rnu lf and dates from early in the twelfth century . c old of nn It ontains English codes law, begi ing with Ethel ’ n bert s , much ecclesiastical and historical i formation , records o f of and n of privileges the cathedral , some i teresting forms

I n 1 6 . n e tc . excommu ication , oaths , 3 3 the dean (Dr Bal THE CHAPTER HOU SE D OO R s Y (F ROM A PHOTOGRAPH

. M ESSRS . CARI NORMAN AND

Ro s t r Ca t ed r a che e h l .

fl orins . at Louvain , for It came back to England after wards and , at the sale of the Rev . Theodore Williams in April , 1 8 2 7, passed into the famous collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps for £ 1 8 9 . we S o u t h Ch o r A s l e Leaving the library pass to the i i . is a s a s o n has a c This twice wide that the north side, and i of n w quired ts present form by a curious series cha ges . It a s of originally the same width , and the south tower stood in the angle between it and

the south transept . After the great twelfth century was fires, a wall carried eastwards from the middle of the tower to form the

north side of the cloisters , which were then being re

. os paired A little later, p sib ly at the time when the wa s south choir transept .

built , the original aisle wall wa s removed and the whole space between the Choir proper and the new cloister

included in the aisle . The w wa s to er not yet removed , in fact it s demolition did not occur until about one

hundred years later, towards the e nd of the thirteenth B O F B H P B R A D F I E I D TOM IS O ( FROM A c e n t u r y . T h e p r e s e n t

B B . DRAWI N G Y R . J . EALE) wooden roof wa s then o f erected, instead a fine vaulting springing from a central pillar, which seems to have been originally intended . t e n w The flights of twelve and steps, hich together take up of c the whole width the aisle , lead respe tively, up to the eastern e n part of the church and down to the crypt . The wooden a is closure over the crypt entr nce used a s a vestry . Two doors n one open into the south choir tra sept , from the vestry and o ne directly from the aisle itself.

I I 6 R oc es te r Ca dr a h the l .

and having quadripartite vaulting . The clever way in which the architects overcame the difficulty caused by di fferences of

is o f . span worthy attention On the vaults , traces of painting, “

. can n of floral diapers , etc , still be see , and in The New British Traveller ( 1 8 1 9) we have a description o f a subject ’ medallion then to be seen beneath St . William s Chapel . In is of a circle a representation a vessel sailing, with a large fish nd on o f in the water in front , a one Side the upper part a ” his a s monk , with hands uplifted in prayer, apparently an n n illustratio of the story of Jo ah . n in In the crypt are preserved many i teresting fragments, cluding the pieces of polychrome sculpture found with Bishop ’ n is John de Sheppey s monume t . The most important a statue of wh o his on Moses, bears name the tablet of stone that he holds . C HAPTER IV .

T H E D CE E A N D B H P I O S I S O S .

1 A CCOR D I N G to a curious legend , widely circulated in the Middle A of not ges , the men Rochester did accord a patient hearing to

St; Augustine when he first came thither to preach the Gospel .

They, instead , used him rudely, and in mockery threw at him

of fish - a nd hung on his dress a lot tails . In anger the saint “ prayed to God to avenge him o n his persecutors and the Lord in os ter ior a so smote them p to their everlasting ignominy , that ’ not only on their own but on their successors persons similar ” of tails grew ever after . A way escape was , however, according ” of to the fourteenth century prose version the Brut, soon pro vide d wh e nne , for the kyng herde and Wiste of this vengeance that wa s falle th urgh e saynt Austines p owe re he lette make o ne ” of God b ru e s howse in honour at the gg end, Children born in which would not be afflicted with the dreaded append of age . Other versions the story give Dorchester as the place where the saint was thus ill - used and his assailants were thus punished , but both Kent and Dorset have been zealous to La m b ard e his P e ram l repudiate any concern with it, and in b ula tion has written an indignant diatribe in defence of the former county . n a S t . Later, in the legends concerni g Thomas Becket , f of another form o the same fable appears . The men S trood are said to have docked the tail of his horse and to have been ’ punished in the same way as St . Augustine s persecutors . In the story Rochester sometimes appears instead of Strood, and this is ou r excuse fo r alluding to the variation here . It seems of old a s we to be due to a confusion the story with a new fact, have a contemporary statement that St . Thomas , on the Da Christmas y before his death , excommunicated a certain

1 i son fi s o n of it is e fl e n o e . N e s Thi acc u t chi y tak fr m a pap r by G l , r t ” s e in ns o n of th o A ae o S o e 1 8 s e s w o 6 . p ubli h d Tra acti Gla g rch l gical ci ty , 9 I 1 8 Roc e s te r Ca t ed r a l h h .

to Robert de Broc , because the latter had, insult and shame him , cu t Off of his the tail a mare in service . I n wa s for the Middle Ages the matter Of national concern , the disgrace said to have befallen the inhabitants of one or other “ of the small towns mentioned became a scandal to their u n

. a s offending country When the story spread, it did , nearly all f over Europe , foreigners did not particularize , but o fensively n ca uda ti r n o . s alluded to all E glishmen as , tailed Such allusio n often occur in narratives of the Crusades , and the Fre ch and Scotch were especially keen to hurl the epithet at their heredi “

. a tary foes Even in the sixteenth century John Bale says , th t an E nglyshm an now can not t ravayle in an other land by waye me rcha nd ce o r o ccu e n e t s of y any other honest py g , but y y most cont u m e lyou slye throwne in his teth e that all Englishmen have ” t a l L n tails y e s . The name Kentish o g seems to have been ’ “ ” “ Dra t on s Pol olb ion we early current, and in y y find Long tails and Liberty given almost as a motto for the county . We are not told whether it was due to this miracle of th e ” of tails , but it is certain that the conversion the townspeople of for se e wa s Rochester must have been rapid , we know that a it s founded here a s early as 6 04 . The diocese placed under ’ wa s one bishop s care a small , including no more than the w of of n estern part the ancient kingdom Kent , the dividi g line Of being roughly the course the Medway, or, more precisely, that f o . its tributary, the Teise The whole diocese formed only a n wa s si gle archdeaconry, which divided into four deaneries , and f was a s o this small number one subject, a peculiar, to the juris “ of wh o his diction the Archbishop of Canterbury, holdeth pre ” rogative wheresoever his lands do lye . “ Not only hath the See at Rochester well holden her owne n of w c for during the whole successio Bishops , hi h in sh e n m aint e ine d right line have followed Justus , hath co tinually one o f her Chaire at this place , whereas in most partes the R e alm e su ffre d besides , the Sees of the Bishops have sundry ” n translatio s , but it was long also before the ancient limits of the 1 8 wa s a s diocese were changed . In 4 5 it enlarged so to n wa s i clude Essex and Hertfordshire , and then divided into the four archdeaconries Of Rochester, Colchester , Essex and ’ St . Alban s . The Old palace at Bromley , which had been Since ’ was Cardinal Fisher s time the chief home of the bishops , at the I II 1 8 6 same time quitted for Danbury in Essex . 3 the arch

1 2 0 R oc es te r Ca t d r a l h he .

’ ’

on . was on the bishop s income, and this , due St Andrew s Day, V ’ I I I . s several occasions a subject of dispute . In Henry time we 8 s d find the bishopric valued at £3 5 4 . gi , and later, in 1 c 5 95 , it is stated that the clear annual profits did not ex eed 2 £ 2 0 . To supplement this paltry revenue the bishops often in c mm m held other appointments o enda . During the latter part of the seventeenth century and the greater part of the of wa a eighteenth , the deanery Westminster was , in this y, lmost

continuously attached to the bishopric of Rochester . Such of n of pluralities are, course , no lo ger allowed , the estates this , of s l as other sees , being administered by the Ecclesia tica

Commissioners, through whom the bishop receives the regular a d irat n o and more e q e Income that he ow enjoys . Poor th ugh ha s we n the see been , find many disti guished men among those wh o o f have held it . A great number such passed on soon to

richer bishoprics , and some even attained the archiepiscopal one or t wo of dignity, but the greatest consistently refused to

be thus advanced . For we of the sake Of convenient reference, now give a list

the bishops, in Chronological order . t u s t s n S . u J , se t to reinforce the English mission in 6 0 1 6 0 6 1 , became the first bishop in 4 fled to Gaul in 7, ’ on the great relapse into idolatry after Ethelbert s death ; summoned back after a year by the new king E adb ald ; suc ce e d e d Mellitus as Archbishop of Canterbury in 6 2 4 ; died in 6 2 7 . R o m a n u s in 6 2 o n n , consecrated _ 4 drowned while a missio a hsor t us uctihus [ ta lici M a r is 6 2 to Rome ( p fl ) probably in 7, but

6 0 . certainly before November, 3 t P a u l in u s of S . came over with Justus ; ordained Bishop 6 2 of York , in 5 , to accompany Ethelburga , princess Kent , when she went to marry Edwin of Northumbria ; baptised 6 2 Edwin himself in April , 7, and earned well his title of the

Apostle of Northumbria preached also , we are told , in Lan ca shire on , in Cumbria, the Trent , and at Lincoln ; fled with ’ on in 6 the widowed queen Edwin s overthrow 3 3 , as he owed attendance to her ; gladly received in Kent and persuaded to Of accept the see Rochester, where , probably, he received the pallium sent him in 6 3 4 died in 644 buried in the secr et a r iunz of m the church , whence his re ains were afterwards transferred to the Norman cathedral . is o s 1 2 I The D iocese a nd B h p .

S t Y t h a m a r . , the first bishop who was an Englishman by ' 6 birth ; died in 5 5 ; like Paulinus , buried in the church , and N t o much revered , though the ormans seem have been less eager to translate his remains . 6 6 D a m a n 6 6 . i succeeded in 5 , died in 4 P u t t a succeeded five years later in 6 69 translated to 68 8 Hereford in 6 76 died in . C u ic h e l m resigned the see , through poverty, after only two years . 6 G e b m u n d 6 8 . , appointed in 7 , died in 93 T o b a s 6 fo r i , appointed in 93 ; famous his great learning , which included a knowledge of both Greek and Latin died in

2 6 P or ticus . 7 ; buried in the of St Paul , which he had himself o n built to the cathedral . A l d u u l f — o r 1 D u n a 1 2 6 d . Then came , 7 73 9 74 ; i , 74 D r a — 8 1 E a r d u u l f or 6 o 8 d . 74 7 , 74 7 ( 75 7) 7 5 i , 77 7 W e r m u n d 8 8 B e o r n m o d 8 0 or 8 1 I 8 1 T a t h , 7 , 3 ( ) 4 n h d in I C u t h e r w u l f 8 6 8 o t 8 1 or 8 G o w . , 4 ( 44) ; ” S w it h u l f 8 8 0 R u b r c Ch e o l m u n d Ch in e fu r t h , ; i ; ; ; B A f ri A n o d w n I I u r r h ic l s t a t h e l s t a G . ; ( ), 95 5 i n I I — r dw I 1 0 1 2 . G o d c G o . C . ( i ) and i . , c 995 This is as complete a list as ca n be given until we come t o Bishop S iward . S iw a r d was appointed in 1 0 5 8 under him the establish of is ment reached the greatest extreme poverty, but, though it of suspected that the services the church were also neglected , he was allowed to retain the see after the Conquest until his 1 0 death in 75 . E r n o s t 1 0 6 , a monk , appointed by Lanfranc in 7 , died in the same year . G u n d u l f 1 0 , consecrated in 77 came over with Lanfranc ; A also a great friend of nselm ; a skilful architect , rebuilt

S t . much of the cathedral , built the White Tower in London , ’ of Leonard s Tower and the nunnery at Malling, part Dartford

Church , and a tower at Rochester earlier than the present keep substituted Benedictines for the old secular establishment of the for cathedral famous piety and holiness , and in favour with the 1 1 0 8 Conqueror and the two sons who succeeded him died in , 8 aged 4 ; buried by Anselm in the cathedral , Where a plain tomb is still called by his name . ’ R a l h d E s c u r e S of e p , an abbot S es who had been forced to flee by Robert of Belleme a friend of Gundu lf some archi 1 2 2 R oc es te r Ca t e d r a l h h . t e ctu ral work at Rochester carried out under his sway ; Arch of 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 bishop Canterbury in 4 ; died in . E r n u l f came next in 1 1 1 5 had been successively Prior of Canterbury and Abbot of Peterborough ; built at both those a s a s places well at Rochester ; famous for saintliness, and a great authority on canon law perhaps best known generally by ’ “ ” Sterne s comments in Tristram Shandy on the terrible ex communication curse contained in his Textus R o ffe nsis 1 died in 1 2 4 . o h n J , formerly Archdeacon of Canterbury Bishop Of Rochester in 1 1 2 5 cathedral consecrated in his time died in 1 1 3 7 . o h n of e 1 1 J , formerly Abbot S es appointed in 3 7 died in 1 1 2 4 . A s c e l n in 1 1 2 n i , succeeded 4 active bishop , eve visited of 1 1 Rome for the monks his cathedral died in 4 8 . W a lt e r n 1 1 8 th , chose in 4 ; the first bishop elected by e f of o S t . monks the Priory Andrew , the right being granted them by his brother Archbishop Theobald ; formerly Arch ~ 1 deac on of Canterbury died in 1 8 2 . G u a l e r a n 1 1 8 2 , appointed in formerly Archdeacon of 1 Bayeux died in 1 84 . G lb e r t d e G l a nv il l 1 1 8 i , consecrated in 5 employed earlier by Becket o n a ' mission to the Pope ; quarrelled with his monks and helped Archbishops Baldwin and Hubert Walter (a friend of his own) against those of Canterbury ; died 1 2 1 wa s 4 , before the Interdict removed buried at Rochester, where a tomb is shown as his . B e n e ct d e S a n s e t u n 1 2 1 di , succeeded in 5 ; saw cathe

a nd 1 2 2 6 . dral plundered , great works in new choir died in . H e n r y S a n dfo r d new choir entered in his first year ‘ 1 2 2 7 in a se rm on at S ittingbourne said that the release from

one of I . a Purgatory, in day, Richard , Stephen Langton , and

of in 1 2 . chaplain the latter, had been revealed to him died 3 5 R ch a r d d e W e n o v e r 1 2 8 i d , not consecrated till 3 monks ’ had to appeal to Rome , against the archbishop s Claims , to get their election of him confirmed died in 1 2 5 0 . L a w r e n c e d e S a nt M a r t n 1 2 1 i i , succeeded in 5 appealed to Pope against a robbery of his se e by Archbishop Boniface at 1 2 6 1 2 Rome for the canonization of St . William in 5 ; died in 74 his tomb (in the choir) h a s been described .

1 2 Roc es te r Ca t ed r a l 4 h h .

o h n L a n d o n 1 l J g , appointed in 4 34 a royal council or of A n loru m 1 author an g Chronicon died at Basle in 434 . Th o m a s B r o w n 1 1 6 , succeeded in 4 3 5 in 43 , while

still at Basle, translated by the Pope to Norwich ; died in I 44 S Will a m W e ll s 1 i , Abbot of York , succeeded in 4 3 7 died 2 6 1 before February 444 . o h n L o w e J , translated from St . Asaph in 1 444 English of Provincial the Order of St . Augustine died in 1 46 7 buried

in north choir transept . I Th o m a s R o t h e r a m o r S c o t t n 1 6 8 ( ) , appoi ted in 4 ; 1 2 of 1 8 0 translated to Lincoln , 4 7 Archbishop York , 4 ; died 1 0 0 in 5 had been Chaplain to Edward IV . , Keeper of the 1 Privy Seal , and, in 4 74 , Lord Chancellor . o h n A l c o c 1 2 1 0 J k succeeded in 4 7 Privy Councillor , 4 7 1 1 of 7 ; Lord Chancellor, 4 74 ; first Lord President Wales , 1 6 V 4 7 tutor to Edward . , removed by Gloucester ; under of Henry VI I . , baptized Prince Arthur comptroller the royal

works , and again Lord Chancellor ; a great architect, works at 1 6 Ely and Cambridge translated to Worcester in 4 7 , to Ely in ” 1 8 n 1 0 0 4 6 devoted to learni g and piety died in 5 . o h n R u s s e ll 1 6 n J , succeeded in 4 7 ; tra slated to Lincoln , 1 8 0 1 4 ; died in 494 . E d m u n d A u e of o f d l y , Canon York ; Bishop Rochester, 1 8 0 of 1 2 1 0 2 1 2 4 ; Hereford , 49 ; of Salisbury, 5 died in 5 4 ; a

legatee and executor of Henry VI I . ’ T h o m a s S a v a e i n of g , Car o York , Dean of the King s of 1 2 Chapel at Westminster ; Bishop Rochester, 49 , Of London ,

1 6 of 1 0 1 1 0 . 4 9 ; Archbishop York , 5 ; died in 5 7 R i c h a r d F it z J a m e S succeeded in 1 4 96 ; translated to Chichester in 1 5 0 3 and to London in 1 5 0 6 ; died in 1 5 2 2 ; a famous warden of Merton : Royal Almoner in 1 4 9 5 did not l ’ favour Co e t s efforts at reform . o h n F is h e r J , having risen to the Chancellorship of Cambridge 1 0 wa s University in 5 4 , then made , for his grete and singular ” virtue , Bishop of Rochester ; he and his patron , Lady Mar are t we re o f g , great benefactors to Cambridge a friend Erasmus ’ V I s Opposed Henry I I . divorce and the royal supremacy made a ca rdinal just before he bravely and resignedly met his death i n I 5 3 5 J o h n H il s e y came then in 1 5 3 5 ; formerly Prior Of the 1 The Dioces e a nd B is hop s . 2 5

’ one o f co m Dominicans in London ; Cromwell s commissioners , piled at his orders a service book in English exposed the ’

1 8 . miraculous rood of Boxley at S t . Paul s Cross died in 5 3 R ch a r d H e a t h 1 i , succeeded in 5 3 9 had been Almoner to 1 Henry VI I I . ; translated to Worcester, 5 4 3 ; deprived for a ’ o f time , but restored on Queen Mary s accession Archbishop 1 York , 5 5 5 Chancellor ; held both the last appointments under

Elizabeth , whose accession he proclaimed , but had to resign when the Act of S upremacy wa s enforced . H e n r H o l b e a c h su cce e d e d 1 y , in 5 4 3 translated to Lincoln 1 6 of in 54 previously suffragan Bishop Bristol , and Prior (later

Dean) of Worcester . N c h o l a s R l e 1 i i d y , succeeded in 5 4 7 translated to London was 1 0 when Bonner removed in 5 5 a famous Protestant , learned and pious the story o f his martyrdom with Latimer at

1 . Oxford , in 5 5 5 , is well known o h n P o n e t 1 0 J y , succeeded in 5 5 translated to Winchester , 1 5 5 1 left England when Mary became Queen died at Stras 1 burg in 5 5 6 . o h n S c o r 1 1 J y , appointed in 5 5 a great preacher ; trans 1 2 1 n lated to Chichester in 5 5 bishop of Hereford in 5 5 9, whe 1 8 able to return from Friesland died in 5 5 . M a u r c e G r ffi t h of i i , appointed after an interval about two years educated by the Dominicans at Oxford formerly Arch deacon of Rochester one or two Protestants were burnt during h is episcopacy died in 1 5 5 8 . E m u n d G h e a s t 1 d , consecrated in 5 5 9 and made Almoner 1 1 1 8 to the Queen transferred to Salisbury , 5 7 died in 5 7 . E dm u n d F r e a k e 1 1 o f , succeeded in 5 7 previously Dean ’ of 1 2 Rochester , and Salisbury Queen s Almoner in 5 7 tran 1 1 8 lated to Norwich in 5 75 , to Worcester in 5 4 ; scandal at his look e o n look e s Norwich , wife will him as the Divell over

1 0 - 1 Lincoln troubles with Puritans died in 5 9 9 . o h n P e r s 1 6 1 J i , succeeded in 5 7 ; Bishop of Salisbury, 5 7 7 1 8 1 6 Archbishop of York , 5 9 Lord High Almoner, 5 7 em 1 ployed and consulted by the Queen died in 5 94 . o h n Y o n e 1 8 J g , became bishop in 5 7 ; thought avaricious , but the annual revenue of his see shown not to exceed £ 2 2 0 1 6 0 died in 5 . W llia m B a r l o w 1 6 0 i , succeeded in 5 wrote other works his a s of besides account , denounced partial by the Puritans , the I 2 Roc es e Ca 6 h t r thed r a l .

famous Hampton Court Conference translated to Lincoln , 1 6 0 8 1 1 ; died in 6 3 . R ic h a r d N e il e 1 6 0 8 t o , succeeded in introduced Laud the ’ Lichfie ld 1 6 1 0 of 1 6 1 King s notice Bishop of , , Durham , 7 and o f 1 6 2 1 6 1 Winchester, 7 ; Archbishop of York , 3 privy coun cillor employed in famous Essex divorce case sat in the courts of 0 High Commission and of the Star Chamber ; died in 1 64 .

o h n B u c k e r id e con" J g , formerly a canon at Rochester ; firmed as bishop in 1 6 1 1 formerly a royal Chaplain took part in Essex case active in religious discussions translated to 1 6 2 8 1 6 1 Ely , ; died in 3 . W a lt e r C u r l e 1 6 2 8 , appointed in translated to Bath and 1 6 2 n in 1 6 2 Wells in 9, to Wi chester \ 3 deprived by Parliament 6 0 c . 1 . arians and apparently in great straits before he died, 5

o h n B o w l e 1 6 2 - J , appointed in 9 ; apparently in ill health ,

and consequently neglectful , for three years before his death in 1 6 3 7. o h n W a r n e r 1 6 8 J , succeeded in 3 seems to have been the ’ last to struggle for his order s place in Parliament deprived of

revenues , but allowed to stay at Bromley under the Common wealth ; one of the nine bishops who lived till the R e stora tion employed in the Savoy Conference wealthy ; benefactor

to the cathedral and to Magdalen and Balliol Colleges , Oxford ’ founded college for cle rgym e n s widows at Bromley died in 1 6 6 6 the last bishop buried in the cathedral . o h n D o l b e n 1 6 66 J , made bishop in had served at Marston Moor and been wounded a t York ; retained his deanery of Westminster in commenda m translated to York in 1 683 died 1 68 6 in . F r a n c is T u r n e r 1 6 8 , succeeded in 3 translated to Ely in 1 684 one of the seven bishops wh o petitioned against the l ’ I . s Declaration of Indulgence, though he had been James chaplain ; had to give up his see o n account of his belief in ’ 0 James divine right died in 1 70 . Th o m a s S r a t of of p , Dean Westminster, became Bishop Rochester in 1 6 8 5 of such literary ability as to have a place in ’ “ Johnson s Lives of the Poets wrote a poem on the death of of S of Cromwell , a history the Royal ociety, a life Cowley, ’ etc . in no great favour with William s government implicated

- in the fabricated Flower pot Plot, the papers concerning which were said t o have been found in a fl owe r- pot at Bromley

s r a t r a 1 2 8 R oche te C hed l .

1 . 1 8 0 2 Westminster, in 793 , and thence to St Asaph in died in 1 8 0 6 his c , showing arelessness in money matters by letting a life policy fo r lapse two days before his death ; had engaged much in controversy with Priestley . The Bishops of Rochester during this century have been Th o m a s D a m e r 1 8 0 2 1 8 0 8 wa s p i , from to , when he trans Wa lt e r K n 1 8 0 1 8 2 H u h lated to Ely ; i g , from 9 to 7 ; g P e r c 1 8 2 t y , appointed in 7 but translated in the same year o G e o r e M u r r a 1 8 2 1 8 6 0 o s e h Carlisle ; g y , from 7 to ; J p C o t t o n W r a m 1 8 6 0 1 8 6 Th o m a s L e h ig , from to 7 ; g

h n ~ C l a u t o m 1 8 6 se e of . g , fro 7 until his transfer to the new St ’ A 1 8 A n t h o n W l s o n Th o r o l d 1 8 lban s in 77 ; y i , from 77 n l until his translation to Winchester in 1 8 9 1 D r . R a d a l ' Th D a v id s o n o m a s wh o . , succeeded Dr Thorold at Rochester ,

n on 1 8 D r . and agai , his death , at Winchester in 9 5 and E d w a r d S t u a r t T lb o t 1 8 a , appointed in 95 , and still govern T se n ing the diocese . hé have all been worthy of their disti s gu ish e d position and of their predecessors in the e e .

— CH I S WI C K P R E S S C H A R L E S WH I T T I N G H A M A N D L O .

N E R Y L A N E LO N DO N . T OOK S CO U R T . C H A C , EDI TED B Y

A N D A . GLEES ON WH ITE E . F . S TR N GE

I n s e cia l d s l e ne d l o w n 1 s e a h . c th cor/ e r cr o 6d . c p y ig , .

N OW R eady R RY R I . CANTE BU . SAL S BU Y

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